WO2016183790A1 - 苦葛植物粗提物用于制备灭螺剂的用途 - Google Patents

苦葛植物粗提物用于制备灭螺剂的用途 Download PDF

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WO2016183790A1
WO2016183790A1 PCT/CN2015/079240 CN2015079240W WO2016183790A1 WO 2016183790 A1 WO2016183790 A1 WO 2016183790A1 CN 2015079240 W CN2015079240 W CN 2015079240W WO 2016183790 A1 WO2016183790 A1 WO 2016183790A1
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kudzu root
crude
solvent
snail
extraction
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PCT/CN2015/079240
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English (en)
French (fr)
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杨春平
陈华保
张敏
龚国淑
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四川农业大学
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Priority to AU2015394961A priority Critical patent/AU2015394961A1/en
Priority to PCT/CN2015/079240 priority patent/WO2016183790A1/zh
Publication of WO2016183790A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016183790A1/zh

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of pesticides, and particularly relates to the use of crude extracts of B. sylvestris for preparing snails and snails.
  • the main species of snails in China are snails and snails.
  • the snail was introduced into Guangdong in China in the 1980s and rapidly spread to other southern provinces in China. Due to the strong reproductive ability and greedy greed of the snails, it has caused great harm to the rice planting areas such as rice, lotus root and water chestnut in southern China. More seriously, the snail can carry and spread A.
  • cantonensis which can cause eosinophilic meningitis after eating, which is a serious threat to human health and life safety.
  • Snail is distributed in most provinces of China and is the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum. Schistosomiasis can be parasitic in the small blood vessels of the human portal vein system. Its metabolites are toxic, can destroy the body's tissues, and make people lose their physiological Normal function. Therefore, the elimination of snails and snails has important significance in agriculture and health and epidemic prevention.
  • niclosamide is the only recommended snail-killing agent used by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 1972. It has a high killing effect on snails, young snails and snail eggs, and has long-lasting effects on humans.
  • the animal is low in toxicity, but it is very toxic to fish. Under the effective concentration of snail, it can cause a large number of fish to die, and after use, the snail has a climbing phenomenon, resulting in a reduced snail-killing effect.
  • Kudzu is a unique Chinese medicine plant in China. It belongs to the genus Leguminosae, and is also widely distributed in Cambodia, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi and other places in China.
  • the research of bitter geese mostly focuses on medical activity, and has the functions of clearing heat, diarrhea, thirst, and insecticide.
  • In the research on the agricultural activity of Kudzu there is also Some reports on its insecticidal and bactericidal aspects.
  • B. sinensis for killing snails are involved, however, there is no report on the specific experimental data of the snail-killing mechanism, the snail-killing component, and the snail-killing.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a plant-based molluscicide which is obtained by using a bitter crude extract obtained by a specific extraction method, in order to more fully utilize the buckwheat plant to carry out the snail control in the production practice. Used for the prevention and treatment of snails and snails.
  • the technical solution of the present invention is: a plant-based molluscicide, wherein the snail-killing agent comprises crude extract of Kudzu root, a solvent and an auxiliary agent; and the amount of the crude extract of Kudzu Root 10 to 50% by weight, the solvent is used in an amount of 20 to 50% by weight, and the surfactant is 5 to 30% by weight;
  • the crude extract of Kudzu root is obtained by the following method:
  • Step 1 The Kudzu root is dried in an oven at 50 ° C, and then pulverized to 1 mm to 5 mm by a pulverizer to obtain a crude pulverized material of Kudzu root;
  • Step 2 The crude pulverized material of the first step is firstly extracted with petroleum ether and chloroform, respectively, and the weight ratio of the crude pulverized material to the extraction solvent is 1:3; methanol, n-butanol, ethanol, isopropanol are used again.
  • One or a mixture of the mixture is extracted as an extraction solvent, the weight ratio of the crude pulverized material and the extraction solvent is 1:2, the extraction temperature is 40 to 70 ° C, the extraction time is 12 to 24 hours, and a total of 3 extractions are performed, and the extraction is performed.
  • the liquid is concentrated and dried, and the concentrate is collected, which is a crude extract of Kudzu root.
  • the crude extract of Kudzu Root is used in an amount of 10 to 30% by weight, more preferably 15% by weight.
  • the chlorinating solvent is one or a mixture of cyclohexanone, ethyl acetate, methanol, n-butanol, ethanol, isopropanol and water; preferably n-butanol is used as a solvent.
  • the molluscing surfactant is styrylphenol formaldehyde resin polyoxyethylene ether, styrene phenol formaldehyde resin polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether, lauryl polyoxyethylene ether, phenethyl polyoxyethylene ether, alkyl
  • phenolic polyoxyethylene ether and calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate or a combination thereof preferably, the alkylphenol ethoxylate and the calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate are mixed at a weight ratio of 1:3.
  • Emulsifier Emulsifier.
  • the above-mentioned molluscicide is formulated into a microemulsion, wherein the microemulsion is prepared by the following steps: adding the crude extract of the bitter root, the solvent and the surfactant to the preparation tank in a formula.
  • the stirring time is 1 h
  • the stirring temperature is 40-60 ° C
  • after stirring uniformly, the bitter snail microemulsion is obtained.
  • bitter snail snails are plant bio-pesticide, safe for non-target organisms and the environment.
  • the active substances are diverse and resistant to chemicals.
  • Bitter plant has a fast growth rate and abundant resources, which is conducive to large-scale promotion and application.
  • the Kudzu root is dried in an oven at 50 ° C, and then pulverized to 1 mm to 5 mm by a pulverizer to obtain a crude pulverized material of Kudzu root; the crude pulverized material is firstly extracted with petroleum ether and chloroform separately (crude pulverized material and extracted) The solvent weight ratio is 1:3), and then one or a mixture of methanol, n-butanol, ethanol, isopropanol is used as an extraction solvent (the coarse pulverized product and the extraction solvent are 1:2 by weight), and extracted.
  • the temperature is 40-70 ° C, the extraction time is 12-24 h, and the extraction is carried out 3 times.
  • the extract is concentrated and dried, and the concentrate is collected, which is a crude extract of Kudzu root.
  • Example 2 Toxicicidal effect of crude extract of Kudzu root on snail and snail
  • Pomacea canaliculata The snails with a screw shell diameter of 15 ⁇ 2mm and 25 ⁇ 2mm were obtained by artificial breeding of the pollution-free pesticide research laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University.
  • Oncomelania hupensis Gredler 7-8 spin-forming snails were obtained by artificial breeding of the pollution-free pesticide research laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University.
  • the crude extract of Kudzu root is prepared according to the above preparation method of crude extract of Kudzu root. Prepared and supplied by the Research Institute of Pollution-free Pesticide of Sichuan Agricultural University.
  • the extract of Kudzu water extracts the bitter root, the pulverized material and the deionized water are extracted at a ratio of 1:3 by weight, the extraction temperature is 40-70 ° C, the extraction time is 12-24 h, and the extraction is performed 3 times.
  • the extract is concentrated and dried, which is the aqueous extract of Kudzu. Prepared and supplied by the Research Institute of Pollution-free Pesticide of Sichuan Agricultural University.
  • the toxic effect of crude extract of Kudzu root on the snail and snail was determined by immersion method.
  • the crude extract of Kudzu root was separately prepared into five different concentration gradients, and the prepared dilutions were separately poured into a 500 ml beaker, and 300 ml of the diluted solution was poured into each beaker. Then put the snails and 7-8 spinners with the outer diameter of 15 ⁇ 2mm and 25 ⁇ 2mm into the beaker, put 20 snails in each beaker, and take the water extract of Kudzu root and niclosamide as positive control. The clear water was blank control, and each treatment was repeated 3 times. It was placed in an incubator with a temperature of 25 ° C and a humidity of 80%, and sealed with gauze to prevent the snail from escaping. The death of each concentration of the drug solution was checked at 24h, 48h and 72h after the treatment. A virulence regression equation was established and the LC 50 values of crude extracts of Kudzu roots on snails and snails were calculated.
  • the crude extract of Kudzu has obvious poisoning effect on the snail.
  • the virulence was as high as 58.0835 ⁇ g/mL, 9.8505 ⁇ g/mL and 5.5112 ⁇ g/mL at 24h, 48h and 72h after treatment of the snail shell with a diameter of 15 ⁇ 2mm, but the virulence of the extract of Kudzu root was only 588.5323. ⁇ g/mL, 249.3690 ⁇ g/mL, and 227.2630 ⁇ g/mL; the virulence of the control drug niclosamide was 0.7251 ⁇ g/mL, 0.5145 ⁇ g/mL, and 0.4198 ⁇ g/mL.
  • the virulence of the crude extract of Kudzu root is 245.559 ⁇ g/mL, 14.3924 ⁇ g/mL and 12.3832 ⁇ g/mL at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, respectively, but the extract of Kudzu Root The virulence was only 723.0034 ⁇ g/mL, 280.2784 ⁇ g/mL, and 267.8989 ⁇ g/mL; the virulence of the control drug niclosamide was 0.9185 ⁇ g/mL, 0.5686 ⁇ g/mL, and 0.4847 ⁇ g/mL.
  • the crude extract of Kudzu root has a significant effect on the poisoning of the snail.
  • the virulence values were as high as 12.4862 ⁇ g/mL, 1.0444 ⁇ g/mL and 0.9268 ⁇ g/mL, but the virulence of the extract of Kudzu root was only 588.1544 ⁇ g/mL, 115.2999 ⁇ g/mL and 101.6794 ⁇ g/mL; the virulence of the control drug niclosamide was 0.1671 ⁇ g/mL, 0.1360 ⁇ g/mL, and 0.0969 ⁇ g/mL.
  • Example 3 15% bitter buckwheat microemulsion field killing snail test
  • 30% aqueous extract of Kudzu root water extract The aqueous extract was prepared according to the method of the aqueous extract of Kudzu root in Example 2. The preparation of 30% aqueous extract of Kudzu root water extract is 30% by weight of aqueous extract of Kudzu root, 5% by weight of alkylphenol ethoxylate, and 100% by water. Prepared and supplied by the Research Institute of Pollution-free Pesticide of Sichuan Agricultural University.
  • the soil type of the test site was clay, the soil fertility was moderate, and the cultivation conditions in the community were consistent.
  • the area of the plot is 5m 2 , and 100 clusters of seedlings are transplanted in each plot, 5 clusters per cluster, surrounded by mud and plastic film, keeping the water depth 3-5cm. 7 days after transplanting, 100 heads of the snails with the same size were manually stocked in each plot (the diameter of the shell was about 25 ⁇ 2 mm). 15% bitter microemulsion was sprayed in water at a dose of 2kg/hm 2 , 4kg/hm 2 , 6kg/hm 2 of active ingredient, and the drug control was water extract of Kudzu root and 50% niclosamide WP.
  • the dosage is 30% aqueous extract of Kudzu root water extract 10kg/hm 2 , 50% niclosamide WP active ingredient 0.5kg/hm 2 ; spray water is used as blank control; each treatment is repeated 4 times.
  • the number of dead snails and the number of live snails in the plot were investigated at 1d, 3d, 7d and 14d after application.
  • the control effect was calculated according to the number of dead snails and the number of live snails, and the difference significance analysis was carried out.
  • the 15% bitter buckwheat microemulsion has a poor control effect on the snails when the active ingredient amount is 2 kg/hm 2 , and the difference is significant compared with other treatments.
  • 15% bitter buckwheat microemulsion has an effective component content of 4kg/hm 2 and above, it has a good control effect on the snail, and the control effect on the first day after the drug is significantly different from the control. The difference from the control was not significant.
  • the results showed that 15% bitter buckwheat microemulsion had a strong poisoning effect on the snails when the active ingredient content was higher than 4kg/hm 2 , but the effect was relatively slow, and it took a period of time to show obvious poisoning effect. .
  • Example 4 15% bitter buckwheat microemulsion field snail test
  • 30% aqueous extract of Kudzu root water extract The aqueous extract was prepared according to the method of extracting the extract of Kudzu root in the second embodiment.
  • the preparation of 30% aqueous extract of Kudzu root water extract is 30% by weight of aqueous extract of Kudzu root, 5% by weight of alkylphenol ethoxylate, and 100% by water. Prepared and supplied by the Research Institute of Pollution-free Pesticide of Sichuan Agricultural University.
  • the control effect of the 15% bitter buckwheat microemulsion on the snail at a dose of 3 g/m 3 was significantly lower than that at the dose of 5 g/m 3 and 7 g/m 3 .
  • the control effect on the first day after drug removal was significantly different from that of the control agent, and the control effect of snails and control agents in other time periods The difference is not significant. It is indicated that the 15% bitter buckwheat microemulsion has a significant effect on the control of snails when the amount is higher than 5g/m 3 , but it is slower than the control agent, and it takes a while to show obvious poisoning effect.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
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Abstract

苦葛植物粗提物用于制备灭福寿螺和钉螺药剂的用途，苦葛根粗提物的提取方法是：(1)将苦葛根在50℃下烘干，再粉碎至1mm～5mm，得到苦葛根粗粉碎物；(2)将步骤1的粗粉碎物先用石油醚和三氯甲烷分别依次提取，粗粉碎物和提取溶剂重量比为1：3；再用甲醇、正丁醇、乙醇、异丙醇中的一种或几种混合物作为提取溶剂提取，温度40～70℃下提取12～24h，共提取3次，浸提液浓缩干燥，浓缩物即为苦葛根粗提物。

Description

苦葛植物粗提物用于制备灭螺剂的用途 技术领域
本发明属于农药领域，具体涉及苦葛植物粗提物用于制备灭福寿螺和钉螺药剂的用途。
技术背景
我国主要的害螺种类为福寿螺和钉螺。福寿螺于上世纪80年代作为食物引入我国广东，并快速扩散到我国其他南方省份。由于福寿螺繁殖能力强，食性贪婪，对我国南方水稻及莲藕、菱角等水生植物种植区造成了极大的危害。更为严重的是，福寿螺可以携带和传播广州管圆线虫，误食后可引起嗜酸性脑膜炎，严重威胁人类健康和生命安全。钉螺在我国大部分省份均有分布，是日本血吸虫的中间宿主，日本血吸虫病可以寄生在人体的门脉系统的小血管里，其代谢物有毒，能破坏人体的组织，使人失去生理上的正常功能。因此，消灭福寿螺和钉螺在农业和卫生防疫上均有重要的意义。
目前，害螺的防治主要以化学防治为主，防治药剂以氯硝柳胺、四聚乙醛等少数几个品种为主。其中，氯硝柳胺为1972年以来世界卫生组织(WHO)唯一推荐使用的杀螺剂，其对成螺、幼螺和螺卵均有较高的杀灭效果，药效长，对人、畜低毒，但对鱼类毒性很强，在有效灭螺浓度下，可引起鱼类大量死亡，且使用后福寿螺有上爬现象，导致灭螺效果降低。
自1933年Archibald R.G发现Balanjtaceae科植物Balanites aegyptiace果实粗提物有明显的杀螺作用以来，人们逐渐发现，众多的植物中含有丰富的杀螺活性物质，其中，部分物质活性高，抑制钉螺上爬效果明显，且在有效灭螺浓度下，对鱼贝等水生生物相对安全，这些发现为杀螺药剂的研制提供了新的方向。
苦葛为我国特有的中药植物，属豆科葛属，别名峨眉葛藤，广泛分布于我国西藏、云南、四川、广西等地，资源极为丰富。苦葛的研究多集中于医用活性，具有清热、透疹、生津止渴和杀虫等作用。在苦葛的农用活性研究方面，也有一 些关于其杀虫、杀菌方面的报道。现有技术中仅涉及苦葛用于灭螺的零星报道，然而并没有对苦葛的灭螺机理、灭螺组分、灭螺的具体实验数据进行任何报道。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于，为了更为充分地利用苦葛植物来进行生产实践意义上的灭螺，提供一种以特定提取方法所制得的苦葛粗提物为原料的植物性杀螺剂，用于钉螺和福寿螺的防治。
基于这一目的，本发明的技术方案为：一种植物性杀螺剂，其特征在于，所述杀螺剂包含苦葛根粗提物、溶剂和助剂；所述苦葛根粗提物的用量为10～50重量％，溶剂用量为20～50重量％，表面活性剂5～30重量％；
所述苦葛根粗提物是通过如下方法制得的：
步骤一、将苦葛根在50℃下使用烘箱烘干，再利用粉碎机粉碎至1mm～5mm，得到苦葛根粗粉碎物；
步骤二、将步骤一的粗粉碎物先用石油醚和三氯甲烷分别依次提取，所述粗粉碎物和提取溶剂重量比为1：3；再用甲醇、正丁醇、乙醇、异丙醇中的一种或几种混合物作为提取溶剂提取，所述粗粉碎物和提取溶剂重量比为1：2，提取温度为40～70℃，提取时间为12～24h，共提取3次，浸提液浓缩干燥，收集浓缩物，即为苦葛根粗提物。
优选地，所述苦葛根粗提物的用量为10～30重量％，更优选为15重量％。
所述杀螺剂溶剂为环己酮、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、正丁醇、乙醇、异丙醇和水中的一种或几种混合物；优选正丁醇作为溶剂。
所述杀螺剂表面活性剂为苯乙烯基苯酚甲醛树脂聚氧乙烯醚、苯乙烯苯酚甲醛树脂聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚、月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚、苯乙基聚氧乙烯醚、烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚、十二烷基苯磺酸钙中的一种或其组合；优选的为烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚和十二烷基苯磺酸钙按重量比1：3混合后作为乳化剂。
优选地，上述杀螺剂配制成微乳剂，其特征在于，所述微乳剂是通过如下步骤制得的：将上述苦葛根粗提物、溶剂和表面活性剂按配方量放入调制釜中搅拌，搅拌时间为1h，搅拌温度为40～60℃，搅拌均匀后即得到苦葛杀螺微乳剂。
使用方法：将制备的苦葛杀螺微乳剂稀释后喷雾使用即可。
本发明的苦葛杀螺剂优点如下：灭螺效果高，并可有效抑制螺体上爬。苦葛杀螺剂为植物性生物农药，对非靶标生物和环境安全。
活性物质多样，不易产生抗药性。苦葛植物生长速度快，资源丰富，有利于大面积推广应用。
具体实施例
实施例一：15％苦葛微乳剂的制备
将苦葛根在50℃下使用烘箱烘干，再利用粉碎机粉碎至1mm～5mm，得到苦葛根粗粉碎物；将粗粉碎物先用石油醚和三氯甲烷分别依次提取(粗粉碎物和提取溶剂重量比为1：3)，再用甲醇、正丁醇、乙醇、异丙醇中的一种或几种混合物作为提取溶剂提取(粗粉碎物和提取溶剂重量比为1：2)，提取温度为40～70℃，提取时间为12～24h，共提取3次，浸提液浓缩干燥，收集浓缩物，即为苦葛根粗提物。
称取苦葛根粗提物15kg，溶解于20kg正丁醇中，再加入烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚5kg，十二烷基苯磺酸钙15kg，在温度为45℃的搅拌条件下混合；在搅拌的同时，缓慢滴加去离子水45kg，滴加结束后继续搅拌1h，即得到15％苦葛微乳剂100kg。所得的制剂在稳定性、外观等检测指标上均符合国家微乳剂性能指标要求。
实施例二：苦葛根粗提物对钉螺和福寿螺的毒杀作用
1.供试靶标
福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)：选用螺体外壳直径为15±2mm和25±2mm的福寿螺，由四川农业大学无公害农药研究实验室人工饲养获得。
钉螺(Oncomelania hupensis Gredler)：选用7-8旋成螺，由四川农业大学无公害农药研究实验室人工饲养获得。
2.供试药剂
苦葛粗提物，按上述苦葛根粗提物制备方法制得。由四川农业大学无公害农药研究实验室制备、提供。
苦葛水提取物，将苦葛根粉碎，粉碎物和去离子水按重量比为1：3的比例进行浸提，提取温度为40～70℃，提取时间为12～24h，共提取3次，浸提液浓缩干燥，即为苦葛水提物。由四川农业大学无公害农药研究实验室制备、提供。
50％氯硝柳胺WP。市购。
3.试验方法
采用浸杀法测定苦葛根粗提物对福寿螺和钉螺的毒杀作用。
将苦葛根粗提物分别配制成5个不同的浓度梯度，将配制成的稀释液分别倒入500ml的烧杯中，每烧杯倒入稀释液300ml。再将外壳直径为15±2mm和25±2mm的福寿螺及7-8旋钉螺放入烧杯中，每烧杯中放入螺20头，以苦葛根水提物和氯硝柳胺为阳性对照，以清水为空白对照，每个处理3次重复，放在温度为25℃，湿度为80％培养箱内，用纱布封口，以防螺逃出。处理后24h、48h和72h检查各浓度药液的死亡情况。建立毒力回归方程，并计算苦葛根粗提物对福寿螺和钉螺的LC50值。
4.试验结果
以外壳直径为15±2mm和25±2mm的福寿螺为生测对象，不同时间内苦葛根粗提物灭杀福寿螺和钉螺的毒力结果见表1和表2。
由表1可知，苦葛粗提物对福寿螺具有明显的毒杀作用。在处理螺外壳直径为15±2mm的福寿螺后24h、48h和72h，其毒力分别高达58.0835μg/mL、9.8505μg/mL和5.5112μg/mL，但苦葛根水提物的毒力仅为588.5323μg/mL、249.3690μg/mL和227.2630μg/mL；对照药剂氯硝柳胺的毒力为0.7251μg/mL、0.5145μg/mL和0.4198μg/mL。
对于螺外壳直径为25±2mm的福寿螺，苦葛根粗提物处理后24h、48h和72h，其毒力分别为85.5309μg/mL、14.3924μg/mL和12.3832μg/mL，但苦葛根水提物的毒力仅为723.0034μg/mL、280.2784μg/mL和267.8989μg/mL；对照药剂氯硝柳胺的毒力为0.9185μg/mL、0.5686μg/mL和0.4847μg/mL。
由表2可以看出，苦葛根粗提物对钉螺毒杀作用显著。在处理钉螺24h、48h和72h，其毒力值高达12.4862μg/mL、1.0444μg/mL和0.9268μg/mL，但苦葛根水提物的毒力仅为588.1544μg/mL、115.2999μg/mL和101.6794μg/mL；对照药剂氯硝柳胺的毒力为0.1671μg/mL、0.1360μg/mL和0.0969μg/mL。
通过以上数据可以看出，苦葛粗提物处理福寿螺和钉螺48h和72h的毒力值均显著高于处理24h的毒力值，表明苦葛粗提物在处理48h后才能表现出显著的杀福寿螺和钉螺活性。苦葛根粗提物处理福寿螺和钉螺的毒力值显著高于苦葛根 水提物，表明杀螺活性物质在水中的溶解度不高。
表1 苦葛根粗提物灭杀福寿螺的毒力
Figure PCTCN2015079240-appb-000001
表2苦葛根粗提物灭杀钉螺的毒力
Figure PCTCN2015079240-appb-000002
实施例三：15％苦葛微乳剂田间灭福寿螺试验
1.供试药剂
15％苦葛微乳剂。按实施例一的方法制备。四川农业大学无公害农药研究实验室制备、提供。
50％氯硝柳胺WP。市购。
30％苦葛根水提物水乳剂。按实施例二中苦葛根水提物方法制备水提物。制备30％苦葛根水提物水乳剂的配方为：苦葛根水提物30重量％，烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚5重量％，水补足100％。由四川农业大学无公害农药研究实验室制备、提供。
2.供试作物
水稻，品种为冈优606。
3.防治对象
福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)。
4.试验方法
试验地土壤类型为粘土，土壤肥力中等，小区栽培条件一致。小区面积5m2，每小区移栽秧苗100丛，每丛5株，四周用泥土和塑料薄膜隔离，保持水体深度3-5cm。移栽后7d，每小区人工放养大小一致的福寿螺100头(螺壳直径约为25±2mm)。用15％苦葛微乳剂按有效成分2kg/hm2、4kg/hm2、6kg/hm2的使用剂量喷雾在水体中，药剂对照为苦葛根水提物和50％氯硝柳胺WP，使用剂量为30％苦葛根水提物水乳剂10kg/hm2，50％氯硝柳胺WP有效成分0.5kg/hm2；以喷施清水为空白对照；每处理4次重复。施药后1d、3d、7d和14d调查小区内的死螺数和活螺数，根据死螺数和活螺数计算防治效果，并进行差异显著性分析。
5.试验结果与分析
由表3可以看出，15％苦葛微乳剂在有效成分量为2kg/hm2时，对福寿螺防治效果较差，与其它处理相比，差异显著。当15％苦葛微乳剂在有效成分量为4kg/hm2及以上时，对福寿螺有较好的防治效果，除药后第一天防治效果与对照差异显著外，其余时间段的防治效果均与对照差异不显著。结果表明，15％苦葛微乳剂在使用有效成分量高于4kg/hm2时，对福寿螺具有极强的毒杀作用，但作用相对缓慢，需经过一段时间后才能表现出明显的毒杀效果。同时可以看出，15％苦葛微乳剂在不同时间段的防治效果均显著高于30％苦葛根水提物水乳剂的防治效果，说明直接使用苦葛根水提物防治福寿螺效果不明显。
表3 15％苦葛微乳剂对福寿螺的田间防治效果
Figure PCTCN2015079240-appb-000003
Figure PCTCN2015079240-appb-000004
实施例四：15％苦葛微乳剂田间灭钉螺试验
1.供试药剂
15％苦葛微乳剂。按实施例一的方法制备。四川农业大学无公害农药研究实验室制备、提供。
50％氯硝柳胺WP。市购。
30％苦葛根水提物水乳剂。按按实施例二中苦葛根水提物方法制备水提物。制备30％苦葛根水提物水乳剂的配方为：苦葛根水提物30重量％，烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚5重量％，水补足100％。由四川农业大学无公害农药研究实验室制备、提供。
2.防治对象
钉螺(Oncomelania hupensis Gredler)。
3.试验方法
选取钉螺密度较大的小型沟渠，等距分割成段，每段水体体积约3～5m3，施药前按常规清理环境，将15％苦葛微乳剂按制剂量3g/m3、5g/m3和7g/m3的试验剂量进行施药，对照药剂使用50％氯硝柳胺WP按制剂量0.5g/m3和30％苦葛根水提物水乳剂10g/m3的用量施用，以喷施清水为空白对照，试验共5个处理，每个处理4次重复。施药后1d、3d、5d和7d调查。调查方法为每小区随机筛取钉螺100只，用敲击法鉴定钉螺死亡数和存活数，计算药剂防治效果，进行差异显著性分析。
4.试验结果与分析
由表4可以看出，15％苦葛微乳剂在3g/m3的剂量下，对钉螺的防治效果显著低于5g/m3和7g/m3剂量下的使用效果。15％苦葛微乳剂在5g/m3和7g/m3剂量 下，除药后第一天的防治效果与对照药剂防治效果差异显著外，其它时间段对钉螺的防治效果与对照药剂防治效果差异均不显著。说明15％苦葛微乳剂在使用量高于5g/m3时，对钉螺防治效果显著，但与对照药剂相比，作用较缓慢，需经过一段时间后才能表现出明显的毒杀效果。同时可以看出，15％苦葛微乳剂在不同时间段的防治效果均显著高于30％苦葛根水提物水乳剂的防治效果，说明直接使用苦葛水提物防治钉螺效果差。
表4 15％苦葛微乳剂对钉螺的田间防治效果
Figure PCTCN2015079240-appb-000005
本发明的苦葛植物粗提物用于制备灭螺剂的用途已经通过具体的实例进行了描述，本领域技术人员可借鉴本发明内容，适当改变原料、工艺条件等环节来实现相应的其它目的，其相关改变都没有脱离本发明的内容，所有类似的替换和改动对于本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的，都被视为包括在本发明的范围之内。

Claims (8)

  1. 一种植物性杀螺剂，其特征在于，所述杀螺剂包含苦葛根粗提物、溶剂和助剂；所述苦葛根粗提物的用量为10～50重量％，溶剂用量为20～50重量％，表面活性剂5～30重量％；
    所述苦葛根粗提物是通过如下方法制得的：
    步骤一、将苦葛根在50℃下使用烘箱烘干，再利用粉碎机粉碎至1mm～5mm，得到苦葛根粗粉碎物；
    步骤二、将步骤一的粗粉碎物先用石油醚和三氯甲烷分别依次提取，所述粗粉碎物和提取溶剂重量比为1：3；再用甲醇、正丁醇、乙醇、异丙醇中的一种或几种混合物作为提取溶剂提取，所述粗粉碎物和提取溶剂重量比为1：2，提取温度为40～70℃，提取时间为12～24h，共提取3次，浸提液浓缩干燥，收集浓缩物，即为苦葛根粗提物。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的植物性杀螺剂，其特征在于，所述苦葛根粗提物的用量为10～30重量％。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的植物性杀螺剂，其特征在于，所述苦葛根粗提物的用量为15重量％。
  4. 根据权利要求1至3任一所述的植物性杀螺剂，其特征在于，所述杀螺剂溶剂为环己酮、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、正丁醇、乙醇、异丙醇和水中的一种或几种混合物。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的植物性杀螺剂，其特征在于，所述溶剂为正丁醇。
  6. 根据权利要求1至3任一所述的植物性杀螺剂，其特征在于，所述杀螺剂表面活性剂为苯乙烯基苯酚甲醛树脂聚氧乙烯醚、苯乙烯苯酚甲醛树脂聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚、月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚、苯乙基聚氧乙烯醚、烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚、十二烷基苯磺酸钙中的一种或其组合。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的植物性杀螺剂，其特征在于，所述杀螺剂表面活性剂为烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚和十二烷基苯磺酸钙按重量比1：3的混合物。
  8. 根据权利要求1至3任一所述的植物性杀螺剂，其特征在于，所述杀螺剂通过如下步骤配制成微乳剂，将苦葛根粗提物、溶剂和表面活性剂按配方量放 入调制釜中搅拌，搅拌时间为1h，搅拌温度为40～60℃，搅拌均匀后即得到苦葛杀螺微乳剂。
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