WO2016154849A1 - 一种打印喷头、三维打印机及控制方法 - Google Patents

一种打印喷头、三维打印机及控制方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016154849A1
WO2016154849A1 PCT/CN2015/075387 CN2015075387W WO2016154849A1 WO 2016154849 A1 WO2016154849 A1 WO 2016154849A1 CN 2015075387 W CN2015075387 W CN 2015075387W WO 2016154849 A1 WO2016154849 A1 WO 2016154849A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
printing
print
printer
temperature
nozzle
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PCT/CN2015/075387
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
孙玉春
吕培军
王勇
陈科龙
Original Assignee
北京大学口腔医院
北京实诺泰克科技有限公司
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Application filed by 北京大学口腔医院, 北京实诺泰克科技有限公司 filed Critical 北京大学口腔医院
Priority to CN201580000082.2A priority Critical patent/CN106457666B/zh
Priority to PCT/CN2015/075387 priority patent/WO2016154849A1/zh
Publication of WO2016154849A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016154849A1/zh

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C67/00—Shaping techniques not covered by groups B29C39/00 - B29C65/00, B29C70/00 or B29C73/00

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of three-dimensional printing, in particular to a print head, an FDM three-dimensional printer and a control method.
  • the FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) process is a kind of wire material (such as ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene Styrene copolymers), PC (ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene-styrene copolymer)), which does not rely on laser as a molding energy source.
  • Polycarbonate, polycarbonate, etc. A method of heating and melting to form a stack.
  • the printing materials used for FDM printing are generally thermoplastic materials such as wax, ABS, PC, PA (Polyamide, nylon), etc., which are fed in the form of filaments. The material is heated and melted in the spray head.
  • the spray head moves along the cross-sectional profile and fill path of the part while extruding the molten material, the material solidifies quickly and bonds to the surrounding material.
  • Each layer is stacked on the upper layer, and the upper layer plays a role in positioning and supporting the current layer.
  • FDM 3D printers have the following advantages:
  • plastic wire clean, easy to replace: Compared with other processes using powder and liquid materials, the wire is cleaner, easy to replace, save, and will not form powder or liquid contamination in or near the equipment.
  • post-processing is simple: only takes a few minutes to a quarter of an hour to peel off the support material, the prototype can be used.
  • SL Stepo Lithography
  • SLS Selecting Laser Sintering
  • 3DP Triple Dimensional Printing and Gluing
  • steps and the need for post-cure treatment require additional auxiliary equipment. These additional post-treatment steps are likely to cause powder or liquid contamination, and the second is increased by several hours and cannot be used immediately after molding.
  • SL, SLS, and 3DP have interlayer processes (laying/liquid, hanging), so they can form multiple prototypes at a time.
  • 3DP can achieve a prototype with a height of about 25mm in one hour.
  • the 3D printer has a small molding space and can form up to 1 or 2 prototypes at a time. Relatively speaking, their speed advantage is not obvious.
  • the 3D printer does not require high prototype strength, so the FDM process can increase the molding speed by reducing the compactness of the prototype.
  • the maximum forming speed can reach 60 cubic centimeters / hour. Through software optimization and technological advancement, it is expected to reach a high speed of 200 cubic centimeters per hour.
  • Another object of the present invention is to solve the problem that the nozzle is easily clogged and the material is fragile.
  • an FDM three-dimensional printer including a motion mechanism, a head, a printing platform, a platform heating mechanism, and a heat dissipation fan, wherein the heat dissipation fan includes a model cooling fan for cooling a model printed by the three-dimensional printer.
  • a position calibration mechanism is further included for calibrating the distance between the print head and the printing platform.
  • the printer includes more than two nozzles, each nozzle having a corresponding material supply mechanism.
  • the three-dimensional printer further comprises: a material supply mechanism for supplying the printing material to the printer, a power supply module, and a switch.
  • the three-dimensional printer further comprises: a display module for displaying the temperature of the nozzle, the temperature of the platform heating mechanism, the printing speed, the printing progress, the movement mechanism displacement, the printing state, the cooling fan speed, and/or the printing list.
  • the three-dimensional printer further includes a temperature adjustment unit for setting the temperature of the showerhead, the temperature of the platform heating mechanism, and/or the cooling fan speed.
  • the three-dimensional printer further includes a speed adjustment unit for adjusting the printing speed.
  • the three-dimensional printer further includes a status selection unit for selecting to suspend printing or to continue printing.
  • the three-dimensional printer further includes a data selection unit for selecting the print data.
  • the three-dimensional printer further includes a data input module for receiving the print data.
  • the data input module is an SD card slot for acquiring print data from the SD card.
  • the data input module is a USB interface for acquiring print data from a computer.
  • the data input module is a network interface for acquiring print data from the network.
  • a control module is further included, configured to control a motion trajectory of the motion mechanism according to the print data.
  • control module is used to control the temperature of the showerhead and the platform heating mechanism.
  • control module is configured to control the speed of the cooling fan.
  • Such an FDM three-dimensional printer has a model cooling fan, and the model cooling fan can cool the printed model, speeding up the cooling rate of the printing material, and solving the printing material. It can quickly cool and solidify, which causes the deformation of the printing model, affects the printing effect, and effectively improves the surface quality of the model.
  • a print head which includes a throat portion and a nozzle portion, the nozzle is of an all-metal material, and the throat portion and the inner wall of the nozzle portion are coated with a non-stick coating.
  • the non-stick coating is a ceramic coating or a Teflon coating.
  • the inner diameter of the nozzle portion is tapered.
  • the metallic material comprises stainless steel, aluminum alloy and/or copper.
  • the nozzle has a temperature resistance of not less than 345°.
  • the nozzle portion has a diameter of 0.1 mm to 0.4 mm.
  • Such a printing nozzle has an all-metal material for the throat portion and the nozzle portion, which is easy to dissipate heat, so that the temperature is not too high, and the printing material is prevented from softening and being too easy to break, thereby stabilizing the material supply; the throat portion and the nozzle portion
  • the non-stick coating on the inner wall prevents the printing material from adhering to the inner wall of the nozzle, causing the nozzle to become clogged.
  • Such a printhead is capable of uniformly providing printed material without undue material supply interruption during printing of the model, thereby optimizing the quality of the printed model.
  • an FDM three-dimensional printer including the print heads mentioned above.
  • the printer includes more than two printheads.
  • the printer further includes a model cooling fan for cooling the model printed by the three-dimensional printer.
  • a position calibration mechanism is also included for calibrating the position of the printhead and/or print platform.
  • a display module is further included for displaying the temperature of the nozzle, the temperature of the platform heating mechanism, the printing speed, the printing progress, the movement mechanism displacement, the printing status, the fan speed, and/or the print list.
  • a temperature adjustment unit is further included for setting the temperature of the nozzle, the temperature of the platform heating mechanism, and/or the cooling fan speed.
  • a speed adjustment unit is further included for adjusting the printing speed.
  • a state selection unit is further included for selecting to suspend printing or to continue printing.
  • a data selection unit is further included for selecting the print data.
  • a data input module is further included for receiving the print data.
  • the data input module is an SD card slot for acquiring print data from the SD card.
  • the data input module is a USB interface for acquiring print data from a computer.
  • the data input module is a network interface for acquiring print data from the network.
  • a control module is further included, configured to control a motion trajectory of the motion mechanism according to the print data.
  • control module is used to control the temperature of the showerhead and the platform heating mechanism.
  • control module is configured to control the speed of the cooling fan.
  • the throat portion and the nozzle portion of the printing head are all metal materials, which are easy to dissipate heat, so that the temperature is not too high, and the printing material is prevented from softening and being too easy to break, thereby stabilizing the material supply; the throat portion and The non-stick coating on the inner wall of the nozzle portion prevents the printing material from adhering to the inner wall of the head to cause clogging of the head. Therefore, such a printer does not have an unexpected material supply interruption when printing a model, thereby optimizing the quality of the print model.
  • a method for controlling an FDM three-dimensional printer includes: controlling a motion trajectory of a motion mechanism and a material supply of a nozzle according to a printing path; and controlling a nozzle and/or a platform heating mechanism according to a printing temperature requirement Temperature; and, according to the printing temperature demand to control the heat dissipation of the cooling fan, wherein the cooling fan includes a model cooling fan, and the control model cooling fan cools the model printed by the three-dimensional printer.
  • the method further includes controlling the position calibration mechanism to calibrate the distance between the nozzle and the printing platform.
  • two or more nozzles are controlled to print different colors of printed materials according to the multi-color print data.
  • two or more nozzles are controlled to print different types of printed materials according to the print data.
  • the method further includes: displaying, by the display module, the temperature of the nozzle, the temperature of the platform heating mechanism, the printing speed, the printing progress, the movement mechanism displacement, the printing status, the cooling fan speed, and/or the printing list.
  • the nozzle motor, the platform heating mechanism, and/or are controlled according to the temperature of the nozzle set by the user through the temperature adjustment unit, the temperature of the platform heating mechanism, and/or the cooling fan speed. Or a cooling fan.
  • the speed of the motion mechanism is controlled in accordance with the print speed adjusted by the user through the speed adjustment unit.
  • the pause motion or the continuous motion of the motion mechanism is controlled according to the pause printing or the continued printing selected by the user through the state selection unit.
  • printing is performed according to print data selected by the user through the data selection unit.
  • control module controls the data input module to receive the print data.
  • the data input module acquires print data from the SD card through the SD card slot.
  • the data input module obtains print data from the computer through the USB interface.
  • the data input module obtains print data from the network through a network interface.
  • control module can control the model cooling fan to dissipate heat for the printing model, thereby speeding up the cooling speed of the printing material, and solving the problem that the printing material cannot be rapidly cooled and solidified, resulting in deformation of the printing model and affecting the printing effect. Effectively improve the surface quality of the model.
  • a method for fabricating an oral cavity model includes: generating print data according to a digital model, the print data including a print path; and printing according to print data using any of the FDM three-dimensional printers mentioned above Oral model.
  • the number of nozzles of the FDM three-dimensional printer is two or more, and the multi-color oral model is printed by printing different color printing materials by using different nozzles.
  • the oral model can be directly printed using the FDM three-dimensional printer according to the digital model data, on the one hand, the steps of making the oral model are simplified, and the operation is facilitated.
  • the FDM three-dimensional printer is used for printing.
  • the oral model is more accurate and refined, which improves the accuracy of the model.
  • FIG. 1 is a system diagram of an embodiment of an FDM three-dimensional printer of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a motion mechanism of an FDM three-dimensional printer of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a heat dissipation fan of an FDM three-dimensional printer of the present invention.
  • Figure 4a is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a printhead of the present invention.
  • Figure 4b is a perspective view of one embodiment of a printhead of the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is a plan view of one embodiment of an FDM three-dimensional printer of the present invention.
  • Figure 6 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a showerhead for an FDM three-dimensional printer of the present invention.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a printing process for an FDM three-dimensional printer of the present invention.
  • Fig. 8 is a schematic view showing an embodiment of a control device for an FDM three-dimensional printer of the present invention.
  • Fig. 9 is a schematic view showing another embodiment of the control device for the FDM three-dimensional printer of the present invention.
  • Figure 10 is a flow chart showing an embodiment of a method of controlling an FDM three-dimensional printer of the present invention.
  • FIG. 11 is a flow chart of one embodiment of a method of making an oral cavity model of the present invention.
  • Figure 12a is a schematic diagram of a digital model of an oral cavity model in a method of making an oral cavity model of the present invention.
  • 12b is a schematic diagram of a digital model of another oral cavity model in the oral model making method of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 A schematic diagram of a system of an embodiment of the FDM three-dimensional printer of the present invention is shown in FIG. Among them, 1 is a sports body.
  • the motion mechanism 1 includes three parts, an x-axis motion mechanism, a y-axis motion mechanism, and a z-axis motion mechanism, respectively, and the specific structure is as shown in FIG. 2.
  • the x-axis motion mechanism 101 controls the nozzle to move in the X direction in the figure;
  • the moving mechanism 102 controls the nozzle to move in the Y direction in the figure, and the x-axis motion mechanism 101 and the y-axis motion mechanism 102 can control the movement of the nozzle on the horizontal plane to realize printing of each layer;
  • the z-axis motion mechanism 103 can control the printing platform 3 in the vertical direction. (Z direction) moves, one layer is printed each time, the printing platform 3 moves downward, and the next layer is printed on the basis of the printed layer.
  • the position of the printing platform is unchanged, and the moving mechanism controls the head to realize three-dimensional motion for printing.
  • the position of the print head is unchanged, and the motion mechanism controls the print platform to perform three-dimensional motion for printing.
  • the FDM printer can be a dual nozzle structure, such as nozzle one 201 and nozzle two 202 in FIG. Dual nozzles can be used to print different colors of printed materials for two-color printing.
  • the dual nozzle structure can also be used to print different materials for printing materials.
  • auxiliary structures - "support” provide positioning and support for the subsequent layers to ensure the smooth realization of the molding process.
  • a dual-nozzle printer uses one printhead to print the model, and the other uses a soluble material to print the support, making it easier to remove the support material after printing, preventing damage to the print model due to removal of the support, and further improving print quality.
  • the printing platform 3 is a printing platform, the nozzle 2 is printed on the printing platform 3, and the printing platform 3 functions to carry a printing model.
  • the printing platform 3 adjusts the distance from the head 2 by the movement of the z-axis moving mechanism to realize layer-by-layer printing.
  • the print model is prone to warpage when the temperature difference is too large or the cooling is too fast.
  • the platform heating mechanism 4 is capable of maintaining the temperature of the printing platform 3 for printing model heating, such as 30-100 ° C, to ensure the quality of the printing model.
  • the cooling fan 5 is a cooling fan.
  • the cooling fan 5 includes a model cooling fan.
  • the model cooling fan blows the print model to speed up the cooling and solidification of the printed material and prevent the deformation or collapse of the printed model.
  • the cooling fan 5 may further include a head cooling fan.
  • the specific structure of the heat dissipation fan 5 can be as shown in FIG. In FIG. 3, 501 is a model cooling fan, 502 is a nozzle cooling fan 1 for cooling the nozzle 201, and 503 is a nozzle cooling fan 2, which is used for the nozzle 2 202 heat dissipation.
  • the above FDM three-dimensional printer can realize FDM three-dimensional printing, and the model cooling fan can cool the printed model, accelerate the cooling speed of the printing material, and solve the problem that the printing material cannot be rapidly cooled and solidified, which causes the printing model to be deformed and affects the printing effect, and is effective. Improve the surface quality of the model.
  • a position calibration mechanism can also be included that is used to calibrate the distance between the print head and the print platform.
  • the position calibration mechanism can obtain the appropriate height of the printing platform 3 under the nozzle 2, and adjust the printing platform 3 at the appropriate height by adjusting the z-axis motion mechanism, so that the printing material is attached to the printing platform for printing.
  • a material supply mechanism 6 may also be included for placing the printed material.
  • the printing material may be ABS and PLA organic materials, as well as inorganic nanocomposites, PMMA resin materials, nylon materials, resin waxes, and the like. Different printing materials have different temperatures, textures, and printing effects, and suitable printing materials can be selected according to requirements. Inserting the printing wire material into the nozzle and pressing the nozzle holder can quickly load the printing material.
  • a power supply module 7 may also be included for powering the FDM three-dimensional printer.
  • the power supply module 7 can be powered by the power line to supply power to other parts of the printer.
  • the FDM 3D printer can also include a switch 8 for controlling the printer to turn on or off. In the case where the plugging and unplugging power supply is inconvenient, it is more convenient and safe to control the opening or closing of the printer through the switch 8.
  • 9 is a display module, which can be used to display one of the temperature of the nozzle, the temperature of the platform heating mechanism, the printing speed, the printing progress, the movement mechanism displacement, the printing state, the cooling fan speed, the print list, and the like. Or multiple.
  • the display module 9 can be an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display).
  • the user can view the current status of the printer through the display module 9, for example, whether to warm up to a suitable temperature for further operation.
  • the adjustment module 10 the parameters of the printer can be adjusted, and the adjustment result can be viewed from the display module 9.
  • 10 is an adjustment module for parameter adjustment of an FDM three-dimensional printer.
  • the adjustment module 10 can be a knob structure, a button structure, or Touch screen, or a combination of these structures.
  • the adjustment module 10 may include a temperature adjustment unit for adjusting temperature parameters of various parts of the printer, such as the temperature of the nozzle, the temperature of the platform heating mechanism, the speed of the cooling fan, etc., and the user may refer to various parameters displayed in the display module 9, and use the adjustment module.
  • a speed adjustment unit may also be included for adjusting the printing speed, the printing speed is negatively correlated with the density of the printing, and is negatively correlated with the length of the printing time, and the user can select an appropriate printing speed according to the model density requirement and the printing time requirement, such as at 10 mm.
  • the nozzle movement speed is adjusted within the range of /s ⁇ 300mm/s.
  • a status selection unit may also be included for selecting to suspend printing or to continue printing in response to an emergency.
  • a data selection unit may also be included for selecting print data to be printed from the print list.
  • the data input module 11 may further include an SD card slot, and the print data may be obtained from the inserted SD card, or may be a USB interface, connected to the computer to obtain print data, or a network port. Get print data directly over the network.
  • the desired print data can be selected from the print list displayed by the display module 9 by the data selection unit.
  • control module 12 can also be included.
  • the control module 12 can control the motion trajectory of the motion mechanism 1 according to the print data, control the temperature of the shower head 2 and the platform heating mechanism 4, and can control the rotational speed of the heat dissipation fan 5.
  • the control module 12 is also capable of receiving various parameters adjusted by the adjustment mechanism 10, and performing adjustment control on various parts of the printer according to the parameters; the control module 12 is also capable of transmitting the parameters and status of the printer to the display module 9 to display the parameter status of the printer to the user.
  • the inner wall of the FDM three-dimensional printer is provided with a lighting device, which may be a cold light source, ensuring that the temperature within the printer is not affected.
  • a lighting device which may be a cold light source, ensuring that the temperature within the printer is not affected.
  • the present invention also provides a printhead having a cross-sectional and perspective view of one embodiment of the printhead as shown in Figures 4a and 4b.
  • the print head 2 includes a throat portion 21 and a nozzle portion 22. Both the throat and the nozzle are made of all metal. The inner walls of the throat portion 21 and the nozzle portion 22 are coated with Does not stick to coating 23.
  • Such a printing nozzle has an all-metal material for the throat portion and the nozzle portion, which is easy to dissipate heat, so that the temperature is not too high, and the printing material is prevented from softening and being too easy to break, thereby stabilizing the material supply; the throat portion and the nozzle portion
  • the non-stick coating on the inner wall prevents the printing material from adhering to the inner wall of the nozzle, causing the nozzle to become clogged. Therefore, such a print head can uniformly provide a printed material, and an unexpected material supply interruption is not caused when the model is printed, and the quality of the print model is optimized.
  • the non-stick coating 23 can be a ceramic coating or a Teflon coating.
  • a coating has good heat resistance, can withstand high temperatures of the printing nozzle, thereby reducing the softening point of the printing material, can adapt to a variety of materials with low softening point and high softening point, and increase the types of printing materials that can be used.
  • the printhead is capable of withstanding temperatures up to 345[deg.].
  • the metallic material may be stainless steel, aluminum alloy or copper. These three commonly used metal materials are characterized by low price, stable nature and high temperature resistance, and have advantages in terms of cost and effect.
  • the inner diameter of the nozzle portion is tapered.
  • the tapered structure facilitates the extrusion of the melted printing material, thereby improving printing efficiency and print quality.
  • the nozzle 22 has a bore diameter of from 0.1 mm to 0.4 mm, for example, 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm or 0.4 mm.
  • the small aperture allows for a more refined model, while the larger aperture speeds up printing. Print nozzles with different apertures can be selected according to actual needs.
  • FIG. 5 A plan view of one embodiment of the FDM three-dimensional printer of the present invention is shown in FIG.
  • the structural features in Fig. 5 are similar to those in Fig. 1.
  • the FDM 3D printer uses any of the printheads mentioned above.
  • the throat and nozzle of the print head are all metal materials, which are easy to dissipate heat, so that the temperature is not too high, preventing the printing material from softening and being too easy to break, and stabilizing the material supply; the throat and the inner wall of the nozzle are not stained.
  • the coating prevents the print material from adhering to the inner wall of the nozzle causing clogging of the nozzle. Therefore, such a printer does not have an unexpected material supply interruption when printing a model, thereby optimizing the quality of the print model.
  • the showerhead 2 of the FDM three-dimensional printer is a dual nozzle structure, The specific structure is shown in Figure 6.
  • the nozzle 2 includes a nozzle 201 and a nozzle 202.
  • the printing material enters the throat from above, is melted by heating, and the printing material is ejected from the nozzle.
  • the two nozzles can be fixed to each other by a fixing mechanism, and the relative positional relationship between the two nozzles is fixed, the stability can be enhanced during the movement, and the mutual interference of the two nozzles can be avoided to affect the quality of the printing.
  • the dual nozzles of an FDM three-dimensional printer can be used to print two different colors or materials of printed material, as shown in FIG. Figure 7 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a printing process for an FDM three-dimensional printer of the present invention.
  • the material supply mechanism supplies two different materials or colors of printing materials 601 and 602, respectively, which are printed by two nozzles.
  • the print model on the print platform 3, a portion of which is comprised of material 601 and another portion of material 602. 601 and 602 may be only printing materials of different colors for realizing two-color printing; or printing materials of different materials, in one embodiment, 602 is a soluble material, and is printed as a supporting material, which is convenient after printing is completed. The removal ensures the integrity of the print model.
  • FIG. 1 A schematic diagram of one embodiment of a control device for an FDM three-dimensional printer of the present invention is shown in FIG.
  • the control module 12 is a control module for controlling the work of various mechanisms and modules of the FDM three-dimensional printer.
  • 111 is an x-axis motion mechanism motor
  • 112 is a y-axis motion mechanism motor
  • 113 is a z-axis motion mechanism motor.
  • the control module 12 controls the movement trajectory of the nozzle 2 by controlling the operation of the x-axis motion mechanism motor 111 and the y-axis motion mechanism motor 112; controlling the distance between the nozzle and the printing platform by controlling the operation of the z-axis motion mechanism motor 113, thereby achieving layer by layer print.
  • control module can also control the material supply of the nozzle 2, and control whether the nozzle 2 ejects the printing material at the current position, thereby realizing the printing of models of various shapes. .
  • control module 12 controls the temperature of the nozzle by controlling the working state of the nozzle motor 21, and controls the temperature of the printing platform by controlling the working state of the platform heating mechanism 4 to provide a suitable temperature environment for the printing material and the printing model.
  • the control module 12 controls the heat dissipation fan 5 to dissipate heat according to the temperature requirements of the printing.
  • the hot fan includes a model cooling fan that cools the model printed by the 3D printer by controlling the work of the model cooling fan.
  • control module 12 By controlling the operation of each motor and module by the control module 12, it is possible to control the movement and temperature of the nozzle, the material supply of the nozzle, the movement and temperature of the printing platform according to the printing requirements, and control the heat dissipation fan of the model to dissipate heat for the printing model, thereby completing At the same time of printing, the cooling speed of the printed model is accelerated, and the quality of the surface of the model is improved.
  • control module 12 is also capable of controlling the position calibration mechanism to operate.
  • the position calibration mechanism is used to calibrate the distance between the print head and the print platform.
  • the control module 12 controls the position calibration mechanism to obtain a suitable height of the printing platform under the nozzle, and the control module 12 controls the motor of the z-axis motion mechanism to stabilize the printing platform at the height, so that the printing material is attached to the printing platform. Print on.
  • control module 12 can also obtain user-adjusted information such as nozzle temperature, printing platform temperature parameter, and fan speed information from the adjustment module 10, and adjust the nozzle motor 21, the platform heating mechanism 4, and the cooling fan 5 according to the acquired parameters. Working condition, providing the right temperature.
  • the control module 12 can also acquire the printing speed for adjustment from the adjustment module 10, and adjust the movement speeds of the x-axis motion mechanism motor 111, the y-axis motion mechanism motor 112, and the z-axis motion mechanism motor 113 according to the printing speed to make the density of printing. And completion time to meet user needs.
  • control module 12 communicates the parameters and status of the printer to the display module 9, which is displayed by the display module 9, facilitating the user to understand the print status and adjustment parameters.
  • the FDM three-dimensional printer can also include a position calibration mechanism for calibrating the distance of the print head from the print platform.
  • the position calibration mechanism can be a limit switch.
  • the position calibration mechanism is a z-axis limit switch 123.
  • the x-axis limit switch 121 and the y-axis limit switch 122 may also be included.
  • the control module 12 controls the x-axis motion mechanism motor 111 and the y-axis motion mechanism motor 112 when the x-axis is triggered.
  • the limit switch 121 and the y-axis limit switch 122 are Stop the work of the motor corresponding to the motion mechanism and complete the zero position of the nozzle position. Such a method can achieve automatic zero return of the nozzle position and prevent damage of the device caused by excessive movement of the nozzle on the x and y axes.
  • the FDM three-dimensional printer has dual nozzles, and the control module 12 controls the nozzle-motor 211 and the nozzle two-motor 212 to respectively heat the nozzle 201 and the nozzle 202, and the heating temperature may be different according to the printing material, according to the user.
  • the nozzle temperature parameters adjusted by the adjustment module 10 are set to ensure that the dual nozzle printing meets the softening point requirements of the respective materials.
  • control module 12 can control the x-axis motion mechanism motor 111 and the y-axis motion mechanism motor 112 to automatically return the nozzle, and control the nozzle motor 21 and the platform heating mechanism 4 to stop heating, which is convenient for the user. Remove the print model from the platform.
  • Figure 10 is a flow chart showing an embodiment of a method of controlling an FDM three-dimensional printer of the present invention.
  • step 1001 the control module controls the motion trajectory of the motion mechanism and the material supply of the nozzle according to the print data.
  • step 1002 the nozzle and the platform heating mechanism motor are controlled to bring the nozzle and the printing platform to a predetermined temperature.
  • step 1003 the cooling fan is controlled to dissipate heat, and the cooling fan includes a model cooling fan, which can speed up the cooling of the printing model.
  • the quality of the model surface can be improved by such an method.
  • the invention also proposes a method for manufacturing an oral cavity model, which acquires print data according to a mathematical model, and applies the print data to any of the FDM three-dimensional printers mentioned above to realize direct printing for the oral cavity model.
  • FIG. 1 A flow chart of one embodiment of a method of making an oral cavity model of the present invention is shown in FIG.
  • print data is generated from the digital model, and the print data may include a print path, material supply data, and the like.
  • step 1102 the model is printed from the print data using a three-dimensional printer.
  • the print data is imported into the 3D printer through the SD card, and the 3D printer can be connected through the USB port or the network port, and the oral model can be printed using the 3D printer.
  • Figure 12a is a mathematical model of the upper jaw
  • Figure 12b is a mathematical model of the lower jaw.
  • the print data including the print track and the supply of the print head material is generated according to the mathematical model, and the printing is completed by the FDM three-dimensional printer.
  • the oral model can be directly printed using the FDM three-dimensional printer according to the digital model data, on the one hand, the steps of making the oral model are simplified, and the operation is facilitated.
  • the FDM three-dimensional printer is used for printing.
  • the oral model is more accurate and refined, which improves the accuracy of the model.
  • the FDM three-dimensional printer is a multi-head printer that prints a plurality of colors of printing materials, such as tooth color, gum color, etc., to achieve a more realistic, detailed, accurate oral three-dimensional model printing.

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Abstract

一种打印喷头、FDM三维打印机及控制方法，涉及三维打印领域。其中，一种FDM三维打印机包括运动机构(1)、喷头(2)、打印平台(3)、平台加热机构(4)、和散热风扇(5)，其中，散热风扇(5)包括模型散热风扇(501)，用于冷却三维打印机打印出的模型。这样的FDM三维打印机具有模型散热风扇(501)，模型散热风扇(501)能够冷却打印出的模型，加快了打印材料的冷却速度，解决了打印材料不能快速冷却凝固导致打印模型变形，影响打印效果的问题，有效改善模型表面质量。

Description

一种打印喷头、三维打印机及控制方法 技术领域
本发明涉及三维打印领域，特别是一种打印喷头、FDM三维打印机及控制方法。
背景技术
FDM(Fused Deposition Modeling，熔融沉积制造)工艺是一种不依靠激光作为成型能源、将各种丝材(如ABS(Acrylonitrile butadiene Styrene copolymers，丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物)、PC(Polycarbonate，聚碳酸酯)等)加热熔化进而堆积成型的方法。FDM打印所使用的打印材料一般是热塑性材料，如蜡、ABS、PC、PA(Polyamide，尼龙)等，以丝状供料。材料在喷头内被加热熔化。喷头沿零件截面轮廓和填充轨迹运动，同时将熔化的材料挤出，材料迅速固化，并与周围的材料粘结。每一个层片都是在上一层上堆积而成，上一层对当前层起到定位和支撑的作用。
这种工艺不用激光，使用、维护简单，成本较低。用蜡成型的零件原型，可以直接用于石蜡铸造。用ABS制造的原型因具有较高强度而在产品设计、测试与评估等方面得到广泛应用。近年来又开发出PC，聚碳酸酯和丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物和混合物PC/ABS，PMMA(Polymethyl Methacrylate，聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)，PA等更高强度的成型材料，使得该工艺有可能直接制造功能性零件。由于这种工艺具有一些显著优点，该工艺发展极为迅速，目前FDM系统在全球已安装快速成型系统中的份额大约为30％。
FDM三维打印机具有以下优点：
1、不使用激光，维护简单，成本低：价格是成型工艺是否适于三维打印的一个重要因素。多用于概念设计的三维打印机对原型精度和物理化学特性要求不高，便宜的价格是其能否推广开来的决定性因素。
2、塑料丝材，清洁，更换容易：与其他使用粉末和液态材料的工艺相比，丝材更加清洁，易于更换、保存，不会在设备中或附近形成粉末或液体污染。
3、后处理简单：仅需要几分钟到一刻钟的时间剥离支撑材料后，原型即可使用。而现在应用较多的SL(Stereo Lithography，光固化成型)，SLS(Selecting Laser Sintering，选择性激光烧结)，3DP(Three Dimensional Printing and Gluing，三维粉末粘接)等工艺均存在清理残余液体和粉末的步骤，并且需要进行后固化处理，需要额外的辅助设备。这些额外的后处理工序一是容易造成粉末或液体污染，二是增加了几个小时的时间，不能在成型完成后立刻使用。
4、成型速度较快：一般来讲，FDM工艺相对于SL，SLS，3DP工艺来说，速度是比较慢的。但针对三维打印应用，也有一定的优势。首先，SL，SLS，3DP都有层间过程(铺粉/液，挂平)，因而它们一次成型多个原型是速度很快，例如3DP可以做到一小时成型25mm左右高度的原型。三维打印机成型空间小，一次最多成型1至2个原型，相对来讲，他们的速度优点就不甚明显了。其次三维打印机对原型强度要求不高，所以FDM工艺可通过减小原型密实程度的方法提高成型速度。通过试验，具有某些结构特点的模型，最高成型速度已经可以达到60立方厘米/小时。通过软件优化及技术进步，预计可以达到200立方厘米/小时的高速度。
现有采用FDM工艺的设备也存在一些问题，例如，喷头容易被打印材料堵塞，不能顺利的按照打印路径喷出打印材料，即使人工干预停止打印，清理喷头也比较困难，且降低了打印效率和打印质量；材料丝软化过多易断，导致材料供应不连续；打印出的模型致密性不够；模型较为粗糙，不够精致；喷头耐高温能力有限，对材料的适应性差等。这些问题限制了FDM工艺的发展。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的在于改善打印模型质量。
本发明的另一个目的在于解决喷头易堵塞和材料易断的问题。
根据本发明的一个方面，提出一种FDM三维打印机，包括运动机构、喷头、打印平台、平台加热机构、和散热风扇，其中，散热风扇包括模型散热风扇，用于冷却三维打印机打印出的模型。
可选地，还包括位置校准机构，用于校准喷头与打印平台的距离。
可选地，打印机包括2个以上喷头，每个喷头有对应的材料供应机构。
可选地，三维打印机还包括：为打印机供应打印材料的材料供应机构、供电模块、和开关。
可选地，三维打印机还包括：显示模块，用于显示喷头的温度、平台加热机构的温度、打印速度、打印进度、运动机构位移、打印状态、散热风扇转速和/或打印列表。
可选地，三维打印机还包括温度调节单元，用于设置喷头的温度、平台加热机构的温度和/或散热风扇转速。
可选地，三维打印机还包括速度调节单元，用于调节打印速度。
可选地，三维打印机还包括状态选择单元，用于选择暂停打印或继续打印。
可选地，三维打印机还包括数据选择单元，用于选择打印数据。
可选地，三维打印机还包括数据输入模块，用于接收打印数据。
可选地，数据输入模块为SD卡槽，用于从SD卡获取打印数据。
可选地，数据输入模块为USB接口，用于从计算机获取打印数据。
可选地，数据输入模块为网络接口，用于从网络获取打印数据。
可选地，还包括控制模块，用于根据打印数据控制运动机构的运动轨迹。
可选地，控制模块用于控制喷头和平台加热机构的温度。
可选地，控制模块用于控制散热风扇的转速。
这样的FDM三维打印机具有模型散热风扇，模型散热风扇能够冷却打印出的模型，加快了打印材料的冷却速度，解决了打印材料不 能快速冷却凝固导致打印模型变形，影响打印效果的问题，有效改善模型表面质量。
根据本发明的另一个方面，提出一种打印喷头，包括喉管部和喷嘴部，喷头为全金属材料，喉管部和喷嘴部内壁涂有不沾涂层。
可选地，不粘涂层为陶瓷涂层或聚四氟乙烯涂层。
可选地，喷嘴部内径为锥形。
可选地，金属材料包括不锈钢、铝合金和/或铜。
可选地，喷头耐温不低于345°。
可选地，喷嘴部的孔径为0.1mm～0.4mm。
这样的打印喷头，其喉管部和喷嘴部均为全金属的材料，容易散热，使其温度不至于过高，防止打印材料软化过多易断，从而稳定材料供给；喉管部和喷嘴部内壁的不沾涂层能够防止打印材料附着在喷头内壁导致喷头堵塞。这样的打印喷头能够均匀的提供打印材料，在打印模型时不会出现意外的材料供给中断，从而优化打印模型的质量。
根据本发明的又一个方面，提出一种FDM三维打印机，包括上文中提到的打印喷头。
可选地，打印机包括2个以上的打印喷头。
可选地，打印机还包括模型散热风扇，用于冷却三维打印机打印出的模型。
可选地，还包括位置校准机构，用于校准喷头和/或打印平台的位置。
可选地，还包括显示模块，用于显示喷头的温度、平台加热机构的温度、打印速度、打印进度、运动机构位移、打印状态、风扇转速和/或打印列表。
可选地，还包括温度调节单元，用于设置喷头的温度、平台加热机构的温度和/或散热风扇转速。
可选地，还包括速度调节单元，用于调节打印速度。
可选地，还包括状态选择单元，用于选择暂停打印或继续打印。
可选地，还包括数据选择单元，用于选择打印数据。
可选地，还包括数据输入模块，用于接收打印数据。
可选地，数据输入模块为SD卡槽，用于从SD卡获取打印数据。
可选地，数据输入模块为USB接口，用于从计算机获取打印数据。
可选地，数据输入模块为网络接口，用于从网络获取打印数据。
可选地，还包括控制模块，用于根据打印数据控制运动机构的运动轨迹。
可选地，控制模块用于控制喷头和平台加热机构的温度。
可选地，控制模块用于控制散热风扇的转速。
这样的打印机，其打印喷头的喉管部和喷嘴部均为全金属的材料，容易散热，使其温度不至于过高，防止打印材料软化过多易断，从而稳定材料供给；喉管部和喷嘴部内壁的不沾涂层能够防止打印材料附着在喷头内壁导致喷头堵塞。因此，这样的打印机在打印模型时不会出现意外的材料供给中断，从而优化打印模型的质量。
根据本发明的再一个方面，提出一种FDM三维打印机的控制方法，包括：根据打印路径控制运动机构的运动轨迹和喷头的材料供应；和，根据打印温度需求控制喷头和/或平台加热机构的温度；和，根据打印温度需求控制散热风扇的散热，其中，散热风扇包括模型散热风扇，控制模型散热风扇冷却三维打印机打印出的模型。
可选地，还包括，控制位置校准机构校准喷头与打印平台的距离。
可选地，根据多色打印数据控制2个以上的喷头打印不同颜色的打印材料。
可选地，根据打印数据控制2个以上的喷头打印不同种类的打印材料。
可选地，还包括：显示模块显示喷头的温度、平台加热机构的温度、打印速度、打印进度、运动机构位移、打印状态、散热风扇转速和/或打印列表。
可选地，根据用户通过温度调节单元设置的喷头的温度、平台加热机构的温度和/或散热风扇转速，控制喷头电机、平台加热机构和/ 或散热风扇。
可选地，根据用户通过速度调节单元调节的打印速度控制运动机构的速度。
可选地，根据用户通过状态选择单元选择的暂停打印或继续打印控制运动机构的暂停运动或继续运动。
可选地，根据用户通过数据选择单元选择的打印数据进行打印。
可选地，控制模块控制数据输入模块接收打印数据。
可选地，数据输入模块通过SD卡槽从SD卡获取打印数据。
可选地，数据输入模块通过USB接口从计算机获取打印数据。
可选地，数据输入模块通过网络接口从网络获取打印数据。
通过这样的FDM三维打印机的控制方法，能够通过控制模块控制模型散热风扇为打印模型散热，从而加快打印材料的冷却速度，解决了打印材料不能快速冷却凝固导致打印模型变形，影响打印效果的问题，有效改善模型表面质量。
另外，根据本发明的一个方面，提出一种口腔模型的制作方法，包括：根据数字模型生成打印数据，打印数据包括打印路径；使用上文提到的任意一种FDM三维打印机，根据打印数据打印口腔模型。
可选地，FDM三维打印机的喷头数量为2个以上，通过使用不同喷头打印不同颜色的打印材料打印多色口腔模型。
通过这样的方法，能够根据数字模型数据，使用FDM三维打印机直接打印口腔模型，一方面简化了制作口腔模型的步骤，方便操作，另一方面，与手工制作口腔模型相比较，使用FDM三维打印机打印的口腔模型更加准确精致，提高了模型的精准度。
附图说明
此处所说明的附图用来提供对本发明的进一步理解，构成本申请的一部分，本发明的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本发明，并不构成对本发明的不当限定。在附图中：
图1为本发明的FDM三维打印机的一个实施例的系统示意图。
图2为本发明的FDM三维打印机的运动机构的一个实施例的示意图。
图3为本发明的FDM三维打印机的散热风扇的一个实施例的示意图。
图4a为本发明的打印喷头的一个实施例的剖面图。
图4b为本发明的打印喷头的一个实施例的透视图。
图5为本发明的FDM三维打印机的一个实施例的平面图。
图6为本发明的FDM三维打印机的喷头的一个实施例的示意图。
图7为本发明的FDM三维打印机的打印过程的一个实施例的示意图。
图8为本发明的FDM三维打印机的控制装置的一个实施例的示意图。
图9为本发明的FDM三维打印机的控制装置的另一个实施例的示意图。
图10为本发明的FDM三维打印机的控制方法的一个实施例的流程图。
图11为本发明的口腔模型制作方法的一个实施例的流程图。
图12a为本发明的口腔模型制作方法中一个口腔模型的数字模型示意图。
图12b为本发明的口腔模型制作方法中另一个口腔模型的数字模型示意图。
具体实施方式
下面通过附图和实施例，对本发明的技术方案做进一步的详细描述。
本发明的FDM三维打印机的一个实施例的系统示意图如图1所示。其中，1为运动机构。在一个实施例中，运动机构1包括三个部分，分别为x轴运动机构，y轴运动机构和z轴运动机构，具体结构如图2所示。x轴运动机构101控制喷头在图中X方向运动；y轴运 动机构102控制喷头在图中Y方向运动，x轴运动机构101和y轴运动机构102能够控制喷头在水平面上运动，实现每层的打印；z轴运动机构103能够控制打印平台3在垂直方向(Z方向)上运动，每次打印完成一层，打印平台3向下运动，在打印出的一层的基础上进行下一层的打印。在一个实施例中，打印平台位置不变，由运动机构控制喷头实现三维运动进行打印。在一个实施例中，喷头位置不变，运动机构控制打印平台实现三维运动进行打印。
2为喷头，用于挤出熔化的打印材料。在一个实施例中，FDM打印机可以为双喷头的结构，如图3中的喷头一201和喷头二202。双喷头可以分别用于打印不同颜色的打印材料，从而实现双色打印。双喷头结构还可以分别用于打印不同材质的打印材料。在打印过程中，随着高度的增加，层片轮廓的面积和形状都会发生变化，当形状发生较大的变化时，上层轮廓就不能给当前层提供充分的定位和支撑作用，这就需要设计一些辅助结构-“支撑”，对后续层提供定位和支撑，以保证成型过程的顺利实现。双喷头结构的打印机一个喷头使用普通打印材料打印模型，另一个喷头使用可溶性材料打印支撑，从而在完成打印后能够更加轻松的去除支撑材料，防止由于去除支撑损坏打印模型，进一步提高打印质量。
3为打印平台，喷头2在打印平台3上进行打印，打印平台3起到承载打印模型的作用。打印平台3通过z轴运动机构的运动调节与喷头2的距离，实现逐层的打印。
4为平台加热机构，用于为打印平台3加热。打印模型在温差太大或冷却过快时，容易出现翘变现象。平台加热机构4能够维持打印平台3的温度为打印模型加热，如30-100℃，保证打印模型的质量。
5为散热风扇。散热风扇5包括模型散热风扇。模型散热风扇向打印模型吹风，加快打印材料的冷却凝固，防止打印模型的变形或坍塌。散热风扇5还可以包括喷头散热风扇。散热风扇5的具体结构可以如图3所示。在图3中，501为模型散热风扇，502为喷头散热风扇一，用于为喷头一201散热，503为喷头散热风扇二，用于为喷头二 202散热。
上述的FDM三维打印机能够实现FDM三维打印，其模型散热风扇能够冷却打印出的模型，加快了打印材料的冷却速度，解决了打印材料不能快速冷却凝固导致打印模型变形，影响打印效果的问题，有效改善模型表面质量。
在一个实施例中，还可以包括位置校准机构，位置校准机构用于校准喷头与打印平台间的距离。在打印初始化阶段，位置校准机构能够获取打印平台3位于喷头2下方合适的高度，通过z轴运动机构的调节，控制打印平台3位于该合适的高度，方便打印材料附着在打印平台上进行打印。
在一个实施例中，还可以包括材料供应机构6，用于放置打印材料。打印材料可以是ABS和PLA有机材料，以及无机纳米复合材料，PMMA树脂材料，尼龙材料，树脂蜡等。不同的打印材料从适宜温度、质感、打印效果方面各有不同，可以根据需求选用适合的打印材料。将打印丝材料插入喷头，下压喷头卡簧可以实现快速装载打印材料。
在一个实施例中，还可以包括供电模块7，用于为FDM三维打印机供电。供电模块7可以通过电源线接通电源，为打印机的其他部分供电。FDM三维打印机还可以包括开关8，用于控制打印机开启或关闭。在插拔电源不方便的情况下，通过开关8控制打印机的开启或关闭，能够更加方便和安全。
在一个实施例中，9为显示模块，可以用于显示喷头的温度、平台加热机构的温度、打印速度、打印进度、运动机构位移、打印状态、散热风扇转速、打印列表等信息中的某项或多项。显示模块9可以是LCD(Liquid Crystal Display，液晶显示器)。用户可以通过显示模块9查看打印机的当前状态，例如是否预热到合适温度，方便进一步的操作。配合调节模块10，能够对打印机的参数进行调整，从显示模块9中查看调整结果。
在一个实施例中，10为调节模块，用于进行FDM三维打印机的参数调节。调节模块10可以是旋钮结构，也可以是按钮结构，或者是 触摸屏，亦或这几种结构的组合。调节模块10可以包括温度调节单元，用于调节打印机各部分的温度参数，如喷头的温度、平台加热机构的温度、散热风扇转速等，用户可以参考显示模块9中显示的各个参数，使用调节模块10进行调节，如在20～345℃范围内调节喷头温度，在20～100℃范围内调节平台加热机构的温度，满足打印机的各个参数满足不同打印材料的需要，使打印机能够使用多种打印材料进行打印。还可以包括速度调节单元，用于调节打印速度，打印速度与打印的致密度负相关，与打印时间长度负相关，用户可以根据模型致密度需求和打印时间需求选择合适的打印速度，如在10mm/s～300mm/s范围内调节喷头运动速度。还可以包括状态选择单元，用于选择暂停打印或继续打印，应对突发状况。还可以包括数据选择单元，用于从打印列表中选择需要打印的打印数据。
在一个实施例中，还可以包括数据输入模块11，数据输入模块可以是SD卡槽，从插入的SD卡中获取打印数据，也可以是USB接口，连接计算机获取打印数据，或者是网口，直接通过网络获取打印数据。可以通过数据选择单元从显示模块9显示的打印列表中选择需要的打印数据。
在一个实施例中，还可以包括控制模块12。控制模块12可以根据打印数据控制运动机构1的运动轨迹，也可以控制喷头2和平台加热机构4的温度，以及可以控制散热风扇5的转速。控制模块12还能够接收调节机构10调节的各个参数，根据参数对打印机的各个部分进行调节控制；控制模块12还能够将打印机的参数、状态传递给显示模块9，向用户展示打印机的参数状态。
在一个实施例中，FDM三维打印机内壁附有照明装置，照明装置可以是冷光源，保证不影响打印机内的温度。通过照明开关13控制照明装置，能够方便用户观察打印进度。
本发明还提出一种打印喷头，打印喷头的一个实施例的剖面图和透视图如图4a和图4b所示。打印喷头2包括喉管部21和喷嘴部22。喉管部和喷嘴部均为全金属材料。喉管部21和喷嘴部22的内壁涂有 不沾涂层23。
这样的打印喷头，其喉管部和喷嘴部均为全金属的材料，容易散热，使其温度不至于过高，防止打印材料软化过多易断，从而稳定材料供给；喉管部和喷嘴部内壁的不沾涂层能够防止打印材料附着在喷头内壁导致喷头堵塞。因此，这样的打印喷头能够均匀的提供打印材料，在打印模型时不会出现意外的材料供给中断，优化打印模型的质量。
在一个实施例中，不沾涂层23可以是陶瓷涂层或聚四氟乙烯涂层。这样的涂层耐热性能好，能够使打印喷头承受高温，从而降低对打印材料软化点的要求，可以适应多种低软化点及高软化点的材料，增加可以使用的打印材料的种类。在一个实施例中，打印喷头能够承受高达345°的温度。
在一个实施例中，金属材料可以为不锈钢、铝合金或铜。这三种常用的金属材料均有价格低廉、性质稳定、耐高温的特点，在成本和效果方面均具有优势。
在一个实施例中，喷嘴部的内径为锥形。锥形的结构有利于熔化的打印材料的挤出，从而在提高了打印效率和打印质量。
在一个实施例中，喷嘴22的孔径为0.1mm～0.4mm，例如，0.1mm，0.2mm，0.3mm或0.4mm。细小的孔径能够打印更加精致的模型，而较大的孔径能够加快打印速度。根据实际需求可以选择不同孔径的打印喷头。
本发明的FDM三维打印机的一个实施例的平面图如图5所示。图5中的结构特征与图1相似。FDM三维打印机采用上文提到的任一打印喷头。打印喷头的喉管部和喷嘴部均为全金属的材料，容易散热，使其温度不至于过高，防止打印材料软化过多易断，稳定材料供给；喉管部和喷嘴部内壁的不沾涂层能够防止打印材料附着在喷头内壁导致喷头堵塞。因此，这样的打印机在打印模型时不会出现意外的材料供给中断，从而优化打印模型的质量。
在一个实施例中，FDM三维打印机的喷头2为双喷头结构，其 具体结构如图6所示。喷头2包括喷头一201和喷头二202。打印材料从上方进入喉管，经过加热熔化，由喷嘴喷出打印材料。双喷头之间可以通过固定机构相互固定，保持二者的相对位置关系固定，在运动过程中能够增强稳定性，也能够避免两喷头相互干扰影响打印的质量。
在一个实施例中，FDM三维打印机的双喷头可以用来打印两种不同颜色或材质的打印材料，如图7所示。图7为本发明的FDM三维打印机的打印过程的一个实施例的示意图。材料供应机构分别供应两种不同材质或颜色的打印材料601和602，分别由两个喷头打印出。打印平台3上的打印模型，其一部分由材料601构成，另一部分由材料602构成。601和602可以仅仅是颜色不同的打印材料，用来实现双色打印；也可以是不同材质的打印材料，在一个实施例中，602为可溶性材料，作为支撑材料进行打印，在打印完成后能够方便的去除，保证打印模型的完整。
本发明的FDM三维打印机的控制装置的一个实施例的示意图如图8所示。
12为控制模块，用于控制FDM三维打印机的各个机构、模块的工作。其中，111为x轴运动机构电机，112为y轴运动机构电机，113为z轴运动机构电机。控制模块12通过控制x轴运动机构电机111和y轴运动机构电机112的工作来控制喷头2的运动轨迹；通过控制z轴运动机构电机113的工作来控制喷头与打印平台的距离，实现逐层打印。
控制模块除了通过控制x、y轴运动机构电机来控制喷头2的运动轨迹，还能够控制喷头2的材料供应，控制喷头2在当前位置是否喷出打印材料，从而实现各种形状的模型的打印。
21为喷头电机，控制模块12通过控制喷头电机21的工作状态控制喷头的温度，通过控制平台加热机构4的工作状态控制打印平台的温度，为打印材料和打印模型提供合适的温度环境。
控制模块12根据打印的温度需求控制散热风扇5进行散热。散 热风扇包括模型散热风扇，通过控制模型散热风扇的工作，为三维打印机打印出的模型散热。
通过由控制模块12控制各个电机、模块工作的方法，能够根据打印需求控制喷头的运动和温度、喷头的材料供给、打印平台的运动和温度，以及控制模型散热风扇为打印模型散热，从而在完成打印的同时，加快打印模型的冷却速度，改善模型表面的质量。
在一个实施例中，控制模块12还能够控制位置校准机构工作。位置校准机构用于校准喷头与打印平台间的距离。在打印初始化阶段，控制模块12控制位置校准机构工作，获取打印平台位于喷头下方的合适高度，控制模块12控制z轴运动机构电机工作，使打印平台稳定在该高度，方便打印材料附着在打印平台上进行打印。
在一个实施例中，控制模块12还能够从调节模块10获取用户调节的如喷头温度、打印平台温度参数、风扇转速信息，根据获取的参数调节喷头电机21、平台加热机构4、散热风扇5的工作状态，提供合适的温度。控制模块12还可以从调节模块10获取用于调节的打印速度，根据打印速度调节x轴运动机构电机111、y轴运动机构电机112和z轴运动机构电机113的运动速度，使打印的致密度和完成时间满足用户需求。
在一个实施例中，控制模块12将打印机的参数、状态传递给显示模块9，由显示模块9显示，方便用户了解打印状态和调节参数。
在一个实施例中，FDM三维打印机还可以包括位置校准机构，用于校准喷头与打印平台的距离。在打印开始时，需要校准喷头与打印平台的初始距离，保证喷头打印出的材料能够顺利附着在打印平台上。位置校准机构可以是限位开关，如图9所示，位置校准机构为z轴限位开关123。这样的方法能够实现喷头和打印平台距离的初始校准，从而提高了打印成功的概率和打印模型的质量。
在一个实施例中，还可以包括x轴限位开关121、y轴限位开关122，当打印完成后，控制模块12控制x轴运动机构电机111、y轴运动机构电机112，当触发x轴限位开关121、y轴限位开关122时， 停止对应运动机构电机的工作，完成喷头位置的归零。这样的方法能够实现喷头位置的自动归零，且防止喷头在x、y轴过度运动引起的装置的损坏。
在一个实施例中，FDM三维打印机具有双喷头，控制模块12分别控制喷头一电机211和喷头二电机212为喷头一201和喷头二202加热，根据打印材料的不同，加热温度可以不同，根据用户通过调节模块10调节的喷头温度参数进行设置，保证双喷头打印满足各自材料软化点的需求。
在一个实施例中，打印完成后，控制模块12能够控制x轴运动机构电机111和y轴运动机构电机112，使喷头自动归位，并控制喷头电机21和平台加热机构4停止加热，方便用户从平台上取下打印模型。
图10为本发明的FDM三维打印机的控制方法的一个实施例的流程图。
如图10所示，在步骤1001中，控制模块根据打印数据控制运动机构的运动轨迹和喷头的材料供应。
在步骤1002中，控制喷头、平台加热机构电机，使喷头、打印平台达到预定温度。
在步骤1003中，控制散热风扇散热，散热风扇包括模型散热风扇，能够加快打印模型的冷却速度。
通过这样的方法能够改善模型表面的质量。
本发明还提出一种口腔模型的制作方法，根据数学模型获取打印数据，将打印数据应用于上文提到的任一种FDM三维打印机，实现对于口腔模型的直接打印。
本发明的口腔模型的制作方法的一个实施例的流程图如图11所示。
在步骤1101中，根据数字模型生成打印数据，打印数据可以包括打印路径、材料供应数据等。
在步骤1102中，使用三维打印机根据打印数据打印模型。可以 将打印数据通过SD卡导入三维打印机，还可以通过USB口或网口接通三维打印机，使用三维打印机打印口腔模型。
本发明的口腔模型制作方法的口腔模型的数字模型示意图如图12a和图12b所示。图12a为上颌数学模型，图12b为下颌数学模型。根据数学模型生成包括打印轨迹和喷头材料供应在内的打印数据，通过FDM三维打印机完成打印。
通过这样的方法，能够根据数字模型数据，使用FDM三维打印机直接打印口腔模型，一方面简化了制作口腔模型的步骤，方便操作，另一方面，与手工制作口腔模型相比较，使用FDM三维打印机打印的口腔模型更加准确精致，提高了模型的精准度。
在一个实施例中，FDM三维打印机为多喷头打印机，分别打印多种颜色的打印材料，如牙齿颜色、牙龈颜色的等，实现更加逼真、细致、精准的口腔三维模型打印。
最后应当说明的是：以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非对其限制；尽管参照较佳实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明，所属领域的普通技术人员应当理解：依然可以对本发明的具体实施方式进行修改或者对部分技术特征进行等同替换；而不脱离本发明技术方案的精神，其均应涵盖在本发明请求保护的技术方案范围当中。

Claims (19)

  1. 一种三维打印机，其特征在于，包括运动机构、喷头、打印平台、平台加热机构、和散热风扇，其中，所述散热风扇包括模型散热风扇，用于冷却所述三维打印机打印出的模型。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的打印机，其特征在于，还包括位置校准机构，用于校准所述喷头与所述打印平台的距离；
    或
    所述打印机还包括：为所述打印机供应打印材料的材料供应机构、供电模块、和开关；
    或
    所述打印机包括2个以上喷头，每个喷头有对应的材料供应机构。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的打印机，其特征在于，还包括：
    显示模块，用于显示喷头的温度、平台加热机构的温度、打印速度、打印进度、运动机构位移、打印状态、散热风扇转速和/或打印列表；
    和/或
    温度调节单元，用于设置所述喷头的温度、平台加热机构的温度和/或散热风扇转速；
    和/或
    速度调节单元，用于调节打印速度；
    和/或
    状态选择单元，用于选择暂停打印或继续打印；
    和/或
    数据选择单元，用于选择打印数据。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的打印机，其特征在于，还包括数据输入模块，用于接收打印数据。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的打印机，其特征在于，所述数据输入模块为SD卡槽，用于从SD卡获取打印数据；
    和/或
    所述数据输入模块为USB接口，用于从计算机获取打印数据；
    和/或
    所述数据输入模块为网络接口，用于从网络获取打印数据。
  6. 根据权利要求4所述的打印机，其特征在于，还包括控制模块，用于根据所述打印数据控制所述运动机构的运动轨迹，和/或所述喷头和所述平台加热机构的温度，和/或散热风扇的转速。
  7. 一种打印喷头，其特征在于，包括喉管部和喷嘴部，所述喷头为全金属材料，所述喉管部和所述喷嘴部内壁涂有不沾涂层。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的打印喷头，其特征在于，所述不粘涂层为陶瓷涂层或聚四氟乙烯涂层；
    或
    所述金属材料包括不锈钢、铝合金和/或铜；
    或
    所述喷头耐温不低于345°；
    或
    所述喷嘴部内径为锥形；
    或
    所述喷嘴部的孔径为0.1mm～0.4mm。
  9. 一种FDM三维打印机，包括权利要求7～8中任意一项所述的打印喷头。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的打印机，其特征在于，所述打印机包括2个以上的所述打印喷头；
    或
    所述打印机还包括模型散热风扇，用于冷却所述三维打印机打印出的模型；
    或
    还包括位置校准机构，用于校准所述喷头与所述打印平台的距离。
  11. 根据权利要求9所述的打印机，其特征在于，还包括显示模 块，用于显示喷头的温度、平台加热机构的温度、打印速度、打印进度、运动机构位移、打印状态、风扇转速和/或打印列表；
    和/或
    温度调节单元，用于设置所述喷头的温度、平台加热机构的温度和/或散热风扇转速；
    和/或
    速度调节单元，用于调节打印速度；
    和/或
    状态选择单元，用于选择暂停打印或继续打印；
    和/或
    数据选择单元，用于选择打印数据。
  12. 根据权利要求9所述的打印机，其特征在于，还包括数据输入模块，用于接收打印数据；
    所述数据输入模块为SD卡槽，用于从SD卡获取打印数据；
    和/或
    所述数据输入模块为USB接口，用于从计算机获取打印数据；
    和/或
    所述数据输入模块为网络接口，用于从网络获取打印数据。
  13. 根据权利要求12所述的打印机，其特征在于，还包括控制模块，用于根据所述打印数据控制所述运动机构的运动轨迹，和/或所述喷头和所述平台加热机构的温度，和/或散热风扇的转速。
  14. 一种FDM三维打印机的控制方法，其特征在于，包括：
    根据打印路径控制运动机构的运动轨迹和喷头的材料供应；
    根据打印温度需求控制喷头和/或平台加热机构的温度；和
    根据打印温度需求控制散热风扇的散热，其中，所述散热风扇包括模型散热风扇，通过控制所述模型散热风扇冷却所述三维打印机打印出的模型。
  15. 根据权利要求14所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括，控制位置校准机构校准所述喷头和/或所述打印平台的位置；
    或
    根据多色打印数据控制2个以上的喷头打印不同颜色的打印材料；和/或，根据打印数据控制2个以上的喷头打印不同种类的打印材料。
  16. 根据权利要求14所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括：
    控制显示模块显示喷头的温度、平台加热机构的温度、打印速度、打印进度、运动机构位移、打印状态、散热风扇转速和/或打印列表；
    和/或
    根据用户通过温度调节单元设置的所述喷头的温度、平台加热机构的温度和/或散热风扇转速，控制喷头电机、平台加热机构和/或散热风扇；
    和/或
    根据用户通过速度调节单元调节的打印速度控制运动机构的速度；
    和/或
    根据用户通过状态选择单元选择的暂停打印或继续打印控制所述运动机构的暂停运动或继续运动；
    和/或
    根据用户通过数据选择单元选择的打印数据进行打印。
  17. 根据权利要求14所述的方法，其特征在于，通过数据输入模块接收打印数据；
    所述数据输入模块通过SD卡槽从SD卡获取打印数据，和/或通过USB接口从计算机获取打印数据，和/或通过网络接口从网络获取打印数据。
  18. 一种口腔模型的制作方法，其特征在于，包括：
    根据数字模型生成打印数据，所述打印数据包括打印路径；
    使用权利要求1～6、9～13所述任一FDM三维打印机，根据所述打印数据打印口腔模型。
  19. 根据权利要求18所述的方法，其特征在于，所述FDM三维 打印机的喷头数量为2个以上，通过使用不同喷头打印不同颜色的打印材料打印多色口腔模型。
PCT/CN2015/075387 2015-03-30 2015-03-30 一种打印喷头、三维打印机及控制方法 WO2016154849A1 (zh)

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