Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
  • H02J7/50—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon multiple batteries simultaneously or sequentially
  • H02J7/52—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon multiple batteries simultaneously or sequentially for charge balancing, e.g. equalisation of charge between batteries
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
  • H02J7/40—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries characterised by the exchange of charge or discharge related data
  • H02J7/44—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries characterised by the exchange of charge or discharge related data between battery management systems and power sources
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
  • H02J7/485—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with provisions for charging different types of batteries
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
  • H02J7/50—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon multiple batteries simultaneously or sequentially
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
  • H01M10/4257—Smart batteries, e.g. electronic circuits inside the housing of the cells or batteries
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
  • H01M10/441—Methods for charging or discharging for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of power distribution technology of a battery pack power system, and more particularly to a smart battery, an electric energy distribution bus system, a battery charging and discharging method, and an electric energy distribution method.
• Battery inconsistency is a problem that cannot be completely solved in current battery applications, especially in battery grouping applications.
• the application of batteries is generally used for grouping, ranging from a few, dozens of battery groups, to hundreds or even thousands of battery groups. Due to various manufacturing factors, unevenness of materials, and incomplete density/quality of stored energy materials, inconsistencies are absolutely present among the batteries in the production process of the battery.
• the unevenness of the thermal field of the battery pack during charging and discharging causes the ambient temperature of each battery to be different at the charging and discharging.
• the inconsistency will gradually increase or even out of control during the use of the battery, that is, the charging device will have an uncontrolled overcharge and undercharge, and the overdischarge of the battery in the discharge port will be aggravated.
• each battery in the battery pack is inconsistent, some of the batteries will be in an over-discharge state, and some of the remaining battery power remaining in the battery is not used, which will result in a decrease in the overall discharge capacity of the battery pack and the overall cycle life of the battery pack. Accelerated decline with the cycle life of some of the batteries with the largest depth of discharge
• the battery power system now needs to be additionally equipped with a battery management system.
• the battery management system has two technical solutions for eliminating battery inconsistency (ie, battery pack equalization), one is energy-consuming, that is, The battery with the highest remaining capacity is used to reduce the remaining power of the battery.
• One is the power transfer between the batteries, that is, the power transfer between the batteries, and the battery with the highest remaining capacity is charged to the battery with the lowest remaining capacity, or Battery pack plus DC-DC converter for the battery with the lowest remaining battery The method of charging.
• the drawback of the former is that it wastes the energy of the battery, reduces the battery life of the battery pack and makes the thermal field of the battery pack more uneven and unpredictable, while the latter is inseparable from the DC-DC converter, and the conversion efficiency of the converter. It also increases the extra power consumption of the battery pack.
• the use of the power generation device is basically at a high voltage level that converts the output voltage of the power generation device into a battery pack voltage, and then charges the battery pack due to battery inconsistency.
• the battery is not evenly charged, and the existing equalization technology is used to balance the battery, resulting in wasted power.
• the waste of power means reducing the battery life. .
• the existing charging method generally takes “filling" as a single target. Under this goal, due to the inconsistency between the batteries, the conventional series charging method causes some batteries in the battery pack to be charged during charging or discharging. State of charge and overdischarge. When the battery pack is charged by a charger that can independently charge each battery, the battery pack will not be overcharged, but it is still impossible to avoid the relative discharge depth of some of the batteries during the discharge process, that is, the relative overdischarge occurs. phenomenon.
• the Chinese Patent Publication No. CN 102214938A discloses a charging control method for a rechargeable battery and is used in a portable computer, comprising: acquiring a charging current control parameter of the rechargeable battery; and charging the battery according to the charging current control parameter The charging current is modified from the first charging current to a second charging current that is less than the first charging current; charging the rechargeable battery with the second charging current to increase the service life of the rechargeable battery.
• a battery pack, a charging circuit, and a charging device are disclosed in the Chinese Patent Publication No. CN 104052136A.
• the battery pack includes a battery block and a memory, wherein the battery block includes a battery unit, the memory stores battery information, and the battery information includes a battery block lower limit voltage set according to a model of the battery block; the charging circuit A voltage measuring unit and a control unit are included, the voltage measuring unit configured to measure a voltage between terminals of the battery block, and the control unit is configured to be based on the voltage between the terminals measured by the voltage measuring unit Control charging.
• Japanese Patent Application Publication No. JP-A-2008-220110 relates to a battery pack, a charging method, and a charging system for comparing a maximum battery cell voltage and a total of battery cell voltages measured from each of a plurality of battery cells.
• the charging voltage and the maximum cell voltage are greater than the full charging voltage
• the charging current specified by the charging voltage designation value is decreased.
• the maximum cell voltage and the full charge voltage are compared, and the maximum cell voltage is less than the full charge voltage
• the charge current specified by the charge voltage designation value increases.
• the charging of the deteriorated battery up to the overcharged area is prevented by using a charging method in which the charging voltage designation value such as this is changed, and the charging method is periodically performed during charging.
• WO 2013/173195 discloses a charging system for a battery pack for an electric vehicle, comprising: a charging station electrically coupled to a battery pack, the charging station being in a first mode of operation a maximum fast charge rate transmitting charging energy to the energy storage system, and transmitting a charging energy to the energy storage system at a slower charging rate in a second mode of operation; a data collection system, the data collection system acquiring a set of data indicative of a state of charge (SOC) of the battery pack and one or more desired charging optimization parameters; and station control, the station control being automatically established in response to the set of data and the desired charging optimization parameter
• SOC state of charge
• station control the station control being automatically established in response to the set of data and the desired charging optimization parameter
• the charging profile of the battery pack is such that the control signal is asserted and the charging station is operated in the second mode of operation or the control signal is asserted and the charging station is operated in the first mode of operation.
• the present invention provides a smart battery, an electric energy distribution bus system, a battery charging and discharging method, and an electric energy distribution method.
• the technical solution of the invention overcomes the deficiencies of the prior art, so that each battery is separately controlled and integrated intelligently adjusted during the charging and discharging process, which fundamentally solves the partial battery of the battery pack during charging and discharging due to the battery inconsistency problem.
• the overcharge and overdischarge problems, and reduce the charge and discharge cycle of the battery pack can greatly reduce the standard of the battery sorting group, thereby significantly extending the overall cycle life of the battery pack, and reducing the charge and discharge and equalization process of the battery pack.
• the waste of electricity increases the battery life of the battery pack and reduces the cost of sorting and purchasing the battery pack.
• the invention provides a smart battery comprising a battery body portion, a control unit, a connection line, a sensor and a housing.
• the smart battery is fabricated by adding a control unit to the conventional battery, thereby completing the collection and controllable charging and discharging of the data of the battery.
• the smart battery of the present invention is used for stand-alone use, series group use, or series-parallel hybrid grouping.
• the main functions of the control unit are coordinated control, information acquisition, statistical analysis, active control and external feedback, that is, coordinated control of all batteries in the same battery group and connected power generation equipment/electrical loads work together; acquisition of all batteries in the group / Various information of the equipment; statistical analysis and calculation processing of the above obtained information; further control of charging parameters adjustment and power redistribution between each battery and equipment in the group; peer feedback and feedback to external commands The outside world actively reports information.
• the coordinated control means that the control unit can coordinately control other smart batteries in the battery pack and the power supply devices or electrical loads connected to the same power distribution bus through the communication interface, including: maintaining all the smart batteries Synchronization of the cuckoo clock and synchronization with the cuckoo clock of the upper control system of the battery pack; Coordinating the control unit of a smart battery in the battery pack as the control core of the entire battery pack; Coordinating data acquisition and transmission of other smart batteries; Coordinating the battery pack Calibration of data acquisition accuracy of each battery; control of data collection type and frequency of all batteries; control unit program upgrade; self-test of control unit of each battery
• Acquiring information refers to acquiring information including voltage, current, internal resistance, temperature, ambient temperature, motion state, vibration, and acceleration data of the battery through the data collection function of the control unit, and obtaining the information through the communication function of the control unit.
• the above information and the cuckoo/self-test/calibration letter for each other smart battery of the same group Information obtain voltage/current data on the power distribution bus, and obtain external interaction commands and ambient temperature information through the communication function of the control unit, and store all the above information with the inter-turn stamp;
• control unit calculates, calculates, calculates, calculates, calculates, calculates, and calculates the number of charge and discharge cycles, the depth of charge and discharge, the amount of remaining charge, and the degree of deterioration of each battery in the battery pack.
• the charging parameter of the battery calculate the power supply and power consumption information connected to the power distribution bus to switch different battery/power generation equipment/electrical load to the power distribution bus or disconnect from the power distribution bus, and add all the above information.
• the active control includes a power transfer function and a function of dynamically adjusting the charging parameters of each battery after charging, wherein: the power transfer is a power transfer between the batteries of the same group, realizing the redistribution of the remaining power between the batteries, or
• the power supply device connected to the power distribution bus charges some or all of the batteries in the battery pack, or a certain battery supplies power to the electrical load connected to the power distribution bus, that is, according to the statistical analysis result, the corresponding battery is switched/
• the power supply equipment/electrical load is connected to the power distribution bus or disconnected from the power distribution bus; the dynamic adjustment of the charging parameters is based on charging, to meet different needs, and for each battery, including full, controllable overcharge and controllable owing Charging mode, and dynamically adjusting the charging parameters as a result of statistical analysis and external commands; and
• the control unit includes a main control module, a storage module, an acquisition module, a charging module, a power transfer module, a communication module, and an interaction module.
• the function of the main control module is to coordinate the cooperation of the modules of the battery, and coordinate all the modules of the other intelligent battery of the same group and the connected power generation equipment/electric load through the communication interface, and can cooperate with the battery
• the group upper control system communicates, reports the battery pack data, receives the commands of the battery pack upper control system and executes them.
• the main functions of the main control module are described as follows:
• the main control module includes a processor and a program, and the main function realized is: according to the read and discharge data of the battery and the received charge and discharge data of each battery in the battery pack and the upper control of the battery pack
• the system commands, counts and calculates the number of charge and discharge cycles, depth of charge and discharge, degree of deterioration and relative deterioration of each battery in the battery pack, calculates charging parameters suitable for the battery and other batteries in the battery pack, and sends the battery to the battery.
• the charging unit is sent to other batteries via the communication interface; according to the received battery pack
• the actual data of each battery, the commands of the superior control system, and the commands from the interactive module dynamically adjust the charging parameters of each battery in the battery pack and send them to the charging modules of other batteries in the battery pack, or receive other intelligence in the same group.
• the command and charging parameters sent by the main control module of the battery drive the charging module of the battery; according to the remaining battery data of each battery in the battery pack, the power transfer module is activated to realize the power transfer between the batteries of the battery pack; According to the number of cycles, the depth of charge and discharge, the degree of deterioration and the remaining capacity of each battery in the battery pack, the relative deterioration degree of each battery is analyzed and reported to the upper control system of the battery pack; the data collection type and collection of the control acquisition module are controlled.
• the program can be upgraded, and the upgrade method includes upgrading the interface (such as USB or TF card) through the program of this battery. Wait for the memory card) to upgrade, through the communication module controlled by the upper level of the battery pack System upgrade; battery after an upgrade to other smart battery may consist of the same control module upgrade, or other battery receives the control master battery modules implemented program upgrade;
• the upgrade method includes upgrading the interface (such as USB or TF card) through the program of this battery. Wait for the memory card) to upgrade, through the communication module controlled by the upper level of the battery pack System upgrade; battery after an upgrade to other smart battery may consist of the same control module upgrade, or other battery receives the control master battery modules implemented program upgrade;
• the main control module has an isolation circuit for isolating the acquisition module and the charging module;
• the main control module has a real clock, which can be calibrated in communication with other smart batteries and the battery pack upper control system to keep the battery pack and the battery pack upper control system consistent. ;
• the main control module is provided with a gyro chip, which can sense the current acceleration state of the battery and the like, or can obtain the motion state of the battery pack by speed and acceleration by communicating with the upper control system of the battery pack;
• the main control module has an ambient temperature collecting function, and the ambient temperature is collected by a temperature sensor installed on the module or outside the battery, or the ambient temperature data can be obtained by communicating with the upper control system of the battery pack;
• the main control module has a self-test function, and can report the self-test result to the battery pack superior control system;
• the main control module has a heating/cooling interface, and sends a heating/cooling signal to the outside world such as the control system of the battery pack or an additional heating/cooling device, and can control the heating/cooling device outside the smart battery to the battery pack. All or part of the battery is heated/cooled to operate all batteries at a suitable temperature;
• the main control module of a smart battery can be automatically assigned as the main control module of the entire battery pack, and all module operations of the entire battery pack are coordinated; in a preferred embodiment, the entire battery The group has only one smart battery equipped with a main control module to save costs.
• the function of the storage module is to store the following information: Brand/model/production date/order of the battery Part or all of the information including the serial number/quality inspection number, the charge and discharge data information including the voltage/current/internal resistance/temperature collected by the charging module of the battery, and the information received through the communication interface. , the information stored by the main control module.
• the above information is accompanied by a time stamp for retrieval.
• the function of the acquisition module is to execute the main control module or the command from the communication module, and collect various data such as voltage/current/internal resistance/temperature of the battery according to the specified acquisition frequency and the type of acquisition.
• the inter-turn stamp is stored in the storage module for reading.
• the acquisition module has a calibration function.
• the calibration interface is used to calibrate the data acquisition accuracy of the acquisition module and correct the acquisition offset to ensure the consistency of the data collected by each battery in the same group.
• the function of the charging module is to execute a charging command directly sent by the main control module or received by the communication module, and charge the battery according to the given charging parameter, and can be implemented according to the latest charging parameter received. Adjusting the charging parameters; the charging module can cooperate with other batteries or power generation/power supply devices connected to the power distribution bus system under the control of the main control module to receive the electric energy to charge the battery; the input and output of the charging module are electrically isolated.
• the same power generating device can be used to charge some or all of the batteries of the battery pack having the potential relationship; the charging module selects a corresponding heat dissipating device such as natural cooling/fan cooling/liquid cooling according to the power; the overload protection is installed on the charging line.
• the charging module is connected to the power supply through a power supply interface mounted on the housing.
• a full-charge or split-charge mode can be selected according to the capacity of the battery to control the weight, volume and cost of the charging module. Therefore, the charging mode of the control unit can adopt two modes: full-charge charging and branching charging. The whole process of charging and charging is completed by the control unit; the charging of the branch is completed by the combination of the traditional series charging and the charging of the control unit. The charging method for the entire charging process.
• the power of the charging module satisfies the maximum charging power requirement of the battery, and the charging module is used to charge the battery in the whole process; in the large-capacity smart battery, if the charging module of the full power is matched, the charging module The power and heat dissipation requirements will increase the weight, size and cost of the charging module.
• the power of the charging module is reduced, such as to 1/3 of the full power, thereby reducing the weight, volume, and cost of the charging module.
• the battery is fully charged by the traditional series charging method, and the state of each battery is monitored. As the battery power increases, the charging power gradually drops to the power range of the charging module, or a block.
• the charging parameter of the battery is close to the battery
• the critical value of the charging parameter of the pool ⁇ for example, the charging voltage of a battery is close to the charging voltage that the main control module calculates for the battery, stop the external high-power series charging, and use the charging module of the battery to charge
• This bifurcation charging mode does not lose control of the control unit's critical charging parameters of the battery (such as switching voltage current/floating current, etc.), making the charging effect completely controllable, and reducing weight, volume and cost.
• the function of the power transfer module is to use the power of the battery to supply power under the control of the main control module or under the control of the command received by the communication module, such as charging other batteries, or other electrical loads. Power supply, the power and the external power supply are controlled, and the battery is charged by the power of the battery.
• the power transfer module has controllable switching and isolation components such as isolation transformer or other input and output terminals. Contact type electrical energy conversion / transmission element.
• the main control module can transfer the power of one battery in the battery pack to other batteries as needed, that is, one battery in the battery pack is used to charge another battery, that is, in the same battery pack, regardless of the battery pack in series
• the state of charge/standby/discharge can be used to transfer power between two batteries with a potential relationship, or to charge all or part of the battery using a power generation device, or to use a battery to supply power separately.
• the specific process for achieving power transfer will be further described in the Technical Aspects section of the power distribution bus system of this specification.
• the function of the communication module is to transmit data between the smart batteries of the same group, to transmit data between the battery pack and the upper control system of the battery pack, and to other power generation equipment or electrical loads and smart batteries connected to the communication bus. Transfer data; Because there is a potential relationship between the batteries of the same group, the communication module and other modules must be electrically isolated.
• the communication module can support standard wired or wireless two-way communication mode, and different standards such as WIFI are selected according to different applications. /Bluetooth/RS485/CAN, etc., the communication module is connected to other smart batteries of the same group, battery pack superior control system, power generation equipment or electrical load through the communication interface installed on the housing.
• the communication module of the control unit can exchange data with two intelligent communication batteries of the same group and the upper control system of the battery pack, and can realize power transfer between the batteries after the grouping, and the charging parameter can be dynamically adjusted.
• the charging method, the discharge ⁇ adopts a discharge method that can realize the electric energy transfer between the batteries, and achieves the charging and discharging without charging, discharging, and discharging, and can be connected in a power generating device.
• the function of the interaction module is to display/set the status/parameters of the smart battery, and have corresponding input buttons, which can adopt the display + button mode, or a touch screen with an input function.
• the interactive module can select the appropriate configuration according to the application environment, power consumption and cost of the battery, and even cancel the interactive module.
• the above-mentioned main control / storage / acquisition / charging / power transfer / communication / interaction and other modules may be separate circuit boards, or integrated on a circuit board; each module can be appropriately reduced according to actual needs Equipped to reduce costs.
• the minimum configuration of the smart battery contains only one charging module, and the charging parameters of the smart battery are preset charging parameters that match the battery body.
• the power supply of the control unit can support power supply from the battery body portion, auxiliary power supply (additional rechargeable battery) or external power supply, and the battery included in the auxiliary power supply can be charged while the smart battery is being charged, and the external power supply can be
• the power supply port is shared with the charging module.
• the battery body portion of the smart battery may be a battery pack, a battery core, or a battery pack composed of a plurality of batteries, that is, may be composed of one battery or more than one battery in parallel; the body portion of the battery is a lithium battery Inches
• the control unit can replace the protection circuit inside the lithium battery to save cost, and the installation position of the temperature sensor is reserved in the battery body part to improve the measurement accuracy.
• the connecting line and the sensor inside the smart battery, the positive lead and the negative lead of the main body portion of the battery are respectively connected with the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the smart battery case, and an overload protection device such as a fuse is mounted on the connecting line.
• an overload protection device such as a fuse is mounted on the connecting line.
• current sensors such as shunts, overload protection devices in the event of battery failure and emergency situations such as traffic accidents, can avoid secondary short-circuit accidents caused by battery short-circuit, overload protection device and current sensor specifications meet the requirements of the battery maximum charge and discharge current and have redundancy I.
• the positive and negative output terminals of the control unit for the charging function such as the positive and negative output terminals of the charging module and the input terminal for the power transfer function, such as the input end of the power transfer module, are respectively connected to the positive and negative leads of the battery body portion,
• a current sensor such as a shunt is installed on the connection line for collecting the charging current.
• the outer casing of the smart battery may be an integrated or split type outer casing, and the control unit, the battery body portion and the connecting line and the sensor are combined, and the exposed positive and negative terminals and the plurality of interfaces are arranged on the outer casing.
• the control unit, the battery body portion and the connecting line and the sensor are combined, and the exposed positive and negative terminals and the plurality of interfaces are arranged on the outer casing.
• Some or all of the interfaces inside, each of the above interfaces can be combined independently or several interfaces into one interface, and all interfaces, control units and battery body parts are adopted appropriately
• the protection level is IP65, etc.
• the housing is provided with a vent or a venting valve, and the outer casing or the outer casing of the control unit can be shielded.
• all of the boards of the control unit are designed for low power consumption and corresponding protection according to the application environment of the battery.
• control unit and the battery body portion are designed to be detachable for ease of repair, replacement, and reuse.
• the present invention provides an electric energy distribution bus system (hereinafter may be referred to as "bus" for power distribution in a battery pack power system, including one or more pairs of electric energy.
• bus an electric energy distribution bus system
• Controlled power transfer that is, controllable power transfer between the battery and the device or between the device and the device, where:
• the power transfer between the battery and the device includes two modes of power transfer: “filling the valley” and “shaving the peak”:
• the "grain filling" mode is a power transfer between a battery and a power generating device or a power supply device, and the power generating device or the power supply device is connected to the same group bus as the battery with the lowest remaining battery capacity or the designated battery in the battery pack, that is, Use the power generation equipment or the power supply equipment to charge the battery with the lowest remaining battery capacity or the specified battery in the battery pack, which not only achieves the effect of balancing the battery pack, but also charges the power provided by the power generation device into the battery pack, increasing the surplus of the battery pack.
• the power consumption avoids the expansion of the inconsistency between the batteries caused by the traditional series charging method;
• the "peak clipping" mode is a power transfer between a battery and an electrical load device, and the battery with the highest remaining battery capacity in the battery pack or the designated battery and the electrical load device are simultaneously connected to the same group bus, that is, in the battery pack.
• the battery with the highest remaining capacity or the designated battery supplies power to the electrical load, which not only achieves the effect of balancing the battery pack, but also meets the power demand of the electrical load;
• the power transfer between the device and the device is a "direct power supply” mode, and the power generation device or the power supply device is powered
• the gas load device is connected to the same group bus at the same time, that is, the power supply device or the power supply device directly supplies power to the electrical load, thereby avoiding the power generation device charging the battery pack first, then switching from the high voltage of the battery pack to the low voltage, and then to the electrical load device.
• the cumbersome steps of power supply avoid energy loss of energy chemical energy conversion, avoid energy loss of high and low voltage conversion of electric energy, reduce the number of charge and discharge cycles of the battery, thereby prolonging the life of the battery pack and increasing the battery life of the battery pack;
• the three power distribution modes of the peak clipping, valley filling and direct power supply can be mixedly applied in the same battery power system, and multiple power distribution buses can be used in the same battery power system to improve the efficiency of power distribution.
• the power distribution bus can adopt either a smart battery or an ordinary battery, that is, a battery information collection system is provided in the entire battery power system, and information such as voltage, current, temperature, and the like of each battery can be collected.
• a smart battery can be replaced by an ordinary battery.
• the input end of the power conversion device such as DC-DC, AC-DC, etc. can be regarded as an electrical load device, that is, having the characteristic of consuming electric energy; and the output end thereof can be regarded as a power generating device or a power supply device, that is, having Features that can be powered externally.
• the number of the batteries is one or more; the number of power generation or power supply devices is zero, one or more; the number of electrical loads is 0, 1 or more.
• one or more pairs of wires of the power distribution bus system are connected to the power supply interface of the smart battery or device connected to the bus (such as the power transfer module of the smart battery described above) or the power receiving interface (such as the foregoing Smart battery charging module).
• the smart battery connected to the bus should include at least one of a function of supplying power to the bus and a function of charging by using power of the bus; and the premise that the battery power system can collect data such as voltage, current, temperature, and the like of each battery Underneath, the smart battery can be replaced with a regular battery.
• the power generation or power supply device should have a function of supplying power to the bus.
• the electrical load should have the function of utilizing the electrical energy of the bus to achieve its specific target.
• all the batteries, power generation equipment or electrical loads in the above-mentioned access power distribution bus system have the functions of unified coordinated control to realize electrical access to or disconnected from the bus; or
• the battery, power generation equipment, or electrical load itself does not have the above-mentioned line, but the line that is connected to the bus On the road, there is a unified coordination control to control whether it is electrically connected to the bus or disconnected from the bus.
• control system for coordinating whether each device accessing the bus is connected to the bus or disconnected from the bus may be a separate bus control system or one of the smart battery/power generation device/electrical load connected to the bus. Control functions are available to coordinate control.
• the method of increasing the number of power distribution bus groups may be used to improve the efficiency of power transfer. If multiple sets of power distribution buses are provided, the access needs to be performed.
• the battery/equipment of the bus is equipped with corresponding multi-switching switches to access different power distribution buses.
• one of the basic power transfer modes of the power distribution bus system a "valley fill” mode, ie, the power storage device charges the battery with the lowest remaining charge in the battery pack through the power distribution bus.
• the main control module determines that the remaining power of the 2# battery is the lowest, and it is decided that the power generation device charges the 2# battery, and the main control module controls whether each battery and device is connected to the power distribution bus through the communication bus;
• the control module controls the power transfer of the charging module of the 2# battery to be turned on by the power switch, and then controls the power distribution bus of the power generation device to be turned on, and keeps the bus access of all other batteries and devices at the break.
• the power generating device supplies power to the power distribution bus, and the 2# battery receives power from the power distribution bus.
• the power flow in the power distribution bus flows out from the power generating device and flows into the 2# battery, thereby realizing the use of the power generating device.
• the purpose of battery pack equalization is achieved.
• the basic power transfer mode of the power distribution bus system is two: “peak clipping" mode, that is, the battery with the highest remaining capacity in the battery pack is supplied to the electrical load through the power distribution bus.
• peak clipping mode
• the main control module judges that the remaining power of the 4# battery is the highest, and it is decided that the 4# battery supplies power to the electrical load, and the main control module controls whether each battery and device is connected to the electric energy distribution bus through the communication bus;
• the module controls the electric energy distribution bus of the electric load to be connected to the switch, and then controls the power transfer of the 4# battery's power transfer module to turn on the power, and keeps the bus access of all other batteries and devices in a broken state.
• the ⁇ 4# battery supplies power to the power distribution bus, and the electrical load receives power from the power distribution bus.
• the power flow in the power distribution bus flows from the 4# battery to the electrical load, thereby realizing the use of the battery pack.
• the battery with the highest remaining capacity transfers power to the electrical load, that is, the "peak clipping" mode. That is, the purpose of battery pack equalization is achieved, and the power supply to the load is solved.
• the problem is to avoid the power conversion loss in the traditional way of turning the high voltage output of the battery pack through the DC-DC converter into a low voltage and then supplying power to the electrical load.
• the basic power transfer mode of the power distribution bus system is three: "direct power supply” mode, that is, the power generating device directly supplies power to the electrical load.
• the main control module decides to use the power generation.
• the device supplies power to the electrical load, and the main control module controls the electrical energy distribution bus of the electrical load through the communication bus to be turned on, and then controls the power distribution bus of the power generating device to be connected to the bus, and maintains the bus access of all other batteries.
• the ⁇ power generation device supplies power to the power distribution bus, and the electrical load receives power from the power distribution bus.
• the power flow direction of the power distribution bus flows out from the power generation device and flows into the electrical load, thereby realizing the use.
• the power transfer from the power generation equipment to the electrical load is a "direct power supply" mode.
• the power generation device first charges the battery pack, that is, converts the electric energy into chemical energy, and then uses the high-voltage output of the battery pack to convert into a low voltage through the DC-DC converter, and then supplies power to the electrical load, "direct power supply".
• the mode avoids the energy conversion loss between the secondary energy chemical energy and the energy loss of the high and low voltage conversion, the battery cycle life consumed, the cost/weight/volume of the DC-DC converter, and the reliability of the system. , extended battery life and increased battery life.
• the smart battery and power distribution bus system of the present invention can be applied to any environment that requires battery grouping, including but not limited to the following industries: battery storage for electric bicycles, electric vehicles, electric engineering vehicles, ship submarines, trains. System, backup power system of the equipment room, backup battery pack of communication power supply, battery pack of field mobile communication base station, various battery pack energy storage systems including photovoltaic power generation and wind power generation, battery system of aerospace vehicle, ship Submarine battery system and other fields.
• the positive meaning of the smart battery is to solve the problem of inconsistency in the charging process after the battery group is grouped, and can cooperate with the power distribution bus system to realize active balanced charging of the battery pack, active balanced discharge, and even powering the electrical load separately.
• the function is to realize active balanced charging of the battery pack, active balanced discharge, and even powering the electrical load separately.
• the positive meaning of the electric energy distribution bus system is that the problem of overcharging and overdischarging of some batteries in the charging and discharging process of the battery pack due to battery inconsistency in the battery power system is completely solved, and the charging and discharging cycle of the battery pack is reduced. It reduces the waste of power in the charging, discharging and equalization process of the battery pack, thereby reducing the sorting procurement cost of the battery pack, significantly extending the overall cycle life of the battery pack, and increasing the battery pack's Endurance.
• the invention provides a battery charging and discharging method comprising charging and discharging a smart battery of the invention.
• the present invention also discloses a battery charging and discharging method comprising charging and discharging the smart battery group of the present invention by the power distribution bus system of the present invention.
• the grouping of at least two smart batteries, or the battery pack incorporating the power distribution bus of the present invention is charged and discharged, and charging and power transfer as needed.
• each battery in the battery pack is charged using the same or different, dynamically adjustable charging parameters.
• controllable power transfer is achieved between the battery, the power generating device, and the electrical load using three methods of "filling the valley”, “shaving the peak”, and “direct powering”.
• the battery charging and discharging method of the present invention is capable of charging and discharging the battery pack of the smart battery group, and the charging port can be fully controllable due to the history and real data support with the inter-turn stamp; Supported by the module's power transfer function, the discharge can also be controlled.
• the charge and discharge can be combined in one of several typical ways or in several ways:
• Low-loss charging charging to increase the power conversion rate, lowering the operating frequency of other modules, sleeping or even turning off, and adjusting the charging parameters to reduce the power consumption of the charging module in the whole charging process, which will be valuable energy. Charge as much as possible into the battery. If you use a mobile power source to charge the battery pack, you can use this charging method.
• Power transfer When the remaining power of each battery in the battery pack is inconsistent, it is suitable to start the power transfer module, and use the battery with the largest remaining power to charge the battery with the least remaining battery to realize the battery with the largest remaining power.
• the transfer to the battery with the least remaining battery is the peak-shaving, or the target is used for power transfer, and the remaining power of all or part of the battery of the battery pack is automatically adjusted to achieve uniform discharge, or the power distribution bus system is controlled.
• the power supply/power generation equipment works to charge the battery with the least amount of remaining power, or to charge a specified number of batteries to realize the controllable transfer of the power; the power can be transferred in the standby or discharging of the battery pack or even in series charging.
• the present invention discloses a method of distributing electric energy, including using the electric energy distribution bus system of the present invention, using the "filling valley" and “shaving peak” described above.
• One or more of the three methods of "direct power supply” for power transfer enable controllable power transfer between a battery, a power generating device, and an electrical load that are connected to the power distribution bus system.
• the beneficial effects of the smart battery, the electric energy distribution bus system, the battery charging and discharging method, and the electric energy distribution method disclosed in the present invention are: using the battery pack grouped by the smart battery, reducing the number of wires and the wire diameter specification in the system Improve data acquisition accuracy, improve the accuracy of battery pack remaining power calculation, accurately predict the health of each battery in the battery pack, provide accurate forecast data for battery pack maintenance, and improve the reliability and safety of the battery pack. , reduce the cost of using the battery pack.
• the charging and discharging process is controllable throughout the process, and the remaining power of each battery can be redistributed as needed, thereby fundamentally solving the problem of overcharging and overdischarging of some batteries during the charging and discharging process due to battery inconsistency problems, so that the battery All batteries in the group or a specified part of the battery maintain the same depth of discharge, and reduce the charge and discharge cycle of the battery pack, which can greatly reduce the standard of the battery sorting group, thereby significantly extending the overall cycle life of the battery pack and reducing the battery pack. Waste of power during charging, discharging and equalization, adding battery packs The battery life reduces the purchase cost of the battery pack.
• the DC-DC conversion device is saved, saving cost, weight and volume, and reducing high voltage lines, improving system reliability and safety.
• 1 is a schematic block diagram showing the structure of a smart battery
• FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a smart battery power transfer module and a charging module
• FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a smart battery power transfer module and a charging module
• FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram of external power supply of a smart battery through a power transfer module
• FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of charging of a smart battery receiving power from a power distribution bus
• FIG. 6 is one of the basic power transfer modes of the power distribution bus system: a schematic block diagram of a "filled valley" mode;
• FIG. 7 is a second basic power transfer mode of the power distribution bus system: a schematic block diagram of a "peak clipping" mode;
• FIG. 8 is a third basic power transfer mode of the power distribution bus system: a schematic block diagram of a "direct power supply" mode.
• FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram of a reduced smart battery grouping
• FIG. 10 is a schematic block diagram of essential components of a battery pack of an electric vehicle
• FIG. 11 is a schematic block diagram of an application of a power distribution bus on an electric vehicle
• FIG. 12 is a schematic block diagram of a second application of an electric energy distribution bus on an electric vehicle.
• the basic components of the battery pack of the electric vehicle are equivalent to the smart battery shown in FIGS. 1 to 5 in the present invention being split into two parts: the battery module 1001 and the control unit 1002.
• the battery module 1001 is composed of 5 batteries in parallel, which is equivalent to the battery body portion of the smart battery; the function of the control unit 1002 is simplified, the charging module is cancelled but the switches 1003 and 1004 are retained, and the power transfer is cancelled.
• the module retains the switches 1005 and 1006 therein, and the control unit can control the switching of the switches 1003 and 100 4 to connect or disconnect the battery module 1001 to the power distribution bus 1007, and the control unit can control the access of the switches 1005 and 1006.
• the acquisition module can collect the voltage, current, and temperature data of the battery module 1001 including at least the voltage.
• the acquisition function indicates the flow direction of the data by the hollow arrow 1009.
• the communication module in the control unit can communicate with the control unit of the other battery through the communication bus 1010. Or vehicle control unit VCU communication.
• the battery pack consists of 96 battery modules connected in series. Assuming that the electric vehicle is now in a braking state, the equipped brake energy recovery power generation system starts to work, starts generating electricity, and supplies AC power to the AC-DC converter. AC-DC conversion The output of the device outputs DC power.
• the output of the ACAC-D sub-converter can be regarded as a power generation device or a power supply device.
• Each control unit can collect the remaining power of each battery module, assuming that the ⁇ 1# battery module The remaining power is the lowest, 1# control unit control switches 1101 and 1102 are connected, the 1# battery module is connected to the power distribution bus 1 103, and the VCU is notified through the communication bus 1104, and then the control switch 1105 is turned on, and the AC- The output of the DC converter is connected to the power distribution bus 1103, and the ⁇ AC-DC converter supplies power to the power distribution bus 1103.
• the 1# battery module receives power from the power distribution bus 1103, and the power flow direction 1106 in the power bus 1103, In order to flow from the AC-DC converter to the 1# battery module, the power transfer by the power generating device to charge the battery with the lowest remaining battery capacity in the battery pack is realized.
• the "valley-fill" mode thereby holding the battery modules # 1 and the other battery module to maintain the same depth of discharge, prolong the overall life of the battery pack. Assume that the output power of this ⁇ AC-D C converter is higher than that required by the 1# battery module, and the VCU re-controls the switch 1107 to turn on, and the brake light will be turned on.
• the control switch 1109 is turned on, the output of the AC-DC converter is connected to the power distribution bus 1108; the ⁇ AC-DC converter is assigned to the power distribution bus 110 8 power supply, the brake light receives power from the power distribution bus 1108, and the power flow direction 1110 in the power bus 1108 flows into the brake light from the AC-DC converter, thereby realizing the power transfer from the power generating device to the electrical load.
• the low-voltage DC-DC converter is removed from the system, saving cost, size and weight, reducing high-voltage lines, improving safety, reducing the number of devices to improve system reliability; avoiding a charging and discharging process, reducing the battery
• the number of charge and discharge cycles of the group can increase the cycle life of the battery pack.
• the application of the power distribution bus on the electric vehicle is two.
• the control unit of all the battery modules sends the collected remaining battery data of each battery module to the VCU through the communication bus 1201, assuming this The remaining capacity of the ⁇ 96# battery module is the highest, and the wiper needs to be activated.
• the input switch 1202 of the VCU control DC-DC converter is turned on, and the DC-DC converter is connected to the power distribution bus 1203, 96# control unit.
• the control switches 1204 and 1205 are turned on, and the 96# battery module is connected to the power distribution bus 1203.
• the ⁇ 96# battery module supplies power to the power distribution bus 1203, and the input of the DC-DC converter receives the power distribution bus 1203.
• the power flow direction 1206 in the power bus 1203 flows from the 96# battery module to the DC-D C converter, wherein the input of the DC-DC converter is secondarily acceptable, which can be regarded as a load here; VCU Then, the control switch 1207 is turned on, the wiper is connected to the power distribution bus 1208, and the control switch 1209 is turned on, and the output of the DC-DC converter is also connected to the power distribution bus 1208, where the DC-DC converter
• the output terminal can be externally powered, and can be regarded as a power generation device or a power supply device.
• the power flow direction 1210 in the power distribution bus flows from the output end of the DC-DC converter to the wiper.
• the 96# battery is used to supply power to the wiper, that is, the power of the battery with the highest remaining battery in the battery pack is transferred to the load, which is the “peak clipping” mode, so that the remaining power of each battery module in the battery pack tends to be Consistently, the purpose of battery pack equalization is achieved, thereby increasing the cycle life of the battery pack.
• the smart battery includes a battery body portion, a control unit, a connection line, a housing, and a sensor (not shown).
• the control unit includes a main control module, a storage module, an acquisition module, a charging module, a power transfer module, a communication module, and an interaction module.
• the operation mode of the smart battery power transfer is introduced.
• the power transfer module 201 of the power transfer module 201 does not operate when the power supply switch 202 is turned off, and the power transfer of the charging module is also broken when the power is turned off.
• the battery body portion 205 of the smart battery 204 is a battery;
• the battery body portion 302 of the smart battery 301 in FIG. 3 is a battery module composed of four batteries connected in parallel; when the battery is connected to other batteries of the same power distribution bus system Or electricity
• the gas load transfer power is the power supply port, as shown in FIG.
• the power transfer module of the power transfer module is turned on, and the power is discharged from the battery, as shown in FIG. 4, the power transfer direction 403 in the power distribution bus 402;
• the battery accepts other batteries or power generation equipment connected to the same power distribution bus system to transfer power to the battery, that is, the battery is charged, as shown in FIG. 5, the power transfer of the charging module is turned on by the power switch 501, and the charging module is charged.
• the power input is switched to the power distribution bus, and the power from the power distribution bus is received to charge the battery.
• the power is flowing into the battery, as shown in the power transfer direction 503 of the power distribution bus 502 shown in FIG.
• the "filling valley" power transfer mode of the power distribution bus system that is, the power generation device charges the battery with the lowest remaining battery capacity in the battery pack through the power distribution bus.
• the main control module determines that the remaining power of the 2# battery 601 is the lowest, and it is determined that the power generation device charges the 2# battery 60 1 , and the main control module controls whether each battery and the device are connected to the electric energy through the communication bus 602.
• the bus 603 is allocated; the main control module controls the power transfer of the charging module of the 2# battery 601 to be turned on by the power switch 604, and then controls the power distribution bus access switch 605 of the power generating device to be turned on, and keeps all other batteries and devices.
• the bus access switch is in a disconnected state; the power generating device supplies power to the power distribution bus 603, and the 2# battery 601 receives power from the power distribution bus.
• the power flow direction 606 in the power distribution bus 603 flows out of the power generating device.
• the flow into the 2# battery 601 realizes a power transfer mode in which the power generation device charges the battery having the lowest remaining battery capacity in the battery pack, that is, a "valley fill" mode.
• the "peak clipping" power transfer mode of the power distribution bus system that is, the battery with the highest remaining power in the battery pack is supplied to the electrical load through the power distribution bus.
• the main control module determines that the remaining power of the 4# battery 701 is the highest, and it is determined that the 4# battery 701 supplies power to the electrical load, and the main control module controls whether each battery and device is connected to the electric energy distribution bus through the communication bus 702.
• the main control module controls the electrical load of the electrical distribution bus access switch 704 is turned on, and then controls the power transfer of the power transfer module of the 4# battery 701 to turn on the power supply switch 705, and maintains the bus connection of all other batteries and devices.
• the ⁇ 4# battery 701 supplies power to the power distribution bus 703, the electrical load receives power from the power distribution bus 703, and the power flow direction 706 in the power distribution bus 703 flows out from the 4# battery 701. , flowing into the electrical load, thereby achieving the highest remaining power in the battery pack The energy transfer from the pool to the electrical load - the "peak clipping" mode.
• a "direct power" power transfer mode for a power distribution bus system that is, a power generating device directly supplies power to an electrical load.
• the main control module decides to use the power generation.
• the device supplies power to the electrical load, and the main control module controls the electrical energy distribution bus of the electrical load through the communication bus 801 to connect to the switch 802, and then controls the power distribution bus of the power generating device to access the switch 80 3 and keeps all other batteries.
• the bus access is in a broken state; the power generating device supplies power to the power distribution bus 804, the electrical load receives power from the power distribution bus 804, and the power flow direction 805 in the power distribution bus 804 flows out of the power generating device. Inflow into the electrical load, thereby realizing the transfer of electrical energy from the power generating equipment to the electrical load, that is, the "direct power supply" mode.
• FIG. 9 a schematic block diagram of a reduced smart battery grouping is shown.
• 4 smart batteries are connected in series, 1# battery 901, 2# battery 902, 3# battery 903, 4# battery 904, the potential of the four batteries in the battery pack is from low to high, and there is no power distribution bus between the battery packs.
• All smart batteries do not include a power transfer module.
• Only the 1# battery 901 is equipped with a main control module.
• the communication modules of all the batteries and the upper control system are connected by a communication bus 905.
• the main control module obtains all the battery data and the interactive command information of the superior control system through its own acquisition module and communication module.
• each battery is calculated according to the actual data of the deterioration degree and remaining power of each battery.
• the charging parameters are transmitted to each battery, and based on the latest information obtained, the charging parameters of each battery are adjusted, using one of the following charging schemes or a mixed charging scheme:
• each battery uses different charging parameters and dynamically adjusts the charging parameters, so that each battery maintains the same depth of discharge after the next discharge cutoff;
• the charging power source is a mobile power source
• the energy is limited, the power consumption of all modules except the charging module is reduced, the sleep is even turned off, and the power consumption of the charging module of the entire charging process is minimized to change.
• Charging parameters of the charging module to maximize the amount of charge in the battery.
• Embodiment 1 a fully configured smart battery, as shown in the schematic block diagram of the smart battery of FIG. 1, including a battery
• the body portion, the control unit, the connecting line, and the housing further include a sensor and an interface (not shown).
• the control unit includes a main control module, a storage module, an acquisition module, a charging module, a power transfer module, a communication module, and an interaction module.
• Embodiment 2 a fully configured intelligent battery group consisting of 4 smart batteries in series, as shown in FIG. 6-8, including 1# battery, 2# battery, 3# battery and 4# battery, The potential of the four batteries in the battery pack is from low to high, in addition to the power distribution bus, power generation equipment, electrical load, superior control system and communication bus.
• Embodiment 3 a reduced intelligent battery group, consisting of 4 smart batteries in series, as shown in FIG. 9, including 1# battery 901, 2# battery 902, 3# battery 903, 4# battery 904
• the potential of the four batteries in the battery pack is from low to high, there is no power distribution bus between the battery packs, all smart batteries do not contain the power transfer module, only the 1# battery 901 is equipped with the main control module, all battery communication modules And the superior control system are connected by a communication bus 905.
• control unit of the smart battery and the battery part are decomposed into a component, or the three basic power transfer modes of the power distribution bus are combined. Therefore, such modifications or improvements made without departing from the spirit of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
• the smart battery and power distribution bus system of the present invention can be applied to any environment that requires battery grouping, including but not limited to the following industries: battery storage for electric bicycles, electric vehicles, electric engineering vehicles, ship submarines, trains System, backup power system of the equipment room, backup battery pack of communication power supply, battery pack of field mobile communication base station, various battery pack energy storage systems including photovoltaic power generation and wind power generation, battery system of aerospace vehicle, ship Submarine battery system and other fields.

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• 2016
  • 2016-02-24 WO PCT/CN2016/074491 patent/WO2016134658A1/zh not_active Ceased
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  • 2016-02-24 CN CN201680011826.5A patent/CN107408822A/zh active Pending
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