WO2017088328A1 - 一种基于地表水深信息的地面灌溉控制方法 - Google Patents

一种基于地表水深信息的地面灌溉控制方法 Download PDF

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WO2017088328A1
WO2017088328A1 PCT/CN2016/076969 CN2016076969W WO2017088328A1 WO 2017088328 A1 WO2017088328 A1 WO 2017088328A1 CN 2016076969 W CN2016076969 W CN 2016076969W WO 2017088328 A1 WO2017088328 A1 WO 2017088328A1
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irrigation
target field
surface water
water
time
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PCT/CN2016/076969
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English (en)
French (fr)
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许迪
吴彩丽
白美健
李益农
李福祥
史源
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中国水利水电科学研究院
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Priority to US15/544,130 priority Critical patent/US10455781B2/en
Publication of WO2017088328A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017088328A1/zh

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
    • A01G25/16—Control of watering
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
    • A01G25/16—Control of watering
    • A01G25/167—Control by humidity of the soil itself or of devices simulating soil or of the atmosphere; Soil humidity sensors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B13/00—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion
    • G05B13/02—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric
    • G05B13/04—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric involving the use of models or simulators
    • G05B13/042—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric involving the use of models or simulators in which a parameter or coefficient is automatically adjusted to optimise the performance

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of irrigation, in particular to a ground irrigation control method based on surface water depth information.
  • ground irrigation In the process of farmland irrigation, in order to improve the quality of irrigation for surface irrigation and the level of control and management of surface irrigation, ground irrigation is usually controlled in real time. In general, ground irrigation is controlled in two ways: by relying on empirical data to control the inflow or irrigation time; and secondly by estimating soil infiltration parameters and substituting them into existing irrigation models. In order to obtain real-time water infiltration, and then based on this to control the flow rate or irrigation time, to achieve ground irrigation control.
  • the prior art generally uses a test method, a direct method, and a reverse method to obtain soil infiltration parameters. Since the test method is carried out by selecting multiple test points, the calculated soil infiltration parameters are difficult to reflect the average infiltration depth of the field; the direct method requires complete observation of the irrigation process, which is time consuming and laborious, and cannot satisfy the irrigation process. Control; the reverse method is mostly based on the water flow propulsion and extinction time. However, since the regression time needs to be measured after the irrigation is completed, the irrigation process cannot be controlled. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to obtain accurate soil infiltration parameters and to achieve precise control of the irrigation process, which will accurately control the ground irrigation and improve the field management level of ground irrigation.
  • the present invention provides a ground irrigation control method based on surface water depth information.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the embodiments of the present invention is to provide a ground irrigation control method based on surface water depth information capable of accurately controlling the ground irrigation process.
  • the specific technical solutions are as follows:
  • a ground irrigation control method based on surface water depth information includes: step a, real-time measurement of surface water depth and water flow advancement time of each measurement point in the first half of the target field;
  • Step b substituting the surface water depth and the water flow advancement time into the ground irrigation model, obtaining an initial value of the soil infiltration parameter, and substituting the initial value of the soil infiltration parameter into the ground irrigation model to obtain the target field block
  • each of the predetermined measuring points has a surface water depth simulation value of the water measuring point
  • the predetermined Before the measuring point the measured value of the surface water depth of each water measuring point and the mean value of the surface water depth simulated value of each water measuring point before the predetermined measuring point are minimum, and the objective function is used to establish a soil infiltration parameter solving model for the soil inflow.
  • the infiltration parameters are reversed and optimized;
  • Step c Substituting the reversed and optimized soil infiltration parameters into the ground irrigation model to predict the whole process of ground irrigation, and adjusting the irrigation time according to the predicted result, thereby achieving precise control of the ground irrigation process;
  • j is the number of measuring points to which the water flow is propelled
  • i is the number of measuring points before the j measuring point.
  • the average of the errors is less than 10%.
  • the average of the errors is less than 5%.
  • the step c specifically includes: substituting the soil infiltration parameter obtained by the reverse optimization into the ground irrigation model, and predicting and adjusting the irrigation time until the target field is in the irrigation time.
  • the average irrigation efficiency and irrigation uniformity of the block is greater than 0.75, and when the water storage efficiency is greater than 0.95, the predicted irrigation time is taken as the actual irrigation time, thereby achieving precise control of ground irrigation;
  • the unit is m;
  • the average water depth stored in the root zone of the crop after irrigation, the unit is m, when Z avg ⁇ 0.08m, take Z avg is 0.08m, when Z avg ⁇ 0.08m, take the actual value of Z avg ;
  • n is the number of nodes in the target field;
  • Z req is the crop irrigation water requirement, and the empirical value is 0.08 m.
  • the ground irrigation control method based on surface water depth information provided by the embodiment of the invention can effectively improve the calculation accuracy of the soil infiltration parameter by introducing the surface water depth information and the water flow advancement time of the first half of the target field into the calculation process of the soil infiltration parameter. .
  • the soil infiltration parameters obtained by substituting the obtained soil infiltration parameters into the ground irrigation model are used to obtain the simulated surface water depth simulation values of each measuring point, and the average value of the surface water depth simulation value and the measured value of each measuring point is minimized.
  • the function is to optimize the soil infiltration parameters, and then the soil infiltration parameters obtained by the reverse and optimization are substituted into the ground irrigation model.
  • the ground irrigation model established at this time can be used to accurately predict the second half of the target field.
  • the irrigation process is used to adjust the irrigation time in real time (that is, adjust the time to close the water inlet of the field), so as to achieve precise control of the ground irrigation, which not only can effectively improve the quality of irrigation and can improve the field management level.
  • the method can be easily realized by establishing a mathematical model and inputting the surface water depth of the first half of the target field actually measured in the computer, which is easy to operate and convenient for large-scale popularization and utilization.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide a ground irrigation control method based on surface water depth information, and the method includes the following steps:
  • Step 101 Real-time measurement of surface water depth and water flow advancement time of each measurement point in the first half of the target field.
  • the “surface water depth and water flow advancement time of each measurement point in the first half of the target field” described herein refers to the advancement of the water flow when the water flow advances to each of the measurement points in the first half of the target field.
  • the propulsion time to the specific measuring point is taken as the water flow propulsion time obtained in real time; when the water flow advances to the adjacent downstream measuring point of the specific measuring point, the surface water depth at the specific measuring point is measured in real time as the desired surface water depth .
  • Step 102 Substituting the surface water depth and the water flow propulsion time into the ground irrigation model, calculating the initial value of the soil infiltration parameter, and substituting the initial value of the soil infiltration parameter into the ground irrigation model to obtain the water flow in the first half of the target field to be advanced to When the measurement point is scheduled, the surface water depth simulation value of each water measurement point before the predetermined measurement point is predicted.
  • the measured surface depth of each water measurement point before the predetermined measurement point is Before the predetermined measuring point, the average value of the error of the surface water depth simulation value of each water measuring point is the minimum objective function to establish the soil infiltration parameter solving model, and the soil infiltration parameters are reversed and optimized.
  • each water measurement point before a predetermined measurement point refers to each water-covered measurement point upstream of the predetermined measurement point.
  • Points such as the measurement point at 10m, the measurement point at 20m, the measurement point at 30m, and the measurement point at 40m are all covered by water.
  • Step 103 Substituting the soil infiltration parameters obtained by the reverse seeking and optimization into the ground irrigation model to predict the whole process of the ground irrigation, and adjusting the irrigation time according to the predicted result, thereby achieving precise control of the ground irrigation process.
  • the ground irrigation control method based on surface water depth information provided by the embodiment of the invention can effectively improve the calculation accuracy of the soil infiltration parameter by introducing the surface water depth information and the water flow advancement time of the first half of the target field into the calculation process of the soil infiltration parameter. .
  • the soil infiltration parameters obtained by substituting the obtained soil infiltration parameters into the ground irrigation model are used to obtain the simulated surface water depth simulation values of each measuring point, and the average value of the surface water depth simulation value and the measured value of each measuring point is minimized.
  • the function is to optimize the soil infiltration parameters, and then the soil infiltration parameters obtained by the reverse and optimization are substituted into the ground irrigation model.
  • the ground irrigation model established at this time can be used to accurately predict the second half of the target field.
  • the irrigation process is used to adjust the irrigation time in real time (that is, adjust the time to close the water inlet of the field), so as to achieve precise control of the ground irrigation, which not only can effectively improve the quality of irrigation and can improve the field management level.
  • the method can be easily realized by establishing a mathematical model and inputting the surface water depth of the first half of the target field actually measured in the computer, which is easy to operate and convenient for large-scale popularization and utilization.
  • the control of the ground irrigation process can be realized by controlling the flow rate or the irrigation time. In most cases, the inlet flow rate is determined. Therefore, in the embodiment of the present invention, precise control of the ground irrigation process is realized by adjusting the irrigation time in real time.
  • first half of the target field refers to an area from the starting point of the target field to 2/5-4/5, preferably 3/5 of the length of the target field.
  • the first half of the target field refers to the area between the starting point of the target field and the length of 40m-80m. It is preferably an area between the starting point of the target field and the length of the 60 m position.
  • the above-mentioned Manning roughness coefficient may take an empirical value of 0.08-0.12, for example, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, etc., and specifically determine the empirical value by field and crop conditions.
  • the water flow advancement time in the first half of the target field and the surface water depth in the first half of the target field can be measured in real time by manual measurement or by using the water level water flow information monitoring device, and the water level water flow information monitoring device is preferably selected to improve the accuracy.
  • the water flow in the first half of the target field is advanced to each measuring point.
  • the average value of the measured depth of the surface water depth of each measuring point in the first half and the simulated value obtained by the ground irrigation model is the objective function, and the optimized soil infiltration parameter is determined according to the objective function.
  • the average value of the error should be less than 10%, such as less than 8%, less than 6%, preferably less than 5%, more preferably less than 3%, it being understood that the average relative error should be as small as possible.
  • j is the number of measuring points to which the water flow is propelled
  • i is the number of measuring points before the j measuring point.
  • i is the number of points before the j measurement point refers to the number of each measurement point upstream of the j measurement point.
  • the measured water flow reaches the last measurement point of the first half, and the surface water depth and water flow of each measurement point are advanced.
  • Time is substituted into the ground irrigation model, and a set of initial values of soil infiltration parameters k and ⁇ can be obtained, and the initial values of k and ⁇ are substituted into the ground irrigation model, and the water flow in the first half of the target field is advanced to each
  • the surface water depth simulation values of the water measuring points are respectively before the measuring points, and when the water flow in the first half of the target field is advanced to each measuring point, the measured values of the surface water depths of the water measuring points before the measuring points are
  • the average value of the error of the analog value is the minimum objective function to establish the soil infiltration parameter solving model, and the k value is adjusted repeatedly.
  • the value of ⁇ , until the relative error is less than 10% or better, the k value and the ⁇ value at this time are determined as the above-mentioned "inverse optimization and obtained soil infiltration parameter".
  • step 103 specifically includes: substituting the soil infiltration parameters obtained by the reverse optimization and optimization into the ground irrigation model, and predicting and adjusting the irrigation time until the target irrigation field is within the determined irrigation time.
  • the average value of irrigation efficiency and irrigation uniformity is greater than 0.75, and the storage efficiency is greater than 0.95, the predicted irrigation time is taken as the actual irrigation time, thus achieving precise control of ground irrigation.
  • the unit is m;
  • the average water depth stored in the root zone of the crop after irrigation, the unit is m, when Z avg ⁇ 0.08m, take Z avg is 0.08m, when Z avg ⁇ 0.08m, take the actual value of Z avg ;
  • a suburb near Beijing is used as the application area of the present invention, and four target fields of 100 m ⁇ 2 m are selected, which are recorded as q1, q2, q3, q4, and the planting crop is winter wheat. 4
  • the fields were arranged side by side for irrigation experiments.
  • the single-wide flow, irrigation water requirement and roughness coefficient were the same, which were 5.6 L/s, 2 cm, and 0.08, respectively.
  • the field blocks q1, q2 use the method provided by the invention to accurately control the ground irrigation process, measure the terrain data in real time, and the surface water depth and the water flow advancement time of each measurement point in the first half of the target field.
  • the field blocks q3 and q4 use a traditional ground irrigation method that relies on experience for irrigation, that is, when the water flows to the tail of the appendix.
  • the present embodiment can perform the following operations using a system for controlling ground irrigation to improve the accuracy and operability of the ground irrigation.
  • the system requires platform support in software and hardware.
  • the hardware support includes a computer with sequential electrical connection, a water level flow information pressure sensor, an information receiver, and an information manager.
  • the water level flow information pressure sensor is set in the target field to monitor the change information of the target field irrigation water level in real time, that is, the surface water depth and the water flow advance time of the first half of the target field, and then collected by wireless transmission.
  • the information is passed to the message receiver and then passed to the message manager for storage and delivery to the computer.
  • the soil infiltration parameters were reversed and optimized by taking the minimum measured value of the surface water depth and current propulsion time and the average squad error of the simulated values as the objective function.
  • the computer is connected to a solenoid valve located at the beginning of the target field to control irrigation flow and irrigation time.
  • the fields q1 and q2 adopt the method of step 101 to measure the surface water depth and the water flow advancement time of each measurement point in the first half of the target field in real time.
  • the fields q1 and q2 adopt the method of step 102, and in the process of one irrigation process, 60% of the water level water flow information in the length direction of the field block is optimized to reverse the soil infiltration parameter, and the results are shown in Table 1. .
  • the fields q1 and q2 adopt the method of step 103, and the results of the irrigation efficiency E a , the irrigation uniformity CU and the water storage efficiency E s are shown in Table 2.
  • the irrigation method of the field q3, q4 is obtained by the traditional irrigation method. Irrigation efficiency, irrigation uniformity and water storage efficiency, and comparing the irrigation performance parameters of the method of the present invention with the conventional method.
  • the experimental results show that, by the method provided by the embodiment of the present invention, not only the precise control of the ground irrigation, the average irrigation efficiency and the uniformity of the irrigation uniformity of each target field are greater than 0.75, and the water storage efficiency is greater than 0.95, and
  • the ground irrigation method that is, the irrigation water flow is advanced to the gate of the appendix, and the result is that although the water storage efficiency is greater than 0.95, the average of the irrigation efficiency and the irrigation uniformity are less than 0.75, which can be seen by using the embodiment of the present invention.
  • the method can achieve precise control of ground irrigation and improve the quality of irrigation.

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Abstract

一种基于地表水深信息的地面灌溉控制方法，包括：实时测量目标田块前半段各个测点的地表水深和水流推进时间，并将其代入地面灌溉模型，求出土壤入渗参数初值，将土壤入渗参数初值代入地面灌溉模型，求出目标田块前半段中水流推进到预定测点时，预定测点之前各有水测点的地表水深模拟值，并与其对应的实测值的误差平均值最小为目标函数对土壤入渗参数进行反求并优化；将优化的土壤入渗参数再代入地面灌溉模型，对地面灌溉全过程进行预测，并根据预测结果来调整灌溉时间，实现对地面灌溉过程的精准控制。

Description

一种基于地表水深信息的地面灌溉控制方法
本申请要求于2015年11月28日提交中国专利局、申请号为201510850162.9、发明名称为“一种基于地表水深信息的地面灌溉控制方法”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本发明涉及灌溉技术领域，特别涉及一种基于地表水深信息的地面灌溉控制方法。
背景技术
在农田灌溉过程中，为了提高地面灌溉的灌水质量和对地面灌溉的控制管理水平，通常对地面灌溉进行实时控制。通常情况下，采用以下两种方式对地面灌溉进行控制：其一是依靠经验数据，来控制入畦流量或者灌溉时间；其二是通过估算土壤入渗参数，并将其代入现有的灌溉模型以获得实时的水分入渗情况，进而基于此来控制入畦流量或灌溉时间，从而实现对地面灌溉的控制。
然而，可以公知的是，依靠经验数据无法实现精准地控制地面灌溉，而土壤入渗参数对于是否能对地面灌溉进行精确控制具有重要的影响，所以对土壤入渗参数的精确估算十分重要。现有技术通常采用试验法、直接法和反求法来获得土壤入渗参数。由于试验法通过选取多试验点进行实验，故计算出的土壤入渗参数难以反映出田面的平均入渗深度；直接法需要对灌溉过程进行完整地观测，费时费力，且无法满足对灌溉过程进行控制；反求法多是基于水流推进与消退时间进行求解，然而由于消退时间需要在灌溉完成后进行测量，也无法满足对灌溉过程进行控制。所以，如若能获得精确的土壤入渗参数，且能实现对灌溉过程进行精确控制将对于地面灌溉的精确控制，从而提高地面灌溉的田间管理水平具有重要的理论与实际意义。
发明人研究发现，当测量地表水深信息时，由于水流推进峰已经通过，此时的灌溉水流更稳定，将利于获得更精确的地表水深信息，在此基础上计算得到的土壤入渗参数也更精确，同时通过该种方式计算土壤入渗参数也能满足对 土壤入渗参数的要求。基于此，本发明提供了一种基于地表水深信息的地面灌溉控制方法。
发明内容
本发明实施例所要解决的技术问题在于，提供了一种能对地面灌溉过程进行精确控制的基于地表水深信息的地面灌溉控制方法。具体技术方案如下：
一种基于地表水深信息的地面灌溉控制方法，包括：步骤a、实时测量目标田块前半段各个测点的地表水深和水流推进时间；
步骤b、将所述地表水深和水流推进时间代入地面灌溉模型，求出土壤入渗参数初值，将所述土壤入渗参数初值再代入所述地面灌溉模型，求出所述目标田块前半段中水流推进到预定测点时，所述预定测点之前各有水测点的地表水深模拟值，以所述目标田块前半段中水流推进到所述预定测点时，所述预定测点之前各有水测点的地表水深实测值与所述预定测点之前各有水测点的地表水深模拟值的误差的平均值最小为目标函数建立土壤入渗参数求解模型，对土壤入渗参数进行反求并优化；
步骤c、将反求并优化得到的土壤入渗参数再次代入所述地面灌溉模型，来对地面灌溉全过程进行预测，并根据预测结果来调整灌溉时间，从而实现对地面灌溉过程的精准控制；
所述地面灌溉模型的计算公式如下所示：
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000001
其中，x为已知的目标田块水平方向上的横坐标，单位为m；t为实际测量的目标田块前半段的水流推进时间，单位为s；h为实际测量的目标田块前半段的地表水深，单位为m；Q为实际测量的沿所述x方向上的水流的单宽流量，单位为m3/(s·m)；U为实际测量的沿垂直于所述x方向的方向上的水流的平均流速，单位为m/s；b为已知的目标田块的畦面高程，单位为m；n为曼宁糙率系数，经验值为0.08-0.12，单位为m/s1/3；g为重力加速度，单位为m/s2；ic为地表水入渗率，单位为m3/(s·m2)，其中，ic＝kαtα-1，k和α为所述的土壤入渗参数。
具体地，作为优选，所述对土壤入渗参数进行反求并优化的过程中，
所述目标函数的计算公式如下所示：
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000002
其中，j为水流推进到的测点数，i为在j测点之前的各测点数，
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000003
为水流推进到点j处时，点i处的地表水深的实测值，
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000004
为水流推进到点j处时，点i处地表水深的模拟值。
作为优选，所述误差的平均值小于10％。
作为优选，所述误差的平均值小于5％。
具体地，作为优选，所述步骤c具体包括：将反求并优化得到的土壤入渗参数再次代入所述地面灌溉模型，预测并调整灌溉时间，直至在所述灌溉时间内，所述目标田块的灌溉效率和灌水均匀度的平均值大于0.75，且储水效率大于0.95时，将预测的灌溉时间作为实际灌溉时间，从而实现对地面灌溉的精准控制；
所述灌溉效率的计算公式如下所示：
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000005
所述灌水均匀度的计算公式如下所示：
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000006
所述储水效率的计算公式如下所示：
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000007
其中，
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000008
为平均灌水深度，单位为m；
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000009
为灌溉后储存在作物根区的平均水深，单位为m，当Zavg≥0.08m时，取Zavg为0.08m，当Zavg＜0.08m时，取实际的Zavg值；其中，Zi为第i个节点处的灌水深度，且Zi＝ktα；n为目标田块的节点数目；Zreq为作物灌溉需水量，取经验值为0.08m。
本发明实施例提供的技术方案带来的有益效果是：
本发明实施例提供的基于地表水深信息的地面灌溉控制方法，通过将目标田块前半段的地表水深信息和水流推进时间引入土壤入渗参数的计算过程，能够有效提高土壤入渗参数的计算精度。在此基础上，通过将所得到的土壤入渗参数代入地面灌溉模型求得各个测点的地表水深模拟值，并使各测点的地表水深模拟值和实测值的误差的平均值最小为目标函数，来对土壤入渗参数进行优化反求，进而将反求并优化得到的土壤入渗参数再次代入地面灌溉模型，此时所建立的地面灌溉模型能够用于精确预测目标田块后半段的灌溉过程，以便于实时调整灌溉时间(即调整关闭田块进水口的时间)，从而实现对地面灌溉的精确控制，如此不仅能有效提高灌溉质量且能提升田间管理水平。此外，该方法通过建立数学模型，通过在计算机中输入实际测量的目标田块前半段的地表水深，即可容易地实现，其操作简便，便于规模化推广利用。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将对本发明实施方式作进一步地详细描述。
本发明实施例提供了一种基于地表水深信息的地面灌溉控制方法，该方法包括以下步骤：
步骤101、实时测量目标田块前半段各个测点的地表水深和水流推进时间。
其中，此处所述的“目标田块前半段各个测点的地表水深和水流推进时间”指的是在目标田块前半段中，当水流推进到其中的每个测点时，以水流推进到该特定测点时的推进时间作为实时测量得到的水流推进时间；当水流推进到该特定测点相邻的下游测点时，通过实时测量该特定测点处的地表水深作为期望的地表水深。
步骤102、将地表水深和水流推进时间代入地面灌溉模型，试算求出土壤入渗参数初值，将土壤入渗参数初值再代入地面灌溉模型，求出目标田块前半段中水流推进到预定测点时，预定测点之前各有水测点的地表水深模拟值，以目标田块前半段中水流推进到预定测点时，预定测点之前各有水测点的地表水深实测值与预定测点之前各有水测点的地表水深模拟值的误差的平均值最小为目标函数建立土壤入渗参数求解模型，对土壤入渗参数进行反求并优化。此处所述的“预定测点之前各有水测点”指的是该预定测点上游的各个被水覆盖的测点。举例来说，当水流推进到50m处测点时，且50m处测点上游的各测 点，例如10m处测点、20m处测点、30m处测点、40m处测点均被水覆盖的前提下，此时可以获得该10m处测点、20m处测点、30m处测点、40m处测点的地表水深模拟值和实测值。
步骤103、将反求并优化得到的土壤入渗参数再次代入地面灌溉模型，来对地面灌溉全过程进行预测，并根据预测结果来调整灌溉时间，从而实现对地面灌溉过程的精准控制。
其中，地面灌溉模型的计算公式如下所示：
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000010
其中，x为已知的目标田块水平方向上的横坐标，单位为m；t为实际测量的目标田块前半段的水流推进时间，单位为s；h为实际测量的目标田块前半段的地表水深，单位为m；Q为实际测量的沿x方向上的水流的单宽流量，单位为m3/(s·m)；U为实际测量的沿垂直于x方向的方向上的水流的平均流速，单位为m/s；b为已知的目标田块的畦面高程，单位为m；n为曼宁糙率系数，经验值为0.08-0.12，单位为m/s1/3；g为重力加速度，单位为m/s2；ic为地表水入渗率，单位为m3/(s·m2)，其中，ic＝kαtα-1，k和α为土壤入渗参数，即KostiaCOV土壤入渗参数。
本发明实施例提供的基于地表水深信息的地面灌溉控制方法，通过将目标田块前半段的地表水深信息和水流推进时间引入土壤入渗参数的计算过程，能够有效提高土壤入渗参数的计算精度。在此基础上，通过将所得到的土壤入渗参数代入地面灌溉模型求得各个测点的地表水深模拟值，并使各测点的地表水深模拟值和实测值的误差的平均值最小为目标函数，来对土壤入渗参数进行优化反求，进而将反求并优化得到的土壤入渗参数再次代入地面灌溉模型，此时所建立的地面灌溉模型能够用于精确预测目标田块后半段的灌溉过程，以便于实时调整灌溉时间(即调整关闭田块进水口的时间)，从而实现对地面灌溉的精确控制，如此不仅能有效提高灌溉质量且能提升田间管理水平。此外，该方法通过建立数学模型，通过在计算机中输入实际测量的目标田块前半段的地表水深，即可容易地实现，其操作简便，便于规模化推广利用。本领域技术人员可以理解的是，通过控制入畦流量或者灌溉时间即可实现对地面灌溉过程的控 制，在大部分情况下，入畦流量是确定的，所以，本发明实施例中，通过实时调整灌溉时间来实现对地面灌溉过程的精确控制。
其中，上述的“目标田块前半段”指的是：自目标田块起点起，至目标田块长度的2/5-4/5，优选为3/5的位置处的区域。举例来说，目标田块长度为100m，宽度为2m，则目标田块前半段指的是目标田块起点至40m-80m长度位置之间的区域。优选为目标田块起点至60m长度位置处之间的区域。上述的曼宁糙率系数可以取经验值为0.08-0.12，例如为0.08、0.09、0.10、0.11、0.12等，具体通过田块及作物情况来确定其具体取何种经验值。
具体地，目标田块前半段的水流推进时间以及目标田块前半段的地表水深可以通过人工测量或者采用水位水流信息监测装置实时测量，优选选用采用水位水流信息监测装置，以提高精确度。
为了提高目标田块的土壤入渗参数计算结果的准确性，本发明实施例在对土壤入渗参数进行反求并优化的过程中，取目标田块前半段中水流推进到每个测点时，前半段各测点的地表水深实测值与通过地面灌溉模型得到的模拟值的误差的平均值最小为目标函数，并根据目标函数确定优化的土壤入渗参数。其中，该误差的平均值应当小于10％，例如小于8％，小于6％，优选小于5％，更优选小于3％，可以理解的是，该平均相对误差应该尽可能的小。
具体地，目标函数的计算公式如下所示：
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000011
其中，j为水流推进到的测点数，i为在j测点之前的各测点数，
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000012
为水流推进到点j处时，点i处的地表水深的实测值，
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000013
为水流推进到点j处时，点i处地表水深的模拟值。
此处，i为在j测点之前的各测点数指的是j测点上游的各个测点数。
举例来说，在利用上述目标函数对土壤入渗参数k值和α值进行反求并优化的过程中，首先将实测的水流到达前半段最后一个测点时各测点的地表水深和水流推进时间代入地面灌溉模型，可以求出一组土壤入渗参数k和α的初值，并将该k和α的初值代入地面灌溉模型中，求得目标田块前半段中水流推进到每个测点时，该测点之前各有水测点的地表水深模拟值，以目标田块前半段中水流推进到每个测点时，该测点之前各有水测点的地表水深实测值与模拟值的误差的平均值最小为目标函数建立土壤入渗参数求解模型，通过反复调整k值 和α值，直至该相对误差小于10％或者更优时，将此时的k值和α值确定为上述的“反求并优化得到的土壤入渗参数”。
进一步地，地面灌溉下理想的田间土壤水分分布状态是畦田内各点处的灌水深度均等于灌溉设计深度，即使灌溉水流均匀覆盖整个目标田块。地面灌溉质量的优劣程度一般采用灌溉性能评价指标来进行判断，其中，常使用的灌溉性能评价指标包括灌溉效率、灌水均匀度和储水效率。基于此，本发明实施例中，步骤103具体包括：将反求并优化得到的土壤入渗参数再次代入地面灌溉模型，预测并调整灌溉时间，直至在所确定的灌溉时间内，目标田块的灌溉效率和灌水均匀度的平均值大于0.75，且储水效率大于0.95时，将预测的灌溉时间作为实际灌溉时间，从而实现对地面灌溉的精准控制。
更具体地，灌溉效率的计算公式如下所示：
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000014
灌水均匀度的计算公式如下所示：
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000015
储水效率的计算公式如下所示：
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000016
其中，
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000017
为平均灌水深度，单位为m；
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000018
为灌溉后储存在作物根区的平均水深，单位为m，当Zavg≥0.08m时，取Zavg为0.08m，当Zavg＜0.08m时，取实际的Zavg值；其中，Zi为第i个节点处的灌水深度，且Zi＝ktα；
n为目标田块的节点数目；Zreq为作物灌溉需水量，取经验值为0.08m。
以下将通过具体实施例详细地说明本发明：
实施例1
本实施例采用北京附近某郊区作为本发明的应用地区，选取规格为100m×2m的4个目标田块，记为q1，q2，q3，q4，种植作物为冬小麦。4个 田块并列布置进行灌溉试验，其入畦单宽流量、灌溉需水量、糙率系数均相同，分别为5.6L/s，2cm，0.08。其中，田块q1，q2采用本发明提供的方法精准控制地面灌溉过程，实时测量地形数据、以及目标田块前半段各个测点的地表水深及水流推进时间。田块q3，q4采用传统依靠经验进行灌溉的地面灌溉方法，即水流推进到畦尾的时候关口。
可以理解的是，本实施例可以采用对地面灌溉进行控制的系统进行如下操作，以提高地面灌溉的准确性及可操作性。该系统需要软件和硬件方面提供平台支撑，其中，硬件支撑包括顺次电连接的计算机、水位水流信息压力传感器、信息接收器、信息管理器。其中，水位水流信息压力传感器设置在目标田块中，用来实时监测目标田块灌溉水位水流的变化信息，即目标田块前半段的地表水深和水流推进时间，然后通过无线传输方式将采集到的信息传递至信息接收器，然后传递至信息管理器中进行储存并传递至计算机。通过计算机基于地面灌溉模型，以地表水深和水流推进时间的实测值与模拟值的平均小队误差最小作为目标函数，来对土壤入渗参数进行反求并优化。此外，计算机还与设置在目标田块起点处的电磁阀连接，以用来控制灌溉流量和灌溉时间。
本实施例的具体实施步骤如下：
1、实时监测地表水深、推进时间
在本实施例中，田块q1和q2采用步骤101的方法，实时测量目标田块前半段各个测点的地表水深和水流推进时间。
2、计算土壤入渗参数
在本实施例中，田块q1和q2采用步骤102的方法，在一次灌溉过程进行中，取田块长度方向上60％的水位水流信息优化反求土壤入渗参数，得出结果见表1。
表1 土壤入渗参数
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000019
3、预测灌溉全过程，计算灌溉性能参数，研究选取精准灌溉方案
在本实施例中，田块q1和q2采用步骤103的方法,得出灌溉效率Ea，灌水均匀度CU以及储水效率Es的结果见表2。
对比实施例
为了验证本发明方法的精度，采用传统的灌溉方法得出田块q3、q4的灌 溉效率、灌水均匀度和储水效率，并将本发明方法和传统方法的灌溉性能参数进行对比。
表2 灌溉性能参数对比表
Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-000020
实验结果表明，通过本发明实施例提供的方法不仅对地面灌溉的精确控制后，各个目标田块的灌溉效率和灌水均匀度的平均值均大于0.75，且储水效率大于0.95，而若采用传统的地面灌溉方法即灌溉水流推进到畦尾的时候关口，得出的结果是，虽然储水效率大于0.95，但是灌溉效率和灌水均匀度的平均值均小于0.75，可见，采用本发明实施例提供的方法能够达到精确控制地面灌溉，提高灌水质量的目的。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例，并不用以限制本发明的保护范围，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (5)

  1. 一种基于地表水深信息的地面灌溉控制方法，包括：步骤a、实时测量目标田块前半段各个测点的地表水深和水流推进时间；
    步骤b、将所述地表水深和水流推进时间代入地面灌溉模型，求出土壤入渗参数初值，将所述土壤入渗参数初值再代入所述地面灌溉模型，求出所述目标田块前半段中水流推进到预定测点时，所述预定测点之前各有水测点的地表水深模拟值，以所述目标田块前半段中水流推进到所述预定测点时，所述预定测点之前各有水测点的地表水深实测值与所述预定测点之前各有水测点的地表水深模拟值的误差的平均值最小为目标函数建立土壤入渗参数求解模型，对土壤入渗参数进行反求并优化；
    步骤c、将反求并优化得到的土壤入渗参数再次代入所述地面灌溉模型，来对地面灌溉全过程进行预测，并根据预测结果来调整灌溉时间，从而实现对地面灌溉过程的精准控制；
    所述地面灌溉模型的计算公式如下所示：
    Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-100001
    Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-100002
    其中，x为已知的目标田块水平方向上的横坐标，单位为m；t为实际测量的目标田块前半段的水流推进时间，单位为s；h为实际测量的目标田块前半段的地表水深，单位为m；Q为实际测量的沿所述x方向上的水流的单宽流量，单位为m3/(s·m)；U为实际测量的沿垂直于所述x方向的方向上的水流的平均流速，单位为m/s；b为已知的目标田块的畦面高程，单位为m；n为曼宁糙率系数，经验值为0.08-0.12，单位为m/s1/3；g为重力加速度，单位为m/s2；ic为地表水入渗率，单位为m3/(s·m2)，其中，ic＝kαtα-1，k和α均为所述土壤入渗参数。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述对土壤入渗参数进行反求并优化的过程中，所述目标函数的计算公式如下所示：
    Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-100003
    其中，j为水流推进到的测点数，i为在j测点之前的各测点数，
    Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-100004
    为水流推进到点j处时，点i处的地表水深的实测值，
    Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-100005
    为水流推进到点j处时，点i处地表水深的模拟值。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述误差的平均值小于10％。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，所述误差的平均值小于5％。
  5. 根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤c具体包括：将反求并优化得到的土壤入渗参数再次代入所述地面灌溉模型，预测并调整灌溉时间，直至在所述灌溉时间内，所述目标田块的灌溉效率和灌水均匀度的平均值大于0.75，且储水效率大于0.95时，将预测的灌溉时间作为实际灌溉时间，从而实现对地面灌溉的精准控制；
    所述灌溉效率的计算公式如下所示：
    Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-100006
    所述灌水均匀度的计算公式如下所示：
    Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-100007
    所述储水效率的计算公式如下所示：
    Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-100008
    Figure PCTCN2016076969-appb-100009
    时，取Zavg为0.08m，当Zavg＜0.08m时，取实际的Zavg值；其中，Zi为第i个节点处的灌水深度，且Zi＝ktα；n为目标田块的节点数目；Zreq为作物灌溉需水量，取经验值为0.08m。
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