WO2017125055A1 - 混合式开关 - Google Patents

混合式开关 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017125055A1
WO2017125055A1 PCT/CN2017/071792 CN2017071792W WO2017125055A1 WO 2017125055 A1 WO2017125055 A1 WO 2017125055A1 CN 2017071792 W CN2017071792 W CN 2017071792W WO 2017125055 A1 WO2017125055 A1 WO 2017125055A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
transistor
thyristor
switch
base
emitter
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PCT/CN2017/071792
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
郭桥石
Original Assignee
广州市金矢电子有限公司
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Publication date
Priority claimed from CN201610116841.8A external-priority patent/CN105610301A/zh
Application filed by 广州市金矢电子有限公司 filed Critical 广州市金矢电子有限公司
Publication of WO2017125055A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017125055A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
    • H03K17/51—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used
    • H03K17/56—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used by the use, as active elements, of semiconductor devices
    • H03K17/567—Circuits characterised by the use of more than one type of semiconductor device, e.g. BIMOS, composite devices such as IGBT
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
    • H03K17/51—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used
    • H03K17/56—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used by the use, as active elements, of semiconductor devices
    • H03K17/72—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used by the use, as active elements, of semiconductor devices having more than two PN junctions; having more than three electrodes; having more than one electrode connected to the same conductivity region
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
    • H03K17/51—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used
    • H03K2017/515—Mechanical switches; Electronic switches controlling mechanical switches, e.g. relais

Definitions

  • the hybrid switch of the invention belongs to the field of electricity, in particular to a hybrid switch suitable for use in an alternating current grid.
  • the application of the hybrid switch is more and more extensive, such as the composite switch (using the thyristor and the mechanical switch in parallel operation mode), which uses the transformer isolation drive or the high voltage electronic switch to drive the thyristor, which has the following disadvantages:
  • Transformer isolation drive The thyristor trigger signal is provided by the transformer. It needs pulse signal generation circuit, transformer drive circuit, transformer, rectifier circuit. There is a pulse duty cycle driven blind zone to cause zero-crossing inrush current and pulse duty cycle drive blind zone. It can cause the shortcomings of the thyristor to open and break the arc, reduce the cost performance, and occupy a large space.
  • High-voltage electronic switch drive The thyristor trigger signal is driven by the main circuit of the thyristor through a resistor, high-voltage electronic switch (full-control or semi-controlled switch, such as high-voltage optocoupler such as MOC3083) to the trigger pole of the thyristor, and the high-voltage electronic switch is more resistant.
  • High voltage, and most of the working conditions require multiple series use, which has the disadvantages of poor reliability, easy breakdown, mis-conduction, and large inrush current.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a hybrid switch with simple circuit, high cost performance, high instantaneous trigger current and high reliability, without the need for a trigger transformer and no high voltage electronic switch to drive the thyristor.
  • a hybrid switch comprising a mechanical switch, a thyristor, a first current limiting component, a unidirectional conduction device, a capacitor, a semiconductor switch, a voltage stabilizing device, a control unit; and a first end of the main circuit of the mechanical switch and a first end of the thyristor The third end of the thyristor is connected; the control unit is connected with the control end of the mechanical switch and the control end of the semiconductor switch; the first current limiting component, the unidirectional conduction device, and the capacitor are connected in series to form a series circuit, one end of the series circuit and the thyristor One end is connected, and the other end of the series circuit is connected to another phase line or neutral line with respect to the first end of the thyristor; the capacitor forms a discharge circuit through the semiconductor switch, the second end of the thyristor, and the first end of the thyristor;
  • the voltage regulator device is connected in parallel with the capacitor, or the voltage regulator device is connected in parallel with the
  • a hybrid switch includes a first photocoupler for controlling a discharge loop, a control end of the first optocoupler connected to the control unit, and a semiconductor switch being a voltage detection switch.
  • the detecting end of the voltage detecting switch is connected to the third end of the thyristor, the control end of the second photocoupler is connected to the voltage detecting switch, the capacitor provides the driving energy of the second photocoupler, and the output signal of the second photocoupler is transmitted to the control unit.
  • a hybrid switch includes a voltage detecting switch and a second photocoupler.
  • the detecting end of the voltage detecting switch is connected to the third end of the thyristor, the control end of the second photocoupler is connected to the voltage detecting switch, and the capacitor is provided second.
  • the driving energy of the photocoupler, the output signal of the second photocoupler is transmitted to the control unit.
  • a hybrid switch in which a voltage detecting switch and a semiconductor switch are connected in series.
  • a hybrid switch for detecting that the mechanical switch is open and the control unit turns off the conduction control signal of the thyristor when the voltage detecting switch detects that the mechanical switch is open.
  • a hybrid switch for detecting the conduction time of a thyristor for detecting the conduction time of a thyristor.
  • control unit corrects the closing or opening action time parameter of the control mechanical switch according to the conduction time of the thyristor during the closing or opening of the mechanical switch.
  • a hybrid switch includes a second current limiting component and a transistor.
  • the thyristor is a unidirectional thyristor
  • the transistor comprises a first transistor and a second transistor
  • the first transistor is a PNP type tube
  • the second transistor is an NPN type tube
  • the base of the second transistor passes the second current limiting element Connected to the third end of the thyristor
  • the collector of the second transistor is connected to the base of the first transistor
  • the emitter of the first transistor and the collector of the first transistor are connected in series in the discharge loop.
  • a hybrid switch includes a first transistor, a second transistor, a third transistor, and a fourth transistor, wherein a base of the second transistor is connected to a main loop end of the thyristor through a second current limiting element, and an emitter of the second transistor a base of the third transistor is connected, a base of the second transistor is connected to an emitter of the third transistor, a collector of the third transistor is connected to a base of the fourth transistor, and a collector of the second transistor and a fourth transistor are emitted
  • the pole is connected to the base of the first transistor, the collector of the fourth transistor is connected to the emitter of the second transistor, the collector of the first transistor is connected to the base of the second transistor, the emitter of the first transistor, and the second transistor The emitter is connected in series in the discharge loop.
  • a hybrid switch includes a first transistor, a second transistor, a third transistor, and a fourth transistor, wherein a base of the second transistor is connected to a main loop end of the thyristor through a second current limiting element, and an emitter of the second transistor a base of the third transistor is connected, a base of the third transistor is connected to the first end of the thyristor, a base of the second transistor is connected to an emitter of the third transistor, a collector of the third transistor is connected to a base of the fourth transistor Connecting, the collector of the second transistor, the emitter of the fourth transistor, and the first transistor The base is connected, the collector of the fourth transistor is connected to the emitter of the second transistor, and the emitter of the first transistor and the collector of the first transistor are connected in series in the discharge loop.
  • a hybrid switch the voltage detecting switch further comprising a fifth transistor, the collector of the fifth transistor is connected to the base of the first transistor, the base of the fifth transistor is connected to the collector of the first transistor, and the emission of the first transistor
  • the emitters of the pole and fifth transistors are connected in series in the discharge loop.
  • a hybrid switch having an average current through the first current limiting component that is less than a minimum trigger current required to trigger the thyristor to conduct.
  • a hybrid switch includes a current limiting component in series with a discharge circuit of a capacitor.
  • a hybrid switch as shown in FIG. 1, includes a mechanical switch K1, a thyristor SCR1 (a unidirectional thyristor), a first current limiting component R1 (resistance), a unidirectional conduction device D1 (diode), a capacitor C1, a semiconductor switch OPT1, voltage regulator device Z1, control unit (A); the main circuit of the mechanical switch K1 is connected to the first end of the thyristor SCR1 and the third end of the thyristor SCR1 respectively; the control unit (A) and the control end of the mechanical switch K1 ( Control coil), the control terminal of the semiconductor switch OPT1 is connected; the first current limiting component R1, the unidirectional conduction device D1, the capacitor C1 are connected in series to form a series circuit, one end of the series circuit is connected with the first end of the thyristor SCR1, and the other of the series circuit One end is connected to another phase line or neutral line with respect to the first end of the thyristor SCR1; the
  • the thyristor SCR1 is powered on, and the charging current is charged to the voltage regulator C1 through the first current limiting component R1 and the single-passing device D1.
  • the control unit (A) is in the thyristor.
  • the semiconductor switch OPT1 is provided with a pulse width greater than a quarter.
  • the control unit (A) controls the mechanical switch K1 to close when the anode of the thyristor SCR1 is positive to the cathode of the thyristor SCR1, and after the mechanical switch K1 is closed, the thyristor SCR1 is turned off; during the breaking process, the control unit (A) : can use its internal capacitor energy storage work) to provide semiconductor switch OPT1 a pulse width greater than a quarter of the cycle Turning on the control signal, the capacitor C1 triggers the thyristor SCR1 through the semiconductor switch OPT1,
  • the invention has reasonable design, and uses the power supply of the grid to charge and store the capacitor through the first current limiting component and the single-conducting device, and the voltage-regulating device limits the charging voltage of the capacitor, and the charge of the capacitor drives the thyristor through the semiconductor switch, and has There is no need to trigger a transformer, no high-voltage electronic switch, simple circuit, high cost performance and high reliability.
  • FIG. 1 is a circuit schematic diagram 1 of a hybrid switch of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a circuit schematic diagram 2 of the hybrid switch of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a circuit schematic diagram of an embodiment of the hybrid switch of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a circuit schematic diagram of a second embodiment of the hybrid switch of the present invention.
  • Fig. 5 is a first schematic diagram of a voltage detecting switch circuit of the hybrid switch of the present invention.
  • Figure 6 is a schematic diagram 2 of the voltage detecting switch circuit of the hybrid switch of the present invention.
  • Embodiment 1 of the hybrid switch of the present invention is as shown in FIG. 3:
  • a hybrid switch comprising a mechanical switch K1, a thyristor SCR1 (unidirectional thyristor), a first current limiting component R1 (resistance), a unidirectional conduction device D1 (diode), a capacitor C1, a semiconductor switch (B), and a voltage regulator
  • the device Z1 the control unit (A), the first photocoupler OPT1, and the second photocoupler OPT2; the two ends of the main circuit of the mechanical switch K1 are respectively connected with the first end of the thyristor SCR1 and the third end of the thyristor SCR1;
  • the control unit ( A) connected to the control end (control coil) of the mechanical switch K1 and the control end of the semiconductor switch (B);
  • the first current limiting element R1, the unidirectional conduction device D1, and the capacitor C1 are connected in series to form a series circuit, one end of the series circuit and The first end of the thyristor SCR1 is connected, and the other end of the series circuit
  • the third resistor R3 connected in series with the discharge circuit of the capacitor C1 is used to reduce the discharge current, and can be selected as needed;
  • the control end of the second photocoupler OPT2 is not limited to being connected in series with the main circuit of the semiconductor switch (B), or can be connected in series In the internal circuit of the semiconductor switch (B);
  • the first photocoupler OPT1 is not limited to be connected to the internal circuit of the semiconductor switch (B), and may be directly connected in series in the driving circuit of the thyristor SCR1, that is, the main circuit of the semiconductor switch (B) In series.
  • the semiconductor switch (B) is a voltage detecting circuit, which is also defined as a voltage detecting switch (B) for detecting the conduction time of the thyristor SCR1, the detecting end of the voltage detecting switch (B) and the third end of the thyristor SCR1.
  • the control end of the second photocoupler OPT2 is connected to the voltage detecting switch (B)
  • the capacitor C1 provides the driving energy of the second photocoupler OPT2
  • the output signal of the second photocoupler OPT2 is transmitted to the control unit (A).
  • the voltage detecting switch (B) includes a second current limiting element R2, a first transistor Q1, a second transistor Q2, a diode D2, a fourth resistor R4, a fifth resistor R5, and an eighth resistor R8.
  • the first transistor Q1 is a PNP type tube.
  • the second transistor Q2 is an NPN type tube, the base of the second transistor Q2 is connected to the third end of the thyristor SCR1 through the second current limiting element R2, and the collector of the second transistor Q2 is passed through the eighth resistor R8, the first photoelectric coupling
  • the OPT1 is connected to the base of the first transistor Q1 (the first photocoupler OPT1 can also be connected in series with the collector of the first transistor Q1), and the emitter of the first transistor Q1 and the collector of the first transistor Q1 are connected in series with the capacitor C1.
  • the fourth resistor R4, the fifth resistor R5, the eighth resistor R8, and the diode D2 are non-principal components, and are selected as needed.
  • the thyristor SCR1 is powered on, and the charging current is charged to the voltage regulator C1 through the first current limiting component R1 and the single-passing device D1. During the turn-on process, the control unit (A) is in the thyristor.
  • the first photocoupler OPT1 When the anode of the SCR1 is at a negative potential to the cathode of the thyristor SCR1 (preferably at the peak of the reverse bias voltage between the anode of the thyristor SCR1 and the cathode of the thyristor SCR1), the first photocoupler OPT1 is provided with a conduction control signal, When the anode of the thyristor SCR1 and the cathode of the thyristor SCR1 are at a positive potential, the capacitor C1 passes through the semiconductor switch (B), the third resistor R3, the control terminal of the second photocoupler OPT2, the trigger electrode of the thyristor SCR1, and the cathode of the thyristor SCR1.
  • the discharge driving thyristor SCR1 has no inrush current conduction, and the control unit (A) controls the mechanical switch K1 to be closed when the anode of the thyristor SCR1 is at a positive potential to the cathode of the thyristor SCR1.
  • the semiconductor switch (B) is turned off, and the capacitor C1 is turned off.
  • the discharge is stopped, the thyristor SCR1 is turned off, and the control unit (A) corrects the closing time of the control mechanical switch K1 according to the conduction time of the thyristor SCR1 during the closing of the mechanical switch K1.
  • the control unit (A) controls the mechanical switch K1 in the direction of the current that satisfies the thyristor SCR1 conduction condition (ie When the anode of the thyristor SCR1 is positive at the cathode of the thyristor SCR1, the capacitor C1 passes through the semiconductor switch (B), the third resistor R3, the control terminal of the second photocoupler OPT2, the trigger pole of the thyristor SCR1, and the thyristor SCR1.
  • the cathode discharge triggers the thyristor SCR1 to achieve the purpose of no arc breaking; after the mechanical switch K1 is completed, the semiconductor switch (B) is turned off, and the thyristor SCR1 is turned off at the next current zero point.
  • the control unit (A) corrects the off-time parameter of the control mechanical switch K1 according to the on-time of the thyristor SCR during the opening of the mechanical switch K1. Note: The control unit (A) knows the real-time phase of the voltage from its operating supply.
  • the hybrid switch is a hybrid synchronous switch that does not require a current transformer, and does not have a current magnitude, which affects the switching precision of the synchronous switch, and has the advantages of short thyristor conduction time, high cost performance, and simple circuit.
  • Embodiment 2 of the hybrid switch of the present invention is as shown in FIG. 4:
  • a hybrid switch comprising a mechanical switch K1, a thyristor TR1 (bidirectional thyristor), a first current limiting component R1 (resistance), a unidirectional conduction device D1 (diode), a capacitor C1, a voltage detection switch (B), and a voltage regulator
  • the device Z1 the control unit (A), the first photocoupler OPT1 (this embodiment is defined as a semiconductor switch), and the second photocoupler OPT2; the first end of the main circuit of the mechanical switch K1 and the first end of the thyristor TR1, the thyristor TR1
  • the control unit (A) is connected with the control end (control coil) of the mechanical switch K1 and the control end of the voltage detecting switch (B);
  • the first current limiting element R1, the one-way conducting device D1, the capacitor C1 are connected in series Forming a series circuit, one end of the series circuit is connected to the first end of the thyristor TR1, and the other
  • the control terminal of the second photocoupler OPT2 is connected to the voltage detecting switch (B), the capacitor C1 provides the driving energy of the second photocoupler OPT2, and the output signal of the second photocoupler OPT2 is transmitted to the control unit (A).
  • the voltage detecting switch (B) is for detecting that the mechanical switch K1 is turned off, and the control unit (A) turns off the conduction control signal of the thyristor TR1 when the voltage detecting switch (B) detects that the mechanical switch K1 is turned off.
  • the third resistor R3 connected in series with the discharge circuit of capacitor C1 is used to reduce the discharge current and can be selected as needed.
  • the control terminal of the second photocoupler OPT2 is not limited to being connected in series with the main circuit of the voltage detection switch (B).
  • the first photocoupler OPT1 is not limited to be connected to the internal circuit of the voltage detecting switch (B), and may be directly connected in series to the driving of the thyristor TR1. In the middle of the road, it is connected in series with the main circuit of the voltage detecting switch (B).
  • the detecting end of the voltage detecting switch (B) is connected to the third end of the thyristor TR1, and the voltage detecting switch shown in FIG. 4 is a circuit using the second current limiting element R2 and the thyristor TR2;
  • a voltage detecting switch as shown in FIG. 5, which includes a second current limiting element R2, a first transistor Q1, a second transistor Q2, a third transistor Q3, a fourth transistor Q4, and a base of the second transistor Q2.
  • the pole is connected to the main loop terminal of the thyristor TR1 through the second current limiting element R2, the emitter of the second transistor Q2 is connected to the base of the third transistor Q3, and the base of the second transistor Q2 is connected to the emitter of the third transistor Q3.
  • the collector of the third transistor Q3 is connected to the base of the fourth transistor Q4, the collector of the second transistor Q2, the emitter of the fourth transistor Q4 is connected to the base of the first transistor Q1, and the collector of the fourth transistor Q4 is The emitter of the second transistor Q2 is connected, the collector of the first transistor Q1 is connected to the base of the second transistor Q2, and the emitter of the first transistor Q1 and the emitter of the second transistor Q2 are connected in series in the discharge circuit of the capacitor C1.
  • FIG. 6 It is also possible to use a voltage detecting switch as shown in FIG. 6, which includes a second current limiting element R2, a first transistor Q1, a second transistor Q2, a third transistor Q3, a fourth transistor Q4, a fifth transistor Q5, and a second transistor.
  • the base of Q2 is connected to the main loop end (second anode, ie, the third end) of the thyristor TR1 through the second current limiting element R2, the emitter of the second transistor Q2 is connected to the base of the third transistor Q3, and the third transistor Q3
  • the base is connected to the first end (first anode) of the thyristor TR1
  • the base of the second transistor Q2 is connected to the emitter of the third transistor Q3
  • the collector of the third transistor Q3 is connected to the base of the fourth transistor Q4.
  • the collector of the second transistor Q2, the emitter of the fourth transistor Q4 is connected to the base of the first transistor Q1, the collector of the fourth transistor Q4 is connected to the emitter of the second transistor Q2, and the emitter of the first transistor Q1
  • the collector of the first transistor Q1 is connected in series in the discharge circuit of the capacitor C1
  • the collector of the fifth transistor Q5 is connected to the base of the first transistor Q1
  • the base of the fifth transistor Q5 is connected to the collector of the first transistor Q1.
  • the first transistor Q1 The emitter of the emitter and fifth transistor Q5 is connected in series in the discharge loop of the capacitor C1.
  • the fifth transistor Q5 can be omitted, and when the fifth transistor Q5 is omitted, the voltage detecting switch (B) is a fully-controlled switch.
  • the thyristor TR1 is powered on, and the charging current is charged to the voltage regulator C1 through the first current limiting component R1 and the single-passing device D1.
  • the control unit (A) first provides The first photocoupler OPT1 turns on the control signal.
  • the voltage detecting switch (B) is turned on, and the capacitor C1 passes through the first photocoupler OPT1 and the second photocoupler.
  • the first optocoupler OPT1 is turned off.
  • the signal, the thyristor TR1 is turned off at the next current zero point, the conduction time of the thyristor TR1 is short, and the mechanical switch K1 has no arc breaking purpose.
  • the hybrid switch of the embodiment has the advantages that the thyristor conduction time is short (short to half cycle) and the reliability is high.
  • the transistor when the triac is changed to the unidirectional thyristor, as long as the polarity of the related device is adjusted, the transistor is changed from the NPN type to the PNP type, and the PNP type is changed to the NPN type, and the working principle is the same.
  • the voltage regulation value of the voltage regulator device Z1 can be set to about 20V, and the capacitance value of the capacitor C1 can be set to about 100 microfarads, and the discharge charge of the capacitor is sufficient for the trigger thyristor (unidirectional thyristor or triac).
  • the instantaneous current is triggered; the first current limiting component can adopt a resistor, and the average current through the first current limiting component is less than the minimum trigger current required to trigger the thyristor to be turned on (generally several ampere thyristors reliably trigger the conduction current to be dozens of trigger currents) mA), the resistance value of the first current limiting component can be relatively large, and the operating current can be set to within 0.1 mA. Even when the operating voltage is 380 V, the first current limiting component R1 consumes only power. For 0.038W, if the operating voltage is 220V, the first current limiting component R1 consumes only 0.022W.
  • the other end of the power supply connected to the hybrid switch of the present invention relative to the first end of the thyristor is also defined as a neutral line.
  • the relevant components can be added when the three-phase power is used, and the control unit (A) can be shared.
  • a unidirectional thyristor is connected in parallel with the mechanical switch, and two unidirectional thyristors may also be used in reverse parallel connection.
  • the hybrid switch of the present invention has the following advantages:
  • the driving signal of the thyristor is directly provided by the AC grid through the current limiting component, no need to trigger the transformer, no high-voltage electronic switch, high reliability, simple circuit, small footprint, and high cost performance.
  • Capacitor energy storage triggering mode has the characteristics of large instantaneous output current and strong triggering capability. At the same time, the current of the current limiting component is much smaller than the minimum triggering current for triggering the thyristor to be turned on, and the working energy consumption is low.
  • Adopt voltage detection switch photoelectric feedback design, short thyristor conduction, strong overload capability and high reliability.

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Abstract

一种混合式开关，特别是一种适合于交流电网中应用的混合式开关，其包括机械开关、晶闸管、第一限流元件、单向导通器件、电容、半导体开关、稳压器件、一控制单元；机械开关回路两端分别与晶闸管的第一端、晶闸管的第三端连接；控制单元与机械开关的控制端、半导体开关的控制端连接；第一限流元件、单向导通器件、电容串联而成一串联电路，串联电路的一端与晶闸管的第一端连接，串联电路的另一端用于与相对于晶闸管的第一端的另一相线或中性线连接；电容通过半导体开关、晶闸管的第二端、晶闸管的第一端形成放电回路；稳压器件与电容并联。

Description

混合式开关 技术领域
本发明混合式开关属于电学领域，特别是一种适合于交流电网中应用的混合式开关。
背景技术
目前在交流电网中，混合式开关的应用越来越广泛，如复合开关(采用晶闸管与机械开关并联的运行方式)，其采用变压器隔离驱动或高压电子开关驱动晶闸管，其存在以下缺点：
1.变压器隔离驱动：晶闸管触发信号由变压器提供，需要脉冲信号发生电路、变压器驱动电路、变压器、整流电路，存在脉冲占空比驱动盲区造成过零导通涌流大、脉冲占空比驱动盲区也可造成晶闸管对机械开开分断灭弧效果、性价比低、占用空间大等缺点。
2.高压电子开关驱动：晶闸管触发信号由晶闸管的主回路通过电阻、高压电子开关(全控型或半控型开关，如MOC3083等高压光电耦合器)到晶闸管的触发极，高压电子开关承受较高电压，并且大部分工况需要多个串联使用，存在可靠性差、容易击穿、误导通、导通涌流大的缺点。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于针对现有混合式开关的不足之处提供一种无需触发变压器、无需高压电子开关驱动晶闸管，具有电路简单、性价比高、瞬间触发电流大、可靠性高混合式开关。
实现本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案来达到的：
一种混合式开关，其包括机械开关、晶闸管、第一限流元件、单向导通器件、电容、半导体开关、稳压器件、一控制单元；机械开关主回路两端分别与晶闸管的第一端、晶闸管的第三端连接；控制单元与机械开关的控制端、半导体开关的控制端连接；第一限流元件、单向导通器件、电容串联而成一串联电路，串联电路的一端与晶闸管的第一端连接，串联电路的另一端用于与相对于晶闸管的第一端的另一相线或中性线连接；电容通过半导体开关、晶闸管的第二端、晶闸管的第一端形成放电回路；稳压器件与电容并联，或稳压器件通过单向导通器件与电容并联。
一种混合式开关，包括第一光电耦合器、第二光电耦合器，第一光电耦合器用于控制放电回路，第一光电耦合器的控制端与控制单元连接，半导体开关为一电压检测开关，电压检测开关的检测端与晶闸管的第三端连接，第二光电耦合器的控制端与电压检测开关连接，电容提供第二光电耦合器的驱动能量，第二光电耦合器的输出信号传递至控制单元。
一种混合式开关，包括一电压检测开关、第二光电耦合器，电压检测开关的检测端与晶闸管的第三端连接，第二光电耦合器的控制端与电压检测开关连接，电容提供第二光电耦合器的驱动能量，第二光电耦合器的输出信号传递至控制单元。
一种混合式开关，电压检测开关、半导体开关串联。
一种混合式开关，电压检测开关用于检测机械开关断开，控制单元在电压检测开关检测到机械开关断开时关断晶闸管的导通控制信号。
一种混合式开关，电压检测开关用于检测晶闸管的导通时间。
一种混合式开关，控制单元根据机械开关闭合或断开过程中晶闸管的导通时间，修正控制机械开关的闭合或断开动作时间参数。
一种混合式开关，电压检测开关包括第二限流元件、晶体管。
一种混合式开关，晶闸管为单向晶闸管，晶体管包括第一晶体管、第二晶体管，第一晶体管为PNP型管，第二晶体管为NPN型管，第二晶体管的基极通过第二限流元件与晶闸管的第三端连接，第二晶体管的集电极与第一晶体管的基极连接，第一晶体管的发射极、第一晶体管的集电极串联在放电回路中。
一种混合式开关，晶体管包括第一晶体管、第二晶体管、第三晶体管、第四晶体管，第二晶体管的基极通过第二限流元件与晶闸管主回路端连接，第二晶体管的发射极与第三晶体管的基极连接，第二晶体管的基极与第三晶体管的发射极连接，第三晶体管的集电极与第四晶体管的基极连接，第二晶体管的集电极、第四晶体管的发射极与第一晶体管的基极连接，第四晶体管的集电极与第二晶体管的发射极连接，第一晶体管的集电极与第二晶体管的基极连接，第一晶体管的发射极、第二晶体管的发射极串联在放电回路中。
一种混合式开关，晶体管包括第一晶体管、第二晶体管、第三晶体管、第四晶体管，第二晶体管的基极通过第二限流元件与晶闸管主回路端连接，第二晶体管的发射极与第三晶体管的基极连接，第三晶体管的基极与晶闸管的第一端连接，第二晶体管的基极与第三晶体管的发射极连接，第三晶体管的集电极与第四晶体管的基极连接，第二晶体管的集电极、第四晶体管的发射极与第一晶体管的 基极连接，第四晶体管的集电极与第二晶体管的发射极连接，第一晶体管的发射极、第一晶体管的集电极串联在放电回路中。
一种混合式开关，电压检测开关还包括第五晶体管，第五晶体管的集电极与第一晶体管的基极连接，第五晶体管的基极与第一晶体管的集电极连接，第一晶体管的发射极、第五晶体管的发射极串联在放电回路中。
一种混合式开关，通过第一限流元件的平均电流小于触发晶闸管导通所需的最小触发电流。
一种混合式开关，半导体开关为一光电耦合器或一光电耦合器驱动晶体管电路。
一种混合式开关，包括一与电容的放电回路串联的限流元件。
一种混合式开关，如图1所示，其包括机械开关K1、晶闸管SCR1(单向晶闸管)、第一限流元件R1(电阻)、单向导通器件D1(二极管)、电容C1、半导体开关OPT1、稳压器件Z1、控制单元(A)；机械开关K1主回路两端分别与晶闸管SCR1的第一端、晶闸管SCR1的第三端连接；控制单元(A)与机械开关K1的控制端(控制线圈)、半导体开关OPT1的控制端连接；第一限流元件R1、单向导通器件D1、电容C1串联而成一串联电路，串联电路的一端与晶闸管SCR1的第一端连接，串联电路的另一端与相对于晶闸管SCR1的第一端的另一相线或中性线连接；电容C1通过半导体开关OPT1、晶闸管SCR1的第二端、晶闸管SCR1的第一端形成放电回路，稳压器件Z1通过单向导通器件D1与电容C1并联(稳压器件Z1也可以直接与电容C1并联，单向导通器件D1耐压要求提高)。注：半导体开关OPT1与电容C1放电回路的连接方式不限于图1，也可以按如图2所示的连接方式，工作原理相同。
工作原理：晶闸管SCR1上电，充电电流通过第一限流元件R1、单向导通器件D1对电容C1充电至稳压器件Z1的稳压值，在接通过程中，控制单元(A)在晶闸管SCR1的阳极对晶闸管SCR1的阴极为负电位时(最好在晶闸管SCR1的阳极与晶闸管SCR1的阴极之间处于反向偏置电压的峰值时)，提供半导体开关OPT1一脉宽大于四分之一周波导通控制信号，电容C1通过半导体开关OPT1、晶闸管SCR1的触发极、晶闸管SCR1的阴极放电触发晶闸管SCR1，在晶闸管SCR1的阳极与晶闸管SCR1的阴极之间为正电位时，晶闸管SCR1无涌流导通，控制单元(A)控制机械开关K1在晶闸管SCR1的阳极对晶闸管SCR1的阴极为正电位时闭合，机械开关K1闭合完成后，晶闸管SCR1截止；在分断过程中，控制单元(A)(注：可以利用其内部电容储能工作)提供半导体开关OPT1一脉宽大于四分之一周波 导通控制信号，电容C1通过半导体开关OPT1、晶闸管SCR1的触发极、晶闸管SCR1的阴极放电触发晶闸管SCR1，控制单元(A)控制机械开关K1在满足晶闸管SCR1导通条件的电流方向时(即在晶闸管SCR1的阳极对晶闸管SCR1的阴极为正电位时)分断，达到无电弧分断目的，机械开关K1分断完成后，半导体开关OPT1截止，晶闸管SCR1在下一个电流零点截止。
本发明设计合理，其利用电网电源通过第一限流元件、单向导通器件对电容充电储能，由稳压器件对电容充电电压进行限压，电容的电荷通过半导体开关驱动晶闸管导通，具有无需触发变压器、无需高压电子开关、电路简单、性价比高、可靠性高的优点。
附图说明
图1是本发明混合式开关的电路原理图一。
图2是本发明混合式开关的电路原理图二。
图3是本发明混合式开关的实施例一电路原理图。
图4是本发明混合式开关的实施例二电路原理图。
图5是本发明混合式开关的电压检测开关电路原理图一。
图6是本发明混合式开关的电压检测开关电路原理图二。
具体实施方式
本发明混合式开关的实施例一，如图3所示：
一种混合式开关，其包括机械开关K1、晶闸管SCR1(单向晶闸管)、第一限流元件R1(电阻)、单向导通器件D1(二极管)、电容C1、半导体开关(B)、稳压器件Z1、控制单元(A)、第一光电耦合器OPT1、第二光电耦合器OPT2；机械开关K1主回路两端分别与晶闸管SCR1的第一端、晶闸管SCR1的第三端连接；控制单元(A)与机械开关K1的控制端(控制线圈)、半导体开关(B)的控制端连接；第一限流元件R1、单向导通器件D1、电容C1串联而成一串联电路，串联电路的一端与晶闸管SCR1的第一端连接，串联电路的另一端用于与相对于晶闸管SCR1的第一端的另一相线或中性线连接；电容C1通过半导体开关(B)、第二光电耦合器OPT2、晶闸管SCR1的第二端、晶闸管SCR1的第一端形成放电回路，稳压器件Z1通过单向导通器件D1与电容C1并联(稳压器件Z1也可以直接与电容C1并联，单向导通器件D1耐压要求提高)，第一光电耦合器OPT1用 于控制放电回路，第一光电耦合器OPT1的控制端与控制单元(A)连接，第二光电耦合器OPT2的控制端与半导体开关(B)连接，电容C1提供第二光电耦合器OPT2的驱动能量，第二光电耦合器OPT2的输出信号传递至控制单元(A)。
注：电容C1的放电回路串联的第三电阻R3用于减小放电电流，可以根据需要选用；第二光电耦合器OPT2的控制端不限于与半导体开关(B)的主回路串联，也可以串联在半导体开关(B)的内部电路中；第一光电耦合器OPT1不限于与半导体开关(B)内部电路连接，也可以直接串联在晶闸管SCR1的驱动回路中，即与半导体开关(B)主回路串联。
半导体开关(B)：为一电压检测电路，在此也定义为电压检测开关(B),用于检测晶闸管SCR1的导通时间，电压检测开关(B)的检测端与晶闸管SCR1的第三端连接，第二光电耦合器OPT2的控制端与电压检测开关(B)连接，电容C1提供第二光电耦合器OPT2的驱动能量，第二光电耦合器OPT2的输出信号传递至控制单元(A)，电压检测开关(B)包括第二限流元件R2、第一晶体管Q1、第二晶体管Q2、二极管D2、第四电阻R4、第五电阻R5、第八电阻R8，第一晶体管Q1为PNP型管，第二晶体管Q2为NPN型管，第二晶体管Q2的基极通过第二限流元件R2与晶闸管SCR1的第三端连接，第二晶体管Q2的集电极通过第八电阻R8、第一光电耦合器OPT1与第一晶体管Q1的基极连接(第一光电耦合器OPT1也可以与第一晶体管Q1的集电极串联)，第一晶体管Q1的发射极、第一晶体管Q1的集电极串联在电容C1的放电回路中。第四电阻R4、第五电阻R5、第八电阻R8、二极管D2为非原理性元器件，根据需要选用。
工作原理：晶闸管SCR1上电，充电电流通过第一限流元件R1、单向导通器件D1对电容C1充电至稳压器件Z1的稳压值，在接通过程中，控制单元(A)在晶闸管SCR1的阳极对晶闸管SCR1的阴极为负电位时(最好在晶闸管SCR1的阳极与晶闸管SCR1的阴极之间处于反向偏置电压的峰值时)，提供第一光电耦合器OPT1导通控制信号，晶闸管SCR1的阳极与晶闸管SCR1的阴极之间为正电位时，电容C1通过半导体开关(B)、第三电阻R3、第二光电耦合器OPT2的控制端、晶闸管SCR1的触发极、晶闸管SCR1的阴极放电驱动晶闸管SCR1无涌流导通，控制单元(A)控制机械开关K1在晶闸管SCR1的阳极对晶闸管SCR1的阴极为正电位时闭合，机械开关K1闭合完成后，半导体开关(B)截止，电容C1停止放电，晶闸管SCR1截止，控制单元(A)根据机械开关K1闭合过程中晶闸管SCR1的导通时间，修正控制机械开关K1的闭合动作时间参数；在分断过程中，控制单元(A)控制机械开关K1在满足晶闸管SCR1导通条件的电流方向时(即 在晶闸管SCR1的阳极对晶闸管SCR1的阴极为正电位时)分断，电容C1通过半导体开关(B)、第三电阻R3、第二光电耦合器OPT2的控制端、晶闸管SCR1的触发极、晶闸管SCR1的阴极放电触发晶闸管SCR1，达到无电弧分断目的；机械开关K1分断完成后，半导体开关(B)截止，晶闸管SCR1在下一个电流零点截止。控制单元(A)根据机械开关K1断开过程中晶闸管SCR的导通时间，修正控制机械开关K1的断开动作时间参数。注：控制单元(A)可从其工作电源得知电压的实时相位。
本实施例，混合式开关为无需电流互感器的混合式同步开关，不存在电流大小而影响同步开关的投切精度，具有晶闸管导通时间短、性价比高、电路简单的优点。
本发明混合式开关的实施例二，如图4所示：
一种混合式开关，其包括机械开关K1、晶闸管TR1(双向晶闸管)、第一限流元件R1(电阻)、单向导通器件D1(二极管)、电容C1、电压检测开关(B)、稳压器件Z1、控制单元(A)、第一光电耦合器OPT1(此实施例定义为半导体开关)、第二光电耦合器OPT2；机械开关K1主回路两端分别与晶闸管TR1的第一端、晶闸管TR1的第三端连接；控制单元(A)与机械开关K1的控制端(控制线圈)、电压检测开关(B)的控制端连接；第一限流元件R1、单向导通器件D1、电容C1串联而成一串联电路，串联电路的一端与晶闸管TR1的第一端连接，串联电路的另一端用于与相对于晶闸管TR1的第一端的另一相线或中性线连接；电容C1通过第一光电耦合器OPT1、第二光电耦合器OPT2、第三电阻R3、电压检测开关(B)、晶闸管TR1的第二端、晶闸管TR1的第一端形成放电回路，稳压器件Z1通过单向导通器件D1与电容C1并联(稳压器件Z1也可以直接与电容C1并联，单向导通器件D1耐压要求提高)，第一光电耦合器OPT1用于控制放电回路，第一光电耦合器OPT1的控制端与控制单元(A)连接，第二光电耦合器OPT2的控制端与电压检测开关(B)连接，电容C1提供第二光电耦合器OPT2的驱动能量，第二光电耦合器OPT2的输出信号传递至控制单元(A)。电压检测开关(B)用于检测机械开关K1断开，控制单元(A)在电压检测开关(B)检测到机械开关K1断开时关断晶闸管TR1的导通控制信号。
注：电容C1的放电回路串联的第三电阻R3用于减小放电电流，可以根据需要选用；第二光电耦合器OPT2的控制端不限于与电压检测开关(B)的主回路串联，也可以串联在电压检测开关(B)的内部电路中；第一光电耦合器OPT1不限于与电压检测开关(B)内部电路连接，也可以直接串联在晶闸管TR1的驱动回 路中，即与电压检测开关(B)主回路串联。
电压检测开关(B)的检测端与晶闸管TR1的第三端连接，图4所示的电压检测开关为采用第二限流元件R2、晶闸管TR2电路；
实际使用时建议采用如图5所示的电压检测开关，其包括第二限流元件R2、第一晶体管Q1、第二晶体管Q2、第三晶体管Q3、第四晶体管Q4，第二晶体管Q2的基极通过第二限流元件R2与晶闸管TR1主回路端连接，第二晶体管Q2的发射极与第三晶体管Q3的基极连接，第二晶体管Q2的基极与第三晶体管Q3的发射极连接，第三晶体管Q3的集电极与第四晶体管Q4的基极连接，第二晶体管Q2的集电极、第四晶体管Q4的发射极与第一晶体管Q1的基极连接，第四晶体管Q4的集电极与第二晶体管Q2的发射极连接，第一晶体管Q1的集电极与第二晶体管Q2的基极连接，第一晶体管Q1的发射极、第二晶体管Q2的发射极串联在电容C1放电回路中。
也可以采用如图6所示的电压检测开关，其包括第二限流元件R2、第一晶体管Q1、第二晶体管Q2、第三晶体管Q3、第四晶体管Q4、第五晶体管Q5，第二晶体管Q2的基极通过第二限流元件R2与晶闸管TR1主回路端(第二阳极，即第三端)连接，第二晶体管Q2的发射极与第三晶体管Q3的基极连接，第三晶体管Q3的基极与晶闸管TR1的第一端(第一阳极)连接，第二晶体管Q2的基极与第三晶体管Q3的发射极连接，第三晶体管Q3的集电极与第四晶体管Q4的基极连接，第二晶体管Q2的集电极、第四晶体管Q4的发射极与第一晶体管Q1的基极连接，第四晶体管Q4的集电极与第二晶体管Q2的发射极连接，第一晶体管Q1的发射极、第一晶体管Q1的集电极串联在电容C1放电回路中，第五晶体管Q5的集电极与第一晶体管Q1的基极连接，第五晶体管Q5的基极与第一晶体管Q1的集电极连接，第一晶体管Q1的发射极、第五晶体管Q5的发射极串联在电容C1的放电回路中。第五晶体管Q5可省略，当第五晶体管Q5省略时，电压检测开关(B)为全控型开关。
工作原理：晶闸管TR1上电，充电电流通过第一限流元件R1、单向导通器件D1对电容C1充电至稳压器件Z1的稳压值，在分断工作过程中，控制单元(A)先提供第一光电耦合器OPT1导通控制信号，当机械开关K1断开时，其两端存在电位差，电压检测开关(B)导通，电容C1通过第一光电耦合器OPT1、第二光电耦合器OPT2的控制端、第三电阻R3、电压检测开关(B)、晶闸管TR1的触发极、晶闸管TR1的第一阳极放电触发晶闸管TR1，控制单元(A)在电压检测开关(B)检测到机械开关K1分断完成后，关闭第一光电耦合器OPT1导通控制 信号，晶闸管TR1在下一个电流零点截止，达到晶闸管TR1导通时间短，机械开关K1无电弧分断目的。
本实施例混合式开关，具有晶闸管导通时间短(短至半个周波)、可靠性高的优点。本实施例，当双向晶闸管改为单向晶闸管时，只要把相关器件的极性调整，晶体管由NPN型改PNP型，PNP型改NPN型即可，工作原理相同。
以上实施例，稳压器件Z1的稳压值可以设定为20V左右，电容C1的电容值可以设定为100微法左右，电容的放电电荷足够满足触发晶闸管(单向晶闸或双向晶闸管)的瞬间触发电流；第一限流元件可以采用电阻，通过第一限流元件的平均电流小于触发晶闸管导通所需的最小触发电流(一般几十安培晶闸管可靠触发导通的触发电流为几十毫安)，第一限流元件的电阻值可以比较大，工作电流可以设定为0.1毫安以内，即使设定为0.1毫安，工作电压为380V时，第一限流元件R1功耗仅为0.038W，如工作电压为220V，第一限流元件R1功耗仅为0.022W。
在交流供电系统中使用时，与本发明混合式开关连接的相对于晶闸管的第一端(即晶闸管的主回路端)的另一端电源也定义为中性线。在三相电使用时可以增加相关部件即可，控制单元(A)可以共用。以上实施例一采用一个单向晶闸管与机械开关并联，也可以采用两个单向晶闸管反向并联。
综上所述，本发明混合式开关具有以下优点：
1.晶闸管的驱动信号直接由交流电网通过限流元件提供，无需触发变压器、无需高压电子开关、可靠性高、电路简单、占用空间小、性价比高。
2.采用电容储能触发方式，具有瞬间输出电流大、触发能力强的特点，同时限流元件工作电流远小于触发晶闸管导通的最小触发电流，工作能耗低。
3.当用于电容负载时，不存在由于变压器脉冲占空比和高压电子开关电路的本身电压降带来的过零触发盲区，接通涌流极小。
4.采用电压检测开关，光电反馈设计，晶闸管导通时短，过载能力强，可靠性高。

Claims (15)

  1. 一种混合式开关，其特征是：包括机械开关、晶闸管、第一限流元件、单向导通器件、电容、半导体开关、稳压器件、一控制单元；
    所述机械开关主回路两端分别与所述晶闸管的第一端、所述晶闸管的第三端连接；
    所述控制单元与所述机械开关的控制端、所述半导体开关的控制端连接；
    所述第一限流元件、所述单向导通器件、所述电容串联而成一串联电路，所述串联电路的一端与所述晶闸管的第一端连接，所述串联电路的另一端用于与相对于所述晶闸管的第一端的另一相线或中性线连接；
    所述电容通过所述半导体开关、所述晶闸管的第二端、所述晶闸管的第一端形成放电回路；
    所述稳压器件与所述电容并联，或所述稳压器件通过所述单向导通器件与所述电容并联。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的混合式开关，其特征是：包括第一光电耦合器、第二光电耦合器，所述第一光电耦合器用于控制所述放电回路，所述第一光电耦合器的控制端与所述控制单元连接，所述半导体开关为一电压检测开关，所述电压检测开关的检测端与所述晶闸管的第三端连接，所述第二光电耦合器的控制端与所述电压检测开关连接，所述电容提供所述第二光电耦合器的驱动能量，所述第二光电耦合器的输出信号传递至所述控制单元。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的混合式开关，其特征是：包括一电压检测开关、第二光电耦合器，所述电压检测开关的检测端与所述晶闸管的第三端连接，所述第二光电耦合器的控制端与所述电压检测开关连接，所述电容提供所述第二光电耦合器的驱动能量，所述第二光电耦合器的输出信号传递至所述控制单元。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的混合式开关，其特征是：所述电压检测开关、所述半导体开关串联。
  5. 根据权利要求2或3所述的混合式开关，其特征是：所述电压检测开关用于检测所述机械开关断开，所述控制单元在所述电压检测开关检测到所述机械开关断开时关断所述晶闸管的导通控制信号。
  6. 根据权利要求2或3所述的混合式开关，其特征是：所述电压检测开关用于检测所述晶闸管的导通时间。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的混合式开关，其特征是：所述控制单元根据所述机械开关闭合或断开过程中所述晶闸管的导通时间，修正控制所述机械开关的闭合或断开动作时间参数。
  8. 根据权利要求2或3所述的混合式开关，其特征是：所述电压检测开关包括第二限流元件、晶体管。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的混合式开关，其特征是：所述晶闸管为单向晶闸管，所述晶体管包括第一晶体管、第二晶体管，所述第一晶体管为PNP型管，所述第二晶体管为NPN型管，所述第二晶体管的基极通过所述第二限流元件与所述晶闸管的第三端连接，所述第二晶体管的集电极与所述第一晶体管的基极连接，所述第一晶体管的发射极、所述第一晶体管的集电极串联在所述放电回路中。
  10. 根据权利要求8所述的混合式开关，其特征是：所述晶体管包括第一晶体管、第二晶体管、第三晶体管、第四晶体管，所述第二晶体管的基极通过所述第二限流元件与所述晶闸管主回路端连接，所述第二晶体管的发射极与所述第三晶体管的基极连接，所述第二晶体管的基极与所述第三晶体管的发射极连接，所述第三晶体管的集电极与所述第四晶体管的基极连接，所述第二晶体管的集电极、所述第四晶体管的发射极与所述第一晶体管的基极连接，所述第四晶体管的集电极与所述第二晶体管的发射极连接，所述第一晶体管的集电极与所述第二晶体管的基极连接，所述第一晶体管的发射极、所述第二晶体管的发射极串联在所述放电回路中。
  11. 根据权利要求8所述的混合式开关，其特征是：所述晶体管包括第一晶体管、第二晶体管、第三晶体管、第四晶体管，所述第二晶体管的基极通过所述第二限流元件与所述晶闸管主回路端连接，所述第二晶体管的发射极与所述第三晶体管的基极连接，所述第三晶体管的基极与所述晶闸管的第一端连接，所述第二晶体管的基极与所述第三晶体管的发射极连接，所述第三晶体管的集电极与所述第四晶体管的基极连接，所述第二晶体管的集电极、所述第四晶体管的发射极与所述第一晶体管的基极连接，所述第四晶体管的集电极与所述第二晶体管的发射极连接，所述第一晶体管的发射极、所述第一晶体管的集电极串联在所述放电回路中。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的混合式开关，其特征是：所述电压检测开关还包括第五晶体管，所述第五晶体管的集电极与所述第一晶体管的基极连接，所述第五晶体管的基极与所述第一晶体管的集电极连接，所述第一晶体管的发射极、所述第五晶体管的发射极串联在所述放电回路中。
  13. 根据权利要求1所述的混合式开关，其特征是：通过所述第一限流元件的平均电流小于触发所述晶闸管导通所需的最小触发电流。
  14. 根据权利要求1所述的混合式开关，其特征是：所述半导体开关为一光电耦合器或一光电耦合器驱动晶体管电路。
  15. 根据权利要求1所述的混合式开关，其特征是：包括一与所述电容的放电回路串联的限流元件。
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