Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
  • A61K31/739—Lipopolysaccharides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H11/00—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by inorganic acids; Metal salts thereof
  • C07H11/04—Phosphates; Phosphites; Polyphosphates
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
  • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
  • A61K47/54—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic compound
  • A61K47/543—Lipids, e.g. triglycerides; Polyamines, e.g. spermine or spermidine
  • A61K47/544—Phospholipids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
  • A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
  • A61K9/1075—Microemulsions or submicron emulsions; Preconcentrates or solids thereof; Micelles, e.g. made of phospholipids or block copolymers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
  • A61K9/127—Synthetic bilayered vehicles, e.g. liposomes or liposomes with cholesterol as the only non-phosphatidyl surfactant
  • A61K9/1271—Non-conventional liposomes, e.g. PEGylated liposomes or liposomes coated or grafted with polymers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H13/00—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids
  • C07H13/02—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids by carboxylic acids
  • C07H13/04—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids by carboxylic acids having the esterifying carboxyl radicals attached to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07H13/06—Fatty acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H5/00—Compounds containing saccharide radicals in which the hetero bonds to oxygen have been replaced by the same number of hetero bonds to halogen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium
  • C07H5/04—Compounds containing saccharide radicals in which the hetero bonds to oxygen have been replaced by the same number of hetero bonds to halogen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium to nitrogen
  • C07H5/06—Aminosugars
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
  • C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
  • C08B37/0003—General processes for their isolation or fractionation, e.g. purification or extraction from biomass

Definitions

• the invention relates to lipidated capsular polysaccharide A (PSA), glycolipids, compositions, methods of synthesis, isolation and/or purification, and methods of use thereof.
• PSA lipidated capsular polysaccharide A
• PSA Polysaccharide A of Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) has been reported to be an immunomodulator with therapeutic and prophylactic activities.
• PSA was recently discovered to possess a lipid moiety. The lipid moiety was hypothesized to anchor the polysaccharide in the B. fragilis outer membrane. It was also recently discovered that this "lipidated PSA" was significantly more potent than non-lipidated PSA (referred to herein as "PSA”) forms provided in the prior art. The nature of the lipid moiety, however, has not been heretofore determined, and nor has the nature of its association with PSA.
• the invention is based, in part, on the identification and characterization of the lipid moiety that is found conjugated to PSA using certain isolation methods.
• This disclosure provides the full structural identification and characterization of PSA conjugated to such lipid moiety (referred to herein as "lipidated PSA").
• the invention is further premised, in part, on novel isolation methods and the recognition that such methods achieve greater yields of lipidated PSA than was heretofore possible.
• the majority of prior art PSA isolation methods did not yield the lipidated form of the PSA at all. This is likely due, in part, to the use of a relatively stringent acid hydrolysis step late in the isolation process which released the lipid moiety from the lipidated PSA, thereby resulting in non-lipidated PSA.
• the disclosure therefore provides, in some aspects, isolated lipidated PSA of a defined chemical structure, as well as compositions comprising isolated lipidated PSA. Such compositions may be further defined by the purity and/or concentration of isolated lipidated PSA contained therein. It has also been discovered that isolated lipidated PSA self assemble into a micelle form. Significantly, lipidated PSA does not adopt such a conformation in vivo, and accordingly such micelle form is non-naturally occurring. Even more significantly, it has been discovered that such micelles are very stable and thus difficult to disrupt.
• lipidated PSA and compositions thereof comprising one or more PSA polymers (each polymer comprising one or more of the repeating tetrasaccharide units of PSA), and one or more of the lipid or glycolipid
• compositions comprising the PSA and lipid or glycolipid components in an unconjugated form together with a substrate such as a nanoparticle.
• synthetic forms of lipidated polysaccharides may comprise PSA components (including tetrasaccharide units) and lipid or glycolipid components in ratios that are not found in nature.
• the invention further provides methods of isolating lipidated PSA, methods of preparing the aforementioned synthetic forms of lipidated PSA, as well as in vitro and in vivo uses of the isolated and synthetic forms of lipidated PSA provided herein.
• the invention provides an isolated lipidated polysaccharide A
• PSA polysaccharide A
• the glycolipid is tetra-acylated or penta-acylated.
• the invention provides an isolated lipidated polysaccharide A (PSA) comprising polysaccharide A (PSA) covalently conjugated to a glycolipid comprising one or more acyl chains ranging in length from 14-17 carbons.
• the glycolipid comprises a disaccharide substituted with the one or more acyl chains.
• the glycolipid comprises a diglucosamine.
• the invention provides an isolated lipidated polysaccharide A (PSA) comprising polysaccharide A (PSA) covalently conjugated to one or more acyl chains ranging in length from 14-17 carbons.
• PSA lipidated polysaccharide A
• PSA polysaccharide A
• the one or more acyl chains range in length from 15-17 carbons.
• the isolated lipidated polysaccharide A is PSA
• the isolated lipidated polysaccharide A is substantially free of LPS. In various embodiments, the isolated lipidated polysaccharide A (PSA) is substantially free of unconjugated glycolipid. In various embodiments, the isolated lipidated polysaccharide A (PSA) is free of non-lipidated PSA. In various embodiments, the isolated lipidated polysaccharide A (PSA) is in purified form. In various embodiments, the lipidated polysaccharide A (PSA) is isolated from B. fragilis cells that overexpress PSA relative to polysaccharide B (PSB).
• PSB polysaccharide B
• the isolated lipidated polysaccharide A is provided in a form is free of B.fragilis membrane, and thus is not provided as & B.fragilis cell or as a B. fragilis OMV.
• the isolated lipidated polysaccharide A (PSA) including synthetic, non-naturally occurring versions of lipidated polysaccharide A (PSA) may be provided in a liposome or micelle form, and such liposome or micelle form may be non-naturally occurring (e.g., it may lack naturally occurring components and/or it may further comprise non-naturally occurring components such as non-naturally occurring lipids, surfactants, stabilizers, and the like).
• the isolated lipidated polysaccharide A is in a micelle form.
• the isolated lipidated polysaccharide A is in lyophilized form. Lyophilized forms of lipidated PSA are particularly suitable for long-term storage, ranging from days, weeks, months or even years.
• the isolated lipidated polysaccharide A is suitable for administration to a human.
• the invention provides any of the foregoing lipidated polysaccharide A (PSA), wherein the PSA component comprises less than 100, less than 90, less than 80, less than 70, less than 60, or less than 50 repeating tetrasaccharide units.
• the invention provides any of the foregoing lipidated
• PSA polysaccharide A
• PSA component comprises 1-10 repeating
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing lipidated polysaccharide A (PSA), and less than 0.5% (w/w) of free glycolipid.
• PSA lipidated polysaccharide A
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing lipidated polysaccharide A (PSA), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• PSA lipidated polysaccharide A
• the composition comprises less than 1% or less than 0.5% free glycolipid (w/w).
• the composition further comprises a detergent or a bile salt.
• the detergent of bile salt is present at a pharmaceutically acceptable level.
• the detergent of bile salt is present at or less than 1%, 0.5% or 0.1%.
• the composition is in lyophilized form.
• the isolated lipidated polysaccharide A is provided as a micelle or a liposome.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the foregoing lipidated polysaccharide A (PSA), and a detergent or a bile salt.
• PSA lipidated polysaccharide A
• a detergent or a bile salt any of the foregoing lipidated polysaccharide A (PSA), and a detergent or a bile salt.
• the invention provides a composition comprising any of the foregoing lipidated polysaccharide (PSA) in a micelle or a liposome.
• PSA lipidated polysaccharide
• the invention provides a composition comprising polysaccharide A
• PSA comprising 1 to 50 tetrasaccharide units, and a glycolipid, wherein PSA is covalently conjugated to the glycolipid.
• the invention provides a composition comprising a polysaccharide comprising 1 to 50 tetrasaccharide units, each tetrasaccharide unit having a structure of Formula I, and a glycolipid comprising one or more acyl chains ranging in length from 14-17 carbons, wherein the polysaccharide is covalently conjugated to the glycolipid.
• the polysaccharide comprises 1-40 tetrasaccharide units or 1-20 tetrasaccharide units.
• the polysaccharide comprises 1-10 tetrasaccharide units or 1-5 tetrasaccharide units.
• the composition is formulated for parenteral or enteral or oral administration to a subject.
• the composition is formulated for lipophilic delivery, including for example in a liposome or in an oil-based delivery system.
• the various compositions provided herein may be formulated as a capsule or other discrete dosage form, including those intended for oral or enteral administration.
• the invention provides an isolated glycolipid comprising a diglucosamine covalently conjugated to 2-5 acyl chains, each independently ranging in length from 14-17 carbons.
• the glycolipid may be any of the glycolipids provided herein, or a combination thereof.
• the diglucosamine is covalently conjugated to 2-5 or 2-4 acyl chains. In various embodiments, the diglucosamine is covalently conjugated to 4 or 5 acyl chains. In various embodiments, the acyl chains range in length from 15-17 carbons. Other embodiments relating to the glycolipids are recited below.
• the invention provides a composition comprising polysaccharide A (PSA) and a glycolipid, in or on a substrate, wherein PSA is not covalently conjugated to the glycolipid.
• PSA polysaccharide A
• the invention provides a composition comprising a polysaccharide comprising one or more tetrasaccharide units, each tetrasaccharide unit having a structure of Formula I, and a glycolipid comprising one or more acyl chains ranging in length from 14-17 carbons, wherein the polysaccharide and glycolipid are provided in unconjugated to each other, in or on a substrate.
• the substrate is a nanoparticle.
• PSA and the glycolipid are present in a molecular weight ratio of 10: 1 to less than 1 : 1.
• the invention provides a composition comprising polysaccharide A (PSA) and a glycolipid, covalently conjugated to each other via a non-ketosidic bond.
• PSA polysaccharide A
• the invention provides a composition comprising a polysaccharide comprising one or more tetrasaccharide units, each tetrasaccharide unit having a structure of Formula I, and a glycolipid comprising one or more acyl chains ranging in length from 14-17 carbons, wherein the polysaccharide is covalently conjugated to the glycolipid via a non- ketosidic bond.
• the non-ketosidic bond is an ester, amide or ether bond.
• the glycolipid comprises a disaccharide.
• disaccharide is diglucosamine.
• the glycolipid comprises 2-5 acyl chains. In various embodiments, the glycolipid comprises 4 or 5 acyl chains.
• At least one of the one or more acyl chains is unmodified. In various embodiments, at least one of the one or more acyl chains is modified. In various embodiments, at least one of the one or more acyl chains is unmodified and at least one of the one or more acyl chains is modified. In various embodiments, at least one of the one or more acyl chains is modified with a hydroxyl group.
• At least one of the one or more acyl chains is C16:0-OH. In various embodiments, at least one of the one or more acyl chains is C17:0-OH. In various embodiments, at least one of the one or more acyl chains is C14:0. In various embodiments, at least one of the one or more acyl chains is C15:0.
• At least one of the one or more acyl chains is N-substituted on a disaccharide. In various embodiments, at least one of the one or more acyl chains is O- substituted on a disaccharide. In various embodiments, at least one of the one or more acyl chains is N-substituted on a disaccharide and at least one of the one or more acyl chains is O- substituted on a disaccharide.
• the polysaccharide has a molecular weight of about 150 kiloDaltons. In various embodiments, the polysaccharide comprises 1-10 tetrasaccharide units.
• the glycolipid has a structure of Formula II. In various embodiments, the glycolipid has a structure of Formula III.
• polysaccharide and the glycolipid are present in or on a substrate.
• the substrate is a film, a matrix or a particle.
• the substrate is biodegradable.
• the substrate is a nanoparticle.
• the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the composition is a pharmaceutical composition.
• the composition is formulated for parenteral, enteral or oral administration.
• the composition is effective in the treatment of an autoimmune disorder.
• the composition is substantially free of other components found in a B. fragilis capsule and is suitable for administration to a human.
• the invention provides a micelle consisting essentially of lipidated PSA.
• the lipidated PSA is isolated lipidated PSA.
• the invention provides a composition comprising a micelle consisting essentially of lipidated PSA and a detergent or bile salt.
• the detergent or bile salt is present in a pharmaceutically acceptable amount.
• the composition is a pharmaceutical composition.
• the invention provides a non-hydrolytic method for isolating lipidated polysaccharide A (PSA) from B. fragilis, comprising extracting, into an aqueous phase, capsular complex from B.fragilis using a mixture of phenol and water, precipitating a polysaccharide fraction from the aqueous phase using ethanol, and isolating lipidated PSA from the polysaccharide fraction by size exclusion.
• PSA lipidated polysaccharide A
• isolating by size exclusion comprises using a
• chromatographic column comprising a detergent or a bile salt.
• the chromatographic column comprises deoxycholate.
• the method is performed in the presence of sodium deoxycholate.
• the method is performed at a pH less than about 9.
• the method further comprises dialyzing the isolated lipidated
• extraction occurs at 60-75°C. In various embodiments, extraction occurs at about 68°C.
• B. fragilis is a mutant form of B.fragilis that over-expresses PSA relative to PSB.
• the isolated lipidated PSA is substantially free of
• the invention provides a composition comprising isolated lipidated polysaccharide A produced by any of the foregoing methods.
• the composition is formulated for parenteral, enteral or oral administration to a subject.
• the invention provides a method comprising administering, to a subject having or at risk of developing a condition associated with inflammation, an effective amount of any of the foregoing lipidated PSA or any of the foregoing compositions.
• the condition is an autoimmune disease.
• the autoimmune disease is multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, or type I diabetes.
• the condition is asthma.
• the condition is a post-surgical adhesion.
• the composition is administered prior to, during, and/or after surgery.
• the condition is an abscess.
• an antibiotic is administered to the subject.
• the condition is obesity.
• the composition is parenterally or enterally administered to the subject.
• FIG. 1 A provides representative mass spectrometry (MS) spectra for tetra-acylated (bottom) and penta-acylated (top) glycolipids released from lipidated PSA.
• FIG. IB provides LC-MS/MS profiles for B. fragilis PSA glycolipid anchors showing monophosphorylated and unphosphorylated glycolipid species having different numbers of acyl chains. Species with the same number of acyl chains may still differ from each other with respect to total chain length and/or nature (composition) of such acyl chains. In some instances, -30 total glycolipid species have been identified within a group of species having the same number of acyl chains.
• FIG. 2A provides a comparison of the MS spectra for penta-acylated glycolipids (from the top, panels 1 and 2) and tetra-acylated glycolipids (from the top, panels 3 and 4) released from lipidated PSA.
• the material in panels 1 and 3 was obtained using a mild hydrolysis step earlier in the isolation process.
• the material in panels 2 and 4 was obtained using a harsher hydrolysis step later in the isolation process.
• the lipid moieties are detectable in panels 1 and 3 but not detectable in panels 2 and 4, evidencing the detrimental effect of the harsher and later in time acid hydrolysis step on the lipid moieties.
• FIG. 2B provides MS/MS assignment of the structure of a species isolated from B. fragilis.
• FIG. 3 is a MALDI-MS spectrum of lipid moieties released from lipidated PSA showing peaks for the di-acylated, tri-acylated, tetra-acylated and penta-acylated lipid moieties.
• the structure on the right is an example of a tetra-acylated glycolipid from lipidated PSA.
• the structure comprises hydroxyl groups at carbons CI and C4 (carbons on the right-most substituted glucosamine (or reducing sugar)) and on carbons C3' and C4' (carbons on the left-most substituted glucosamine (or non-reducing sugar)).
• This disclosure embraces variants thereof that comprise a phosphate group (e.g., -OPO 3 H) in place of the hydroxyl (-OH) at the CI or C4' position.
• a phosphate group e.g., -OPO 3 H
• FIG. 4 is a bar graph showing quantitative analysis of lipid moieties conjugated to PSA.
• Six different lipid moieties are shown, each having a different MS position.
• the tetra- acylated lipid moieties, having an m/z in the range of about 1350-1378, and the penta- acylated lipid moieties, having an m/z in the range of about 1604-1634, are shown.
• For each lipid moiety there are two bars shown: the first corresponds to a material generated using the harsher and later acid hydrolysis step (PSA 23), and the second corresponds to a material generated using the milder and earlier acid hydrolysis step (PSA 24).
• the Figure shows that the lipid moieties are preserved when the milder and earlier acid hydrolysis step is used. It also shows the relative proportion of the different moieties, with the m/z 1378 moiety being the most prevalent tetra-acylated version and the m/z 1618 moiety being the most prevalent penta-acylated version.
• FIG. 5 is a table listing molecular species of glycolipids derived from lipidated PSA and their proposed acyl chain composition.
• the table lists 5 different penta-acylated species, 5 different tetra-acylated species, 4 different tri-acylated species, and 2 different di-acylated species.
• the highlighted species within each grouping represent the most abundant species.
• the 1632 and 1618 species are the most prevalent, followed by the 1604 species, followed by the 1646 and 1590 species.
• the tetra-acylated species the 1378 and 1364 species are the most prevalent, followed by the 1350 species, followed by the 1392 and 1336 species.
• the 1123 and 1109 species are the most prevalent, followed by the 1095 species, followed by the 1081 species.
• the 899 and 885 species are about equally prevalent.
• the abundance of the various groups is as follows (from most to least abundant): tetra-acylated, penta-acylated, tri-acylated and di-acylated.
• the species listed in the Figure are typically observed in a preparation of lipidated PSA isolated using the methods provided herein. Such methods preferably do not include an acid hydrolysis step, and thereby result in a greater proportion of fully lipidated PSA being isolated relative to prior art methods.
• Such methods also include in some instances sodium deoxycholate or other bile salt.
• FIG. 6A provides representative structures of glycolipids from lipidated PSA.
• a representative tetra-acylated diglucosamine having a moleculear weight of about 1341.1 is shown on the left (referred to herein as Formula II), and a representative penta-acylated diglucosamine having a molecular weight of about 1595.3 is shown on the right (referred to herein as Formula III).
• the tetra-acylated structure at the left comprises hydroxyl groups at the CI, C4, C3' and C4' positions.
• the penta-acylated structure at the right comprises hydroxyl groups at the CI, C4 and C4' positions.
• Monophosphorylated variants of these compounds are also provided herein comprising a phosphate group in place of the hydroxyl at the CI or the C4' position.
• FIG. 6B provides a pentaacylated, monophosphorylated species of glycolipid. The phosphorylation exists at the CI position.
• FIG. 7 is a bar graph showing the results of an IL-10 induction assay.
• Material prepared using the milder and early acid hydrolysis step is identified as PSA24.
• Material prepared using the harsher and later acid hydrolysis step is identified as PSA 23.
• CPC represents capsular polysaccharide complex from wild-type B. fragilis NCTC 9373.
• FIG. 8 is a bar graph showing the results of a IL-10 induction assay in splenic DC+Tcell coculture.
• the Figure uses an isolated form of lipidated PSA that is considered to be more fully lipidated than prior art preparations, intending a higher purity of lipidated PSA as compared to prior art methods. This preparation is referred to herein as "fully lipidated PSA" because it apparently contains no free (or released) glycolipid component.
• the Figure shows that the isolated fully lipidated PSA preparation (denoted PSA Lot 34) aggregates in the absence of deoxycholate, and such aggregration results in less IL-10 inducing activity.
• FIG. 9 provides chromatographic elution profiles of fully lipidated PSA Lot 40 using a PBS column (top) and a deoxycholate column (bottom). Monitoring molecular size of fractions by refractive index demonstrates a major reduction in size of Lot 40 when a column equilibrated with deoxycholate is used. This is due to the disruption of micelles formed by isolated, fully lipidated PSA.
• FIG. 10 is a photograph of a zinc sulphate/imidazole stained SDS PAGE gel. Isolated fully lipidated PSA preparations (PSA Lot 34) display much less free lipids as compared to PSA prepared by mild acid treatment (PSA Lot 28).
• FIG. 11 is a bar graph showing EAE cumulative score of PBS and PSA Lot 40 treated mice.
• FIG. 12 provides MS spectra for a number of penta-, tetra- and tri-acylated glycolipids obtained from a lipidated PSA preparation prepared using a non-hydrolytic method (PSA Lot 40).
• FIG. 13 provides MS spectra for a number of penta-acylated glycolipids obtained from a lipidated PSA preparation prepared using a non-hydrolytic method (PSA Lot 40). These various glycolipid species differ from each other in acyl chain lengths.
• FIG. 14 provides a table listing various glycolipid species obtained from a lipidated PSA preparation prepared using a non-hydrolytic method (PSA Lot 40).
• the table demonstrates the complexity of glycolipid component of lipidated PSA. Such complexity is imparted by differences in chain length and hydroxylation.
• FIG. 15 provides representative structures for glycolipids species obtained from a lipidated PSA preparation prepared using a non-hydrolytic method (PSA Lot 40).
• Monophosphorylated variants of the illustrated compounds are also provided herein comprising a phosphate group in place of the hydroxyl at the CI or C4' positions.
• FIG. 16 provides an elution profile and a structure for glycolipid species obtained from a lipidated PSA preparation prepared using a non-hydrolytic method (PSA Lot 40).
• Monophosphorylated variants of the illustrated compound are also provided herein comprising a phosphate group in place of the hydroxyl at the CI or C4' positions.
• lipid moieties of lipidated PSA are glycolipids comprised of a diglucosamine substituted with one or more acyl chains. In the naturally occurring form, the glycolipid is conjugated to its neighbouring tetrasaccharide unit through a ketosidic bond, an acid labile bond that is susceptible to acid hydrolysis.
• Lipidated PSA has been shown to be more immunologically potent than its non- lipidated counterpart, PSA. For example, as demonstated in the Examples, lipidated PSA is better able to induce IL-10 production (and therefore better able to interact with Treg cells) than non-lipidated PSA.
• Lipidated PSA The invention relates in part to the characterization of the lipid moiety of lipidated PSA and the newly recognized glycolipid structure and lipid complexity of lipidated PSA, and the nature of the conjugation of this glycolipid structure to PSA. It has now been discovered that lipidated PSA comprises a glycolipid moiety at the reducing end of its polysaccharide component. This glycolipid comprises a disaccharide substituted with one and typically more than one acyl chains.
• the polysaccharide component of lipidated PSA comprises a tetrasaccharide repeating unit shown below. It possesses zwitterionic behavior as conferred by a positive charge on its free amine group and a negative charge on its free carboxyl group (per repeating tetrasaccharide unit). Its naturally occurring state has been reported to comprise over 60 tetrasaccharide repeating units (e.g., up to and including in some instances about 100, or about 200, or about 300 repeated units on average), and it has an average molecular size of about 150 kD (with a range of about 75 kD to 240 kD).
• the repeating tetrasaccharide unit of PSA has a structure as follows:
• the tetrasaccharide repeating unit may also be expressed as follows:
• the invention contemplates synthetic forms of lipidated PSA comprising fewer tetrasaccharide units (e.g., 1-60, 1-50, 1-40, 1-30, 1-20, 1-10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, or 1-5 tetrasaccharide units, or any number of units therebetween as is explicitly recite herein including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 units, for example).
• Such shorter variants can be obtained by depolymerizing naturally occurring lipidated PSA or by depolymerizing PSA obtained from lipidated PSA.
• PSA can be depolymerized using for example chemical means (e.g., using reactive oxygen species or reactive nitrogen species such as but not limited to nitrogen monoxide, as described in Duan and Kasper,
• the invention further contemplates synthetic forms of lipidated PSA comprising more than 300 repeating tetrasaccharide units, including without limitation 350, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 or 1000 units or more.
• the polysaccharide component may be covalently conjugated to the glycolipid, or in certain synthetic forms it may be unconjugated to the glycolipid. If covalently conjugated, it may be conjugated via a ketosidic bond or other acid labile bond or via a bond such as an ester, an amide, or an ether bond to form a non-naturally occurring lipidated PSA.
• the glycolipid component comprises a diglucosamine substituted with one or more acyl chains.
• An exemplary diglucosamine in the context of a glycolipid is provided in FIGs. 3 and 6. It is now recognized in accordance with the invention that the diglucosamine is conjugated to the polysaccharide component via a ketosidic bond that is acid-labile and thus susceptible to the stringent hydrolysis steps of the prior art methods.
• the diglucosamine in some instances, may or may not be phosphorylated. In some instances, the diglucosamine is monophosphorylated. Phosphorylation may occur at the CI position (the reducing end) or at the C4' position of the diglucosamine.
• the disaccharide may be conjugated to one or more acyl chains, including two, three, four , five or more acyl chains in some instances via for example ester or amide linkages, and thus may be referred to as "O" substituted (e.g., acylated) or "N" substituted (e.g., acylated) respectively.
• Each lipidated PSA molecule therefore comprises one, two, three, four, five or more acyl chains. Accordingly, the disaccharides, glycolipid components and ultimately lipidated PSA molecules may be referred to herein as di-acylated, tri-acylated, tetra-acylated or penta-acylated forms, respectively.
• the acyl chains of isolated lipidated PSA may range in length from 14 to 17 carbons, in some instances. Such species are thought to represent greater than 95% of naturally occurring total lipidated PSA.
• the acyl chains may be unmodified or they may be modified. If modified, the acyl chains may be hydroxy-modified.
• the lipidated PSA may comprise one or more acyl chains characterized as C 14:0, C14:0-OH, C15:0, C15:0-OH, C16:0, C16:0-OH, C17:0, and C17:0-OH.
• FIGs. 1, 4 and 12-16 illustrate that a single preparation of lipidated PSA may yield a number of differently acylated glycolipids.
• each of the peaks on the mass spectrometry (MS) spectra represents a different species of glycolipid, wherein the species differ in their acyl chain composition.
• the Figure illustrates this to be the case for both the tetra-acylated and the penta-acylated glycolipids.
• FIG. 4 illustrates the absolute amounts of a different tetra-acylated (shown as m/z 1350, 1364 and 1378) and penta-acylated (shown as m/z 1604, 1618 and 1634) glycolipid species.
• lipidated PSA isolated from B.fragilis will yield a heterogeneous mixture of lipidated PSA molecules, potentially comprising without limitation a plurality of di-acylated species and/or a plurality of tri-acylated species and/or a plurality of tetra-acylated species and/or a plurality of penta- acylated species.
• FIG. 5 provides a list of glycolipid species and their acyl chain composition.
• the Table provides penta-acylated species comprising the following combinations of acyl chains: (1) one chain of CI 6:0— OH, three chains of C17:0-OH, and one chain of C15:0,
• the table similarly provides various species of tetra-acylated, tri-acylated and di- acylated acyl chains.
• lipidated PSA forms of the invention may comprise any of the foregoing combinations of acyl chains, without limitation:
• the number of each type of chain may vary, and may include without limitation the following options
• R 1 and R 5 each independently comprises or is -OH or a phosphate such as -OPO 3 H "
• R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 each independently comprises or is -OH or -OR;
• R 6 is -OH or -OR 7 ;
• each instance of R is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted acyl chain
• R 7 is or comprises a polysaccharide.
• R 1 and R 5 each independently comprises or is -OH or a phosphate such as -OPO 3 H " ;
• R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 each independently comprises or is -OH or -OR;
• R 6 is -OH or -OR 7 ;
• each instance of R is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted acyl chain
• R 7 is or comprises a polysaccharide.
• the phosphate is -OPO3H " . In some embodiments, the phosphate is -OP0 3 H 2 " .
• the acyl chains are selected from any of the acyl chains provided herein, including straight and branched acyl chains.
• the polysaccharide is PSA or is a polysaccharide that comprises 1 or more tetrasaccharide repeating units of PSA, as described herein.
• R 3 is OH
• either Rl or R5 is or comprises a phosphate (i.e., only one is or comprises a phosphate).
• lipidated PSA compositions having known, and thus optionally pre-defined, glycolipid content and composition, as well as known, and thus optionally pre-defined, polysaccharide to glycolipid ratios.
• the lipidated PSA of the invention and compositions thereof may be characterized in terms of any of these structural features, thereby further distinguishing these compositions from those of the prior art.
• compositions comprising lipidated PSA species that are only or predominantly (e.g., greater than 50%, or at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%) di-acylated, or tri-acylated, or tetra-acylated, or penta-acylated, or some combination thereof including but not limited to tetra- and penta-acylated.
• Such chemically defined compositions were not heretofore contemplated or possible.
• the invention further provides isolated glycolipids obtained from lipidated PSA and compositions thereof for use in vivo and in vitro. Any of the foregoing glycolipids and any combination of the foregoing lipids are contemplated for such use.
• the method of isolation can significantly impact the abundance, impacting yield and purity, of isolated lipidated PSA.
• isolation methods that exclude an acid hydrolysis step yield more intact, fully lipidated PSA species than do methods that include an acid hydrolysis step, even if that acid hydrolysis step occurs earlier in the isolation process.
• some fraction of the originally lipidated PSA will become delipidated in the process. This can be seen for example by running the preparation on a 16.5% Tris-Tricine SDS-PAGE gel reverse stained with zinc sulphate/imidazole staining, as shown for example in FIG.
• Such content can be less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, less than 1%, less than 0.5%, less 0.1%, less than 0.05%, less than 0.001%, less than 0.0005%, less than 0.0001% (w/w of released glycolipid to lipidated PSA).
• the compositions or preparations have undetectable levels of released or free glycolipids, as determined for example using the gel electrophoresis methods described herein.
• the lipidated PSA may be considered free or substantially free of released glycolipid.
• the lipidated PSA may also be considered to be pure (i.e., it is free or substantially free of released glycolipid and any other naturally occurring contaminant).
• the degree of purity may be at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, or 99.9%, or higher.
• compositions comprising isolated lipidated PSA, including compositions comprising isolated lipidated PSA at a purity and/or a concentration that has not been heretofore achieved.
• compositions comprising or consisting essentially of particular species of lipidated PSA or particular subsets of species of lipidated PSA. These species may be characterized and thus distinguished from other species and from bulk isolated lipidated PSA in terms of their glycolipid components.
• the glycolipid components may be characterized by the number, position and type of acyl chains they possess. For example, they may comprise an increased amount, relative to naturally occurring proportion, of di-acylated, tri-acylated, tetra-acylated, or predominantly penta- acylated forms of lipidated PSA.
• a composition may comprise at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%), or more of a di-acylated lipidated PSA, or it may comprise at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%), 90%), 95%), or more of a tetra-acylated and/or penta-acylated lipidated PSA.
• compositions may be defined by their degree of purity, for example with respect to their glycolipid components, or with respect to their content of contaminants such as non- lipidated PSA.
• compositions may be defined by their concentration of lipidated PSA, or by their concentration of PSA components and/or glycolipid components, or by their ratio of PSA to glycolipid components.
• the invention further provides additional synthetic, non-naturally occuring species of lipidated PSA.
• these non-naturally occurring species are characterized as having a lower tetrasacchande/glycolipid ratio (or a lower PSA/glycolipid ratio, wherein the PSA is the polymer comprised of one or more repeating tetrasaccharide units) than is observed in isolated forms of lipidated PSA.
• Such ratio may be a molar ratio or a molecular weight ratio.
• the invention further provides other compositions comprising polysaccharide (PSA) or tetrasaccharide and glycolipid and/or lipid components obtained or derived from lipidated PSA, in a non-naturally occurring conjugated form.
• PSA polysaccharide
• lipid components obtained or derived from lipidated PSA
• polysaccharide and glycolipid components may be conjugated to each other via a non- naturally occuring linkage.
• the linkage may be a non-ketosidic linkage, and may be an ester or an amide or an ether, without limitation.
• the components such as the polysaccharide and glycolipid components, may be unconjugated.
• a substrate in or on which the polysaccharide (or tetrasaccharide) and glycolipid (or lipid) components, whether conjugated or unconjugated, are present in or on a substrate or delivery vehicle.
• lipidated PSA All of these various forms of lipidated PSA, including for example those isolated from B.fragilis cells, those made synthetically and having different polysaccharide/glycolipid ratios from isolated forms, those provided as unconjugated polysaccharide and glycolipid components, and the like, are considered to be active agents.
• lipidated PSA Various aspects and embodiments relating and referring to "lipidated PSA" apply equally to these various forms and are not meant to apply solely to an isolated form or to a covalently conjugated form unless otherwise indicated or apparent. Lipidated PSA compositions
• compositions comprising isolated lipidated PSA.
• isolated intends that the lipidated PSA is prepared or obtained from B.fragilis, and is physically separated from its natural environment (e.g., & B. fragilis cell, components of t e B.fragilis cell, and/or components of the B. fragilis cell capsular complex such as but not limited to PSB).
• the compositions are substantially free of naturally occurring contaminants such as nucleic acids (e.g., DNA and RNA), proteins, and other components of B. fragilis and/or the B. fragilis capsule.
• substantially free intends that these contaminants represent about or less than 5%, less than 1%, less than 0.5%, or less than 0.1% (or less) by weight (weight of the contaminant to weight of the lipidated PSA form). In some instances, such contaminants may be undetectable.
• compositions may or may not contain LPS.
• LPS may be present in an amount of about 0.5% (w/w of LPS to lipidated PSA components).
• compositions may comprise at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more (w/w) of lipidated PSA and less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, less than 1%), less than 0.5%, or less of free, released glycolipid.
• the free, released glycolipid is undetectable.
• compositions comprising lipidated PSA may or may not comprise other components including LPS and/or free, released glycolipid.
• the amount of LPS present in such compositions is about 0.5%) (w/w) or less.
• the amount of released or free glycolipid to lipidated PSA is about 0.5% (w/w) or less.
• the amount of non-lipidated PSA present in such compositions is about 10% (w/w) or less, including 5% or less, or 1% or less.
• the compositions are substantially free of non- lipidated PSA.
• lipidated PSA lipidated PSA
• released (unconjugated) glycolipid lipidated PSA
• LPS lipoprotein
• compositions of lipidated PSA may comprise at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more of the polysaccharide component (non-lipidated PSA) (weight of polysaccharide to combined weight of polysaccharide and glycolipid).
• Some compositions of lipidated PSA may comprise about 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1%, or less of the glycolipid component (weight of glycolipid to combined weight of polysaccharide and glycolipid).
• Some compositions of lipidated PSA may comprise about 99% polysaccharide component (non-lipidated PSA) and about 0.5%) glycolipid component.
• compositions of lipidated PSA may comprise about 80%) polysaccharide component (non-lipidated PSA) and about 20% glycolipid component. These may be isolated or synthetic forms of lipidated PSA. Accordingly, they may be forms in which the polysaccharide and glycolipid components are conjugated to each other or they may be forms in which these components are not conjugated to each other. Conjugation may be direct or indirect conjugation, and additionally it may be covalent or non-covalent conjugation.
• polysaccharide and glycolipid components are lipidated PSA components (i.e., the polymer formed of one or more tetrasaccharide units of Formula I and the glycolipid described herein and comprising a disaccharide conjugated to one or more acyl chains).
• the composition may comprise a synthetic form of lipidated PSA having 6 tetrasaccharide units and one tetra-acylated glycolipid unit (see for example Formula II in FIG. 6A).
• the compositions may comprise about 20% glycolipid and 80%) polysaccharide (w/w as defined above).
• Synthetic compositions may be defined by their glycolipid and polysaccharide components, amounts and ratios, whether such components are conjugated or unconjugated to each other. Other compositions and combinations are contemplated and will be readily appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art.
• compositions of the invention typically comprise a plurality of lipidated PSA molecules, and that in some instances the plurality may exhibit variation in the degree or nature of lipidation.
• the invention contemplates compositions have particular proportions of particular species of lipidated PSA and/or particular subsets of lipidated PSA.
• the proportions may be w/w proportions (e.g., weight of the particular species to weight of all lipidated PSA in the composition).
• Such proportions may be about or more than 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%), 80%), 85%), 90%), 95%, or more of a defined species or subset of species.
• a particular species may be a lipidated PSA comprising the glycolipid of Formula II or a lipidated PSA comprising the glycolipid of Formula III, or a lipidated PSA comprising any one of the acyl chain combinations listed in FIG. 5.
• a particular subset of lipidated PSA species may be lipidated PSA comprising tetra-acylated glycolipids, or lipidated PSA comprisng penta-acylated glycolipids, or lipidated PSA comprising tetra- or penta-acylated glycolipids.
• Various subsets are contemplated and will be apparent based on this diclosure.
• compositions for use in vitro and in vivo may be used as analytical tools or assay standards.
• compositions may be used or in experimental models, such as animal models, of human disease or in humans or other subjects in need of immune regulation.
• experimental models such as animal models, of human disease or in humans or other subjects in need of immune regulation.
• compositions are pharmaceutically acceptable, intending that they are suitable for administration into a subject. They may or may not be used prophylactically or therapeutically in such subjects.
• the lipidated PSA forms may be used as stand-alone active agents or they may be used in combination with other active agent(s). The combined use of agents may be additive or may be supra-additive (e.g., synergistic).
• the lipidated PSA forms may be formulated together with or separately from the other active agent(s).
• the lipidated PSA forms may be administered via the same or a different route from the other active agent(s). If not formulated together, the lipidated PSA forms and the other active agent(s) may be administered on the same or substantially the same administration regimen (including being administered substantially simultaneously although not formulated together) or they may be administered according to different regimen.
• the lipidated PSA forms may be administered acutely and/or chronically.
• the invention further provides methods of isolating and purifying lipidated PSA from
• lipidated PSA could be isolated in the absence of a hydrolysis step.
• non-hydrolytic methods for isolating lipidated-PSA from B. fragilis strains i.e., methods that lack a hydrolysis step such as an acid hydrolysis step. It was not previously recognized that lipidated PSA could be isolated from B. fragilis strains without a hydrolysis step.
• lipidated PSA could be isolated in the presence of a bile salt such as deoxycholate.
• a bile salt such as deoxycholate.
• detergents or bile salts such as sodium deoxycholate were detrimental to the isolation process, resulting in lower yields of the lipidated PSA.
• various methods provided herein which lack a hydrolysis step and optionally which utilize a detergent (such as deoxycholate) provide suitable yields of lipidated PSA and in some instances higher yields of lipidated PSA.
• such methods involve isolating lipidated PSA using the isolation methods described herein, and purifying the isolated lipidated PSA to arrive at purity and/or concentration levels not heretofore achieved.
• purity and/or concentration levels may be apparent by the degree of aggregation of the lipidated PSA (e.g., as micelles), and optionally the effect of disagreggating agents such as deoxycholate to increase the biological activity of such compositions, as demonstrated herein.
• the isolation methods provided herein yield lipidated PSA having a higher activity per weight than previously described preparations.
• activity may be IL-10 inducing activity, for example.
• the method provides general and specific methods for isolating and purifying lipidated PSA from B. fragilis. It is to be understood that these methods may be performed on any strain of B. fragilis provided it produces lipidated PSA. Such strains include naturally occurring strains or non-naturally occurring stains. One example of a non-naturally occurring strains is the delta44 mutant of B. fragilis strain 9343. This mutant strain expresses only PSA, rather than PSA and PSB as found in wild type strains such as 9343.
• the methods of isolation generally involve growth of B. fragilis (wild type or mutant strains) under anaerobic conditions, extraction of the polysaccharide capsular complex from B. fragilis, isolation of a polysaccharide fraction, and purification of lipidated PSA from that fraction.
• the extraction step may be accomplished using a phenol/water extraction, which optionally can be carried out at an elevated temperature (e.g., about 60-80°C).
• the aqueous phase, which contains the capsular polysaccharides, is then dialyzed versus water, following which it may be partially lyophilized in order to reduce total volume.
• the resulting solution is then typically treated with nucleases such as DNase and RNase and proteinases such as pronase in order to further purify the polysaccharide fraction.
• the polysaccharide fraction is then ethanol precipitated, and the precipitate is collected, washed, and subjected to size exclusion techniques to further isolate the lipidated PSA from other polysaccharides including for example LPS.
• a typical size exclusion technique is column chromatography.
• a suitable column is a S-400 size exclusion column.
• a chromatographic column containing a biological detergent in the form of sodium deoxycholate was used to isolate lipidated PSA, as described in the Examples.
• the pooled mixture can then be further dialyzed and lyophilized if desired. Additionally, after reconstitution, the mixture may be further dialyzed, ethanol precipitated and/or lyophilized for storage or delayed use.
• the pH throughout the isolation preferably is 9 or less (e.g., about 4 to about 9 or less), and in most steps is maintained in a neutral range.
• lipidated PSA and species and subsets of species thereof, may be harvested using methods that include an acid hydrolysis step and/or a size exclusion step without the use of a detergent such as sodium deoxycholate.
• an acid hydrolysis step is preferably a mild hydrolysis (e.g., at a pH of about 4, or in the range of 4-5) and it is preferably incorporated at an early step in the purification process (e.g., following the first ethanol precipitation).
• the acid hydrolysis if used, may be performed using dilute acid (e.g., 1-2% acetic acid) at elevated temperature.
• the elevated temperature may range from 80-100°C, 85-95°C, and in some instances may be about 90°C.
• the treatment may last for 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours or longer. In some instances, the acid treatment is performed using 2% acetic acid at 90°C for 3 hours.
• the foregoing method may be performed using a detergent or a bile salt such as deoxycholate (e.g., sodium deoxycholate) in the chromatographic column and/or the eluent.
• a detergent or a bile salt such as deoxycholate (e.g., sodium deoxycholate) in the chromatographic column and/or the eluent.
• Sodium deoxycholate may be present at a strength of less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, or about or less 1%.
• lipidated PSA may be harvested using methods that include a size exclusion step that does not use a detergent such as deoxycholate.
• an exemplary isolation method comprises extracting, into an aqueous phase, a capsular complex from B. fragilis using a mixture of phenol and water optionally at high temperature, precipitating a polysaccharide fraction from the aqueous phase using ethanol optionally following DNA and/or RNA and/or protein digestion, and isolating lipidated PSA from other polysaccharides by size exclusion, such as for example a chromatographic column containing sodium deoxycholate.
• the lipidated PSA forms prepared from B. fragilis once isolated may be further modified.
• the polysaccharide component may be depolymerized to produce another non-naturally occurring form having fewer tetrasaccharide units than are found in nature. This can be accomplished through mechanical, chemical or enzymatic means.
• An example of chemical depolymerization involves reactive oxygen species or reactive nitrogen species such as but not limited to nitrogen monoxide, as described in Duan and Kasper, Glycobiology, 2011, 21(4):401-409).
• Glycosidases can be used for enzymatic
• Mechanical depolymerization may involve shearing.
• the PSA polymer may be shortened by 25%, 50%, 75%, or more, thereby rendering a lipidated PSA that is structurally different from naturally occurring lipidated PSA.
• Such modification may generate PSA or lipidated PSA having a length of about 50, 40, 30, 20, or to about 1-10 tetrasaccharide units.
• Lipidated and non-lipidated versions of PSA can be depolymerized and fractionated according to polysaccharide length using for example liquid chromatography, ion
• Isolated forms of lipidated PSA may be formulated alone, in which case they form tight micelle-like structures.
• lipidated PSA does not form such micelle-like structures when present in vivo.
• Such altered structure is only observed (and thus possible) upon isolation of the lipidated PSA in a relatively pure form.
• these micelle-like structures are so stable that detergent or other disaggregating agent may be necessary to disrupt them or to render them less stable, thereby making the lipidated PSA contained therein accessible.
• the acyl chains are situated externally in the micelle-like structure and thus are accessible to target cells and their receptors.
• Such cells include antigen presenting cells and such receptors include TLRs such as TLR2. See Wang et al. J. Exp. Med 203(13): 2853-63 and Round et al. Science 2011, 332(6032):974-7.
• the isolated lipidated PSA may also be fractionated based on the nature of the glycolipid such that resulting compositions comprise non-naturally occurring ratios of di-, tri-, tetra-, and penta-acylated PSA.
• this disclosure contemplates additional non-naturally occurring species of lipidated PSA having fewer tetrasaccharide units compared to naturally occuring lipidated PSA.
• the synthetic lipidated PSA forms of the invention may be prepared using naturally occurring or synthetically produced forms of the polysaccharide and glycolipid components.
• Naturally occurring forms may be prepared by deliberating hydrolyzing (e.g., acid-treating) lipidated PSA thereby cleaving the ketosidic linkage between the polysaccharide and glycolipid.
• the polysaccharide and glycolipid components may be separated from each other and thereby isolated using liquid chromatography, ion chromatography, gel electrophoresis or other size-based or charge-based separation technique.
• the polysaccharide may be further modified by mechanical, chemical and/or enzymatic means. This may serve to reduce the length of the polysaccharide component, if desired.
• the polysaccharide (PSA) can be depolymerized using for example mechanical and/or enzymatic means known in the art and described herein.
• the invention contemplates fractionating the naturally occurring glycolipids obtained from lipidated PSA according to their degree of acylation and then recombining particular subsets with the polysaccharide component.
• the penta-acylated or the tetra-acylated glycolipid subsets may be isolated and recombined with the polysaccharide components.
• the end-products may comprise the naturally occurring linkage between glycolipid and polysaccharide or they may comprise non-naturally occurring linkages such as esters, amides, ethers or a combination thereof.
• Polysaccharides and glycolipids can also be conjugated via a bifunctional linker molecule, such as, but not limited to, 2-(Boc-amino)ethyl bromide.
• a bifunctional linker molecule such as, but not limited to, 2-(Boc-amino)ethyl bromide.
• Other linker molecules may be used, and are known in the art.
• lipidated PSA components of lipidated PSA may be synthesized and then combined.
• the glycolipid may be synthesized and then used with the polysaccharide component isolated from B. fragilis.
• glycolipid may be synthesized using techniques described in Imoto et al(Tet. Lett. 1984, 25:25, 2667-2670). These techniques may be used to produce both conjugated and unconjugated forms of synthetic lipidated PSA.
• the term "lipidated PSA" embraces synthetic forms that comprise polysaccharide and glycolipid components provided together but in an unconjugated form (e.g., in or on a substrate, as described below).
• Synthetic lipidated PSA forms may be provided with, including in and/or on a substrate.
• the substrate may be a solid or semi-solid and it may take any one of a variety of shapes or forms.
• the substrate may be biodegradable and itself may be composed of naturally occurring and/or non-naturally occurring components such as but not limited to naturally occurring and/or non-naturally occurring polymers.
• One example of a suitable substrate is a particle.
• the particle may be a microparticle (average diameter in the range of 1-999 microns) or a nanoparticle (average diameter in the range of 1-900 nanometers).
• the particle may be a porous particle or it may be a non-porous particle. Methods for producing such particles having active agents therein or thereon are known in the art. Thus, the invention contemplates the use of any of such methods and any of such particles to prepare certain compositions of lipidated PSA as contemplated herein.
• the glycolipid or PSA components are conjugated to the surface of the particle.
• glycolipid and PSA components are provided in a liposome or liposome-like structure.
• the glycolipid component may be external and the polysaccharide component may be internal to the liposome.
• the liposome may comprise solely the glycolipid and PSA components from lipidated PSA or it may comprise other components such as but not limited to other lipids.
• the externally facing lipid component is believed to interact with TLR2 on antigen-presenting cells, thereby facilitating entry into such cells of the liposome and intracellular release of the PSA component.
• the liposome or micelle forms of the naturally or non-naturally occurring lipidated PSA will typically comprise the glycolipid component at the surface and available for interaction with cells and particular receptor such as TLR2.
• the lipidated PSA may be formulated to target specific cell types, for greater therapeutic efficacy.
• the substrate may further comprise moieties that increasing homing or binding of the substrate to immune cells such as antigen-presenting cells (APC) including dendritic cells and B cells.
• APC antigen-presenting cells
• non-naturally occurring forms of lipidated PSA include those comprising a non-naturally occurring linkage between the glycolipid and polysaccharide components, those having PSA polymers that are shorter or longer than natually occurring forms of lipidated PSA, those that are present in a proportion lower or higher than their naturally occurring proportion, or those that have some combination or all of these features.
• the invention provides methods for detecting the presence of lipidated PSA and in some instances quantitating the amount of lipidated PSA in a sample or a composition.
• Purity of the isolated fractions may be assessed by proton NMR and/or SDS PAGE gel. Proton NMR profiles may be generated using 600 MHz NMR. Other compositions may be tested for the presence of lipidated PSA in a similar manner.
• these approaches can also be used to characterize the glycolipid component of lipidated PSA. For example, as shown in FIGs. 1 and 2, the tetra-acylated and penta-acylated glycolipids of lipidated PSA can be distinguished from each other using mass spectrometry. Similarly, MADLI-TOF-TOF can be used to detect and distinguish between di-, tri-, tetra- and penta-acylated glycolipids from lipidated PSA. Thus, these approaches can be used to test for the presence of specific glycolipids.
• lipidated PSA it is also possible to identify the presence of lipidated PSA using an acid treatment time course, whereby the released (unconjugated) lipid moiety can be visualized using a 16.5% Tris-Tricine SDS-PAGE gel reverse stained with zinc sulphate/imidazole staining.
• This staining protocol allows one to observe both the polysaccharide and lipid moieties of lipidated PSA in the same gel system.
• a sample being tested for lipidated PSA content may be treated with 2% acetic acid at 90°C for various periods of time, followed by neutralization with NaOH and dialysis.
• Lipidated PSA has been shown to be more potent than its non-lipidated counterpart (i.e., non-lipidated PSA).
• the immunological activity of lipidated PSA can be assayed in vitro and in vivo.
• An example of an in vitro test is the induction of IL-10 production in a splenic dendritic cell (DC) and T cell co-culture.
• DC splenic dendritic cell
• This assay can be performed as follows: (1) splenic DCs are isolated using mouse anti-CDl lc microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec cat#130- 052-001); (2) CD4 + T cells are isolated using Mouse T cell CD4 Subset Column Kit (R&D systems cat#MCD4C-1000); (3) 2xl0 4 CD1 lc + DCs and 10 5 CD4 + T cells are mixed and 1 ⁇ g/ml anti-CD3 (BD Pharmingen cat#553057) is added; (4) the culture is then stimulated with 100 ⁇ g/ml lipidated PSA and the cells are incubated for 5 days; and (5) supematants are harvested and analyzed by ELISA for the presence of IL-10.
• FIG. 7 demonstrates, using this co-culture system, that lipidated PSA prepared using the milder and early acid hydrolysis step (shown as PSA 24) is approximately 3 fold more potent than material made using a harsher and later acid hydrolysis step (shown as PSA 23).
• FIG. 8 shows the activity in this same assay of a lipidated PSA prepared without an acid hydrolysis step (shown as PSA 34, second bar of each bar pair).
• the IL-10 inducing activity of this preparation is increased about 2-fold following the addition of deoxycholate (DOC).
• DOC deoxycholate
• a similar increase is not observed with a lipidated PSA prepared using a milder acid hydrolysis step (shown as PSA 28, first bar of each bar pair).
• the increase in activity upon addition of deoxycholate suggests that the lipidated PSA is tightly aggregated and that such aggregated form is less stable, and thus the lipidated PSA is more accessible, in the presence of deoxycholate.
• An animal model of multiple sclerosis (EAE) may be used to study the immunological activity of lipidated PSA in vivo.
• mice are treated with lipidated PSA (on the order of about 75 - 100 ⁇ g per mouse) or control (saline, PBS) every three days starting 6 days before EAE induction.
• Mice are challenged subcutaneously with 250 ⁇ g of MOG 33 -55 (Peptides International) in 200 ⁇ of complete Freund's adjuvant
• mice On days 0 and 2 after challenge, mice receive intraperitoneal injections of 250 ng of Bordetella pertussis toxin (List Biological Laboratories). Disease is scored on an established 0 to 5 scale, with 5 being advanced neurological disease. Mice are monitored and scored daily for disease progression.
• lipidated PSA in vitro and in vivo.
• the various forms of lipidated PSA are more potent than the previously described non- lipidated form of PSA.
• the various forms provided herein can be used as
• immunomodulators particularly in view of their enhanced IL-10 inducing activity and Treg maturation activity. These forms are contemplated for use in vitro and in vivo.
• In vitro uses include use as an analytical tool (e.g., as a marker of the presence oiB. fragilis) and as an assay standard or control (e.g., as a positive marker of lipidated PSA or a comparator in an in vitro assay such as a IL-10 induction assay).
• In vivo uses include uses in animal models and also clinically to treat or prevent inflammatory conditions such as but not limited to autoimmune disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease).
• the invention further contemplates use of the individual polysaccharide and glycolipid components of lipidated PSA.
• the glycolipid component may be used as a single agent.
• the polysaccharide and glycolipid components may be used together in an unconjugated form.
• In vivo uses include but are not limited to those involving human subjects.
• in vivo uses include administration of the lipidated PSA molecule and compositions thereof to a non-human subject in order to modulate an immune response, for example as a positive control or a comparator.
• the subject may be one having or likely to develop an aberrant immune response.
• the aberrant immune response is an enhanced immune response and the lipidated PSA acts to down-regulate the immune response.
• Enhanced immune responses are typically associated with inflammatory conditions, such as but not limited to autoimmune diseases.
• compositions of the invention comprising for example isolated or synthetic forms of lipidated PSA, conjugated or unconjugated forms of lipidated PSA, or the glycolipid component of lipidated PSA as a single agent or in combination with a
• polysaccharide other than PSA may be used to modulate (and typically down-regulate) immune responses in subjects having or at risk of developing autoimmune diseases.
• subjects having autoimmune diseases typically experience one or more "events" or recurrences associated with the autoimmune disease.
• a subject having inflammatory bowel disease may experience temporally isolated attacks of the disease, characterized by the presence of symptoms or increased severity of symptoms.
• the invention contemplates that the compositions may be used in such subjects to reduce the likelihood of such future recurrences of the disease or to reduce the severity of symptoms associated with the disease (e.g., pain, fever, discomfort, fatigue, etc.).
• compositions may be administered prior to such recurrence, and in this manner may be chronically administered, optionally at a regular frequency. Examples include once a day, once every 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 days, or once a week, etc.
• the invention also contemplates that the compositions may be administered to the subject during a recurrence in order to reduce the severity of symptoms or shorten the time of the recurrence.
• the invention provides a method comprising administering to a subject at risk of a recurrence of a condition associated with inflammation an effective amount of a lipidated PSA in any of the forms provided herein such as but not limited to isolated or synthetic forms of lipidated PSA and/or conjugated or unconjugated forms of lipidated PSA, or an effective amount of the glycolipid component of lipidated PSA as a single agent or in combination with an agent other than PSA.
• the method may reduce the likelihood of a recurrence of the condition or may reduce the frequency of future recurrences.
• the method may reduce the severity of symptoms associated with the condition, whether such symptoms are present in the first manifestation, in a recurrence, or chronically.
• autoimmune diseases include but are not limited to multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn's Disease and ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, type I diabetes, uveitis, Celiac disease, pernicious anemia, Srojen's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, systemic lupus erythamatosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Addison's disease, Ankylosing spondylitis, Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, Guillain-Barre syndrome, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Goodpasture's syndrome, Myasthenia gravis, Pemphigus, giant cell arteritis, aplastic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, Kawaski's disease, mixed connective tissue disease, Ord throiditis, polyarthritis, primary bili
• the autoimmune disease is multiple sclerosis. In other important embodiments, the autoimmune disease is an inflammatory bowel disease including but not limited to ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. In other embodiments, the autoimmune disease may be rheumatoid arthritis or type I diabetes.
• compositions of the invention may be administered to a subject who has yet to manifest an autoimmune disease (including symptoms thereof) yet is at risk of developing such as disease based on a known genetic or familial predisposition.
• a subject may have one or more family members that are afflicted with the disease.
• compositions of the invention are administered to subject having or at risk of developing graft-versus-host disease. Administration may occur prior to, during and/or after transplantation of an organ or tissue (including blood or a blood product) into the subj ect.
• compositions may be administered to subjects having or at risk of developing a conditions associated with inflammation.
• the composition may be administered to a subject having asthma.
• a subject having asthma typically experience asthmatic attacks or events characterized by impaired breathing.
• the invention contemplates that the
• compositions described herein may be administered acutely (e.g., a single large dose) or chronically (e.g., repeated, smaller doses) to asthmatic subjects. Accordingly, in some instances, the compositions may be administered prior to an asthmatic attack in order to prevent the occurrence of the attack, reduce the frequency of attacks, and/or to lessen the severity of the attack. In some instances, the compositions may be administered during an attack in order to reduce its severity and/or reduce its duration. Another condition associated with inflammation is a post-surgical adhesion. The invention contemplates administration of the compositions described herein to subjects having or at risk of developing a post-surgical adhesion.
• compositions may be administered prior to, during, and/or immediately following surgery, or any combination thereof including but not limited to prior to and during surgery, in order to prevent the occurrence of such adhesions and/or reduce their severity.
• the compositions may be administered repeatedly following surgery, including for example every day, every two days, every three days, etc. for a week, two weeks, three weeks, a month, or several months post- surgery.
• Another condition associated with inflammation is an abscess, including but not limited to an abdominal abscess as may occur upon leakage of intestinal contents into the peritoneum.
• the subjects being treated may also be administered antibacterial agents such as antibiotics.
• a method comprises administering to a subject having or at risk of developing an abscess an effective amount of any of the lipidated PSA forms described herein or the glycolipid component of lipidated PSA (separate from the polysaccharide component) or compositions thereof.
• the subject is also administered an anti -bacterial agent such as an antibiotic.
• the lipidated PSA is administered prior to development of an abscess and/or prior to the manifestation of symptoms associated with an abscess.
• the lipidated PSA or glycolipid is administered after an abscess has been detected or diagnosed and/or after symptoms associated with an abscess are manifested.
• compositions described herein are administered to subjects that are obese.
• Such subjects are typically defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more.
• BMI body mass index
• the compositions may be administered to a subject having a BMI greater than 20 or greater than 25.
• the compositions are intended to prevent further weight gain and/or induce weight loss in such subjects.
• a subject intends any subject that would benefit from administration of a composition of the invention or that could be administered the composition of the invention.
• the subject is a human subject.
• the subject may also be a companion animal such as a dog or cat, agricultural livestock such as horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, etc., laboratory animals such as mice, rats, rabbits, monkeys, etc., or animals such as those maintained in zoos or otherwise in captivity.
• a variety of administration routes are available. The particular mode selected will depend, of course, upon the particular condition being treated, the severity of the condition being treated, and the dosage required for therapeutic efficacy.
• the methods of the invention may be practiced using any mode of administration that is medically acceptable, meaning any mode that produces effective levels of the active compounds without causing clinically unacceptable adverse effects.
• modes of administration include oral, rectal, topical, nasal, inhalation (e.g., inhaler or nebulization), or parenteral routes.
• parenteral includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular,
• the active agents of the invention are formulated as
• compositions or preparations Such compositions or preparations. Such compositions or preparations.
• compositions may routinely contain pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, concentrations of salt, buffering agents, preservatives, other immune modulators, and optionally other therapeutic agents.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier as used herein, and described more fully below, means one or more compatible solid or liquid filler, diluents or encapsulating substances which are suitable for administration to a human or other animal.
• carrier denotes an organic or inorganic ingredient, natural or synthetic, with which the active agent(s) is combined to facilitate administration, long-term storage, stability and the like.
• the active agents of the present invention may be comingled with the other components of the pharmaceutical compositions, in a manner such that there is no interaction which would substantially impair the desired pharmaceutical efficacy.
• compositions may be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing the active agents into association with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active agent(s) into association with a liquid carrier, a finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
• Compositions suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units, such as capsules, tablets, lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the active agent.
• Other compositions include suspensions in aqueous liquids or non-aqueous liquids such as a syrup, elixir or an emulsion.
• the active agent(s) may be administered per se (neat) or in the form of a
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be used for in vivo applications as well as in vitro applications.
• Non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and are not excluded from the scope of the invention.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, those prepared from the following acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulphuric, nitric, phosphoric, maleic, acetic, salicyclic, p-toluene sulphonic, tartaric, citric, methane sulphonic, formic, malonic, succinic, naphthalene-2-sulphonic, and benzene sulphonic.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be prepared as alkyline metal or alkyline earth salts, such as sodium, potassium or calcium salts of the carboxylic acid group.
• Suitable buffering agents include: acetic acid and a salt (1-2% w/v); citric acid and a salt (1-3%) w/v); boric acid and a salt (0.5-2.5%) w/v); and phosphoric acid and a salt (0.8-2%> w/v).
• Suitable preservatives include benzalkonium chloride (0.003-0.03%) w/v);
• chlorobutanol (0.3-0.9% w/v); parabens (0.01-0.25% w/v) and thimerosal (0.004-0.02% w/v).
• compositions suitable for parenteral administration conveniently comprise a sterile aqueous preparation of the active agent(s), which can be isotonic with the blood of the recipient.
• acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
• fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
• Carrier formulations suitable for subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal intravenous, etc. administrations may be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.
• the lipidated PSA or the glycolipid component is formulated with a detergent such as but not limited to Tween or a bile salt such as but not limited to deoxycholate (e.g., sodium deoxycholate) in order to limit or prevent lipidated PSA aggregation.
• a detergent such as but not limited to Tween or a bile salt such as but not limited to deoxycholate (e.g., sodium deoxycholate) in order to limit or prevent lipidated PSA aggregation.
• a detergent or bile salt may be used at a low concentration such that it is still pharmaceutically acceptable. For example, it may be present at about or less than 0.0001%. 0.0005%, 0.001%. 0.002%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.07%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%. 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, or more.
• Degradation of the lipidated PSA into glycolipid and polysaccharide components can be determined using mass spec or zinc gels as described herein (e.g., in the latter case, the released lipid is clearly identified as a faster migrating band). This is illustrated in FIG. 10.
• a therapeutically effective amount is that amount necessary to delay the onset of, inhibit the progression of, or halt altogether the particular condition being treated, including reducing the likelihood, frequency and/or severity of a recurrence of the condition.
• the effective amount may be that amount which serves to reduce, alleviate, or delay the onset of the symptoms (e.g., pain, fever, etc.) of the disorder being treated or prevented. The effective amount will depend upon the mode of administration, the particular condition being treated and the desired outcome.
• doses of active agent(s) of the present invention may be from about 0.01 mg/kg per day to 1000 mg/kg per day, preferably from about 0.1 mg/kg to 200 mg/kg and most preferably from about 0.2 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg, in one or more dose
• the total daily dose for a human subject may range from about 50- 100 micrograms of lipidated PSA or the glycolipid component isolated from the
• the pharmaceutical preparation may be administered alone or in conjunction with one or more other active agents.
• the pharmaceutical preparation may be used or administered in conjunction with active agents that are suitable for autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and the like.
• agents include anti-inflammatory agents.
• steroids and corticosteroids such as cortisone
• non-steroidal anti -inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, salsalate, celecoxib, diclofenac, etodolac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, ketorolac, nabumetone, naproxen, oxaprozin, piroxicam, sulindac, and tolmetin;
• aminosalicylates such as sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicylates including mesalamine, balsalazide, and olsalazine; azathioprine; mercaptopurine; cyclosporine; beta interferons; glatiramer acetate; dimethyl fumarate; fingolimod; mitoxantrone; disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate, leflunomide, hydroxychloroquine and sulfasalazine.
• DMARDs disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
• T F alpha inhibitors such as infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira), and golimumab (Simponi); natalizumab (Tysabri), vedolizumab (Entyvio); ustekinumab
• the invention contemplates that the combined use of lipidated PSA in the various forms described herein or isolated glycolipid component of lipidated PSA together with standard treatments such as those recited above will allow a lower dose of the standard treatment to be used for the same or better therapeutic effect, and/or will result in reduced incidence and/or severity of side effects associated with such standard treatments.
• the pharmaceutical preparation is given in conjunction with one or more anti -bacterial agents including antibiotics selected from the group consisting of penicillin G, penicillin V, ampicillin, amoxicillin, bacampicillin, cyclacillin, epicillin, hetacillin, pivampicillin, methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin,
• antibiotics selected from the group consisting of penicillin G, penicillin V, ampicillin, amoxicillin, bacampicillin, cyclacillin, epicillin, hetacillin, pivampicillin, methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin,
• flucloxacillin carbenicillin, ticarcillin, avlocillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, amdinocillin, cephalexin, cephradine, cefadoxil, cefaclor, cefazolin, cefuroxime axetil, cefamandole, cefonicid, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, cefmnenoxine, ceftriaxone, moxalactam, cefotetan, cefoperazone, ceftazidme, imipenem, clavulanate, timentin, sulbactam, neomycin, erythromycin, metronidazole, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, lincomycin, vancomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, aminoglycosides, quinolones, tetracyclines and rifampin
• B.fragilis was grown in anaerobic conditions.
• the capsular complex from B. fragilis was isolated with hot phenol/water extraction.
• the polysaccharide fraction was precipitated with ethanol after DNAse, RNase and pronase treatments.
• the precipitate was subjected to size exclusion chromatography in order to separate the lipidated PSA from other polysaccharide constituents.
• the fractions of interest were analyzed and pooled, then dialyzed and lyophilized.
• the purity of lipidated PSA was assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy.
• T e B.fragilis delta44 mutant strain was derived experimentally from strain 9343 and upon further characterization it was found to over-express PSA relative to PSB.
• Delta44 was plated onto a blood agar plate and grown overnight at 37°C.
• a swab from a heavily colonized plate was sub-cultured into a 500 ml starter culture of peptone yeast broth.
• the starter culture was inoculated into 16 liter culture of the same media and pH was titrated to neutrality with 5M NaOH. An anaerobic gas mix was bubbled into the sealed culture.
• bacteria were checked by Gram stain and subculture. Organisms were collected by centrifugation at 8,000x g for 20 minutes. Bacterial pellets were washed two times with saline yielding approximately one liter of bacterial pellet.
• the bacterial pellet was suspended in 68°C melted crystalline phenol to a final concentration of phenol of about 37% v/v (yielding a phenol/water preparation) and mixed for 30 minutes at 68°C followed by stirring at 4°C for 48 hours.
• the phenol/water preparation was aliquoted into glass bottles which were then centrifuged at 1500 rpm. The upper water layer was harvested. Any residual phenol contained in the harvested aqueous phase was extracted with an equal volume of ethyl ether. The ether phase was then removed using a separatory funnel and any residual ether in the aqueous phase was evaporated, yielding the final aqueous phase from the phenol/water preparation.
• the aqueous phase was dialyzed versus water with multiple changes over 5 days at
• the polysaccharide fraction was precipitated by adding 5 volumes of ethanol at 4°C to the mixture. The solution was then centrifuged at 12,000x g for 30 minutes to pellet the polysaccharide fraction. The supernatant was removed and the pellet was resuspended in 392 ml type 1 H 2 0.
• the dissolved fraction was then dialyzed against two changes of 16 liters type 1 H 2 0 at 4°C. The volume was reduced by lyophilization to approximately 50 mis.
• inventive embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed.
• inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein.
• a reference to "A and/or B", when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.
• the phrase "at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements.
• This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase "at least one" refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified.
• At least one of A and B can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.

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