WO2017071440A1 - 一种地震全向矢量检波器 - Google Patents

一种地震全向矢量检波器 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017071440A1
WO2017071440A1 PCT/CN2016/099827 CN2016099827W WO2017071440A1 WO 2017071440 A1 WO2017071440 A1 WO 2017071440A1 CN 2016099827 W CN2016099827 W CN 2016099827W WO 2017071440 A1 WO2017071440 A1 WO 2017071440A1
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Prior art keywords
angle
detectors
detector
regular tetrahedron
seismic
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PCT/CN2016/099827
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English (en)
French (fr)
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陈立康
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中国石油天然气股份有限公司
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Priority to EP16858876.2A priority Critical patent/EP3370090B1/en
Publication of WO2017071440A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017071440A1/zh
Priority to US15/965,438 priority patent/US10739477B2/en

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/16—Receiving elements for seismic signals; Arrangements or adaptations of receiving elements
    • G01V1/18—Receiving elements, e.g. seismometer, geophone or torque detectors, for localised single point measurements
    • G01V1/181—Geophones
    • G01V1/184—Multi-component geophones
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/16—Receiving elements for seismic signals; Arrangements or adaptations of receiving elements
    • G01V1/18—Receiving elements, e.g. seismometer, geophone or torque detectors, for localised single point measurements
    • G01V1/181—Geophones
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/16—Receiving elements for seismic signals; Arrangements or adaptations of receiving elements
    • G01V1/20—Arrangements of receiving elements, e.g. geophone pattern
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/28—Processing seismic data, e.g. for interpretation or for event detection

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of geophones, and in particular to an earthquake omnidirectional vector detector.
  • Vibration can be decomposed into linear vibration and rotational vibration; 2. Wave field divergence drives longitudinal wave, wave field rotation drives transverse wave; 3. Line vibration is a combination of divergence and curl, which includes both longitudinal waves and Containing transverse waves; 4, the vibration is only related to the rotation; 5, the body rotation is the full rotation, the surface rotation is the incomplete rotation. Therefore, only the technique of detecting line vibration can be performed, and the longitudinal and transverse waves cannot be cleanly separated. It must be a technique capable of detecting body curl or divergence, and it is possible to solve pure shear waves and pure longitudinal waves.
  • the volatility of spatial motion properties can play an important role in wave field separation, signal-to-noise ratio, fidelity, imaging accuracy, and media property analysis.
  • the existing acquisition technology can only detect amplitude, frequency, phase and other information, and basically does not have the function of detecting the motion properties of the wave space.
  • the detection of seismic waves is realized by converting wave vibration into electrical signals (voltage, current) or digital conversion.
  • the method of converting mechanical motion into electrical signals is nothing more than the application of electromagnetic detectors, capacitance detectors, piezoelectric detectors and fiber strain detectors.
  • the electromagnetic detector and the capacitance detector are line vibration type and have a working direction.
  • MEMS detectors are basically capacitive detectors and follow the above rules.
  • Fiber strain detectors can be attributed to line vibration or pressure type, and single devices cannot determine the direction of vibration. Therefore, a single electromagnetic detector, a capacitance detector, and a fiber strain detector cannot distinguish the direction of the wave field vibration, and it does not have the function of detecting the wave field divergence.
  • Piezoelectric detectors are pressure-type, and the output is related to the pressure of the surrounding liquid medium. It has no directionality and cannot distinguish the direction of vibration.
  • the pressure isotropic in the liquid environment, equivalent to the wave field divergence. However, in a land-based solid environment, even if it is placed in a liquid container, the divergence measurement cannot be achieved.
  • the three-component detector can obtain the wave field vibration direction ⁇ and the amplitude A(t) by the three-vector synthesis method. This is also the reason for calling it a vector detector, but it is only the line vibration vector of the measuring point, and the vibration property, the curl and the divergence cannot be detected.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a directional response of an ideal single detector in a longitudinal wave field in the related art
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a directional response of an ideal single detector in a transverse wave field in the related art, illustrating the working direction of the detector Sex.
  • the output of the detector is based on the following formula:
  • A denotes the wave field function, vector
  • n denotes the unit vector of the detector working direction
  • a denotes the instantaneous amplitude of the wave field A in the vibration direction
  • b denotes the detector sensitivity
  • ⁇ denotes the working direction of the detector and the wave at the position of the detector
  • p is the longitudinal wave subscript
  • s is the transverse wave subscript.
  • the output of the detector in the longitudinal wave field is implemented based on the following formula:
  • a p represents the isochronal surface of the longitudinal wave field
  • a p represents the instantaneous displacement of the wave field A p in the normal direction of the detector position
  • b represents the detection Sensitivity
  • ⁇ p represents the angle between the working direction of the detector and the direction of vibration of the wave field.
  • the output of the detector in the shear wave field is based on the following formula:
  • a s represents the isochronous surface of the transverse wave field
  • a s represents the instantaneous displacement of the wave vector A s in the direction of the vibration vector of the detector position
  • b represents the detector Sensitivity
  • ⁇ s represents the angle between the working direction of the detector and the direction of vibration of the wave field.
  • the seismic wave detection process in the conventional technology is as follows:
  • ⁇ are the Lame constants
  • ⁇ is the density
  • U is the displacement vector
  • t is the time.
  • ⁇ is the volume change coefficient
  • rot is the curl.
  • w rot(U)
  • V s is the shear wave propagation speed.
  • the invention provides an earthquake omnidirectional vector detector to solve at least the problem of large detection error of the seismic wave field in the prior art.
  • an seismic omnidirectional vector detector includes: eight detectors and a support structure, wherein the support structure is configured to support the eight detectors such that the bottom surface of each of the two detectors is located on one of the equilateral triangle faces of a regular tetrahedron, and is located in the same regular triangle
  • the intersection of the working axes of the two detectors on the face and the equilateral triangle faces are located on the bisector of one corner of the equilateral triangle face and are symmetrical with respect to the center of the equilateral triangle face.
  • one of the regular triangular faces of the regular tetrahedron is a main triangular face; one of the main triangular faces is a first apex angle of the regular tetrahedron, and two detections on the main triangular face The intersection of the working axis of the device and the main triangular face is located on an angle bisector of the first apex angle;
  • the other side of the regular tetrahedron where the bottom edge corresponding to the first vertex is located is the first side of the regular tetrahedron, and the midpoint of the bottom edge slides counterclockwise in the main triangular surface.
  • An angle on the first side to be a second apex angle; an intersection of a working axis of the two detectors on the first side and the first side is located at an angle bisector of the second apex angle on;
  • the other side of the regular tetrahedron where the bottom edge corresponding to the second vertex is located is the second side of the regular tetrahedron, and the midpoint of the bottom edge slides clockwise in the first side.
  • An angle on the second side to be a third apex angle; an intersection of a working axis of the two detectors on the second side and the second side is located at an angle bisector of the third apex angle
  • the other side of the regular tetrahedron where the bottom edge corresponding to the third apex angle is located is the third side of the regular tetrahedron, and the midpoint of the bottom edge slides counterclockwise on the second side surface.
  • the first apex angle, the second apex angle, the third apex angle, and the fourth apex angle respectively correspond to the first vertex, the second vertex, the third vertex, and the fourth of the regular tetrahedron a vertex; an intersection of a working axis of the two detectors on the main triangular face and the main triangular face is located on an angle bisector of the first vertex; the two detectors on the first side An intersection of the working axis and the first side is located on an angle bisector of an angle of the third vertex on the first side; a working axis of the two detectors on the second side is opposite to the The intersection of the two sides is located on an angle bisector of the angle of the fourth vertex on the second side; the intersection of the working axes of the two detectors on the third side and the third side is located The second vertex is on the angle bisector of the corner on the third side.
  • the detector is a cylindrical electromagnetic type detector, and the distance between the bottom surface of each cylindrical electromagnetic type detector and the body geometric center of the regular tetrahedron is a minimum value that each detector does not contact each other.
  • the detector is a flat capacitance type detector.
  • the eight space vectors of the eight detectors conform to the Stokes integral formula.
  • the support structure is connected to a circular vertebrae, and an extension line of the axis of the circular vertebrae passes through one of the vertices of the regular tetrahedron and vertically passes through one of the regular tetrahedrons.
  • the center of the face is connected to a circular vertebrae, and an extension line of the axis of the circular vertebrae passes through one of the vertices of the regular tetrahedron and vertically passes through one of the regular tetrahedrons. The center of the face.
  • the seismic omnidirectional vector detector further comprises: a spherical housing divided into an upper hemispherical shell and a lower hemispherical shell, the eight detectors and the supporting structure being placed on the spherical shell Internally, the bottom of the lower hemispherical housing is provided with a caudal vertebral foramen, and the caudal vertebra passes through the caudal foramen of the lower hemispherical housing.
  • the edges of the upper hemispherical shell and the lower hemispherical shell are respectively provided with cooperating protrusions, and the protrusions of the upper hemispherical shell and the lower hemispherical shell pass through the fixing component fixed.
  • a signal line hole is disposed on the spherical housing, and a signal output line of each detector passes through the signal line hole.
  • the joint gap between the upper semi-spherical shell and the lower hemispherical shell of the spherical shell, the tail spine hole and the signal wire hole are sealed and waterproofed with a silicone rubber or a rubber material.
  • the support structure is a regular tetrahedral support structure, and each face of the regular tetrahedral support structure is an arbitrary curved surface or plane.
  • the invention designs a specific spatial motion full vector detection structure according to the divergence and curl formula of the field theory, so as to realize the frequency, amplitude, phase, vibration direction of the seismic wave field, especially the divergence and rotation of the wave dynamic field.
  • Full information detection forming a new seismic omnidirectional vector detector technology.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a directional response of an ideal single detector in a longitudinal wave field in the related art
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a directional response of an ideal single detector in a transverse wave field in the related art
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a seismic omnidirectional vector detector according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a first structural diagram of a seismic omnidirectional vector detector according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a second schematic structural diagram of a seismic omnidirectional vector detector according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a working vector of a first structure of a seismic omnidirectional vector detector according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a work vector of a second structure of a seismic omnidirectional vector detector according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of parallel vectors in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a space vector diagram of a seismic omnidirectional vector detector in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a fully integrated equivalent Gaussian divergence according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing the equivalent structure of a forward and reverse rotation of a Stokes integral according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of measured output of a seismic omnidirectional vector detector according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing the appearance of a spherical casing of a seismic omnidirectional vector detector according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of the appearance of a seismic omnidirectional vector detector in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the invention provides an earthquake omnidirectional vector detector, which is equally balanced in spatial structure, which is a structural advantage that is not possessed by the detector in the prior art, and the seismic wave field full information can be realized by using the structural advantage. Accurate detection.
  • the specific structure of the seismic omnidirectional vector detector is introduced below.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a seismic omnidirectional vector detector according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the seismic omnidirectional vector detector includes: The detector and the support structure divide the eight detectors into four groups, and the two detectors are a group.
  • the support structure is used to support the above eight detectors, so that the bottom surfaces of the two detectors of each group are located at a positive
  • the intersection of the working axes of the two geophones on the same equilateral triangle face and the equilateral triangle face is located on the angle bisector of an angle of the equilateral triangle face and is opposite to the positive
  • the center of the triangular face is symmetrical.
  • the working axis is a virtual axis for explaining the positional relationship.
  • the working axis of the detector is not necessarily located in the center of the detector (ie, the central axis).
  • the above-mentioned regular tetrahedron is not a solid structure, but a virtual spatial structure, which is intended to describe the positional relationship between the eight detectors.
  • a specific spatial motion full vector detection structure is designed according to the divergence and curl formula of the field theory to realize the frequency, amplitude, phase, vibration direction of the seismic wave field, especially the divergence and curl of the wave dynamic field.
  • the full information detection forms a new seismic omnidirectional vector detector technology.
  • the support structure of the seismic omnidirectional vector detector can be designed into any shape based on the requirements, which is not limited in the present invention, as long as the space vector shape can be ensured.
  • it may be designed in the shape of a regular tetrahedron, and the size of the regular tetrahedral support structure is generally larger than the above-described virtual tetrahedron.
  • each face of the regular tetrahedral support structure can be changed to any curved surface to meet different needs.
  • the material of the support structure is not limited to the solid state, and the rigidity of the support structure is related to the measurement result, so that different materials can be selected based on the demand.
  • the two detectors there are two detectors on each of the regular triangular faces of the regular tetrahedron, and the two detectors need to meet specific requirements in the position of the equilateral triangle to ensure the seismic omnidirectional vector detector. normal work.
  • FIG. 4 is a first structural diagram of a seismic omnidirectional vector detector according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 4 is an example in which the support structure is a regular tetrahedron shape, as shown in FIG. 4, and a regular tetrahedron is provided.
  • One of the regular triangle faces The main triangular face 100, one of the main triangular faces 100 is defined as the first apex angle a of the regular tetrahedron, and the intersection of the working axes of the two geophones on the main triangular face 100 and the main triangular face 100 is located at the first top An angle bisector of angle a;
  • the other side of the regular tetrahedron where the bottom edge corresponding to the first vertex angle a is defined is defined as the first side 101 of the regular tetrahedron, the midpoint of the bottom edge sliding in the counterclockwise direction of the main triangular face 100, the first side encountered
  • the angle on the 101 is defined as the second apex angle b, and the intersection of the working axes of the two detectors on the first side 101 and the first side 101 is located on the bisector of the second apex angle b;
  • counterclockwise direction is the counterclockwise direction when the person faces the first side surface 101 when the main triangular surface 100 is placed horizontally upward, and the following counterclockwise direction and clockwise direction are used in this manner.
  • the other side of the regular tetrahedron where the bottom edge corresponding to the second apex angle b is defined is defined as the second side 102 of the regular tetrahedron, the midpoint of the bottom slid in the clockwise direction on the first side 101, and the second side encountered
  • the angle on 102 is defined as the third apex angle c, and the intersection of the working axes of the two detectors on the second side 102 and the second side 102 is located on the bisector of the third apex angle c;
  • the other side of the regular tetrahedron where the bottom edge corresponding to the third apex angle c is defined is defined as the third side 103 of the regular tetrahedron, the midpoint of the bottom slid in the counterclockwise direction of the second side 102, and the third side encountered
  • the angle on 103 is defined as the fourth apex angle d, and the intersection of the working axes of the two detectors on the third side 103 and the third side 103 is located on the bisector of the fourth apex angle d.
  • FIG. 5 is a second schematic structural diagram of a seismic omnidirectional vector detector according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 5 is an example in which the support structure is a regular tetrahedron shape, as shown in FIG. 5, the first apex angle is as shown in FIG. a.
  • the second apex angle b, the third apex angle c, and the fourth apex angle d respectively correspond to the first vertex A, the second vertex B, the third vertex C, and the fourth vertex D of the regular tetrahedron.
  • intersection of the working axes of the two detectors on the main triangular face 100 and the main triangular face 100 is located on the bisector of the first apex angle a;
  • intersection of the working axes of the two detectors on the first side 101 and the first side 101 is located on the angle bisector of the angle of the third vertex C on the first side 101;
  • intersection of the working axes of the two detectors on the second side 102 and the second side 102 is located on an angle bisector of the corner of the fourth vertex D on the second side 102;
  • intersection of the working axes of the two detectors on the third side 103 and the third side 103 is located on the angular bisector of the angle of the second vertex B on the third side 103.
  • a facet of a regular tetrahedron ie, the main triangular face above
  • the line connecting the geometric center of the body to the geometric center of the face is defined vertically as the vertical axis of the seismic omnidirectional vector detector (also called the main axis)
  • the direction of the above-mentioned straight line provided on the face provided upward is defined as the north direction (also referred to as the first direction) of the seismic omnidirectional vector detector.
  • the angle on the first side encountered by counterclockwise sliding along the edge perpendicular to the north direction (ie, the bottom edge), the direction pointing to the midpoint of the edge is defined as the second direction, and the edge intersecting perpendicularly to the second direction
  • the angle on the second side encountered by the hour hand sliding, the direction pointing to the midpoint of the rib is defined as the third direction
  • the direction of the midpoint is defined as the fourth direction.
  • each positive triangular surface is respectively moved by a (where 0 ⁇ a ⁇ /4, ⁇ is the wavelength), and each working direction is perpendicular to the positive triangular surface.
  • High sensitivity wideband full tilt detector
  • the angle encountered by the clockwise sliding of the edge perpendicularly intersecting the north direction, the direction pointing to the midpoint of the edge is defined as the fifth direction, intersecting perpendicularly with the fifth direction
  • the angle encountered by counterclockwise sliding, the direction pointing to the midpoint of the rib is defined as the sixth direction, the angle encountered by the clockwise crossing of the rib perpendicular to the sixth direction, and the direction pointing to the midpoint of the rib is defined as the seventh direction.
  • each positive triangular surface is respectively moved by a (where 0 ⁇ a ⁇ /4, ⁇ is the wavelength), and each working direction is perpendicular to the positive triangular surface.
  • High sensitivity wideband full tilt detector
  • the detector in this embodiment can be at least a cylindrical electromagnetic type detector, and the distance between the bottom surface of each cylindrical electromagnetic type detector and the body geometric center of the regular tetrahedron is the minimum value that each detector does not contact each other; It is a flat capacitive detector.
  • other types of detectors can be used as long as they can work normally in the seismic omnidirectional vector detector, which is not limited by the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a working vector of a first structure of a seismic omnidirectional vector detector according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a working vector of a second structure of a seismic omnidirectional vector detector according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • the arrows on each of the faces in Figs. 6 and 7 indicate the work vector
  • the central axis perpendicular to the main triangular face 100 is set as the main axis 200
  • the direction of the angle bisector of the first vertex angle a on the main triangular face 100 is set to be self. North direction.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a parallel vector according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 8, in a smooth continuous wave field, the sum of two parallel vectors whose distance is much smaller than the wavelength and the point multiplication of the wave field is divided by 2, which is equal to the intermediate position. Vector multiplication with wave field.
  • FIG. 9 is a spatial vector relationship diagram of a seismic omnidirectional vector detector according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 9, each arrow in the figure represents a work vector on each face. The circle in Figure 9 represents the inscribed ball surrounded by the eight space vectors of the seismic omnidirectional vector detector.
  • a plurality of detectors having the directivity shown in FIG. 1 are combined in the direction of the space vector shown in FIG. 1, that is, the space vector relationship shown in FIG. 9, and may have the function of an omnidirectional space vector.
  • Such a structure has a spatial line vector, a spin vector, and a divergence detection function.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a full-integral equivalent Gaussian divergence structure according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a Stokes integral forward-reverse equivalent structure according to an embodiment of the present invention, combined with FIG. 10 and FIG. Vector relationship knows:
  • the divergence formula of the seismic omnidirectional vector detector of the embodiment of the invention can be obtained:
  • A is the wave field function
  • l is the detector response vector
  • i is the inner channel number of the detector.
  • Div divergence
  • rot curl
  • V volume
  • dv volume differential
  • S area
  • dS area differential
  • m number of positive m-planes
  • n i is the detector response on the i-th normal Vector.
  • the seismic omnidirectional vector detector is based on four axes of a virtual regular tetrahedron (ie, a stereoscopic star-shaped axis composed of a center line of a regular tetrahedron and a center of four positive triangular faces)
  • a four-dimensional three-dimensional spatial balance structure is formed.
  • the distance from the bottom of each detector to the center of the body is d, d is the minimum value of the unit devices not touching each other.
  • Two high-sensitivity wide-band full-tilt detectors are mounted parallel to the axis on each of the regular triangular faces of the regular tetrahedron.
  • the detectors near the angle on each of the equilateral triangles are group A
  • the detectors near the edges (ie, the opposite sides) are group B
  • the detectors of group A or group B are in space.
  • the output of group A is positive rotation and the output of group B is negative rotation.
  • the central measurement vector is in good agreement with the Gaussian divergence formula.
  • the embodiment perfectly combines the Stokes rotation structure and the Gaussian divergence structure to form a spiro-transition full vector seismic measurement space structure.
  • the seismic omnidirectional vector detector includes eight detectors, and the A and B detectors have a total of eight data outputs.
  • 12 is a schematic diagram of measured output of a seismic omnidirectional vector detector according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 12, the output results of the four first circuits correspond to the first set of spins shown in FIG. The output of the above second circuit corresponds to the second set of spins shown in FIG. The sum of the first set of spins and the second set of spins is zero, and the difference between the first set of spins and the second set of spins is a double spin.
  • the direction of the rotation vector of the seismic omnidirectional vector detector is determined by the 1 rotation to the 2 right hand rule, and the total rotation vector direction can be obtained by vector operation.
  • the vibration line vector can be calculated from the redundant vector calculation. It is equivalent to the vibration line vector calculated by the traditional three-component detector.
  • the pure transverse wave line vector can be obtained, and the pure transverse wave line vector can be subtracted from the total vibration line vector to obtain the pure longitudinal wave vibration line vector.
  • the support structure of the seismic omnidirectional vector detector is connected with a circular vertebrae, which has a vertebra tail.
  • the extension of the axis of the vertebra passes through a vertex of the regular tetrahedron and vertically passes through the center of one of the faces of the regular tetrahedron.
  • the conical caudal vertebra is inserted vertically downward into the ground to facilitate fixation.
  • the seismic omnidirectional vector detector can also be provided with a spherical shell divided into an upper hemispherical shell and a lower hemispherical shell, eight detectors and support structures placed inside the spherical shell, and a tail at the bottom of the lower hemispherical shell.
  • 13 is a schematic diagram showing the appearance of a spherical housing of a seismic omnidirectional vector detector according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 13, the spherical housing of the seismic omnidirectional vector detector is divided into an upper hemispherical shell 20 and a lower hemisphere.
  • the housing 21, the circular cone-shaped caudal vertebra 30 connected to the support structure of the seismic omnidirectional vector detector passes through the caudal vertebra hole 31 provided at the bottom of the lower hemispherical housing 21.
  • the detector can be protected from stabilizing the seismic omnidirectional vector detector.
  • Figure 14 is a diagram of an embodiment of the present invention Schematic diagram of the appearance of the omnidirectional vector detector, as shown in Fig. 14, the vertices of the support structure of the regular tetrahedron shape are cut off to facilitate placement in the spherical casing to ensure the data acquisition by the seismic omnidirectional vector detector. accuracy.
  • the present embodiment provides a preferred embodiment in which the edges of the upper hemispherical shell and the lower hemispherical shell are respectively provided with mutually cooperating protrusions.
  • the protrusions of the upper hemispherical housing and the lower hemispherical housing are fixed by the fixing assembly. For example, it is fixed by screws and screw holes. Thereby ensuring the stability of the seismic omnidirectional vector detector in the actual operation process.
  • a signal line hole can be arranged on the spherical casing, so that the signal output line of the detector passes through the signal line hole, thereby facilitating the output of the signal output line to the outside of the casing, and effectively obtaining data.
  • the joint gap, the tail hole and the signal line hole between the upper hemispherical shell and the lower hemispherical shell of the spherical shell can be sealed and waterproofed, for example, Sealing can be done with silicone or rubber to improve the tightness of the seismic omnidirectional vector detector.
  • the seismic omnidirectional vector detector provided by the invention can be applied to the following aspects: onshore artificial seismic exploration and natural seismic detection.
  • the application prospect of the present invention is as follows: since the seismic omnidirectional vector detector according to the present invention can detect the rotation of the seismic wave, and can obtain the vibration direction and the true amplitude of the wave field, the pure longitudinal and transverse waves can be decomposed, and thus The rich seismic wave information that has never been seen before has laid a new data foundation for the exploration and research of earth science.
  • the divergence and curl characteristics of an omnidirectional vector detector are features of a detector with a rigid support structure placed on a free surface of the surface. When the detector is placed underground or inside the media, these features will be determined by the placement environment, the detector support structure material, and its contact with the outside world. It can be designed to vary with the purpose of the application. The invention is not described in detail.
  • seismic omnidirectional vector detector for seismic wave detection is a new concept of seismic wave detection method, which can develop a new concept of seismic acquisition, processing and interpretation methods, and form a new series of seismic exploration technology. More than just new technologies to improve signal-to-noise ratio, sensitivity, and fidelity. Further research and application of this technology will have more discoveries of technical characteristics, and it is a new technical field of invention, discovery and development.

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种地震全向矢量检波器。包括：八个检波器及支撑结构，支撑结构用于支撑八个检波器，使得每两个检波器的底面位于一正四面体的其中一个正三角形面上，位于同一正三角形面上的两个检波器的工作轴与该正三角形面的交点均位于该正三角形面的一个角的角平分线上并且相对于该正三角形面的中心对称。本发明根据场论的散度和旋度公式，设计特定的空间运动全矢量检测结构，以实现对地震波场的频率、振幅、相位、振动方向、尤其是波动力场的散度和旋度的全信息检测，形成全新的地震全向矢量检波器结构。

Description

一种地震全向矢量检波器 技术领域
本发明涉及检波器技术领域，尤其涉及一种地震全向矢量检波器。
背景技术
根据波动理论，波动不只表示振动，还表示振动的传播。具体地：1、振动可分解为线振动、旋振动；2、波场散度驱动纵波，波场旋度驱动横波；3、线振动是散度和旋度的共同作用，既包含纵波，也包含横波；4、旋振动只与旋度有关；5、体旋度是完全旋度，面旋度是不完全旋度。因此，只能检测线振动的技术，不能干净分离纵横波。必须是能够检测体旋度或散度的技术，才有可能解出纯横波和纯纵波。
波动的空间运动属性，包含了丰富的信息，可以在波场分离、信噪比、保真度、成像精度、介质属性分析等方面起到重要作用。但是，现有采集技术却只能检测振幅、频率、相位等信息，基本没有检测波动空间运动属性的功能。
目前地震波的检测，是将波振动转换为电信号(电压、电流)或再进行数字转换来实现。将机械运动转换为电信号的方法，不外乎应用电磁检波器、电容检波器、压电检波器和光纤应变检波器。
电磁检波器和电容检波器是线振动型，有工作方向。理想方向滤波效应为cosθ，out(t)＝A(t)cosθ。A(t)和θ都是未知的，仅单个器件是求不出真振幅A(t)和夹角θ的。MEMS检波器基本属于电容型检波器，也遵循上述规律。
光纤应变检波器可归于线振动或压强型，单器件也不能确定振动方向。所以，单个电磁检波器、电容检波器和光纤应变检波器，都不能区分波场振动方向，更不具备检测波场散度旋度的功能。
压电检波器是压强型，输出与周围液态介质压强有关，无方向性，不能区分振动方向。液态环境中压强各向同性，等效于波场散度。但在陆上固态环境，即使将其置于液态容器中，也无法实现散度测量。
三分量检波器，以三矢量合成方法，可以求出波场振动方向θ和振幅A(t)。这也是称其为矢量检波器的原因，但只是测量点的线振动矢量，不能检测振动性质、旋度和散度。
综上所述，现有技术中的各类检波器不能实现地震波场全信息的检测。
图1是相关技术中理想单检波器在纵波波场中的方向性响应示意图，图2是相关技术中理想单检波器在横波波场中的方向性响应示意图，用以说明检波器的工作方向性。如图1、图2所示，检波器的输出基于下述公式实现：
out＝A·n＝a×b cosθ。其中，A表示波场函数，矢量；n表示检波器工作方向单位矢量；a表示波场A在振动方向的瞬时振幅；b表示检波器灵敏度；θ表示检波器的工作方向与检波器位置处波场振动方向的夹角；p为纵波下标；s为横波下标。
具体地，如图1所示，检波器在纵波波场中的输出基于下述公式实现：
out＝Ap·n＝ap×b cosθp；其中，Ap表示纵波波场等时面；ap表示波场Ap在检波器位置的的法线方向的瞬时位移量；b表示检波器灵敏度；θp表示检波器的工作方向与波场振动方向的夹角。
如图2所示，检波器在横波波场中的输出基于下述公式实现：
out＝As·n＝as×b cosθs；其中，As表示横波波场等时面；as表示波场As在检波器位置的振动矢量方向的瞬时位移量；b表示检波器灵敏度；θs表示检波器的工作方向与波场振动方向的夹角。
图1、图2以及上述公式中没有包含电磁电容检波器的其它性能，只是方向性的描述。上述公式只是用来说明单个检波器，满足多矢量空间结构的方向性要求。
传统技术中的地震波检测流程如下：
根据波动方程，介质质点在力场中的运动关系如下式(1)：
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000001
其中，λ、μ是拉梅常数，ρ是密度，U是位移向量，t是时间。
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000002
是外力向量，
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000003
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000004
是拉普拉斯算子，
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000005
θ是体变系数，
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000006
对公式(1)求散度，得到以下公式(2)：
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000007
其中，div是散度，Vp是纵波传播速度。
对公式(1)求旋度，得到以下公式(3)有：
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000008
其中，rot是旋度。w＝rot(U)，Vs是横波传播速度。
在传统技术中，地震波的检测只是采集到
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000009
在竖直检波器工作方向的投影，根本就不是
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000010
之后就根据公式(2)演化各种方程解纵波；采集到
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000011
在水平检波器工作方向的投影，之后就根据公式(3)演化各种方程解横波。在这些误差的基础上进行联合求解、联合反演。因此，其误差是显而易见的。
针对现有技术中地震波场全信息检测误差较大的问题，目前尚未提出有效的解决方案。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种地震全向矢量检波器，以至少解决现有技术中地震波场全信息检测误差较大的问题。
根据本发明的一个方面，提供了一种地震全向矢量检波器。其中包括：八个检波器及支撑结构，所述支撑结构用于支撑所述八个检波器，使得每两个检波器的底面位于一正四面体的其中一个正三角形面上，位于同一正三角形面上的两个检波器的工作轴与该正三角形面的交点均位于该正三角形面的一个角的角平分线上并且相对于该正三角形面的中心对称。
优选地，设所述正四面体的其中一个正三角形面为主三角形面；所述主三角形面其中一个角为所述正四面体的第一顶角，所述主三角形面上的两个检波器的工作轴与所述主三角形面的交点均位于所述第一顶角的角平分线上；
设所述第一顶角对应的底边所在的所述正四面体的另一面为所述正四面体的第一侧面，该底边的中点在所述主三角形面逆时针方向滑动，遇到的所述第一侧面上的角为第二顶角；所述第一侧面上的两个检波器的工作轴与所述第一侧面的交点均位于所述第二顶角的角平分线上；
设所述第二顶角对应的底边所在的所述正四面体的另一面为所述正四面体的第二侧面，该底边的中点在所述第一侧面顺时针方向滑动，遇到的所述第二侧面上的角为第三顶角；所述第二侧面上的两个检波器的工作轴与所述第二侧面的交点均位于所述第三顶角的角平分线上；
设所述第三顶角对应的底边所在的所述正四面体的另一面为所述正四面体的第三侧面，该底边的中点在所述第二侧面逆时针方向滑动，遇到的所述第三侧面上的角为第四顶角；所述第三侧面上的两个检波器的工作轴与所述第三侧面的交点均位于所述第四顶角的角平分线上；
或者，
设所述第一顶角、所述第二顶角、所述第三顶角及所述第四顶角分别对应所述正四面体的第一顶点、第二顶点、第三顶点及第四顶点；所述主三角形面上的两个检波器的工作轴与所述主三角形面的交点均位于所述第一顶角的角平分线上；所述第一侧面上的两个检波器的工作轴与所述第一侧面的交点均位于所述第三顶点在所述第一侧面上的角的角平分线上；所述第二侧面上的两个检波器的工作轴与所述第二侧面的交点均位于所述第四顶点在所述第二侧面上的角的角平分线上；所述第三侧面上的两个检波器的工作轴与所述第三侧面的交点均位于所述第二顶点在所述第三侧面上的角的角平分线上。
优选地，所述检波器为圆柱电磁型检波器，各个圆柱电磁型检波器的底面与所述正四面体的体几何中心的距离为各个检波器互不接触的最小值。
优选地，所述检波器为扁片电容型检波器。
优选地，所述八个检波器的八个空间矢量符合斯托克斯积分公式。
优选地，所述检波器的振幅响应，与自身工作轴和波场法线间夹角θ的关系为out(t)＝A(t)cosθ，其中A(t)为所述检波器在θ＝0时对波场的响应。
优选地，所述支撑结构上连接一圆椎形尾椎，所述圆椎形尾椎的轴线的延长线经过所述正四面体的一个顶点后，垂直穿过所述正四面体的其中一个面的中心。
优选地，所述地震全向矢量检波器还包括：球形壳体，分为上半球形壳体和下半球形壳体，所述八个检波器及所述支撑结构放置在所述球形壳体内部，所述下半球形壳体的底部设置尾椎孔，所述尾椎穿过所述下半球形壳体的尾椎孔。
优选地，所述上半球形壳体和所述下半球形壳体的边缘分别设置有相互配合的突出部，所述上半球形壳体和所述下半球形壳体的突出部通过固定组件固定。
优选地，所述球形壳体上设置信号线孔，各个检波器的信号输出线穿过该信号线孔。
优选地，所述球形壳体的上半球形壳体和下半球形壳体之间的接合缝隙、所述尾椎孔和所述信号线孔，均以硅胶或橡胶材料密封防水。
优选地，所述支撑结构为正四面体支撑结构，所述正四面体支撑结构的每个面为任意曲面或平面。
本发明根据场论的散度和旋度公式，设计特定的空间运动全矢量检测结构，以实现对地震波场的频率、振幅、相位、振动方向、尤其是波动力场的散度和旋度的全信息检测，形成全新的地震全向矢量检波器技术。
以本发明的技术方案为基础，可以达到以下目的：
1、在传统检波器功能的基础上，再增加测量地震波的散度、旋度、线矢量、旋矢量的功能；
2、提高纵横波分离的纯净度；
3、提高陆上尤其是山地采集的地震资料的信噪比；
4、提高地震资料的保真度；
5、提高岩石、流体预测的精度和可靠性；
6、为全弹波动理论提供地震数据基础。
附图说明
此处所说明的附图用来提供对本发明的进一步理解，构成本申请的一部分，本发明的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本发明，并不构成对本发明的限定。在附图中：
图1是相关技术中理想单检波器在纵波波场中的方向性响应示意图；
图2是相关技术中理想单检波器在横波波场中的方向性响应示意图；
图3是根据本发明实施例的地震全向矢量检波器的结构示意图；
图4是根据本发明实施例的地震全向矢量检波器的第一种结构示意图；
图5是根据本发明实施例的地震全向矢量检波器的第二种结构示意图；
图6是根据本发明实施例的地震全向矢量检波器的第一种结构的工作矢量示意图；
图7是根据本发明实施例的地震全向矢量检波器的第二种结构的工作矢量示意图；
图8是根据本发明实施例的平行矢量示意图；
图9是根据本发明实施例的地震全向矢量检波器的空间矢量关系图；
图10是根据本发明实施例的全积分等效高斯散度结构示意图；
图11是根据本发明实施例的斯托克斯积分正反旋等效结构示意图；
图12是根据本发明实施例的地震全向矢量检波器实测输出示意图；
图13是根据本发明实施例的地震全向矢量检波器的球形壳体外观示意图；
图14是根据本发明实施例的地震全向矢量检波器的外观示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明的保护范围。
本发明提出了一种地震全向矢量检波器，其在空间结构上是各向均等平衡的，这是现有技术中检波器都不具备的结构优势，利用这个结构优势可实现地震波场全信息的准确检测。下面对地震全向矢量检波器的具体结构进行介绍。
本发明实施例提供了一种地震全向矢量检波器，图3是根据本发明实施例的地震全向矢量检波器的结构示意图，如图3所示，该地震全向矢量检波器包括：八个检波器及支撑结构，将八个检波器分成四组，两个检波器为一组，该支撑结构用于支撑上述八个检波器，使得每一组的两个检波器的底面位于一正四面体的其中一个正三角形面上，位于同一正三角形面上的两个检波器的工作轴与该正三角形面的交点均位于该正三角形面的一个角的角平分线上并且相对于该正三角形面的中心对称。
需要说明的是，上述工作轴为虚拟轴，用以说明位置关系。在实际应用中，检波器的工作轴并不一定位于检波器的正中央位置(即中心轴)。上述正四面体并非为实体结构，而是虚拟的空间结构，旨在描述八个检波器之间的位置关系。
本实施例根据场论的散度和旋度公式，设计特定的空间运动全矢量检测结构，以实现对地震波场的频率、振幅、相位、振动方向、尤其是波动力场的散度和旋度的全信息检测，形成全新的地震全向矢量检波器技术。
地震全向矢量检波器的支撑结构可以基于需求设计成任意形状，本发明对此不做限定，只要能保证空间矢量形态即可。优选地，可以设计为正四面体形状，正四面体支撑结构的尺寸一般大于上述虚拟的正四面体。优选地，正四面体支撑结构的每个面可以改变为任意曲面，从而满足不同需求。支撑结构的材料不局限于固态，支撑结构的刚度与测量结果相关，因此可基于需求选择不同材料。
在本实施例中，正四面体的每个正三角形面上有两个检波器，这两个检波器在正三角形面的摆放位置，需要符合特定要求，才能保证地震全向矢量检波器的正常工作。对于每个正三角形面上两个检波器的位置，至少有两种摆放方式，下面分别进行介绍。
1)图4是根据本发明实施例的地震全向矢量检波器的第一种结构示意图，图4以支撑结构为正四面体形状为例进行介绍，如图4所示，设正四面体的其中一个正三角形面 为主三角形面100，主三角形面100其中一个角定义为正四面体的第一顶角a，主三角形面100上的两个检波器的工作轴与主三角形面100的交点均位于第一顶角a的角平分线上；
第一顶角a对应的底边所在的正四面体的另一面定义为正四面体的第一侧面101，该底边的中点在主三角形面100逆时针方向滑动，遇到的第一侧面101上的角定义为第二顶角b，第一侧面101上的两个检波器的工作轴与第一侧面101的交点均位于第二顶角b的角平分线上；
需要说明的是，上述逆时针方向是在主三角形面100水平朝上放置时，人面对第一侧面101时的逆时针方向，下述的逆时针方向及顺时针方向均采用此方式。
第二顶角b对应的底边所在的正四面体的另一面定义为正四面体的第二侧面102，该底边的中点在第一侧面101顺时针方向滑动，遇到的第二侧面102上的角定义为第三顶角c，第二侧面102上的两个检波器的工作轴与第二侧面102的交点均位于第三顶角c的角平分线上；
第三顶角c对应的底边所在的正四面体的另一面定义为正四面体的第三侧面103，该底边的中点在第二侧面102逆时针方向滑动，遇到的第三侧面103上的角定义为第四顶角d，第三侧面103上的两个检波器的工作轴与第三侧面103的交点均位于第四顶角d的角平分线上。
2)图5是根据本发明实施例的地震全向矢量检波器的第二种结构示意图，图5以支撑结构为正四面体形状为例进行介绍，如图5所示，上述第一顶角a、上述第二顶角b、上述第三顶角c及上述第四顶角d分别对应正四面体的第一顶点A、第二顶点B、第三顶点C及第四顶点D。
主三角形面100上的两个检波器的工作轴与主三角形面100的交点均位于第一顶角a的角平分线上；
第一侧面101上的两个检波器的工作轴与第一侧面101的交点均位于第三顶点C在第一侧面101上的角的角平分线上；
第二侧面102上的两个检波器的工作轴与第二侧面102的交点均位于第四顶点D在第二侧面102上的角的角平分线上；
第三侧面103上的两个检波器的工作轴与第三侧面103的交点均位于第二顶点B在第三侧面103上的角的角平分线上。
对于上述两种摆放方式，还可以采取下述方法实现：
1)在正四面体的四个正三角形面上，分别设置连接一个角、面几何中心和对边棱(即对应的底边)中点的唯一的一条直线。正四面体的一个面朝上设置(即上述主三角形面)，体几何中心与此面的几何中心的连线竖直向上定义为地震全向矢量检波器的竖直轴(也可以称为主轴)，也是第一线矢量轴，朝上设置的面上设置的上述直线的方向，定义为地震全向矢量检波器的自北方向(也可以称为第一方向)。沿与自北方向垂直相交的棱(即底边)逆时针滑动遇到的第一侧面上的角，指向对棱中点的方向定义为第二方向，沿与第二方向垂直相交的棱顺时针滑动遇到的第二侧面上的角，指向对棱中点的方向定义为第三方向，沿与第三方向垂直相交的棱逆时针滑动遇到的第三侧面上的角，指向对棱中点的方向定义为第四方向。
沿上述四个方向的方向线上，在每个正三角面的中心向角和棱分别移动a(其中，0<a<λ/4，λ是波长)各安装一个工作方向垂直于正三角面的高灵敏度宽频带全倾角检波器。
2)在上述朝上设置的面上，沿与上述自北方向垂直相交的棱顺时针滑动遇到的角，指向对棱中点的方向定义为第五方向，沿与第五方向垂直相交的棱逆时针滑动遇到的角，指向对棱中点的方向定义为第六方向，沿与第六方向垂直相交的棱顺时针滑动遇到的角，指向对棱中点的方向定义为第七方向。
沿上述四个方向的方向线上，在每个正三角面的中心向角和棱分别移动a(其中，0<a<λ/4，λ是波长)各安装一个工作方向垂直于正三角面的高灵敏度宽频带全倾角检波器。
本实施例中的检波器至少可以是圆柱电磁型检波器，需满足：各个圆柱电磁型检波器的底面与正四面体的体几何中心的距离为各个检波器互不接触的最小值；还可以是扁片电容型检波器。当然，也可以是其他类型的检波器，只要能够在地震全向矢量检波器中正常工作即可，本发明对此不做限制。
图6是根据本发明实施例的地震全向矢量检波器的第一种结构的工作矢量示意图，图7是根据本发明实施例的地震全向矢量检波器的第二种结构的工作矢量示意图，图6和图7中的每个面上的箭头表示工作矢量，与主三角形面100垂直的中心轴设置为主轴200，主三角形面100上第一顶角a的角平分线的方向设置为自北方向。
图8是根据本发明实施例的平行矢量示意图，如图8所示，在光滑连续波场中，间距远小于波长的两个平行矢量与波场的点乘之和除以2，等于中间位置的矢量与波场的点乘。
图9是根据本发明实施例的地震全向矢量检波器的空间矢量关系图，如图9所示，图中的各个箭头即表示每个面上的工作矢量。图9中的圆表示地震全向矢量检波器的八个空间矢量所围成的内切圆球。
将多个具有图1所示方向性的检波器按图1所示空间矢量方向组合，即为图9所示空间矢量关系，可具有全向空间矢量的功能。这样的结构具有空间线矢量、旋矢量、散度检测功能。
图10是根据本发明实施例的全积分等效高斯散度结构示意图，图11是根据本发明实施例的斯托克斯积分正反旋等效结构示意图，结合图10和图11所示的矢量关系可知：
根据散度高斯定理：
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000012
可得本发明实施例的地震全向矢量检波器的散度公式：
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000013
根据旋度斯托克斯公式：
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000014
可得本实施例的正旋度公式：
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000015
以及，反旋度公式：
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000016
其中，A为波场函数，l为检波器响应矢量，i为检波器的内道序号，
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000017
为采集到的第i道内部道数据，在上述全积分等效高斯散度结构上：
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000018
为第一组，i＝1-4，
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000019
为第二组，i＝5-8。div为散度，rot为旋度，V为体积，dv为体积微分，S为面积，dS为面积微分，m为正m面体的个数；ni为第i面法线上的检波器响应矢量。根据三角和差化积公式，在本特定结构上，
Figure PCTCN2016099827-appb-000020
需要说明的是，本发明提供的地震全向矢量检波器是基于虚拟正四面体的四根轴(即正四面体的体中心与四个正三角面的中心连线构成的立体星型轴)形成的四均分立体空间平衡结构。各个检波器的底面距体中心距离d，d为单元器件互不接触的最小值，在正四面体的每个正三角形面上分别与轴平行安装两个高灵敏度宽频带全倾角检波器，其振幅响应与自身工作轴和波场法线间夹角θ的关系为out(t)＝A(t)cosθ，其中，A(t)为检波器在θ＝0时对波场的响应。
在地震全向矢量检波器中，每个正三角形面上靠近角的检波器为A组，靠近棱(即对边)的检波器为B组，A组或B组的检波器在空间中构成符合斯托克斯旋度公式的封闭环路。A组输出为正旋度，B组输出为负旋度。
位于同一正三角形面上的两个检波器的算术和，在a小于λ/4的情况下，等效于位于每个正三角面的中心处的检波器，形成四个指向正四面体的体中心的测量矢量，与高斯散度公式的要求完全吻合。
本实施例完美地将斯托克斯旋度结构和高斯散度结构结合于一体，形成了旋散结合的全矢量地震测量空间结构。
地震全向矢量检波器中包括八个检波器，A、B两组检波器共计8道数据输出。图12是根据本发明实施例的地震全向矢量检波器实测输出示意图，如图12所示，四个上述第一电路的输出结果，对应于图12中所示的第一组旋量，四个上述第二电路的输出结果，对应于图12中所示的第二组旋量。第一组旋量与第二组旋量的和为0，第一组旋量与第二组旋量的差为双旋量。地震全向矢量检波器的旋矢量方向由1旋向2右手法则确定，总旋矢量方向可经矢量运算求出。振动线矢量可以由冗余矢量计算求出。等同于传统三分量检波器计算出的振动线矢量。应用旋度求解横波振动线矢量的方法，可以求出纯横波线矢量，从总振动线矢量中减去纯横波线矢量，可得纯纵波振动线矢量。
前面已经对地震全向矢量检波器的具体结构进行了详细描述，在实际使用过程中，为了方便放置，地震全向矢量检波器的支撑结构上连接一圆椎形尾椎，该圆椎形尾椎的轴线的延长线经过正四面体的一个顶点后，垂直穿过正四面体的其中一个面的中心。在正常使用过程中，该圆锥形尾椎竖直朝下插入地面，从而便于固定。
地震全向矢量检波器还可以设置球形壳体，分为上半球形壳体和下半球形壳体，八个检波器及支撑结构放置在球形壳体内部，下半球形壳体的底部设置尾椎孔，上述尾椎穿过下半球形壳体的尾椎孔。图13是根据本发明实施例的地震全向矢量检波器的球形壳体外观示意图，如图13所示，地震全向矢量检波器的球形壳体分为上半球形壳体20和下半球形壳体21，地震全向矢量检波器的支撑结构上连接的圆椎形尾椎30穿过下半球形壳体21的底部设置的尾椎孔31。通过该优选实施方式，可以保护检波器，稳固地震全向矢量检波器。
为了将地震全向矢量检波器的支撑结构及其上的八个检波器稳固放在球形壳体中，可以将支撑结构的形状设计为易于放入球形壳体的形状。图14是根据本发明实施例的地 震全向矢量检波器的外观示意图，如图14所示，将正四面体形状的支撑结构的各个顶点削掉一块，以便于安置在球形壳体中，确保地震全向矢量检波器采集数据的准确性。
考虑到上半球形壳体和下半球形壳体的固定问题，本实施例提供了一种优选实施方式，即：上半球形壳体和下半球形壳体的边缘分别设置相互配合的突出部，上半球形壳体和下半球形壳体的突出部通过固定组件固定。例如，通过螺丝和螺丝孔的方式固定。从而保证地震全向矢量检波器在实际操作过程中的稳定性。
对于地震全向矢量检波器的信号输出线，可以在球形壳体上设置信号线孔，使检波器的信号输出线穿过该信号线孔，从而便于信号输出线输出到壳体外面，有效获取数据。
为了避免地震全向矢量检波器进水影响使用，可以在球形壳体的上半球形壳体和下半球形壳体之间的接合缝隙、尾椎孔和信号线孔，均密封防水，例如，可以选择硅胶或橡胶材料进行密封，从而提高地震全向矢量检波器的密封性。
本发明提供的地震全向矢量检波器可以适用于以下方面：陆上人工地震勘探、天然地震探测。本发明的应用前景如下：由于基于本发明的地震全向矢量检波器可检测到地震波的旋度，并可求出波场的振动方向及真振幅，可分解出纯净的纵横波，因此可以获得以往从未有过的丰富的地震波信息，为地球科学的探索研究奠定了全新的数据基础。
地震全向矢量检波器的散度和旋度特征，为刚性支撑结构的检波器放置于地表自由表面时的特征。当检波器放置于地下或是介质内部时，这些特征将由放置环境、检波器支撑结构材料及其与外界的接触关系而确定。可随具体应用目的的变化而设计。本发明不做详细说明。
应用地震全向矢量检波器进行地震波检测，是一种全新理念的地震波检测方法，可发展出全新理念的地震采集、处理、解释方法，形成全新的地震勘探技术系列。不仅仅是提高信噪比、灵敏度、保真度的新技术。对该技术进一步的研究和应用，将会有更多技术特点的发现，是一个全新的发明、发现、发展的技术领域。
以上所述的具体实施例，对本发明的目的、技术方案和有益效果进行了进一步详细说明，所应理解的是，以上所述仅为本发明的具体实施例而已，并不用于限定本发明的保护范围，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (12)

  1. 一种地震全向矢量检波器，其中，包括：八个检波器及支撑结构，所述支撑结构用于支撑所述八个检波器，使得每两个检波器的底面位于一正四面体的其中一个正三角形面上，位于同一正三角形面上的两个检波器的工作轴与该正三角形面的交点均位于该正三角形面的一个角的角平分线上并且相对于该正三角形面的中心对称。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的地震全向矢量检波器，其中，设所述正四面体的其中一个正三角形面为主三角形面；所述主三角形面其中一个角为所述正四面体的第一顶角，所述主三角形面上的两个检波器的工作轴与所述主三角形面的交点均位于所述第一顶角的角平分线上；
    设所述第一顶角对应的底边所在的所述正四面体的另一面为所述正四面体的第一侧面，该底边的中点在所述主三角形面逆时针方向滑动，遇到的所述第一侧面上的角为第二顶角；所述第一侧面上的两个检波器的工作轴与所述第一侧面的交点均位于所述第二顶角的角平分线上；
    设所述第二顶角对应的底边所在的所述正四面体的另一面为所述正四面体的第二侧面，该底边的中点在所述第一侧面顺时针方向滑动，遇到的所述第二侧面上的角为第三顶角；所述第二侧面上的两个检波器的工作轴与所述第二侧面的交点均位于所述第三顶角的角平分线上；
    设所述第三顶角对应的底边所在的所述正四面体的另一面为所述正四面体的第三侧面，该底边的中点在所述第二侧面逆时针方向滑动，遇到的所述第三侧面上的角为第四顶角；所述第三侧面上的两个检波器的工作轴与所述第三侧面的交点均位于所述第四顶角的角平分线上；
    或者，
    设所述第一顶角、所述第二顶角、所述第三顶角及所述第四顶角分别对应所述正四面体的第一顶点、第二顶点、第三顶点及第四顶点；
    所述主三角形面上的两个检波器的工作轴与所述主三角形面的交点均位于所述第一顶角的角平分线上；
    所述第一侧面上的两个检波器的工作轴与所述第一侧面的交点均位于所述第三顶点在所述第一侧面上的角的角平分线上；
    所述第二侧面上的两个检波器的工作轴与所述第二侧面的交点均位于所述第四顶点在所述第二侧面上的角的角平分线上；
    所述第三侧面上的两个检波器的工作轴与所述第三侧面的交点均位于所述第二顶点在所述第三侧面上的角的角平分线上。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的地震全向矢量检波器，其中，所述检波器为圆柱电磁型检波器，各个圆柱电磁型检波器的底面与所述正四面体的体几何中心的距离为各个检波器互不接触的最小值。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的地震全向矢量检波器，其中，所述检波器为扁片电容型检波器。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的地震全向矢量检波器，其中，所述八个检波器的八个空间矢量符合斯托克斯积分公式。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的地震全向矢量检波器，其中，所述检波器的振幅响应，与自身工作轴和波场法线间夹角θ的关系为out(t)＝A(t)cosθ，其中A(t)为所述检波器在θ＝0时对波场的响应。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的地震全向矢量检波器，其中，所述支撑结构上连接一圆椎形尾椎，所述圆椎形尾椎的轴线的延长线经过所述正四面体的一个顶点后，垂直穿过所述正四面体的其中一个面的中心。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的地震全向矢量检波器，其中，所述地震全向矢量检波器还包括：球形壳体，分为上半球形壳体和下半球形壳体，所述八个检波器及所述支撑结构放置在所述球形壳体内部，所述下半球形壳体的底部设置尾椎孔，所述尾椎穿过所述下半球形壳体的尾椎孔。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的地震全向矢量检波器，其中，所述上半球形壳体和所述下半球形壳体的边缘分别设置有相互配合的突出部，所述上半球形壳体和所述下半球形壳体的突出部通过固定组件固定。
  10. 根据权利要求8所述的地震全向矢量检波器，其中，所述球形壳体上设置信号线孔，各个检波器的信号输出线穿过该信号线孔。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的地震全向矢量检波器，其中，所述球形壳体的上半球形壳体和下半球形壳体之间的接合缝隙、所述尾椎孔和所述信号线孔，均以硅胶或橡胶材料密封防水。
  12. 根据权利要求1所述的地震全向矢量检波器，其中，所述支撑结构为正四面体支撑结构，所述正四面体支撑结构的每个面为任意曲面或平面。
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