Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
  • H02M7/66—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output with possibility of reversal
  • H02M7/68—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output with possibility of reversal by static converters
  • H02M7/72—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
  • H02M7/79—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
  • H02M7/797—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
  • H02M1/14—Arrangements for reducing ripples from DC input or output
  • H02M1/15—Arrangements for reducing ripples from DC input or output using active elements

Definitions

• Switching power converters include switches operated to convert electrical power from one form to another, including DC to AC converters such as switching inverters, AC to DC converters referred to as active rectifiers, DC to DC converters and AC to DC to AC converters.
• DC to AC and AC to DC switching converters typically include a DC bus circuit with a large bus capacitor to provide a smooth DC bus voltage.
• the switching operation of an active rectifier or switching inverter introduces high frequency voltage in the DC bus, and ripple voltage typically at twice the AC fundamental frequency (double-AC ripple) for single-phase applications.
• the DC bus capacitor needs to be very large, in order to control the ripple voltage amplitude to deliver a smooth DC bus voltage to a DC source in an AC to DC converter or to provide a smooth DC bus voltage as an input to a switching inverter in a DC to AC converter.
• Conventional single-phase DC to AC converters suffer from a very low power density due to the need for large DC bus capacitance to control ripple voltage.
• Recent advancements in wide bandgap converter switches such as Gallium Nitride (GaN) and Silicon Carbide (SiC) devices have led to moderate server power supply power density improvements.
• the high frequency operation of GaN and SiC devices can reduce the size of passive AC filter inductors and capacitors in single-phase converters with respect to switching frequency noise.
• Electrolytic capacitors have been employed to provide ripple voltage attenuation in the DC bus, but these electrolytic capacitors suffer from higher failure rate and shorter service life compared with other capacitor types. A need remains for reduced DC bus capacitance to improve power density in switching converters.
• Described examples include solutions to reduce the DC bus capacitance and reduce the DC side double-AC ripple while significantly increasing the power density of single-phase power converters, and can avoid the use of failure-prone electrolytic capacitors, and reduce the DC side double-ac ripple.
• Described examples include switching power converters, control methods and ripple filter circuits in which first and second switches are connected in series across first and second DC bus nodes, with an inductor connected to a switching node joining the first and second switches and a storage capacitor between the inductor and one of the DC bus nodes.
• a control circuit operates the switches to alternately transfer ripple energy from a DC bus capacitor through the inductor to the storage capacitor, and then to transfer ripple energy from the storage capacitor through the inductor to the DC bus capacitor to regulate the ripple voltage of the DC bus circuit.
• the control circuit provides hysteretic control of the absolute value of the inductor current between a first value and a higher second value during transfer of ripple energy between the DC bus capacitor and the storage capacitor.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a switching power converter with a ripple filter circuit including two switches, an inductor, a storage capacitor, clamping diodes and a control circuit to control DC bus ripple voltage.
• FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an example control circuit providing a hysteretic current control loop circuit and a voltage control loop to operate the ripple filter circuit switches to regulate ripple voltage in the converter of FIG. 1.
• FIG. 3 is a waveform diagram showing various signals in the converter of FIG. 1.
• FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an example full H-bridge switching inverter or active rectifier circuit in the converter of FIG. 1.
• FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an example DC to AC switching power converter including a ripple filter circuit and a six-device switching inverter.
• Couple In the drawings, like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout, and the various features are not necessarily drawn to scale.
• the terms “couple”, “couples” or “coupled” are intended to include indirect or direct electrical or mechanical connection or combinations thereof. For example, if a first device couples to or is coupled with a second device, that connection may be through a direct electrical connection, or through an indirect electrical connection via one or more intervening devices and connections.
• example embodiments provide ripple filter circuitry and control methods for regulating or controlling ripple voltages in a DC bus circuit. Described examples selectively store or transfer ripple energy from a DC bus capacitor to a storage capacitor and then transfer ripple energy from the storage capacitor to the DC bus capacitor in a controlled fashion. Certain examples include ripple filter switching control circuitry providing hysteretic control of ripple filter inductor current between a first value and a second higher value during transfer of ripple energy between the DC bus capacitor and the storage capacitor.
• Examples also provide diode connections to conduct current from the storage capacitor to the DC bus when the storage capacitor voltage exceeds the DC bus voltage, and a second diode to conduct current from the storage capacitor when the storage capacitor voltage is negative. In this manner, described examples mitigate or avoid potential overvoltage stress on the storage capacitor of the ripple filter circuit.
• Certain concepts of example embodiments provide advantages over other ripple port methods that require complex closed loop control and parameter estimation, and can facilitate full use of the storage capacitor.
• certain control circuit examples utilize DC bus voltage feedback signaling that is also available for normal switching converter closed loop operation, along with a signal representing the current flowing through the ripple filter inductor without requiring sensing of switch current in the associated parasitic inductance increase in the phase leg.
• Certain described examples also avoid current stresses associated with discontinuous current mode or discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) operation associated with other ripple port approaches. Described examples advantageously facilitate reduction or minimization of DC capacitance in a given switching power converter design, which leads to potentially large increases in power density.
• DCM discontinuous current mode
• the disclosed concepts allow the use of non-electrolytic capacitors to provide a DC bus capacitance while enhancing power density, thereby avoiding the failure issues associated with electrolytic capacitors.
• the described examples divide DC side double-AC ripple regulation or control to facilitate provision of a smooth DC bus voltage for use in driving a DC load (e.g., for AC to DC converter applications) or for providing a smooth DC input to a switching inverter to drive an AC load in DC to AC converter applications.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a switching power converter 100, which can be an AC to DC converter or a DC to AC converter in different applications.
• the power converter 100 includes a DC bus circuit with a first (e.g., positive) DC bus node 112 and a second DC bus node 114.
• the second DC bus node 114 is a system common connection COM, which can be a ground connection or other reference voltage.
• the DC bus circuit also includes a DC bus capacitor C2 connected between the first and second DC bus node 112 and 114.
• the DC bus circuit is designed for a specific range of DC bus voltages, such as approximately 400 V DC.
• the DC bus terminals 112 and 114 are coupled to receive DC input power from a DC source 130 (e.g., DC to AC converters).
• the DC bus is connected to drive a DC load 130 (e.g., AC to DC converters).
• the DC bus nodes 112 and 114 are also connected to a switching circuit 140 that includes switching devices to interface the DC bus circuit with an AC load or AC source 150.
• FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate two examples of switching circuits 140 that can be used.
• a DC source 130 or an active rectifier 140 provides a DC bus voltage between the DC bus nodes 112 and 114.
• the DC bus voltage is positive at the first DC bus node 1 12 relative to the second DC bus node 114.
• the switching power converter 100 also includes a ripple filter circuit 110 connected to the DC bus nodes 112 and 114.
• the ripple filter circuit 110 stores ripple energy from the DC bus circuit using a storage capacitor CI, a half bridge switching circuit leg formed by first and second switches SI and S2, and an inductor LI .
• the switches SI and S2 are operated by a control circuit 120 according to one or more feedback signals, such as a voltage sensor signal VDC representing the DC bus voltage between the DC bus nodes 112 and 114, and an inductor current signal representing the current IL1 flowing in the inductor LI .
• the ripple filter circuit 110 in one example includes a current sensor 128 coupled in series with the inductor LI to measure the inductor current ILL Any suitable current sensor can be used, including an inductive sensor or a sense resistor providing a voltage signal.
• the sensor 128 has an output 126 to provide the signal ILl to the control circuit 120.
• the first (upper) switch SI selectively connects the capacitor to the first DC bus node 112 via the inductor LI to charge the capacitor CI using current ILl flowing in the direction indicated in FIG. 1, which transfers ripple energy from the DC bus circuit to the storage capacitor CI .
• the second (lower) switch S2 operates to selectively connect the upper terminal of the storage capacitor CI to the second DC bus node 114, in order to discharge the capacitor CI through the inductor LI, which transfers energy from the storage capacitor CI back to the DC bus circuit.
• the first switch SI includes a first (upper) terminal connected to the first DC bus node 112, and a second terminal connected to a switching node 116.
• a first control terminal 122 of the switch SI is coupled to receive a first switching control signal SCI from the control circuit 120.
• the second switch S2 includes a first terminal connected to the switching node 116, a second terminal connected to a second DC bus node 114, and a second control terminal 124 coupled to receive a second switching control signal SC2 from the control circuit 120.
• the first and second switches SI and S2 form a half bridge switching leg between the DC bus nodes 112 and 114, with the switching node 116 joining the switches SI and S2.
• the inductor LI includes a first terminal connected to the switching node 116 and a second terminal connected to a second node 118.
• the storage capacitor CI includes a first (upper) terminal connected to the second node 118 and a second (lower) terminal connected to the second DC bus node 114. In other examples, the second terminal of the storage capacitor CI is connected to the first DC bus node 112.
• the control circuit 120 operates the switches SI and S2 by providing the switching control signals SCI and SC2 to the control terminals 122 and 124, respectively, in order to alternately transfer ripple energy from the DC bus capacitor C2 through the inductor LI for storage in the storage capacitor CI, and then to transfer ripple energy from the storage capacitor CI to the DC bus capacitor C2 to regulate the ripple voltage of the DC bus circuit.
• This operation controls a voltage signal VC1 representing the voltage across the storage capacitor CI as indicated in FIG. 1.
• the alternating storage (e.g., charging) and discharging of the storage capacitor CI controls or regulates the amount of ripple voltage of the DC bus circuit. This, in turn, relaxes the amount of capacitance needed for the DC bus capacitor C2.
• the lower capacitance requirement mitigates the need for electrolytic DC bus capacitors, and advantageously allows potentially significant increase in the power density of the switching power converter 100.
• the DC bus capacitor C2 is non-electrolytic.
• CI and C2 are illustrated as single capacitor components, the DC bus capacitor C2 and/or the storage capacitor CI can also be two or more capacitor components connected in any suitable series and/or parallel configuration.
• the ripple filter circuit 110 also includes a first diode Dl with an anode connected to the second node 118 and a cathode connected to the first DC bus node 112.
• the diode Dl conducts current from the storage capacitor CI to the DC bus capacitor C2 when the positive voltage VC1 across the storage capacitor CI exceeds the DC bus voltage VDC between the first and second DC bus nodes 112 and 114.
• the ripple filter circuit 110 includes a second diode D2 with an anode connected to the second DC bus node 114 and a cathode connected to the second node 118. The diode D2 conducts current from the second terminal of the storage capacitor CI when the voltage VC1 across the storage capacitor CI is negative.
• the ripple filter circuit 120 can advantageously utilize all or a large portion of the storage capacity of the storage capacitor CI (e.g., to temporarily store voltages VC1 close to the DC bus voltage VDC), with the diodes Dl and D2 mitigating or preventing overvoltage stress on the storage capacitor CI .
• FIG. 2 shows an example control circuit 120 providing a hysteretic current control circuit 240 and a voltage control circuit 250.
• the circuit 120 implements voltage and current control loops to operate the ripple filter circuit switches SI and S2 and regulate ripple voltage and control the inductor current IL1 in the converter of FIG. 1.
• the voltage control circuit 250 includes a filter circuit illustrated as first and second low pass filter circuits 200 and 202, and a summing circuit 204.
• the filter circuitry 200, 202, 204 filters a first signal VDC that represents the DC bus voltage VDC at the first DC bus node 112 to provide a second signal VR representing a ripple voltage of the DC bus circuit.
• the first low pass filter circuit 200 (LPF1 in the drawing) has a cutoff frequency of 5 to 10 kHz to remove higher frequency switching noise components and provides a first filter output signal VD at an output 201.
• the second low pass filter circuit 202 has a cutoff frequency below the fundamental AC frequency of the AC load or source 150, such as about 10 Hz.
• the second filter circuit 202 has an output 203 that provides a second filter signal VF representing the DC voltage of the DC bus circuit.
• the summing circuit 204 subtracts the VF signal from the VD signal to provide the second signal VR at an output node 205.
• the signal VR represents the ripple voltage of the DC bus circuit.
• the voltage control circuit 250 in FIG. 2 includes two comparator circuits, two reference circuits, logic gates and a driver circuit to implement a voltage control loop to regulate the ripple voltage of the DC bus circuit according to the VR signal.
• a first comparator 206 has a non-inverting input (+) connected through a first resistor Rl to the summing circuit output node 205 to receive the signal VR.
• a parallel combination of a second resistor R2 and a capacitor C3 is connected between the non-inverting input and an output 207 of the comparator 206.
• the first comparator output 207 provides a top side switch enable signal ENT.
• An inverting input (-) of the comparator 206 is connected to a first voltage reference 208 that provides a reference voltage TH1 used as a first threshold.
• the comparator 206 provides the enable signal ENT at a first (e.g., high) state or level when the ripple voltage signal VR exceeds the first threshold TH1.
• a second comparator 220 includes an inverting input connected to the summing circuit output node 205 to receive the VR signal.
• a non-inverting input of the second comparator 220 is connected through a resistor R3 to receive a second threshold voltage TH2 from a second voltage reference 220.
• a parallel feedback circuit formed by a resistor R4 and a capacitor C4 is connected between the non-inverting input and an output 221 of the second comparator 220 to provide a bottom side enable signal ENB.
• the comparator 220 asserts the bottom side enable signal ENB (active high) when the ripple voltage signal VR is less than the second threshold voltage TH2.
• the voltage control circuit 250 includes driver circuitry and logic gates that provide the switching control signal SCI to the control terminal 122 of the first switch SI and provide the second switching control signal SC2 to the control terminal 124 of the second switch S2.
• the voltage control circuit 250 receives first and second drive enable signals DR and DRN from the current control circuit 240 to facilitate hysteretic current control of the inductor current ILl in the ripple filter circuit 110.
• the top side switch enable signal ENT is provided as an input to an AND gate 210.
• a second input of the AND gate 210 receives the DR signal from the current control circuit 240.
• the output of the AND gate 210 provides an input to an OR gate 214.
• the output of the OR gate is connected to the control terminal 122 of the upper first switch SI of the ripple filter circuit 110.
• the switches SI and S2 are NMOS transistors.
• Other implementations are possible using different types of transistors (e.g., bipolar or IGBTs).
• other examples can be made using PMOS transistors or combinations of NMOS and PMOS transistors, in which case the logic of the driver circuitry in the voltage control circuit 250 is modified to provide active low switching control signals SCI and/or SC2.
• the AND gate 210 provides a logic high output signal to the OR gate 214 to selectively provide the first switching control signal SCI when the ENT and DR signals are both high. This indicates that the current control circuit 240 has selected normal polarity to address positive ripple voltages, and the first comparator 206 of the voltage control circuit 250 has detected the second signal VR exceeding the first threshold THl .
• the output 221 of the second comparator 220 provides the bottom side enable signal ENB as an input to an AND gate 224, and the second input of the AND gate 224 receives the drive enable signal DR from the current control circuit 240.
• the output of the AND gate 224 is connected as an input to a second OR gate 228.
• An output 124 of the OR gate 228 provides the second switching control signal SC2 to control operation of the second switch S2 of the ripple filter circuit 110.
• the other input of the OR gate 228 is provided by another AND gate 226 which receives the ENT and DR N signals as inputs.
• the voltage control circuit 250 in one example further includes another OR gate 216 with inputs connected to the comparator outputs 207 and 221.
• the OR gate 216 provides a signal to an inverter 218 which generates an enable signal EN.
• the enable signal EN is active low when either the ENT or ENB signals are high, and can be used by a host system to control operation of the switching circuit 140 or for other control purposes within the switching converter system 100.
• all or portions of the logic of the current and voltage control circuits 240, 250 can be implemented in programmable or programmed devices such as a microcontroller or computer via firmware and/or software program code or instructions.
• the first threshold THl represents a first ripple voltage threshold VTH1 (FIG. 3) approximately 3 V above the nominal DC bus voltage.
• VTH1 first ripple voltage threshold
• the detector 206 asserts the ENT signal (active high) when the voltage of the first DC bus terminal 112 is approximately 403 V above the voltage of the second DC bus terminal 114.
• a second AND gate 212 provides a second input to the OR gate 214 to selectively enable the first switching control signal SCI .
• the AND gate 212 has inputs to receive the inverse driver enable signal DRN from the current control circuit 240 and the ENB signal from the second comparator 220.
• the ENB signal is asserted (active high) by the second comparator 220 when the ripple voltage signal VR is below the second threshold voltage TH2.
• the voltage reference 222 provides the second threshold voltage TH2 at a level that represents a second ripple voltage threshold VTH2 (FIG. 3) approximately 3 V below the nominal DC bus voltage.
• the first and second thresholds THl and TH2 allow the voltage control circuit 250 to effectively regulate the DC bus circuit ripple voltage within a range (e.g., 397 V through 403 V) that provides a manageable capacitance requirement for the DC bus capacitor C2. This, in turn, facilitates use of a non-electrolytic capacitor C2, and potentially significant reduction in the overall physical size of the DC bus capacitor C2 to yield improvements in power density for the switching power converter 100.
• the OR gate 214 selectively enables the first switching control signal SCI to control the first switch SI according to the first threshold TH1 or the second threshold TH2 depending on the driver enable signals DR and DRN from the current control circuit 240, and according to the ENT and ENB signals based on the voltage threshold comparisons.
• the OR gate 228 selectively enables the second switching control signal SC2, in order to control the second switch S2 according to other of the thresholds TH1 and TH2 based on the DR and DRN signals.
• the driver circuitry and logic of the voltage control circuit 250 selectively enables one of the switching control signals SCI or SC2 in response to the signal VR exceeding the first threshold TH1, and selectively enables the other of the first and second switching control signals SCI, SC2 in response to the signal VR falling below the second threshold TH2 to regulate a ripple voltage of the DC bus circuit.
• the voltage control circuit 250 controls the ripple voltage of the DC bus circuit by selectively providing the first and second switching control signals SCI and SC2 to selectively transfer ripple energy from the DC bus capacitor C2 to the storage capacitor CI in response to the DC bus voltage VDC exceeding the upper threshold VTH1.
• the voltage control circuit 250 also controls the signals SCI and SC2 to selectively transfer ripple energy from the storage capacitor CI to the DC bus capacitor C2 in response to the DC bus voltage VDC falling below the lower threshold VTH2.
• the current control circuit 240 implements a current control loop.
• the current control circuit 240 selectively provides the drive enable signals DR and DRN to the voltage control circuit 250 to selectively enable the first switching control signal SCI or the second switching control signal SC2 at any given time according to a signal
• the current control circuit 240 provides hysteretic control of the absolute value of the inductor current IL1 between a first value ITH1 and a higher second value ITH2 during transfer of ripple energy between the DC bus capacitor C2 and the storage capacitor CI .
• the normal drive signal DR is provided to the voltage control circuit 250 from a Q output of an S-R flip-flop 238, and the inverse drive signal DRN is provided by the Q' output of the flip-flop 238.
• the current control circuit 240 includes an absolute value circuit 242 that receives the inductor current sensor signal ILl and provides the absolute current value signal
• is provided to an inverting input of a third comparator 230 for comparison with a third threshold TH3 from a third voltage reference 232.
• the voltage reference 232 sets the threshold TH3 corresponding to a first current level ITH1 in FIG.
• An output 231 of the comparator 230 provides a set (S) input to a flip-flop 238.
• S set
• the flip flop 238 sets the DR signal high to enable the AND gates 210 and 224 of the voltage control circuit 250.
• the first switching control signal SCI is enabled (SI can turn on) when the comparator 206 asserts the signal ENT by the ripple voltage signal VR exceeding the threshold TH1.
• the second switching control signal SC2 is enabled (S2 can turn on) when the comparator 220 asserts the signal ENB by the ripple voltage signal VR falling below the threshold TH2.
• the current control circuit 240 also includes another comparator 234 that receives the signal
• An output 235 of the comparator 234 provides a reset (R) input to the flip-flop 238.
• the voltage reference 236 sets the threshold TH4 corresponding to a second higher current level ITH2 in FIG. 3 (e.g., 13 A).
• the flip flop 238 sets the DRN signal high to enable the AND gates 212 and 226 of the voltage control circuit 250.
• the first switching control signal SCI is enabled (SI can turn on) when the comparator 220 asserts the signal ENB by the ripple voltage signal VR falling below the threshold TH2.
• the second switching control signal SC2 is enabled (S2 can turn on) when the comparator 206 asserts the signal ENT by the ripple voltage signal VR exceeding the threshold TH1.
• the control circuit 120 implements dual loop control to regulate ripple voltage, allowing the use of a lower capacitance, non-electrolytic capacitor C2 in the DC bus circuit.
• the voltage control circuit 250 implements a voltage control loop to regulate the ripple voltage of the DC bus circuit in a range defined by the voltage references 208 and 222 (corresponding to the voltage thresholds VTH1 and VTH2 in FIG. 3) to transfer ripple energy from the DC bus capacitor C2 to the storage capacitor CI to reduce the ripple level, and then to transfer ripple energy from the storage capacitor CI back to the DC bus capacitor C2 to prop up the DC bus voltage in alternating fashion.
• the current control circuit 240 implements a current control loop with hysteresis to control the absolute value of the inductor current IL1 between the first value ITH1 and the higher second value ITH2.
• This hysteretic current control mitigates stress to the ripple filter inductor LI .
• the diodes Dl and D2 in FIG. 1 inhibit overvoltage stress to the storage capacitor CI to prevent negative or excessive positive capacitor voltages.
• FIG. 3 shows a waveform diagram 300 that illustrates various signals in the ripple filter circuit 110 and the converter 100 of FIGS. 1 and 2 for the case of a DC to AC converter implementation during steady state operation of the switching inverter 140.
• an AC output voltage curve 302 and an AC output current curve 304 illustrate the generally sinusoidal output of a switching inverter 140 to drive an AC load 150.
• the DC bus circuit provides DC input power to the inverter 140. Switching action of the inverter 140 creates ripple voltage in the DC bus voltage VDC, shown as curve 308.
• the ripple filter circuit 110 operates generally independent of the inverter switching according to the sensed VDC and IL1 signals.
• the ripple filter circuit 110 is similar for AC to DC converter implementations in which the switching circuit 140 is an active rectifier creating ripple voltages in the DC bus circuit.
• FIG. 3 shows the top side enable signal ENT as curve 310, and the bottom side enable signal E B is shown as curve 312.
• the voltage control circuit 150 selectively enables actuation of the switches SI and S2 when the DC bus voltage VDC transitions outside the voltage control thresholds VTH1 and VTH2. For transitions above the upper threshold VTH1 (e.g., above 403 V), the circuit 110 transfers energy from the DC bus circuit to charge the storage capacitor CI, shown as rising portions of the storage capacitor voltage curve 312 (VC1 in FIG. 1).
• VDC transitions below the lower threshold VTH2 (e.g., below 397 V)
• the switches SI and S2 are operated to transfer energy from the storage capacitor C 1 to the DC bus capacitor C2, shown as decreasing portions of the VC1 curve 314.
• the DC bus current curve 306 (IDC in FIG. 1) undergoes transitions in response to turning SI and S2 on and off.
• Curve 316 in FIG. 3 shows the ripple filter circuit inductor current IL1 flowing through the inductor LI .
• positive current flows from the switching node 118 through the inductor LI to charge the storage capacitor CI .
• This decreases the bus voltage VDC shown as decreases in the curve 308 between TO and Tl, between T3 and T4, and again between T7 and T8.
• the voltage control circuit 250 transfers energy from the storage capacitor CI back to the DC bus capacitor C2 by operating the switches SI and S2 to conduct negative current ILL
• the voltage control circuit 250 disables the switching control signals SCI and SC2, shown in FIG. 3 between T2 and T3, between T4 and T5, between T6 and T7, and again between T8 and T9.
• the current control circuit 240 provides the DR and DRN signals from the flip-flop 238 to selectively control enablement of the switching control signals SCI and SC2 to regulate the inductor current ILl within a positive threshold range +ITH1 to +ITH2 to charge CI or within a negative threshold range from -ITH1 to -ITH2 to discharge CI .
• ITH1 is 10 A and ITH2 is 13 A.
• the current control circuit 240 enables SCI to conduct current as the current ILl increases from +10 A to +13 A, and then reverses the signals DR and DRN to enable SC2 to conduct positive current through S2 to decrease the inductor current from +13 A to +10 A (e.g., between TO and Tl, between T3 and T4, and again between T7 and T8 in FIG. 3).
• SC2 to conduct positive current through S2 to decrease the inductor current from +13 A to +10 A (e.g., between TO and Tl, between T3 and T4, and again between T7 and T8 in FIG. 3).
• the current control circuit 240 enables SC2 to conduct current as the negative current ILl increases from -10 A to -13 A, and then reverses the signals DR and DRN to enable SCI to conduct negative current through SI to decrease the inductor current from -13 A to -10 A.
• Other current regulation ranges can be used, and the positive and negative ranges can be the same as shown, or can be different in other examples. Controlling the inductor current ILl facilitates minimizing the size of the inductor, and thus further helps increasing converter power density.
• FIG. 4 shows an example full H-bridge switching inverter or active rectifier circuit 140 that can be used in the converter of FIG. 1 to interface the DC bus circuit with a single phase AC load or AC source 150.
• the switching circuit 140 in this case includes switching devices S3 and S4 forming a half- bridge switching circuit leg connected between the DC bus nodes 112 and 114, with a switching node connected through an output inductor L2 to a first AC connection of the AC source or AC load 150.
• FIG. 5 shows an example six-device switching inverter circuit 140 in a single phase DC to AC switching power converter, and a ripple filter circuit 110 as described above.
• the switching circuit 140 in this example is a switching inverter to convert power from the DC bus circuit to drive an AC load 150 using power converted from the output of a DC source.
• This example inverter 140 includes six switching devices S7-S12, with S7, S12 and S10 connected in a first leg circuit, and with S8, S9 and Sl l connected in a second leg circuit between the DC bus nodes 112 and 114.
• Each leg circuit has an upper switching node connected through a corresponding output inductor L3 or L4 to the AC load 150, and a lower switching node connected to the other upper switching node by a corresponding diode D3 or D4.
• the example inverter 140 in FIG. 5 also includes an output filter capacitor C5.
• FIG. 1 Further aspects of example embodiments provide methods for controlling ripple voltage in a DC bus circuit of a switching power converter.
• the method in one example includes connecting first and second switches in series with one another between first and second DC bus nodes of the DC bus circuit, connecting a first terminal of an inductor to a switching node joining the first and second switches, connecting a storage capacitor between a second terminal of the inductor and one of the DC bus nodes, and controlling the switches to alternately transfer ripple energy from a DC bus capacitor of the DC bus circuit through the inductor to the storage capacitor, and then transfer ripple energy from the storage capacitor through the inductor to the DC bus capacitor to regulate the ripple voltage of the DC bus circuit.
• the method further includes selectively enabling operation of the first and second switches according to a signal representing an absolute value of an inductor current flowing in the inductor to provide hysteretic control of the absolute value of the inductor current between a first value and a higher second value during transfer of ripple energy between the DC bus capacitor and the storage capacitor.
• the method further includes filtering a first signal representing a DC bus voltage of the DC bus circuit to provide a second signal representing a ripple voltage of the DC bus circuit, and selectively operating one of the first and second switches in response to the second signal exceeding a first threshold, and selectively operating the other of the first and second switches in response to the second signal falling below a second threshold to regulate the ripple voltage of the DC bus circuit.

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