WO2017049561A1 - 液体燃料 - Google Patents

液体燃料 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017049561A1
WO2017049561A1 PCT/CN2015/090638 CN2015090638W WO2017049561A1 WO 2017049561 A1 WO2017049561 A1 WO 2017049561A1 CN 2015090638 W CN2015090638 W CN 2015090638W WO 2017049561 A1 WO2017049561 A1 WO 2017049561A1
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Prior art keywords
liquid fuel
fuel
component
oil component
heavy oil
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PCT/CN2015/090638
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English (en)
French (fr)
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陈鸿林
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陈鸿林
陈淑敏
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Application filed by 陈鸿林, 陈淑敏 filed Critical 陈鸿林
Priority to PCT/CN2015/090638 priority Critical patent/WO2017049561A1/zh
Priority to CN201580081199.8A priority patent/CN107835848B/zh
Publication of WO2017049561A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017049561A1/zh

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of fuels, in particular to a liquid fuel obtained by blending heavy oil by selectively introducing a hydrocarbon substance, which has good driving performance, combustion performance and safety, and can be applied to a diesel engine as a mixed fuel oil.
  • System and diesel/heavy oil combustion system are examples of fuels, in particular to a liquid fuel obtained by blending heavy oil by selectively introducing a hydrocarbon substance, which has good driving performance, combustion performance and safety, and can be applied to a diesel engine as a mixed fuel oil.
  • System and diesel/heavy oil combustion system are examples of a hydrocarbon substance, which has good driving performance, combustion performance and safety.
  • the above invention has achieved the problem of reducing the boiling point and viscosity of heavy oil and atomizing particles, and has a significant effect on solving the flammability of heavy oil, but if it is used as a substitute for diesel engine fuel, it is still widely promoted. Consideration needs to be given to the safety issues caused by a significant increase in cetane number (lower flash point).
  • cetane number lower flash point
  • relevant indicators are specified in the market access standards of most countries and regions. For example, in order to control the evaporation of diesel oil is not too strong, the national standard specifies the closed flash point of each grade of diesel.
  • the flash point of light diesel oil of -35 and -50 is not lower than 45 °C
  • the flash point of light diesel oil of -20 is not lower than 60 °C
  • the rest The flash point of the graded diesel oil is required to be no less than 65 °C; similar standards are available in Europe and other countries and regions. Limiting the flash point of diesel is for safety reasons on the one hand and preventing the incorporation of low-boiling substances on the other hand.
  • the method for solving the low flash point of diesel is to add a certain amount of "diesel flash point improver".
  • the requirements of the flash point improver of different manufacturers and brands will be greatly different, which not only causes inconvenience in use, but also improper addition. Will affect the performance of diesel.
  • the invention provides a liquid fuel, which can meet the application of various diesel equipments by blending the fuel composition and having good combustion performance and safety.
  • the present invention provides a liquid fuel comprising: a light oil component composed of a C6-C12 alkane, a catalytic component composed of a C13-C16 alkane, and a heavy oil component; based on the liquid fuel, the heavy oil
  • the mass content of the component is not less than 10%, the mass content of the light oil component is 10-70%, and the mass of the catalytic component is 10-85% of the mass of the light oil component, in the liquid fuel It also contains aromatic hydrocarbons having a mass content of 0-15%.
  • the invention provides a blending fuel, and the light oil component and the catalytic component with different carbon numbers are selected to work together, and the safety of the fuel oil is also significantly improved while solving the poor combustibility of the heavy oil fuel.
  • the present invention provides a liquid fuel for heavy oil as a matrix, i.e., a high quality diesel alternative fuel using an inexpensive heavy oil component, so in a particular embodiment, based on the liquid fuel meter, the heavy oil component
  • the mass content is not less than 50%.
  • the content of components in the medium is not less than 70%, and it is a high-quality fuel obtained by using inferior resources.
  • the synergistic action of the light oil component and the catalytic component enables the liquid fuel to have an appropriate flash point temperature while achieving good combustion performance and environmental protection effects, in order to achieve good starting performance and safety.
  • the liquid fuel of the present invention can replace various types of diesel products currently used as diesel engine engine fuel (for high, medium and low speed diesel engine engines by adjusting its cetane number) And fuel for diesel/heavy oil combustion systems.
  • diesel engine engine fuel for high, medium and low speed diesel engine engines by adjusting its cetane number
  • fuel for diesel/heavy oil combustion systems can be used as a fuel for automotive diesel or aviation kerosene, or as an aviation jet turbine fuel.
  • the present invention provides a liquid fuel comprising at least a light oil component composed of a C6-C12 alkane, a catalytic component composed of a C13-C16 alkane, and a heavy oil component, and the light oil component enhances fuel performance of the fuel At the same time, the presence of a suitable catalytic component facilitates increasing the flash point of the liquid fuel to facilitate compliance with set safety standards.
  • the present invention refers to the C13-C16 alkane composition as a "catalytic component" which is 10-85% of the mass of the light oil component.
  • the specific content of the catalytic component is based on the final fuel closed flash point.
  • the liquid fuel of the present invention should have a closed flash point of not less than 48 °C.
  • the flash point effect of the catalytic component on the light oil component can be determined first, and the flash point of the finally obtained liquid fuel can be further determined, thereby obtaining a reasonable ratio between the components.
  • the closed flash point of the light oil component and the catalytic component is not lower than 47 ° C, and the final liquid fuel has excellent combustibility and safety at the same time.
  • how to mix the components is not particularly limited.
  • the light oil component and the catalytic component are first mixed, and then mixed with the heavy oil component, or the selected components are combined according to the respective content ratios. Mixing so that the fuel obtained meets the required flash point criteria. In the end, it is reflected in the selection of suitable light oil components and catalytic components, so that the closed flash point of the liquid fuel meets relevant standards as an important indicator of its safety.
  • the mixture controlling the light oil component and the catalytic component has a closed flash point higher than 47 ° C, wherein the catalytic component is about 10% or more of the light oil component, and the liquid fuel after blending the heavy oil It may have a closed flash point above 48 ° C; the mixture of light oil component and catalytic component has a closed flash point above 53 ° C, at which point the catalytic component is about 30% or more of the light oil component, blending heavy oil
  • the subsequent liquid fuel can have a closed flash point above 55 °C.
  • the mass of the catalytic component accounts for 10-50% of the mass of the light oil component, It is more conducive to ensuring the expected safety of the fuel and is beneficial to controlling the cost performance of the final liquid fuel. It may be that the selected catalytic component is added to the light oil component, or it may be the use of a split fraction from the petroleum processing chain.
  • the heavy oil component has a mass content of 70%, the total content of the light oil component and the catalytic component in the fuel is about 30%, and the mass ratio of the light oil component to the catalytic component is about 2:1.
  • the catalytic component of the C13-C16 alkane composition may include a single alkane having 13 to 16 carbons or a mixture of two or more thereof.
  • the light oil component of the C6-C12 hydrocarbon composition may be a single alkane having 6 to 12 carbons or a mixture of two or more thereof.
  • the light oil component of the C6-C12 hydrocarbon composition is one or two of a normal paraffin having an octane having 6-12 carbons and an isoparaffin or a cycloalkane thereof.
  • a normal paraffin having an octane having 6-12 carbons and an isoparaffin or a cycloalkane thereof isoparaffin or a cycloalkane thereof.
  • the above mixture For example, hexane, heptane, octane, decane, decane, undecane and dodecane, thereby reducing the octane number of the liquid fuel, increasing the cetane number, and replacing it with diesel fuel for use in diesel engines and
  • the liquid fuel of the diesel/heavy oil combustion system achieves high calorific value, low pollution and low cost.
  • the liquid fuel of the present invention is obtained by further introducing a catalytic oil component on the basis of the compounding of the heavy oil component, and the mass content of the heavy oil component is 89 to 10% based on the liquid fuel.
  • the fuel of the invention is derived from a rational blending product of a hydrocarbon component and a heavy oil component having different carbon structure requirements.
  • the hydrocarbon compound as a light oil component and a catalytic component may be a synthetic product, but usually is a refined and refined raw material oil. Products such as those that meet the requirements of solvent oil, etc., in the refining process, the aromatic oil contained in the feedstock oil, generally toluene / xylene aromatics, is considered to be the impurities that need to be removed as much as possible, and the cleaner the aromatics are removed, The higher the processing cost of the feedstock oil, is necessarily reflected in the cost of the fuel product.
  • the research by the inventor of the present invention found that heavy oil, especially animal and vegetable oils, will have a low calorific value due to its oxygen-containing structure, which will inevitably affect the thermal effect of the fuel.
  • the liquid fuel contains an appropriate amount of aromatic components, the combustion effect is not obvious. The impact will sometimes show some improvement. Therefore, when formulating the fuel oil of the present invention, the component oil used is allowed to be After strict dearomatization purification, for example, using a crude gasoline fraction, which often contains a certain amount of toluene/xylene aromatics, as long as the aromatics content in the final liquid fuel does not exceed 15%, no further purification is required.
  • the fuel may contain a small amount of aromatic hydrocarbons, particularly low-carbon aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene and/or xylene), for example, controlling its content to be 3-15%.
  • the low carbon aromatic component may be introduced into the selected light oil component or the final fuel to enhance the fuel.
  • the calorific value; the light oil component and the catalytic component may also be selected as the cut fraction on the petroleum processing processing chain, and the latter should be more in line with industrial production means, for example, the crude gasoline fraction often contains a certain toluene/xylene aromatic hydrocarbon, Refining is required, but it is possible as a light oil component of the fuel of the present invention, for example, C8-12 mineral spirits or other equivalent distillates, all of which contain certain aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene/xylene), which are used without removal. In the fuel of the present invention, not only the raw material cost is lowered, but the presence of a small amount of aromatic hydrocarbons also contributes to the heating value of the fuel. The same is true for selecting the catalytic component of the appropriate distillation range, such as the choice of C13-16 mineral spirits or other equivalent distillates.
  • the invention provides a liquid fuel, which is characterized in that a highly volatile light oil component is used as a solvent to dissolve and mix heavy oil components, so that the volatility of the heavy oil is improved and the viscosity is lowered, which is an excellent Combustible liquid fuel.
  • a highly volatile light oil component is used as a solvent to dissolve and mix heavy oil components, so that the volatility of the heavy oil is improved and the viscosity is lowered, which is an excellent Combustible liquid fuel.
  • the introduction of an appropriate amount of catalytic components is to ensure the combustion performance of the fuel, improve the safety of its use, and contribute to the fuel oil market as an alternative fuel for diesel engines.
  • the present invention can be considered as the development and extension of the inventor's own research results for many years.
  • the heavy oil component may include waste engine oil, diesel oil, biodiesel (generally referred to as fatty acid methyl ester/ethyl ester), biological fat (such as animal and vegetable oil) and derivatives thereof, or two or more thereof.
  • waste oil such as chicken, duck, fish, cattle, sheep, pigs, etc.
  • biological oils and their derivatives which may include animal (such as chicken, duck, fish, cattle, sheep, pigs, etc.) or vegetable oils (such as from Soybean oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, cottonseed Oil, rice bran oil, jatropha oil, sapindus oil, etc.) and its derivatives, and / or food waste oil (commonly known as "ditch oil").
  • the present invention also provides the use of the liquid fuel as a fuel for a diesel engine engine, particularly as a fuel application for replacing automotive diesel or aviation kerosene.
  • the liquid fuel has a cetane number of 40 or more for high-speed diesel engine fuel;
  • the liquid fuel has a cetane number of 30 or more for medium speed diesel engine fuel; or the liquid fuel has a cetane number of less than 30 for low speed diesel engine fuel.
  • the invention also provides the use of the liquid fuel as a fuel for a diesel/heavy oil combustion system.
  • the invention also provides for the use of the liquid fuel as an aviation jet turbine fuel.
  • the liquid fuel of the present invention is derived from the blending of heavy oil and various hydrocarbon oil components, exhibiting combustion characteristics of gasoline and kerosene, and the simplest experience, for example, as a gasoline burner (furnace), alcohol or gasoline torch fuel, can realize fuel The rapid (instantaneous) gasification, and then complete combustion, no black smoke and residue. The effect can also be explained from the characteristics of the component oil used.
  • the desulfurization treatment of the light oil component and the catalytic component used in the present invention can be easily realized, for example, desulfurization to below 3 pp, and heavy oil.
  • the selection of animal and vegetable oils (cotton seed oil, etc.) does not contain sulfur, so the sulfur content can also be considered to be below 3 ppm.
  • the sulfur content in the blended fuel should be considered to be extremely small, as the diesel engine fuel can be directly added.
  • the exhaust gas treatment device (according to the industry standard, the exhaust gas treatment device can be added when the sulfur content of the diesel oil is less than 50 ppm), and the liquid fuel of the invention can be used as the fuel for the diesel engine engine, and the influence of the sulfide can be avoided.
  • the black smoke emission is only half or less of the No. 0 petrochemical diesel, and can be purified by the black smoke particle trap in the exhaust gas treatment device, Hydrocarbon (black smoke) emissions are extremely low.
  • the detection of the fuel exhaust emissions of the diesel engine of the present invention can achieve 1) extremely low emissions of hydrocarbons (black smoke), 2) nitrogen oxides, and 3) sulfur oxides, reaching Euro 5 or Euro 6 or higher. Diesel engine exhaust emission standards, or should be considered to approach zero emissions.
  • liquid fuel of the present invention replaces diesel fuel for various diesel engines, and has the advantages of complete combustion, low pollution and even no pollution.
  • the introduction of the catalytic component enhances the safety of the fuel, and the heavy oil component is matrix-based.
  • the use of blended fuel instead of diesel for diesel engines provides protection both in terms of technology and market access, and as a clean and inexpensive diesel substitute, it more effectively compensates for the weakness of petroleum and diesel resources and costs. .
  • the components of the fuel are as follows:
  • Light oil component petroleum straight-run distillate oil, distillation range 140-200 ° C, without refining, determined by C8-C12 alkane, and the content of mixed aromatics mainly composed of toluene + xylene is about 15%;
  • Catalytic component petroleum straight-run distillate, distillation range 150-260 ° C, without refining, determined by C13-C16 alkane, and the content of mixed aromatics mainly composed of toluene + xylene is about 5-8%;
  • Heavy oil component vegetable oil (canola oil or cottonseed oil).
  • the blended oil after blending is determined to have a closed flash point of about 50 ° C.
  • the heavy oil component 70% the light oil component + the total catalytic component is 30%, and the mixture is mixed.
  • the liquid fuel of the present invention was prepared and measured to have a closed flash point of about 55 °C.
  • the fuel was used as the fuel for the alcohol gasoline burner, and the combustion experiment was simulated.
  • the fuel was ignited instantaneously, no black smoke was generated during the combustion process, and no residue was observed, indicating that the combustion was sufficient.
  • the blended oil after blending determines its closed flash point At about 52 ° C, according to the heavy oil component 70%, the light oil component + the total mass of the catalytic component was 30%, the liquid fuel of the present invention was obtained, and the closed flash point was determined to be about 68.5 ° C.
  • the gasoline furnace is used for the combustion test, the fuel is ignited instantaneously, no black smoke is generated during the combustion process, and no residue is found, indicating that the combustion is sufficient.
  • the light oil component is C 8 -C 12 solvent oil (containing 15% aromatics), and the catalytic component is C 13 -C 16 solvent oil (containing aromatic hydrocarbon 8%), the mass ratio of the two is 2:1 (closed flash point 52 °C), the heavy oil component was the same as in Example 1.
  • the heavy oil component 70% the light oil component + the total mass of the catalytic component was 30%, and the mixture was blended to obtain the liquid fuel of the present invention, and the closed flash point was measured to be about 68.5 °C.
  • the liquid fuel of the present invention was obtained after mixing and the closed flash point was determined to be about 56 °C.
  • the liquid fuel of the present invention was obtained after mixing and the closed flash point was determined to be about 60 °C.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

Abstract

一种通过选择性引入烃类物质对重油进行调和后得到的液体燃料，其组成包括：C6-C12的烷烃组成的轻油组分、C13-C16的烷烃组成的催化组分和重油组分；基于所述液体燃料，以质量百分含量计，所述重油组分不低于10%，所述轻油组分为10-70%，所述催化组分占轻油组分10-85%，所述液体燃料中还含有0-15%的芳烃。所得到的液体燃料具有良好的驱动性能、燃烧性能和安全性，作为混合燃料油能够应用于柴油引擎系统和柴/重油燃烧系统等。

Description

液体燃料 技术领域
本发明涉及燃料技术领域，尤其涉及一种通过选择性引入烃类物质对重油进行调和后得到的液体燃料，其具有良好的驱动性能、燃烧性能和安全性，作为混合燃料油能够应用于柴油引擎系统和柴/重油燃烧系统。
技术背景
工业用燃烧系统多采用重油为燃料，价格低廉、安全性好是其重要因素，但是也带来另一方面的问题，重油的高沸点(不同级别的重油，沸点在330℃-480℃不等)和高粘性导致挥发性不好，即使采用具有高压喷射机构或回转式机构的燃烧设备，也很难气化完全，且雾化颗粒大，不仅限制了完全燃烧致使热值被损失，燃烧不完全而产生浓烟也与全球的环保标准和趋势相去甚远。
已经有研究发现，利用C5-C12的低碳高挥发性烃类作为重油调和溶剂，得到的调和燃料油不仅流动性改善，而且该碳段的烃类是汽油生产的排出物(辛烷值低)，相对却有较高的十六烷值，可以引入重油中经适当调配而适应不同速度的柴油引擎和柴/重油燃烧系统。
以上发明的提出，虽然实现了降低重油的沸点和粘度及雾化颗粒的难题，对于解决重油的燃烧性具有比较显著的效果，但如将其作为替代柴油机引擎燃料而在大范围推广时，依然需要考虑因十六烷值显著提高(闭口闪点较低)所带来的安全性问题。对于柴油机引擎使用的燃料油，多数国家和地区的市场准入标准中都规定了相关的指标，例如，为了控制柴油的蒸发性不至过强，国家标准中规定了各牌号柴油的闭口闪点，要求-35及-50号轻柴油的闪点不低于45℃，-20号轻柴油的闪点不低于60℃，而其余各 牌号的柴油的闪点均要求不低于65℃；欧洲等国家和地区也都有类似的标准。限制柴油的闪点一方面是出于安全考虑，另一方面是防止低沸点物质混入。
目前解决柴油闪点偏低的方法是加入一定量的“柴油闪点提高剂”，不同厂家和品牌的闪点提高剂对添加量的要求会有较大差异，不仅导致使用不便，添加不当还会影响柴油的性能。
发明概述
本发明提供一种液体燃料，通过对燃料组成的调配，同时具有良好的燃烧性能和安全性，可以满足各类柴油设备的应用。
本发明提供一种液体燃料，其组成包括：C6-C12的烷烃组成的轻油组分、C13-C16的烷烃组成的催化组分、和重油组分；基于所述液体燃料计，所述重油组分的质量含量不低于10％，所述轻油组分的质量含量为10-70％，所述催化组分的质量占轻油组分质量的10-85％，所述液体燃料中还含有质量含量为0-15％的芳烃。
本发明提供了一种调和燃料，选择不同碳数的轻油组分和催化组分共同作用，在解决重油燃料燃烧性不佳的同时，燃料油的安全性也显著改善。
本发明尤其提供了针对重油为基质的液体燃料，即，利用价格低廉的重油组分得到高品质的柴油替代燃料，所以，一个具体实施方案中，基于所述液体燃料计，所述重油组分的质量含量不低于50％。尤其是中有组分含量不低于70％，更成为一种利用劣质资源得到的优质燃料。
本发明的实施方案中，轻油组分与催化组分的协同作用在能够良好燃烧性能及环保效果的同时也使液体燃料具有适当的闪点温度，以兼顾良好启动性能和安全性。
本发明的液体燃料可以替代目前已经使用的各类柴油产品作为柴油发动机引擎燃料(通过调整其十六烷值而用于高、中、低速柴油发动机引擎) 以及柴/重油燃烧系统燃料。尤其是，可以作为替代车用柴油、航空煤油的燃料，也可以作为航空喷射涡轮机燃料。
发明详述
本发明提供了一种液体燃料，其中至少包含了C6-C12的烷烃组成的轻油组分、C13-C16的烷烃组成的催化组分、和重油组分，轻油组分提升燃料的燃料性能同时，适当的催化组分存在则有利于提高该液体燃料的闪点，以利于符合设定的安全性标准。为便于描述，本发明将所述C13-C16的烷烃组成称为“催化组分”，其应占轻油组分质量的10-85％。
在这个范围内，催化组分的具体含量以最终的燃料闭口闪点满足要求为准，为适应多数地区的市场准入标准，本发明的液体燃料应该具有不低于48℃的闭口闪点。具体实施方案中，可先确定催化组分对轻油组分的闪点影响，进一步确定最终得到的液体燃料的闪点，从而得到各组分间的合理比例。一般情况下，使所述轻油组分与催化组分混合后的闭口闪点不低于47℃，最终的液体燃料则会同时具有优良的燃烧性和安全性。
本发明的实施方案，如何调配各组分没有特别限定，例如，先混合轻油组分与催化组分，再与重油组分混合，或者，将所选择的组分按照各自的含量比例一并混合，使得到的燃料达到要求的闪点标准。最终均体现为选择合适的轻油组分与催化组分，使该液体燃料的闭口闪点满足相关标准，作为其安全性的重要指标。
具体实施方案中，控制轻油组分与催化组分的混合物具有高于47℃的闭口闪点，此时催化组分大约为轻油组分的10％或更高，调配重油后的液体燃料可具有48℃以上的闭口闪点；轻油组分与催化组分的混合物具有高于53℃的闭口闪点，此时催化组分大约为轻油组分的30％或更高，调配重油后的液体燃料可具有55℃以上的闭口闪点。
具体实施方案中，所述催化组分的质量占轻油组分质量的10-50％，比 较利于保障燃料具有预期的安全性，且利于控制最终液体燃料的性价比。可以是将选择的催化组分加入轻油组分，也可以是使用来自石油加工链上的分割馏分。
一个具体实施方案中，重油组分质量含量为70％，轻油组分与催化组分在燃料中的总含量约30％，且轻油组分与催化组分的质量比大约2:1。
作为本发明的液体燃料中必备成分，所述C13-C16的烷烃组成的催化组分可以包括具有13-16个碳的单一烷烃或其中二种以上的混合物。
本发明的实施方案中，所述C6-C12的烃组成的轻油组分可以是包括具有6-12个碳的单一烷烃或它们中二种以上的混合物。
更具体的实施方案，所述C6-C12的烃组成的轻油组分是包括了辛具有6-12个碳的正构烷烃及其同素异构烷烃、环烷烃中的一种或二种以上的混合物。例如，己烷、庚烷、辛烷、壬烷、癸烷、十一烷及十二烷，从而降低液体燃料的辛烷值，提高十六烷值，成为可取代柴油而使用于柴油引擎和柴/重油燃烧系统的液体燃料，达到高热值低污染及低成本的效果。
如前述，本发明的液体燃料是在对重油组分加以调配的基础上进一步引入催化油组分而得到，基于所述液体燃料计，所述重油组分的质量含量为89-10％。
本发明的燃料来自对碳结构有不同要求的烃类组分与重油组分的合理调配产物，作为轻油组分和催化组分的烃类化合物可以是合成产物，但通常为原料油提纯精制的产物，例如那些符合要求的溶剂油等，在精制过程中，原料油含有的芳烃，一般为甲苯/二甲苯芳烃，被认为是需要尽可能脱除的杂质，而芳烃脱除的越干净，原料油的处理成本也就越高，必然都反映在燃料产品的成本中。本案发明人的研究发现，重油，特别是动植物性油脂，因其含氧结构会导致热值低，势必影响燃料的热效应，但液体燃料含有适量的芳烃成分时，对于燃烧效果不仅没有明显的影响，有时还会表现出一定的改善。所以，配制本发明的燃料油时，允许所使用的组分油未 经过严格的脱芳烃纯化，例如，使用粗提的汽油馏分，其中往往含有一定量的甲苯/二甲苯芳烃，只要在最终的液体燃料中芳烃含量不超过15％，就不需进一步精制脱除，从而大幅降低了原料油的纯度要求，拓宽了原料油的选择途径，也就降低了作为最终产品的液体燃料的成本。从燃烧效果考虑，发明人认为该燃料中可以含有少量的芳烃，特别是低碳芳烃(甲苯和/或二甲苯)，例如控制其含量在3-15％。具体方案中，根据各组分油的性质参数，如果确实需要少量芳烃存在于液体燃料产品中，可以在选定的轻油组分或最终的燃料中引入所述低碳芳烃组分来提升燃料的热值；轻油组分和催化组分也可以选择石油处理加工链上的切割馏分，而后者应该是更符合工业生产的手段，例如，粗汽油馏分往往含有一定的甲苯/二甲苯芳烃，需要精制去除，但却有可能作为本发明燃料的轻油组分，再比如，C8-12溶剂油或其它相当的馏分油，其中都含有一定的芳烃(甲苯/二甲苯)，无需去除而用于本发明的燃料中，不仅降低了原料成本，而少量芳烃的存在也利于提升燃料的热值。选择适当馏程的催化组分也是同样的道理，例如选择C13-16溶剂油或其它相当的馏分油。
本发明提供了一种液体燃料，实质上是以高挥发性的轻油组分作为溶剂，对重油组分进行溶解和调配，使重油的挥发性被提高而粘度被降低，成为一种具有优异燃烧性的液体燃料。适量的催化组分引入，则是在保证燃料的燃烧性能同时，提升其使用安全性，有助于作为柴油机引擎的替代燃料而进入燃料油市场。从这个意义上，本发明可以认为是发明人对自己多年执着研究成果的发展和延伸。
本发明的实施方案中，所述重油组分可以包括废机油、柴油、生物柴油(一般是指脂肪酸甲酯/乙酯)、生物性油脂(例如动植物油)及其衍生物或其二种以上的组合。可以简单理解为常见的废弃油脂，例如选择使用生物性油脂及其衍生物，其可以是包括动物性(例如来自鸡、鸭、鱼、牛、羊、猪等动物)或植物性油脂(例如来自大豆油、棕榈油、菜籽油、棉籽 油、米糠油、麻疯树油、无患子油等)及其衍生物、和/或餐饮垃圾油(俗称“地沟油”)。
本发明还提供了所述液体燃料作为柴油发动机引擎燃料的用途，尤其是可以作为替代车用柴油或航空煤油的燃料应用。例如，通过调整最终产物的十六烷值，使其可适用于各类柴油发动机引擎的燃料，具体地，所述液体燃料的十六烷值为40以上，用于高速柴油发动机引擎燃料；所述液体燃料的十六烷值为30以上，用于中速柴油发动机引擎燃料；或，所述液体燃料的十六烷值低于30，用于低速柴油发动机引擎燃料。
本发明还提供了所述液体燃料作为柴/重油燃烧系统燃料的用途。
本发明还提供了所述液体燃料作为航空喷射涡轮机燃料的应用。
本发明的液体燃料来自重油和各种烃油组分的调配，表现出汽油和煤油的燃烧特性，最简单的体验，例如，作为汽油燃烧器(炉)、酒精或汽油喷灯燃料，能实现燃料的快速(瞬间)气化，进而完全燃烧，无黑烟和残留。该效果的得到也可以从所使用的组分油特性得到解释，在石油加工链上，本发明使用的轻油组分和催化组分的脱硫处理很容易实现，例如脱硫至3pp以下，而重油组分如选择动植物油脂(棉籽油等)因本身不含硫，所以硫含量亦可认为在3ppm以下，所以调配好的燃料中硫含量应可认为极微量，作为柴油引擎发动机燃油可直接加装尾气处理装置(按照行业规范，柴油含硫量低于50ppm时才可以加装尾气处理装置)，利用本发明的液体燃料作为柴油引擎发动机燃油，可以不需顾忌硫化物的影响。另一方面，利用本发明液体燃料作为柴油引擎发动机燃油，同等燃烧条件下，黑烟排放仅为0号石化柴油的一半甚至更少，可通过尾气处理装置中的黑烟颗粒捕捉器净化，将碳氢化合物(黑烟)尾气排放极低。
总之，对本发明的柴油引擎燃料尾气排放进行检测的结果，可以实现1)碳氢化合物(黑烟)、2)氮氧化物及3)硫氧化物的极低排放，达到欧5或欧6以上柴油引擎尾气排放标准，或者说应认为趋近于零排放。
可以说，本发明的液体燃料取代柴油用于各种柴油引擎，不仅具有燃烧完全、低污染乃至无污染的优势，催化组分的引入更提升了燃料的安全性，使重油组分为基质的调和燃料取代柴油用于柴油引擎，无论从技术上还是市场准入上都更提供了保障，而作为一种洁净且廉价的柴油代用品，更有力地弥补了石油柴油在资源和成本上的弱势。
以下通过具体实施例进一步阐述本发明，但不能理解为对本发明保护范围的限定。除非有特别说明和定义，本发明所有涉及的组分含量及比例，均为质量含量和质量比。
实施例1
燃料的组分如下：
轻油组分：石油直馏馏分油，馏程140-200℃，未经精制，测定其中以C8-C12烷烃为主，且以甲苯+二甲苯为主的混合芳烃含量约15％；
催化组分：石油直馏馏分油，馏程150-260℃，未经精制，测定其中以C13-C16烷烃为主，且以甲苯+二甲苯为主的混合芳烃含量约5-8％；
重油组分：植物油(菜籽油或棉籽油)。
轻油组分：催化组分＝4:1，调配后的混合油测定其闭口闪点约50℃，按照重油组分70％，轻油组分+催化组分总量为30％，进行混合调配，得到本发明的液体燃料，测定其闭口闪点约55℃。
利用该燃料作为酒精汽油喷灯的燃料，模拟燃烧实验，燃料瞬间点燃，燃烧过程无黑烟产生，也不见残留物，说明其燃烧充分。
实施例2
供调配燃料的各组分与实施例相同，不同处为：
轻油组分：催化组分＝2:1(质量比)，调配后的混合油测定其闭口闪点 约52℃，按照重油组分70％，轻油组分+催化组分总质量为30％，进行混合调配，得到本发明的液体燃料，测定其闭口闪点约68.5℃。
利用汽油炉进行燃烧试验，燃料瞬间点燃，燃烧过程无黑烟产生，也不见残留物，说明其燃烧充分。
实施例3
轻油组分为C8-C12溶剂油(含芳烃15％)，催化组分为C13-C16溶剂油(含芳烃8％)，二者的质量比2:1(闭口闪点52℃)，重油组分与实施例1相同。
按照重油组分70％，轻油组分+催化组分总质量为30％，进行混合调配，得到本发明的液体燃料，测定其闭口闪点约68.5℃。
按照实施例1或实施例2的方法对所得到的燃料进行模拟燃烧试验，能证明也具有良好的燃烧性。
实施例4
作为原料油的组分、以及轻油组分与催化组分的调配比例，均与实施例1相同，但调配的燃料中，重油组分80％，轻油组分+催化组分总质量为20％，混合调配后得到本发明的液体燃料，测定其闭口闪点约56℃。
按照实施例1或实施例2的方法对所得到的燃料进行模拟燃烧试验，能证明也具有良好的燃烧性。
实施例5
作为原料油的组分、以及轻油组分与催化组分的调配比例，均与实施例2相同，但调配的燃料中，重油组分50％，轻油组分+催化组分总质量为50％，混合调配后得到本发明的液体燃料，测定其闭口闪点约60℃。
按照实施例1或实施例2的方法对所得到的燃料进行模拟燃烧试验，能证明也具有良好的燃烧性。

Claims (18)

  1. 一种液体燃料，其组成包括：C6-C12的烃组成的轻油组分、C13-C16的烷烃组成的催化组分、和重油组分；基于所述液体燃料计，所述重油组分的质量含量不低于10％，所述轻油组分的质量含量为10-70％，所述催化组分的质量占轻油组分质量的10-85％，所述液体燃料中还含有质量含量为0-15％的芳烃。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的液体燃料，其中，基于所述液体燃料计，所述重油组分的质量含量不低于50％。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的液体燃料，其中，基于所述液体燃料计，所述重油组分的质量含量不低于70％。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的液体燃料，其中，基于所述液体燃料计，所述重油组分的质量含量为89-10％。
  5. 根据权利要求1或2所述的液体燃料，其中，基于所述液体燃料计，其中含芳烃3-15％。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的液体燃料，其中，所述轻油组分与催化组分混合后的闭口闪点不低于47℃。
  7. 根据权利要求1或6所述的液体燃料，其中，该液体燃料的闭口闪点不低于48℃。
  8. 根据权利要求1-7任一项所述的液体燃料，其中，所述催化组分的质量占轻油组分质量的10-50％。
  9. 根据权利要求1-8任一项所述的液体燃料，其中，所述重油组分包括废机油、柴油、生物柴油、生物性油脂及其衍生物或其二种以上的组合。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的液体燃料，其中，所述生物性油脂及其衍生物包括动物性或植物性油脂及其衍生物、和/或餐饮垃圾油。
  11. 根据权利要求1所述的液体燃料，其中，所述C6-C12的烃组成的轻油组分包括具有6-12个碳的单一烷烃或它们中二种以上的混合物。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的液体燃料，其中，所述C6-C12的烃组成的轻油组分包括具有6-12个碳的正构烷烃及其同素异构烷烃、环烷烃中的一种或二种以上的混合物。
  13. 根据权利要求1所述的液体燃料，其中，C13-C16的烷烃组成的催化组分包括具有13-16个碳的单一烷烃或其中二种以上的混合物。
  14. 权利要求1-13任一项所述的液体燃料作为柴油发动机引擎燃料的用途。
  15. 根据权利要求14所述的用途，其中，
    所述液体燃料的十六烷值为40以上，用于高速柴油发动机引擎燃料；
    所述液体燃料的十六烷值为30以上，用于中速柴油发动机引擎燃料；或，所述液体燃料的十六烷值低于30，用于低速柴油发动机引擎燃料。
  16. 权利要求1-13任一项所述的液体燃料作为柴/重油燃烧系统燃料的用途。
  17. 权利要求1-13任一项所述的液体燃料作为替代车用柴油或航空煤油燃料的应用。
  18. 权利要求1-13任一项所述的液体燃料作为航空喷射涡轮机燃料的应用。
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