WO2017183710A1 - 多孔質ゼラチンシートの製造方法、多孔質ゼラチンシートおよびその利用 - Google Patents
多孔質ゼラチンシートの製造方法、多孔質ゼラチンシートおよびその利用 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017183710A1 WO2017183710A1 PCT/JP2017/015990 JP2017015990W WO2017183710A1 WO 2017183710 A1 WO2017183710 A1 WO 2017183710A1 JP 2017015990 W JP2017015990 W JP 2017015990W WO 2017183710 A1 WO2017183710 A1 WO 2017183710A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L27/56—Porous materials, e.g. foams or sponges
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/14—Macromolecular materials
- A61L27/22—Polypeptides or derivatives thereof, e.g. degradation products
- A61L27/222—Gelatin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/14—Macromolecular materials
- A61L27/22—Polypeptides or derivatives thereof, e.g. degradation products
- A61L27/227—Other specific proteins or polypeptides not covered by A61L27/222, A61L27/225 or A61L27/24
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
- A61L27/3895—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells using specific culture conditions, e.g. stimulating differentiation of stem cells, pulsatile flow conditions
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L27/58—Materials at least partially resorbable by the body
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
- A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a porous gelatin sheet. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a porous gelatin sheet, its use, and a porous gelatin sheet / cell composite material.
- Patent Document 1 describes a microcarrier, but does not describe a sheet.
- Patent Document 2 describes that a gelatin foam having a spherical chamber and a fibrous pore wall is produced using paraffin spheres of 150 ⁇ m or more, but there is no description regarding the size distribution of the chamber.
- Patent Document 3 describes that a spherical product is produced by a double emulsification method using two kinds of emulsifiers, but a single emulsifier is not used.
- Patent Document 4 describes a pore structure having a pore size of 100 ⁇ m to 900 ⁇ m.
- Patent Document 5 describes the production of a porous structure by using three different biocompatible porogens and cells in the emulsification process. The average pore size is described as being greater than 10, 20, 40, 80, 100 or 200 ⁇ m and / or smaller than 500, 300, 200, 100, 80, 40 or 20 ⁇ m. In Patent Document 5, cells are used when producing a porous structure.
- the following inventions are provided. ⁇ 1> The following steps: (A) mixing a composition comprising water, gelatin, a water-immiscible liquid, and an emulsifier to obtain an emulsion; (B) pouring an emulsion at a temperature higher than the temperature at which gelatin present in the composition forms a gel; (C) cooling the emulsion present on the support to a temperature below the gel point of the gelatin present in the composition; (D) removing water-immiscible liquid from gelatin; and (e) drying the gelatin to provide a porous gelatin sheet, the method for producing a porous gelatin sheet comprising a chamber comprising: Said production method wherein at least half of the chamber is spherical and / or at least half of the chamber has a diameter of ⁇ 30% of the average diameter of the chamber and the average diameter of the chamber is less than 100 ⁇ m.
- ⁇ 2> The method according to ⁇ 1>, wherein the steps (a) to (e) are steps containing no cells.
- ⁇ 3> The method according to ⁇ 1> or ⁇ 2>, wherein the emulsifier has an HLB of 9 or more.
- ⁇ 4> The method according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 3>, wherein the sheet further comprises a network of pores interconnecting the chambers and providing a passage for cells to enter the chamber.
- ⁇ 5> The method according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 4>, wherein the porosity of the sheet is at least 50% by volume.
- the porosity of the sheet is at least 50% by volume, and the sheet includes pores having an average diameter of at least 5 ⁇ m, (I) at least half of the chamber is spherical; and (ii) at least 80% of the chamber has a diameter of ⁇ 30% of the average diameter of the chamber;
- the porosity of the sheet is at least 50% by volume, the sheet includes surface holes having an average diameter of at least 5 ⁇ m, and at least half of the chamber has a diameter of ⁇ 30% of the average diameter of the chamber,
- ⁇ 11> The method according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 10>, wherein at least 50% of the chamber is spherical.
- ⁇ 12> The method according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 11>, wherein the gelatin is a recombinant gelatin.
- Gelatin is a genetically modified gelatin containing at least two lysine residues, wherein the lysine residue is an end lysine residue, and the first end lysine residue is at the N-terminus of the gelatin
- the closest lysine residue, the second end lysine residue is the lysine residue closest to the C-terminus of gelatin, and the end lysine residue is at least 25% of the total number of amino acid residues in gelatin
- the method according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 14>, which is separated.
- ⁇ 16> A porous gelatin sheet produced by the method according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 15>.
- ⁇ 17> Use of the porous gelatin sheet according to ⁇ 16> as a cell carrier.
- ⁇ 18> Use of the porous gelatin sheet according to ⁇ 16> as a scaffold for tissue damage repair.
- ⁇ 19> A composite material comprising the porous gelatin sheet according to ⁇ 16> and living cells.
- ⁇ 17A> The porous gelatin sheet according to ⁇ 16>, for use as a cell carrier.
- ⁇ 17B> A method for treating a subject, comprising administering the porous gelatin sheet according to ⁇ 16> to the subject as a cell carrier.
- ⁇ 18A> The porous gelatin sheet according to ⁇ 16>, for use as a scaffold for tissue damage repair.
- FIG. 2 is an SEM photograph of a cross-section of a CollaTape (registered trademark) base material available from Zimmer Dental, taken at a magnification of 85 times. The thickness of the sheet in FIG. 2 is 700 ⁇ m.
- the sheets shown in FIGS. 1a, b and c are precisely flat and include spherical chambers having a uniform chamber size distribution, with at least half of the chambers having a diameter of ⁇ 30% of the average diameter of the chamber.
- the sheet shown in FIG. 1d includes a spherical chamber, at least half of which is spherical, and at least half of which has a diameter of ⁇ 30% of the average diameter of the chamber.
- chamber (1) in the sheet of FIG. 1d has a more uniform size and shape than the chamber found in the sheet shown in the comparative example shown in FIG.
- the sheet (comparative example) shown in FIG. 2 includes an irregular, very irregular chamber, which is generally large at the top surface (2a) of the sheet and small at the bottom surface (2b) of the sheet.
- the sheet of the present invention provides a support for cell culture and provides particularly good cell growth in terms of cell growth rate and number of cells grown.
- the sheet is plastic, can be folded and can be cut with scissors.
- the chambers (2a and 2b) present in the commercial sheet shown in FIG. 2 are irregular, irregular, and of diameter compared to the chamber shown in the inventive sheet of FIGS. 1a-1d. The range is extensive.
- the term “gelatin” includes collagen.
- the gelatin preferably has an average molecular weight of less than 150 kDa, preferably less than 100 kDa.
- the gelatin has an average molecular weight of at least 5 kDa, preferably at least 10 kDa, more preferably at least 30 kDa.
- Preferred ranges for the average molecular weight of the genetically modified gelatin are 50 kDa to 100 kDa, 20 kDa to 75 kDa, and 5 kDa to 40 kDa. Due to the low viscosity of gelatin, lower molecular weights are preferred when high mass concentration gelatin is required.
- the molecular weight of gelatin may be measured by gel permeation chromatography.
- Gelatin is preferably genetically modified gelatin.
- the genetically modified gelatin may be obtained commercially from, for example, FUJIFILM Corporation.
- the genetically modified gelatin may be prepared by known methods, for example, as described in European patent applications EP0926543 and EP1014176, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Methods for preparing genetically modified gelatin are also described in “High yield secretion of recombinant gelatins by Pichia pastoris”, M. W. T. Werten et al., Yeast 15, 1087-1096 (1999). Suitable genetically modified gelatin is also described in International Publication No. WO 2004/85473.
- the recombinant gelatin comprises at least two amino acid residues, wherein the two amino residues are extreme amino acid residues (extreme amino acid residues), each of which is Independently, selected from aspartic acid residues and glutamic acid residues, wherein the first aspartic acid residue or glutamic acid residue is the aspartic acid residue or glutamic acid residue closest to the N-terminus of the polypeptide, and the second The terminal aspartic acid residue or glutamic acid residue is the aspartic acid residue or glutamic acid residue closest to the C-terminus of the polypeptide, and the terminal aspartic acid residue and / or glutamic acid residue is At least 25% away from the total number of amino acids in the peptide.
- extreme amino acid residues extreme amino acid residues
- the genetically modified gelatin comprises at least one aspartic acid residue and / or glutamic acid residue between the end aspartic acid residue and / or glutamic acid residue.
- the gelatin has excellent cell adhesion and preferably does not exhibit any health related risks. This is advantageously achieved by using RGD-enriched recombinant gelatin, such as a recombinant gelatin with a percentage of RGD motif of at least 0.4 based on the total number of amino acids.
- RGD enriched gelatin contains 350 or more amino acids
- each stretch of 350 amino acids preferably contains at least one RGD motif.
- the percentage of RGD motif to the total number of amino acids is at least 0.6, more preferably at least 0.8, more preferably at least 1.0, more preferably at least 1.2, Most preferably it is at least 1.5.
- a percentage of the RGD motif of 0.4 corresponds to at least one RGD sequence per 250 amino acids.
- the number of RGD motifs is an integer, so a gelatin of 251 amino acids should contain at least two RGD sequences in order to fit the 0.4% feature.
- the RGD enriched genetically modified gelatin comprises at least 2 RGD sequences per 250 amino acids, more preferably comprises at least 3 RGD sequences per 250 amino acids, most preferably 250 amino acids. Contains at least 4 RGD sequences per.
- the gelatin is an RGD-enriched gelatin comprising at least 4 RGD motifs, preferably comprising at least 6, more preferably at least 8, even more preferably at least 12 to 16 RGD motifs.
- the genetically modified gelatin used in the present invention is preferably derived from a collagen sequence. Nucleic acid sequences encoding collagen sequences are generally described in the art. (For example, Fuller and Boedtker (1981) Biochemistry 20: 996-1006; Sandell et al. (1984) J Biol Chem 259: 7826-34; Kohno et al. (1984) J Biol Chem 259: 13668-13673; French et al.
- a genetically modified gelatin containing a large amount of RGD motif may be prepared, for example, by a general method described in US Pat. No. 2006/0241032.
- recombinant gelatin containing an amino acid sequence closely related or identical to the amino acid sequence of natural human collagen is preferred. More preferably, the gelatin includes one or more (eg, repetitive) amino acid sequences found in native human collagen, and in particular includes a sequence that includes an RGD motif (to make RGD-enriched recombinant gelatin).
- the percentage of RGD motifs in such a selected sequence depends on the selected length of the selected sequence, and by selecting a shorter sequence, it is inevitably necessary to select the RGD motif in the final recombinant gelatin. The percentage of becomes higher.
- the selected amino acid sequence can be used repeatedly to provide a genetically modified gelatin having a molecular weight greater than that of natural gelatin.
- non-antigenic RGD enriched genetically modified gelatin may be obtained (compared to natural gelatin).
- the genetically modified gelatin includes a natural human gelatin sequence or a portion thereof.
- the genetically modified gelatin is RGD-enriched gelatin comprising at least 80% (or consisting of at least 80%) one or more portions of one or more natural human gelatin amino acid sequences.
- each such portion of the human gelatin sequence has a length of at least 30 amino acids, more preferably at least 45 amino acids, most preferably at least 60 amino acids, eg 240 In the following, the length is preferably 150 or less, most preferably 120 or less, and each part preferably contains one or more RGD sequences.
- the RGD enriched genetically modified gelatin comprises (or consists of) one or more sites of one or more natural human collagen sequences.
- An example of a suitable source of genetically modified gelatin that can be used to prepare the sheet of the present invention is human COL1A1-1.
- a part of 250 amino acids containing the RGD sequence is described in International Publication No. WO 04/85473.
- RGD sequences in genetically modified gelatin can adhere to specific receptors on the cell surface called integrins.
- RGD enriched genetically modified gelatin is, for example, a genetic recombination method described in the examples of European Patents EP-A-0926543, EP-A-1014176 or International Publication WO 01/34646, particularly the first two patent publications. You may manufacture by.
- a preferred method for producing RGD-enriched recombinant gelatin involves starting with a natural nucleic acid sequence that encodes a portion of a collagen protein comprising an RGD amino acid sequence. By repeating this sequence, RGD-enriched recombinant gelatin may be obtained.
- genetically modified gelatin can be obtained by expressing a nucleic acid encoding such gelatin with a suitable microorganism.
- This method can be suitably carried out using fungal cells or yeast cells.
- the host cell is Hansenula, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Neurospora or Pichia or Pichia Such as a high expression host cell.
- Fungi and yeast cells are preferred over bacteria because they are less susceptible to inappropriate expression of repetitive sequences.
- the host does not have a high level of proteases that attack the expressed gelatin structure.
- Pichia or Hansenula are examples of highly suitable expression systems.
- Pichia pastoris as an expression system is disclosed in European Patents EP0926543 and EP1014176.
- the microorganism may be free of active post-translational processing mechanisms such as specific hydroxylation of proline and hydroxylation of lysine.
- the host system may have endogenous proline hydroxylation activity that hydroxylates gelatin with high efficiency.
- genetically modified gelatin has a higher glass transition temperature (Tg) than natural gelatin, for example, Tg is higher than 170 ° C., particularly higher than 180 ° C., even higher than 190 ° C.
- Tg glass transition temperature
- Genetically modified gelatin having a higher Tg than natural gelatin is described in International Publication WO 05/11740.
- the genetically modified gelatin is less glycosylated than the natural gelatin, eg, the glycosylation is less than 2% by weight, preferably less than 1% by weight, more preferably less than 0.5% by weight, especially 0.2% by weight. Less than, especially less than 0.1% by weight. In a preferred embodiment, the genetically modified gelatin is not glycosylated.
- the degree or mass% of glycosylation refers to the total carbohydrate mass per unit mass of gelatin and is measured, for example, by MALDI-TOF-MS (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization mass spectrometry) or by titration with Dubois.
- the term “glycosylation” refers not only to monosaccharides but also to polysaccharides such as disaccharides, trisaccharides and tetrasaccharides.
- Glycosylation is a post-translational modification whereby the carbohydrate is covalently linked to a specific amino acid in gelatin.
- both the amino acid sequence and the host cell in which the amino acid sequence is produced and enzymes, particularly glycosyltransferases) determine the extent of glycosylation.
- the degree of gelatin glycosylation can be controlled by selecting an appropriate expression host and / or by modifying or selecting sequences lacking the consensus site recognized by the host glycosyltransferase. In particular, it can be reduced or prevented.
- gelatin can also be used to prepare gelatin without glycosylation.
- Genetically modified gelatin containing glycosylation may be processed post-production to remove all or most of the carbohydrate, or unglycosylated gelatin may be separated from glycosylated gelatin using known methods. May be.
- less than 10%, more preferably less than 5% of the amino acid residues of gelatin are hydroxyproline residues.
- the gelatin does not contain a hydroxyproline residue. It is also preferred that the gelatin does not contain hydroxylated amino acid residues.
- the sheets of the present invention are spherical at least half of the chamber and / or at least half of the chamber has a diameter of ⁇ 30% of the average diameter of the chamber.
- the average diameter of the chamber in the sheet of the present invention is less than 100 ⁇ m.
- the sheet further comprises a network of holes interconnecting the chambers and providing a passage for viable cells to enter the chamber.
- the network of holes is connected to at least one other chamber in which at least half (at least 50%), more preferably at least 75%, in particular at least 90% of the chamber is present in the sheet.
- the chamber includes a porous wall (eg, a wall containing holes) through which cells may enter, for example through the pore network described above, and capable of nutrient diffusion.
- a porous wall eg, a wall containing holes
- the average diameter of the holes and holes in the chamber wall is at least 1 ⁇ m, more preferably at least 5 ⁇ m.
- the gelatin present in the sheet of the present invention preferably provides a scaffold that defines the walls of the chamber and the walls of the pores. Cells or pharmaceutical substances may enter the chamber through the pores.
- a perfect sphere is defined by an aspect ratio of 1: 1 and a single radius.
- the spherical chamber of the present invention is generally spherical and may have an irregular shape as long as it has mostly concave walls.
- the aspect ratio of the chamber is preferably 1: 1 to 4: 1, preferably 1: 1 to 3: 1, in particular 1: 1 to 2: 1.
- the spherical chamber preferably has a spherical cross-section (eg, soccer ball-like), an elliptical cross-section (eg, rugby ball-like), and even a potato-shaped chamber.
- steps (a) to (e) are preferably steps not containing cells. That is, the method according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention is characterized in that it does not contain cells (cell-free).
- the pH of the composition used in step (a) is preferably in the range of 3 to 11, more preferably 4 to 8.
- the composition used in step (a) comprises an emulsifier having a hydrophilic / lipophilic balance (“HLB”) of 9 or more, in particular 10 or more, in particular 13-19. Two or more of such emulsifiers may be used. Examples of suitable emulsifiers include the following:
- Enzymatic cross-linking agents such as transglutaminase are also useful.
- the crosslinker may have more than two functional groups, for example, cyanuric chloride (trifunctional group), and compounds containing two epoxides and one anhydride group.
- Such crosslinkers typically react with amine groups and / or sulfhydryl groups present in the amino acids of gelatin.
- each stretch of 50 amino acids present in gelatin comprises at least 1, preferably at least 2, lysine residues, or at least 1, preferably at least 2 It contains aspartic acid or glutamic acid residues, or contains at least one lysine residue and at least one aspartic acid or glutamic acid residue.
- each stretch of 40 amino acids present in gelatin is at least one lysine residue and / or at least one aspartic acid or glutamic acid residue. including.
- the gelatin comprises crosslinkable amino acid residues that are not adjacent to each other, for example, at least 5, more preferably at least 10, noncrosslinkable amino acid residues separated by non-crosslinkable amino acid residues.
- the crosslinkable amino acid residues may contain primary amine groups (in addition to primary amine groups typically used to form amide bonds in protein backbones), -SH and / or carboxylic acid groups ( In addition to the carboxylic acid groups typically used to form amide bonds in the protein backbone.
- the gelatin is cross-linked by a method comprising contacting the gelatin with 0.02-1.0 mmol of cross-linking agent per gram of gelatin.
- 0.02-1.0 mmol of cross-linking agent per gram of gelatin.
- about 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 2.0 per gram of gelatin. 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mmol crosslinkers may be used.
- the number of crosslinkable amino acid residues can be utilized along with the amount of crosslinking compound used.
- the large number of crosslinkable residues and / or the high concentration of the crosslinkable compound can provide a sturdy sheet that is particularly useful for applications exposed to mechanical stress. It is possible to obtain a sheet that is more easily deformable and particularly suitable for minimally invasive delivery techniques and pharmaceutical applications by reducing the number of crosslinkable amino acid residues and / or by reducing the concentration of the crosslinking compound. it can.
- thermal dehydration crosslinking is preferred because it avoids the possibility of chemical contamination of gelatin.
- the degree of crosslinking also affects the time required for dissolution or degradation of the gelatin sheet in the body. Thus, it is possible to control the dissolution or decomposition rate of the sheet for the desired application.
- the volume: volume ratio of water: water immiscible liquid is preferably in the range of 5: 1 to 1:10, more preferably 1: 1 to 1: 5, especially 2. : 3 to 1: 3.
- the composition used in step (a) (and the resulting emulsion) is preferably 1 to 15%, more preferably 1.5 to 10%, especially 3 to 5% by weight of gelatin; 10 to 70% by weight of water, more preferably 20 to 50% by weight, especially 30 to 40% by weight of water; 20 to 90% by weight, more preferably 40 to 80% by weight, especially 50 to 70% by weight of a water-immiscible liquid; and 0.5 to 20% by weight, more preferably 1 to 10% by weight, in particular 2 to 6%.
- Step (a) is preferably carried out at a temperature in the range of 10 to 100 ° C., more preferably 20 to 80 ° C., in particular 30 to 60 ° C.
- the mixing performed in step (a) may be performed by any suitable method such as shaking or stirring.
- the mixing is carried out by stirring, particularly when using a dissolver type stirrer, especially at a speed of 20 to 5,000 revolutions per minute (“rpm”), more preferably 200 to 1,000 rpm, especially This is done by stirring at a speed of 250 to 600 rpm.
- step (b) the resulting emulsion is poured onto a support at a temperature at which the gelatin present in the composition is not in the form of a gel; for example, the emulsion used in step (b) It has a temperature at least 3 ° C., more preferably at least 5 or 10 ° C. above the gel point of the gelatin present.
- the support may be, for example, a non-porous mold (for example, made of Teflon (registered trademark) or a plastic material) or a flat non-porous sheet (for example, a glass plate).
- the cooling performed in the step (c) may be passive or active.
- passive cooling may be provided simply by allowing the emulsion to naturally cool to a temperature at which the gelatin present in the composition solidifies / gels. Cooling is provided using a cooling means that reduces the temperature (eg, by placing ice, cold water, or the product of step (b) in the refrigerator) at or without a controlled cooling rate. May be. Active cooling is useful for adjusting the final sheet properties.
- step (c) is carried out so that the emulsion is cooled at a rate of 0.1 to 20 ° C./min, more preferably at a rate of 1 to 10 ° C./min.
- a cooling rate can provide a sheet having particularly useful properties.
- the preferred cooling rate is 1.8 ° C./min.
- the resulting sheet will have a final temperature of 6 ° C.
- the cooling rate may be linear or non-linear.
- the water-immiscible liquid may be removed from the gelatin, for example by washing the gelatin with a solvent having a lower boiling point than the water-immiscible liquid, such as corn oil (high boiling point ) May be washed away with acetone (low boiling point).
- a solvent having a lower boiling point than the water-immiscible liquid such as corn oil (high boiling point ) May be washed away with acetone (low boiling point).
- the liquid used to wash away the water immiscible liquid will then volatilize due to its relatively low boiling point.
- the drying method used is not critical and includes, for example, drying in an oven, blowing hot air, vacuum drying, and simply natural drying of the resulting sheet.
- the method of the invention is performed under aseptic conditions.
- the method according to the second aspect of the present invention preferably has the following characteristics: (I) The composition used in step (a) is: 3-5% by weight gelatin; 30-40% by weight of water; 50 to 70% by weight of a water immiscible liquid; and 2 to 6% by weight of an emulsifier; (Ii) mixing in step (a) is carried out by stirring at a speed of 250-600 revolutions per minute; (Iii) In step (a), the volume to volume ratio of the water to water immiscible liquid is in the range of 2: 3 to 1: 3; (Iv) the emulsion poured onto the support in step (b) has a temperature above the gel point of gelatin present in the composition; (V) Preferably step (c) is carried out so that the emulsion present on the support cools at a rate of 1-10 ° C./min; (Vi)
- the method further comprises the step of
- the gelatin sheet of the first aspect of the present invention has one or more of the following characteristics: (A) the surface pores have a minimum average diameter of at least 1 ⁇ m, such as at least 3 ⁇ m, even more preferably at least 5 ⁇ m; (B) the porosity is at least 50% by volume, for example 51 to 95% by volume, in particular 60 to 90% by volume; (C) the density is 0.04 to 0.50 g / cm 3 , for example 0.06 to 0.25 g / cm 3 , in particular 0.1 to 0.2 g / cm 3 ; (D) the volume is 2 to 25 cm 3 / g, such as 4 to 17 cm 3 / g, in particular 5 to 10 cm 3 / g; (E) the average diameter of the chamber is less than 100 ⁇ m, preferably at least 80% of the chamber has a diameter of ⁇ 30% of the average diameter of the chamber; and (f) a network of holes interconnects the chambers; Preferably, the
- the average diameter of the chambers and holes was determined by analysis of scanning electron micrographs (eg, using Joel JSM 6330F), and a Skyscan 1172 MicroCT instrument (Brucker with Microcomputer Tomography (CT) (VGStudio MAX2.2 software). You may measure by manufacture)).
- scanning electron micrographs eg, using Joel JSM 6330F
- CT Microcomputer Tomography
- P is the average porosity of the sheet
- pvl is the average total spatial volume inside the sheet
- V is the average total volume of the sheet.
- pvl may be measured by micro CT measurement (eg, using a Skyscan 1172 MicroCT apparatus (manufactured by Bruker)) or by mercury intrusion (applicable when the holes are interconnected).
- the gelatin sheet of the present invention preferably has one or more of the above-mentioned features (a) to (f) and / or has one or more of the following features.
- the porous gelatin sheet may be obtained by the method described above.
- the above features (a) to (f) apply to both the crosslinked and non-crosslinked sheets of the present invention.
- the method described above may be used to provide a gelatin sheet having a three-dimensional structure that differs significantly from currently available film feet. More specifically, the method described above can be used to provide a porous gelatin sheet as described in the first aspect of the invention.
- a composite material comprising a porous gelatin sheet and living cells according to the first aspect of the present invention.
- living cells are present in the chamber and / or in the pores of the sheet of the invention, particularly in the chamber.
- the composite material further comprises one or more nutrients for living cells.
- a living cell is a cell that is capable of proliferating when given nutrients under conditions normally present in the human or animal body from which it is derived or will be used.
- the composite material of the present invention may be prepared by culturing the sheet of the present invention together with desired cells.
- the specific nutrients used for cell proliferation are typically selected to be compatible with the cells being grown.
- Numerous nutritional products are commercially available, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), Basal Medium Eagle (BME), DMEM / F12 medium, Ham F-10 and F-12 medium, medium 199, MEM, Ames medium, BGJb medium (Fitton-Jackson modified), Click medium, CMRL-1066 medium, Fischer medium, Glasgow minimal essential medium (GMEM), Iskov modified Dulbecco medium (IMDM), L-15 medium (Leibovitz), McCoy 5A modified medium, NCTC medium, Examples include Swim S-77 medium, Weymouth medium, William medium E and RPMI 1640 medium.
- the sheets and composites of the first and third aspects of the present invention can be used in a number of applications, for example as a cell carrier for regenerative medicine therapy or as a scaffold for tissue damage repair.
- the sheet of the first aspect is fused with a living cell to provide the composite material according to the third aspect of the present invention, for supplying or culturing artificial skin, artificial organs, adipose tissue, muscles, blood vessels and the like.
- Sheets and composites can be used as cell carriers in cell culture and as cell carriers present to produce the desired substance before or after implantation into the human or animal body.
- the cells may be cells of the host itself (autologous) or cells of other origin (characteristic or foreign species). In some cases, the cells themselves can be the desired product, for example, early stage adipocytes (preadipocytes) attached on a carrier that can proliferate after transplantation for later conversion to adipocytes. ).
- the sheets and composites of the present invention are particularly useful in the field of plastic surgery and also in toxicity and drug screening assays.
- the sheet according to the first aspect of the present invention may form colonies with viable cells suitable for use for toxicity or drug screening.
- the sheet of the present invention advantageously organizes cells in a more natural spatial structure, which is typical of cell organization found in living organisms. It is also possible to transplant the sheet according to the invention into the human or animal body without first fusing it with living cells. After the sheet is transplanted into the human or animal body, adjacent cells in the body settle into, for example, chambers and / or holes and then proliferate to migrate into the sheet and form colonies. After the transplanted sheet has been lysed, the cells that have formed colonies will form a structure corresponding to the transplant.
- RG1 is a 10% by weight solids aqueous composition having a pH of 5.4 and comprising RGD enriched genetically modified gelatin (MWT: 51.2 kDa) having the sequence shown below as SEQ ID NO: 1 Means.
- This RGD-enriched recombinant gelatin was produced by modifying this nucleic acid sequence based on a nucleic acid sequence encoding a part of the gelatin amino acid sequence of human COLlAl-I.
- the method used is disclosed in European patents EP-A-0926543, EP-A-1014176 and international patent WO01 / 34646.
- RG1 does not contain hydroxyproline and contains the following amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
- Example 1 Step (a) Preparation of First Emulsion
- RG1 15 g, 10 wt% solids
- Tween® 80 1.0 g
- the mixture contained water from RG1 (90% by weight water).
- a water immiscible liquid corn oil, 30 ml
- stirring was continued for another 3 minutes at 550 rpm to obtain a first emulsion.
- Step (b) Preparation of coating The first emulsion was further cast at 60 ° C. onto glass plates to various thicknesses.
- Step (c) Cooling of the coating Glass plates coated with various thicknesses of the first emulsion were cooled in a refrigerator at 4 ° C. for 30 minutes to solidify RG1 as a porous gelatin sheet on the glass plate.
- Step (d) Removal of Water Immiscible Liquid
- a glass plate with a porous gelatin sheet was transferred to a cooled acetone bath. The sheet was washed several times with fresh acetone until water and corn oil were removed from the sheet. The sheet was then dried in an oven at 60 ° C.
- Optional step (e) The sheet obtained in the crosslinking step (d) was crosslinked by thermal dehydration as follows to obtain a crosslinked porous gelatin sheet: the dried sheet obtained in step (d) Was placed in a Binder VD53 vacuum stove at a temperature of 145 ° C. under vacuum for 96 hours.
- Example 2 Example 2 was repeated except for the changes shown in Table 2 below.
- the properties of the resulting sheet are shown in Table 3:
- the sheets FS1 to FS4 and the sheet of Comparative Example 1 were analyzed by SEM. SEM photographs of the sheets FS1, FS2, and FS3 are shown in FIGS. 1a, 1b, and 1c, respectively, and an SEM photograph of Comparative Example 1 is shown in FIG.
- the C2C12 cells obtained above were placed at a density of 5 ⁇ 10 5 cells per circular sheet on a circular sheet FS1 having a diameter of 5 mm and a sheet used in the comparative example (CollaTape (registered trademark) of Zimmer Dental).
- the seeding was carried out by the dynamic shaking method.
- a sheet to be evaluated is placed in a suspension of C2C12 cells, the mixture is rotated at 200 rpm for 4 hours, and then the sheet to be evaluated is cultured in a cell culture in DMEM containing 10% FBS. Moved to plate. Thereafter, the cells were cultured for 7 days in DMEM containing 10% FBS in the presence of the sheet to be evaluated. Thereafter, the amount of living cells present in the sheet to be evaluated was measured by DNA quantification (CyQuant pico green assay). The results are shown in Table 4:
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Abstract
Description
特許文献2には、150μm以上のパラフィン球状物を使用して、球状チャンバーと繊維状の孔壁を有するゼラチンフォームを製造することが記載されているが、チャンバーのサイズ分布に関する記載はない。
特許文献3には、2種の乳化剤を用いて二重乳化法により球状物を製造することが記載されているが、単一の乳化剤を使用するものではない。
特許文献5には、乳化工程において3種の異なる生体適合性ポロゲンと細胞を使用することによって多孔質構造を製造することが記載されている。平均孔径は10、20、40、80、100または200μmより大きく、および/または500、300、200、100、80、40または20μmより小さいことが記載されている。特許文献5においては多孔質構造を製造する際に細胞が使用されている。
<1> 以下の工程:
(a)水、ゼラチン、水非混和性液体、および乳化剤を含む組成物を混合して、エマルションを得る工程;
(b)組成物中に存在するゼラチンがゲルを形成する温度より高い温度のエマルジョンを支持体上に流し込む工程;
(c)支持体上に存在するエマルジョンを、組成物中に存在するゼラチンのゲル化点より低い温度に冷却する工程;
(d)ゼラチンから水非混和性液体を除去する工程;および
(e)ゼラチンを乾燥して、多孔質ゼラチンシートを提供する工程
を含む、チャンバーを含む多孔質ゼラチンシートの製造方法であって、
上記チャンバーの少なくとも半分は球状であり、および/または、上記チャンバーの少なくとも半分はチャンバーの平均直径の±30%の直径を有し、チャンバーの平均直径が100μm未満である、上記の製造方法。
<3> 乳化剤のHLBが9以上である、<1>または<2>に記載の方法。
<4> 上記シートが、チャンバーを相互接続し、細胞がチャンバーに入る通路を提供する孔のネットワークをさらに含む、<1>から<3>の何れか一に記載の方法。
<5> 上記シートの空隙率が少なくとも50体積%である、<1>から<4>の何れか一に記載の方法。
<6> 上記シートの孔の平均直径が少なくとも5μmである、<1>から<5>の何れか一に記載の方法。
<7> 上記シートの密度が0.04~0.5g/cm3である、<1>から<6>の何れか一に記載の方法。
<8> 上記シートの体積が2~25cm3/gである、<1>から<7>の何れか一に記載の方法。
<9> 上記シートの空隙率が少なくとも50体積%であり、上記シートが平均直径が少なくとも5μmである孔を含み、
(i)上記チャンバーの少なくとも半分は球状であり;および
(ii)チャンバーの少なくとも80%はチャンバーの平均直径の±30%の直径を有する、
<1>から<8>の何れか一に記載の方法。
<11> チャンバーの少なくとも50%が球状である、<1>から<10>の何れか一に記載の方法。
<12> ゼラチンが遺伝子組み換えゼラチンである、<1>から<11>の何れか一に記載の方法。
<13> ゼラチンが、等電点が少なくとも5である遺伝子組み換えゼラチンである、<1>から<12>の何れか一に記載の方法。
<14> ゼラチンが、少なくとも3個のRGDモチーフを含む遺伝子組み換えゼラチンである、<1>から<13>の何れか一に記載の方法。
<15> ゼラチンが、少なくとも2個のリシン残基を含む遺伝子組み換えゼラチンであり、上記リシン残基が端のリシン残基であって、第1の端のリシン残基が、ゼラチンのN末端に最も近いリシン残基であり、第2の端のリシン残基が、ゼラチンのC末端に最も近いリシン残基であり、上記端のリシン残基が、ゼラチンのアミノ酸残基の総数の少なくとも25%離れている、<1>から<14>の何れか一に記載の方法。
<17> <16>に記載の多孔質ゼラチンシートの、細胞キャリアとしての使用。
<18> <16>に記載の多孔質ゼラチンシートの、組織損傷修復のための足場としての使用。
<19> <16>に記載の多孔質ゼラチンシートおよび生細胞を含む、複合材料。
<17A> 細胞キャリアとしての使用するための、<16>に記載の多孔質ゼラチンシート。
<17B> <16>に記載の多孔質ゼラチンシートを細胞キャリアとして対象に投与することを含む、対象の処置方法。
<18A> 組織損傷修復のための足場として使用するための、<16>に記載の多孔質ゼラチンシート。
<18B> <16>に記載の多孔質ゼラチンシートを組織損傷修復のための足場として対象に投与することを含む、組織損傷の修復方法。
図1bは、本発明のシートの断面を、70倍の倍率で撮影したSEM写真である。図1bのシートの厚さは900μmである。
図1cは、本発明のシートの断面を、25倍の倍率で撮影したSEM写真である。図1cのシートの厚さは2500μmである。
図1dは、本発明のシートの断面を、650倍の倍率で撮影したSEM写真である。図1dのシートの厚さは140μmである。
図2は、Zimmer Dentalより市販されているCollaTape(登録商標)基材の断面を、85倍の倍率で撮影したSEM写真である。図2のシートの厚さは700μmである。
図1dに示すシートは球状のチャンバーを含み、その少なくとも半分は球状であり、かつ、その少なくとも半分はチャンバーの平均直径の±30%の直径を有する。
図1dのシートにおけるチャンバー(1)は、図2に示す比較例に示すシートに見られるチャンバーよりも、均一なサイズおよび形状を有することに注目すべきである。
図2に示すシート(比較例)は、不定形の非常に不規則なチャンバーを含み、チャンバーは一般にシートの上面(2a)では大きく、シートの底面(2b)では小さい。
好ましくは、シートは可塑性であり、折り畳むことができ、ハサミで切ることが可能である。
このように、図2に示す市販のシートに存在するチャンバー(2aおよび2b)は、図1a~1dの本発明のシートに示すチャンバーと比較して、不規則で、不定形であり、直径の範囲が広範である。
好ましい態様では、ゼラチンは、優れた細胞接着性を有し、好ましくは、いかなる健康関連のリスクをも示さない。このことは、RGDエンリッチ遺伝子組み換えゼラチン、例えば、アミノ酸の総数に対して、RGDモチーフのパーセンテージが少なくとも0.4である遺伝子組み換えゼラチンを使用することにより、有利に達成される。RGDエンリッチゼラチンが350個以上のアミノ酸を含む場合、350個のアミノ酸の各ストレッチは、好ましくは少なくとも1個のRGDモチーフを含有する。好ましくは、アミノ酸の総数に対するRGDモチーフのパーセンテージは、少なくとも0.6であり、より好ましくは少なくとも0.8であり、より好ましくは少なくとも1.0であり、より好ましくは少なくとも1.2であり、最も好ましくは少なくとも1.5である。
本発明に使用される遺伝子組み換えゼラチンは、好ましくはコラーゲン配列に由来する。コラーゲン配列をコードする核酸配列は、当技術分野において一般的に記載されている。(例えば、Fuller and Boedtker (1981) Biochemistry 20: 996-1006; Sandell et al. (1984) J Biol Chem 259: 7826-34; Kohno et al. (1984) J Biol Chem 259: 13668-13673; French et al. (1985) Gene 39: 311-312; Metsaranta et al. (1991) J Biol Chem 266: 16862-16869; Metsaranta et al. (1991) Biochim Biophys Acta 1089: 241-243; Wood et al. (1987) Gene 61 : 225-230; Glumoff et al. (1994) Biochim Biophys Acta 1217: 41-48 ; Shirai et al. (1998) Matrix Biology 17: 85-88; Tromp et al. (1988) Biochem J 253: 919-912; Kuivaniemi et al. (1988) Biochem J 252: 633640; およびAla-Kokko et al. (1989) Biochem J 260: 509-516参照)。
医薬および医療用途には、天然ヒトコラーゲンのアミノ酸配列と近縁または同一のアミノ酸配列を含む、遺伝子組み換えゼラチンが好ましい。より好ましくは、ゼラチンは、天然ヒトコラーゲンに見られる1以上の(例えば、反復)アミノ酸配列を含み、特に、(RGDエンリッチ遺伝子組み換えゼラチンを作るために)RGDモチーフを含むような配列を含む。このような選択された配列中のRGDモチーフのパーセンテージは、選択された配列の選択された長さによって決まり、より短い配列を選択することにより、必然的に、最終的な遺伝子組み換えゼラチン中のRGDのパーセンテージがより高くなる。天然ゼラチンより分子量の大きい遺伝子組み換えゼラチンを提供するため、選択されたアミノ酸配列を反復使用することができる。さらに、(天然ゼラチンと比較して)非抗原性のRGDエンリッチ遺伝子組み換えゼラチンを得てもよい。
好ましくは、シートは、チャンバーを相互接続し、生細胞がチャンバーに入る通路を提供する孔のネットワークをさらに含む。好ましくは、孔のネットワークは、チャンバーの少なくとも半分(少なくとも50%)、より好ましくは少なくとも75%、特に少なくとも90%が、シート中に存在する少なくとも1つの他のチャンバーと連結している。
好ましくはチャンバーの少なくとも75%、特に少なくとも80%が球状である。
好ましくはチャンバーの少なくとも半分、より好ましくは少なくとも75%、特に少なくとも80%は、凹面の壁を有する。
チャンバーの平均直径は、100μm未満であり、好ましくは95μm以下であり、より好ましくは90μm以下である。
完全な球はアスペクト比が1:1であり、半径が単一であることで定義される。本発明の球状のチャンバーは、概して球状であり、大部分が凹面の壁を有する限り、不規則な形状を有していてもよい。チャンバーのアスペクト比は、好ましくは1:1~4:1であり、好ましくは1:1~3:1であり、特に1:1~2:1である。このように、球状のチャンバーは、好ましくは球形の(spherical)横断面(例えばサッカーボール様)を有し、楕円の横断面(例えばラグビーボール様)、さらにはジャガイモ形状のチャンバーも可能である。
本発明のゼラチンシートは、基質または型の形態に依存するあらゆる形状のものであってもよい。本発明のプロセスは、ガラスまたはテフロン(登録商標)プレートを使用する平坦なシートの製造に、特に好適である。従って、本発明のシートは、好ましくは平坦なフィルムまたはシートである。
本発明のシートは、好ましくは厚さが20μm~2cmであり、より好ましくは50μm~1cmであり、特に75μm~300μmである。
本発明のシートの最大面の断面積は、好ましくは少なくとも0.1cm2であり、より好ましくは少なくとも1cm2であり、特に少なくとも100cm2である。
(a)水、ゼラチン、水非混和性液体、および乳化剤を含む組成物を混合して、エマルションを得る工程;
(b)組成物中に存在するゼラチンがゲルを形成する温度より高い温度(すなわち、ゼラチンのゲル化点より高い温度)のエマルジョンを支持体上に流し込む工程;
(c)支持体上に存在するエマルジョンをゼラチンのゲル化点より低い温度に冷却する工程;
(d)例えば、限定されないがアセトン等の好適な溶媒を用いて、例えばゼラチンを洗浄することにより、ゼラチンから水非混和性液体を除去する工程;および
(e)ゼラチンを乾燥して、多孔質ゼラチンシートを提供する工程。
PEG400モノステアレート ポリオキシエチレンモノステアレート(HLB 11.6)、
PEG 400モノラウレート ポリオキシエチレンモノラウレート(HLB 13.1)、
オレイン酸カリウム(HLB 20.0)、
ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム(HLB 40)、
オレイン酸ナトリウム(HLB 18)、
Myrj(登録商標)52(ポリオキシエチレンステアリン酸、HLB 17)、
Brij(登録商標)58(ポリオキシエチレンセチルアルコール、HLB 16)、
Tween(登録商標)20(ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンモノラウレート、HLB 16.7)、
Tween(登録商標)21(ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンモノラウレート、HLB 13.3)、
Tween(登録商標)40(ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンモノパルミテート、HLB 15.6)、
Tween(登録商標)60(ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンモノステアレート、HLB 14.9)、
Tween(登録商標)61(ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンモノステアレート、HLB 9.6)、
Tween(登録商標)65(ポリオキシエチレンソルビタントリステアレート、HLB 10.5)、
Tween(登録商標)80(ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンモノオレエート、HLB 15.0)、
Tween(登録商標)81(ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンモノオレエート、HLB 10.0)、および
Tween(登録商標)85(ポリオキシエチレンソルビタントリオレート、HLB 11.0)。
本発明においては、好ましくは単一の乳化剤を使用することができ、乳化工程を一段階で行うことができる。
代表的には、エマルジョンは2相:水非混和性相および水相を含む。
所望により、本発明の方法は、工程(b)の間、および/または、工程(b)の後に、ゼラチンを架橋する工程をさらに含む。このような架橋は、例えば架橋剤を使用する、化学的架橋であってもよく、または、より好ましくは、例えば熱脱水架橋である、熱架橋であってもよい。
架橋剤は、2個より多い官能基を有してもよく、例えば、塩化シアヌル(三官能基)、および、2個のエポキシドと1個の無水物基を含む化合物が挙げられる。このような架橋剤は、典型的には、ゼラチンのアミノ酸中に存在するアミン基および/またはスルフヒドリル基と反応する。
特に有用な架橋剤はグルタルアルデヒドであり、これは2つのリシン残基を架橋する。別の好適な生体適合性架橋剤は、1-エチル-3-(3-ジメチルアミノプロピル)カルボジイミド塩酸塩(EDC)であり、これはアミン基とカルボキシル基とを結合させる。また、ヘキサメチレンジイソシアネートも架橋剤として使用し得る。
多くの架橋剤は、リシン残基および/またはN末端アミンに結合する。天然ゼラチンは、典型的には、アミノ酸残基1,000個当たり、25~27個のリシン残基および112~133個のグルタミン酸およびアスパラギン酸残基を含有する。本発明に使用される遺伝子組み換えゼラチンでは、リシン残基の数を、アミノ酸残基1,000個当たり、例えば、約20、15、10または5個以下に減らすことができ、または、要すれば、アミノ酸残基1,000個当たり、例えば、約30、40または50個以上に増やすことができる。
要すれば、ゼラチン中に存在する、いくつかまたは全てのグルタミンおよびアスパラギン残基を脱アミノ化し、アスパラギン酸およびグルタミン酸残基に変換することができる。
架橋の程度もまた、ゼラチンシートの体内での溶解または分解に要する時間に影響する。従って、所望の用途のために、シートの溶解または分解速度を制御することが可能である。
工程(a)で使用される組成物(および得られるエマルション)は、好ましくは、
1~15質量%、より好ましくは1.5~10質量%、特に3~5質量%のゼラチン;
10~70質量%、より好ましくは20~50質量%、特に30~40質量%の水;
20~90質量%、より好ましくは40~80質量%、特に50~70質量%の水非混和性液体;および
0.5~20質量%、より好ましくは1~10質量%、特に2~6質量%の乳化剤を含む。
工程(a)で行われる混合は、例えば、振とうまたは攪拌等の、いずれの好適な方法で行ってもよい。好ましくは、混合は攪拌によって行われ、特に溶解槽タイプの攪拌機を用いる場合、1分当たり特に20~5,000回転(「rpm」)の速度の撹拌、より好ましくは200~1,000rpm、特に250~600rpmの速度の攪拌によって行われる。
上記を考慮すると、本発明の第2の側面による方法は、好ましくは以下の特徴を有する:
(i)工程(a)で使用される組成物は:
3~5質量%のゼラチン;
30~40質量%の水;
50~70質量%の水非混和性液体;および
2~6質量%の乳化剤
を含み;
(ii)工程(a)における混合は、1分当たり250~600回転の速度で撹拌することによって行われ;
(iii)工程(a)において、水対水非混和性液体の体積:体積の比は、2:3~1:3の範囲内であり;
(iv)工程(b)において支持体上に流し込まれるエマルジョンは、組成物中に存在するゼラチンのゲル化点よりも温度が高く;
(v)好ましくは、工程(c)は、支持体上に存在するエマルジョンが1~10℃/分の速度で冷却するように実施され;
(vi)所望により、この方法は、得られた多孔性ゼラチンシートを、好ましくは熱脱水架橋により、架橋する工程をさらに含む。
(a)表面孔は、最小平均直径が、少なくとも1μm、例えば少なくとも3μm、さらにより好ましくは少なくとも5μmである;
(b)空隙率が、少なくとも50体積%、例えば、51~95体積%、特に60~90体積%である;
(c)密度が、0.04~0.50g/cm3、例えば0.06~0.25g/cm3、特に0.1~0.2g/cm3である;
(d)体積が、2~25cm3/g、例えば4~17cm3/g、特に5~10cm3/gである;
(e)チャンバーの平均直径が、100μm未満であり、好ましくは、チャンバーの少なくとも80%はチャンバーの平均直径の±30%の直径を有する;および
(f)孔のネットワークはチャンバーを相互接続し、好ましくは、このような孔の平均直径は、少なくとも1μm、例えば少なくとも3μm、好ましくは少なくとも5μmである。
P=(pvl/V)x100%
式(1)
式中:
Pは、シートの平均空隙率であり、
pvlは、シート内部の平均総空間体積であり;および
Vは、シートの平均総体積である。
pvlはマイクロCT測定(例えば、Skyscan1172 MicroCT装置 (Bruker社製)を使用)により、または、水銀圧入(孔が相互接続されている場合に適用可能)により測定してもよい。
P=(1-W/d)x100%
式(2)
式中:
Pは、シートの平均空隙率であり、
Wは、シート1cm3の質量であり;および
dは、ゼラチンの密度(1.34g/cm3)である。
上記の特徴(a)~(f)は、本発明の架橋および非架橋シートの両者に適用する。
上述の方法は、現在、市販で入手可能なフィルムフィートと大きく異なる3次元構造を有するゼラチンシートを提供するために使用してもよい。より具体的には、上述の方法は、本発明の第1の側面において記載される多孔性ゼラチンシートを提供するために使用することができる。
代表的には、生細胞は、本発明のシートのチャンバー内および/またな孔内、特にチャンバー内に存在する。所望により、複合材料は、生細胞のための1以上の栄養素をさらに含む。
本発明の複合材料は、本発明のシートを所望の細胞と共に培養することにより調製してもよい。
「RG1」は、10質量%固体の水性組成物であって、pH5.4を有し、以下に配列番号1として示される配列を有するRGDエンリッチ遺伝子組み換えゼラチン(MWT:51.2kDa)含む組成物を意味する。このRGDエンリッチ遺伝子組み換えゼラチンは、ヒトCOLlAl-Iのゼラチンアミノ酸配列の一部をコードする核酸配列を基に、この核酸配列を修飾することによって製造した。使用した方法は、欧州特許EP-A-0926543号、同EP-A-1014176号および国際特許WO01/34646号に開示されている。このように、RG1はヒドロキシプロリンを含まず、以下の配列番号1のアミノ酸配列を含む。
配列番号1のアミノ酸配列:
GAPGAPGLQGAPGLQGMPGERGAAGLPGPKGERGDAGPKGADGAPGAPGLQGMPGERGAAGLPGPKGERGDAGPKGADGAPGKDGVRGLAGPIGPPGERGAAGLPGPKGERGDAGPKGADGAPGKDGVRGLAGPIGPPGPAGAPGAPGLQGMPGERGAAGLPGPKGERGDAGPKGADGAPGKDGVRGLAGPPGAPGLQGAPGLQGMPGERGAAGLPGPKGERGDAGPKGADGAPGAPGLQGMPGERGAAGLPGPKGERGDAGPKGADGAPGKDGVRGLAGPIGPPGERGAAGLPGPKGERGDAGPKGADGAPGKDGVRGLAGPIGPPGPAGAPGAPGLQGMPGERGAAGLPGPKGERGDAGPKGADGAPGKDGVRGLAGPPGAPGLQGAPGLQGMPGERGAAGLPGPKGERGDAGPKGADGAPGAPGLQGMPGERGAAGLPGPKGERGDAGPKGADGAPGKDGVRGLAGPIGPPGERGAAGLPGPKGERGDAGPKGADGAPGKDGVRGLAGPIGPPGPAGAPGAPGLQGMPGERGAAGLPGPKGERGDAGPKGADGAPGKDGVRGLAGPPG;
「Tween(登録商標)80」は、ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンモノオレエートである。
「DMEMは、ダルベッコ改変イーグル培地である。
工程(a)- 第1のエマルションの調製
RG1(15g、10質量%が固体)およびTween(登録商標)80(1.0g)の混合物を60℃に加熱し、その温度で15分間維持した。混合物は、RG1(90質量%が水)由来の水を含んでいた。FS1については混合物を550rpmで攪拌しながら、水非混和性液体(コーンオイル、30ml)を7分かけて添加した。60℃(RG1のゲル化点より高い)の温度を維持しながら、さらに3分間、550rpmで攪拌を継続して、第1のエマルションを得た。チャンバーの平均直径が異なるFS1aおよびFS1bを調製するために、攪拌速度を調節し、チャンバーの平均直径が所定のものを得た。
工程(b)- コーティングの調製
第1のエマルジョンをさらに60℃で、ガラスプレート上に、種々の厚さに流し込んだ。
工程(c)- コーティングの冷却
第1のエマルジョンを種々の厚さでコーティングしたガラスプレートを、冷蔵庫中、4℃で30分間冷却し、RG1をガラスプレート上で多孔性ゼラチンシートとして固化させた。
多孔性ゼラチンシートを有するガラスプレートを、冷却したアセトン浴に移した。シートを、水およびコーン油がシートから除去されるまで、新しいアセトンで数回洗浄した。その後、シートをオーブン中、60℃で乾燥した。
任意工程(e)- 架橋
工程(d)で得られたシートは、以下の通り、熱脱水処理により架橋して、架橋した多孔性ゼラチンシートを得た:工程(d)で得られた乾燥シートを、真空下145℃の温度のBinderVD53真空ストーブ中に96時間置いた。
1: シートFS1、FS1aおよびFS1b中のチャンバーの形状および平均直径は、SEM画像およびマイクロCTデータ(GStudio MAX2.2ソフトウェアを備えたBruker社のSkyscan 1172 MicroCT装置を使用)を用いて測定した。
2: シートFS1の平均空隙率は、上述の式(1)により測定した。
3: シートFS1の平均密度は、1cm3のシートの総質量を測定することにより測定し、算出した。
4: シートFS1の平均体積は、1gのシートFS1の体積を測定することにより測定した。
以下の表2に示した変更以外は実施例1を繰り返した。得られたシートの性質を表3に示す:
*=チャンバーのほとんどが球状ではなかったため、測定できなかった。
シートFS1~FS4、および比較例1のシートは、SEMによって分析した。シートFS1、FS2およびFS3のSEM写真を、それぞれ図1a、図1bおよび図1cに示し、比較例1のSEM写真を図2に示す。
本発明の第3の側面による複合材料および比較例の複合材料を以下の通り調製した:
殺菌工程
シートFS1~FS4をそれぞれリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(カルシウムおよびマグネシウムを含まない;「PBS」と略す)中に置いた。PBS緩衝液中、室温で1時間後、シートをオートクレーブにより殺菌した(PBSを除去せず)。殺菌後、PBSを除去し、新しいPBSを加えた。殺菌、PBS除去およびPBS置換のサイクルを3回繰り返した。最終的に得られた、殺菌したシートは、使用時まで、10%ウシ胎仔血清(「FBS」)を含むDMEM中、4℃で保存した。比較例1の市販のシート(Zimmer Dental社のCollaTape(登録商標))は、追加の殺菌をせず、滅菌パーケージから直接使用した。
C2C12細胞をT75培養フラスコ中、10%FBSを含有するDMEM中で前培養し、細胞が50~60%コンフルエントになり、活発に増殖したときに継代させた。その後、細胞をPBS(1ml/5cm2)でリンスし、10%FBSを含有するDMEMを除去した。続いて、PBSを吸引した。トリプシン/EDTA溶液を細胞に加え(3~4ml/75cm2)、得られた混合物を37℃で6分間インキュベートした。その後、再度、10%FBSを含有するDMEMを、トリプシン量に対して1:2の割合で加えて、トリプシンを中和させた。その後、得られた単一細胞溶液を室温で5分間、125rpmで遠心分離した。上澄を吸引し、得られた細胞ペレット内の生細胞を、10%FBSを含有するDMEMで穏やかに再懸濁し、C2C12細胞を得た。細胞密度は顕微鏡を用いて測定した。
上記で得られたC2C12細胞を、直径5mmの円形のシートFS1、および比較例で使用したシート(Zimmer Dental社のCollaTape(登録商標))上に、円形シート当たり細胞5x105個の密度で、動的振とう法により播種した。動的振とう法は、評価対象のシートをC2C12細胞の懸濁液中に置き、混合物を200rpmで4時間回転させ、その後、評価対象のシートを、10%FBSを含有するDMEM中の細胞培養プレートに移動させた。その後、細胞を、評価対象のシートの存在下、10%FBSを含有するDMEM中、7日間培養した。その後、評価対象のシート内に存在する生細胞の量を、DNA定量化(CyQuantピコグリーンアッセイ)によって測定した。結果を表4に示す:
+++ は非常に良好な細胞増殖を意味し;
++ は良好な細胞増殖を意味し;および
+ は中等度の細胞増殖を意味する。
表4から分かるように、本発明によるシートFS1、FS1aおよびFS2~FS4の細胞増殖は、比較例の細胞増殖より優れていた。また、チャンバーの平均直径が100μmを超えるシートFS1bは、低い細胞増殖を示した。
Claims (19)
- 以下の工程:
(a)水、ゼラチン、水非混和性液体、および乳化剤を含む組成物を混合して、エマルションを得る工程;
(b)組成物中に存在するゼラチンがゲルを形成する温度より高い温度のエマルジョンを支持体上に流し込む工程;
(c)支持体上に存在するエマルジョンを、組成物中に存在するゼラチンのゲル化点より低い温度に冷却する工程;
(d)ゼラチンから水非混和性液体を除去する工程;および
(e)ゼラチンを乾燥して、多孔質ゼラチンシートを提供する工程
を含む、チャンバーを含む多孔質ゼラチンシートの製造方法であって、
前記チャンバーの少なくとも半分は球状であり、および/または、前記チャンバーの少なくとも半分はチャンバーの平均直径の±30%の直径を有し、チャンバーの平均直径が100μm未満である、前記の製造方法。 - 工程(a)~(e)が細胞を含まない工程である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 乳化剤のHLBが9以上である、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記シートが、チャンバーを相互接続し、細胞がチャンバーに入る通路を提供する孔のネットワークをさらに含む、請求項1から3の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記シートの空隙率が少なくとも50体積%である、請求項1から4の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記シートの孔の平均直径が少なくとも5μmである、請求項1から5の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記シートの密度が0.04~0.5g/cm3である、請求項1から6の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記シートの体積が2~25cm3/gである、請求項1から7の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記シートの空隙率が少なくとも50体積%であり、前記シートが平均直径が少なくとも5μmである孔を含み、
(i)前記チャンバーの少なくとも半分は球状であり;および
(ii)チャンバーの少なくとも80%はチャンバーの平均直径の±30%の直径を有する、
請求項1から8の何れか一項に記載の方法。 - 前記シートの空隙率が少なくとも50体積%であり、前記シートが平均直径が少なくとも5μmである表面孔を含み、前記チャンバーの少なくとも半分はチャンバーの平均直径の±30%の直径を有する、請求項1から9の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- チャンバーの少なくとも50%が球状である、請求項1から10の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- ゼラチンが遺伝子組み換えゼラチンである、請求項1から11の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- ゼラチンが、等電点が少なくとも5である遺伝子組み換えゼラチンである、請求項1から12の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- ゼラチンが、少なくとも3個のRGDモチーフを含む遺伝子組み換えゼラチンである、請求項1から13の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- ゼラチンが、少なくとも2個のリシン残基を含む遺伝子組み換えゼラチンであり、前記リシン残基が端のリシン残基であって、第1の端のリシン残基が、ゼラチンのN末端に最も近いリシン残基であり、第2の端のリシン残基が、ゼラチンのC末端に最も近いリシン残基であり、前記端のリシン残基が、ゼラチンのアミノ酸残基の総数の少なくとも25%離れている、請求項1から14の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 請求項1から15の何れか一項に記載の方法により製造される多孔質ゼラチンシート。
- 請求項16に記載の多孔質ゼラチンシートの、細胞キャリアとしての使用。
- 請求項16に記載の多孔質ゼラチンシートの、組織損傷修復のための足場としての使用。
- 請求項16に記載の多孔質ゼラチンシートおよび生細胞を含む、複合材料。
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US11033660B2 (en) | 2021-06-15 |
US20190117847A1 (en) | 2019-04-25 |
EP3447127A1 (en) | 2019-02-27 |
JP6802838B2 (ja) | 2020-12-23 |
JPWO2017183710A1 (ja) | 2019-02-28 |
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