WO2016098350A1 - Remote ice-thickness measurement method, remote ice-strength measurement method, remote measurement method, remote ice-thickness measurement device, remote ice-strength measurement device, and remote measurement body - Google Patents

Abstract

Provided are a remote ice-thickness measurement method, a remote ice-strength measurement method, a remote measurement method, a remote ice-thickness measurement device, a remote ice-strength measurement device, and a remote measurement body, whereby the true thickness or strength of ice can be measured without contact therewith at any location by remotely measuring an apparent ice thickness including accumulated snow on the top surface of the ice using an electromagnetic induction sensor, remotely measuring the thickness of the accumulated snow using electromagnetic waves, and calculating the true thickness or strength of the ice on the basis of the apparent ice thickness and the thickness of the accumulated snow.

Description

Remote ice thickness measurement method, remote ice strength measurement method, remote measurement method, remote ice thickness measurement device, remote ice strength measurement device, and telemetry body

The present invention relates to a remote ice thickness measurement method, a remote ice strength measurement method, a remote measurement method, a remote ice thickness measurement device, a remote ice strength measurement device, and a remote measurement body that measure the ice thickness and strength of ice in a non-contact manner. .

The ice thickness and strength of ice are indispensable information for evaluating the ice resistance of structures such as oil and natural gas production facilities operating in ice seas. It is also necessary information for the operation of vessels such as excavation vessels, work vessels, icebreakers, etc. that navigate in ice seas, and for safety and economic evaluation.
The mechanical strength of ice includes bending strength and compressive strength. First, the bending strength of ice is related to the load generated when the ice plate is pushed up or sunk and bent to break. This failure mode has a relatively low load and is efficient in breaking. The reason why there are many shapes with inclined side walls in structures for ice seas and ships is to use bending fracture. Therefore, it is necessary to know the bending strength of ice when estimating a load acting on a structure or a ship over a long period of time and designing / evaluating the performance related to position holding and propulsion.
Moreover, the compressive strength of ice is related to the load generated at the time of compressive fracture that crushes ice. This failure mode has the highest load. When a structure or ship for ice sea area collapses, it can be interpreted that the structural strength of the ice exceeds the compressive strength of ice. Therefore, it is necessary to know the compressive strength of ice when designing and evaluating the limit strength of structures and ships.

Here, in Patent Document 1, a primary coil and a secondary coil are arranged on the top of sea ice, and a high frequency current of 0.1 to 2 MHz is caused to flow through the primary coil to generate an electromagnetic field. A method for estimating the thickness of sea ice based on the phase angle of the induced voltage is disclosed.
Patent Document 2 calculates the difference between the indication value of a microwave rangefinder that measures the distance to the bottom surface of sea ice and the indication value of an ultrasonic rangefinder that measures the distance to the top surface of sea ice. A method for measuring ice thickness is disclosed.
In Patent Document 3, infrared energy radiated from the skating rink is detected by an infrared camera, and infrared energy is obtained as an infrared thermal image of the skating rink surface temperature by an infrared thermal imaging device, so that the icing state of the skating rink is indicated. A method of detecting is disclosed.
Patent Document 4 calculates the height and density of snow by radiating electromagnetic waves from a transmitting antenna, receiving reflections from the snow surface and reflections from the ground surface with a receiving antenna, and calculating measurement results. A snow cover measurement method is disclosed.
Further, in Patent Document 5, a laser beam is emitted from a scanner directed to the surface of snow, reciprocally scanned in a fan shape, the distance to the snow surface is measured, and the difference from the reference value storing the data is calculated. A snow depth measurement system that calculates and obtains snow depth data excluding singular data in a scanning angle range is disclosed.
In Patent Document 6, sea ice thickness / drift velocity observation using an underwater moored ice thickness measurement sonar and velocimeter and sea ice observation by a high-resolution aircraft are performed in synchronization. A method for determining the draft value of ice is disclosed.
Patent Document 7 discloses a three-dimensional information of a measurement object by flying a flying object over a measurement object, irradiating the measurement object with laser light from the flying object, and detecting the reflected laser light. And a method for representing the snow depth and the like in a figure is disclosed.
Patent Document 8 discloses a technique for observing ice with an interferometric synthetic aperture radar having two bands and detecting cracks and deformation in the ice as mapping and ice characteristics.

JP 58-223704 A JP-A-62-124480 JP 05-253333 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-14434 JP2011-149894A JP 2003-149332 A JP-A-10-318743 International Publication No. 2014/039267

Since the methods for measuring the thickness of sea ice in Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 do not take into account the thickness of snow accumulated on ice, the true ice thickness of ice cannot be grasped.
In addition, the skating rink icing state detection method in Patent Document 3 obtains an infrared thermal image of the skate rink surface temperature with an infrared camera, and does not measure the ice thickness.
In addition, the snow depth measurement methods in Patent Document 4 and Patent Document 5 calculate the height of snow according to the relationship with the ground surface, which is a known reference surface, but in the case of ice floating in water, Since the ice shape under the snow cover is unknown and a reference plane cannot be obtained, it cannot be applied to ice thickness measurements at sea.
In addition, the sea ice observation method in Patent Document 6 is a method in which an underwater moored ice thickness measurement sonar and sea ice observation by a high-resolution aircraft are performed in synchronization, and the ice thickness is measured only from the air. It is not a thing. Also, it does not measure the thickness of snow.
Further, the snow depth measurement method in Patent Document 7 uses laser light, but the laser distance meter only measures the distance to the surface, and the depth is a standard in which the distance such as the ground surface is fixed. It is necessary to calculate the difference from the surface. In the case of ice floating on water, the depth of the snow cannot be obtained because the ice shape under the snow is unknown and the reference plane cannot be obtained.
In the technique of sea ice mapping and characteristic measurement in Patent Document 8, the ice layer is measured by an interference synthetic aperture radar using electromagnetic waves of two bands. In the EM method using the electromagnetic induction sensor used in the present invention, it has been demonstrated that the measured physical quantity and the ice thickness directly correlate, and a highly accurate ice thickness can be obtained. On the other hand, in the technique of Patent Document 8, the backscattering intensity obtained by the interference synthetic aperture radar is not directly converted to the ice thickness, but the ice thickness needs to be estimated through a complicated process, which is disadvantageous in terms of accuracy. is there.
Further, Patent Documents 1 to 8 do not measure ice strength in a non-contact manner.
There are other means for measuring the ice thickness in a non-contact manner, such as a means for using only a laser distance meter and a means for using underwater sonar. The laser rangefinder measures the difference in distance between the water surface and the ice surface from above. The underwater sonar measures the distance from the bottom of the ice to the underwater. The water depth is measured separately with a depth meter. However, in either method, the ice thickness cannot be calculated unless the specific gravity of the ice is assumed, and depending on the shape, the specific gravity cannot be calculated. In addition, the planar resolution is generally low.
In general, there is a pyrometer as a means for measuring the temperature without contact. However, since the pyrometer determines the temperature of an incandescent object from visible light, it has no applicability to ice.
Another means for measuring the surface shape of the sea ice in a non-contact manner is to use a 3D camera. However, an optical stereoscopic image can be obtained with a 3D camera, but it cannot be measured at night because visible light is used. In addition, post-analysis is required to digitize height information, and there is no immediacy.

Thus, the true ice thickness and strength of ice could not be obtained except by local observation (direct measurement). However, such field observations generally involve human and financial costs such as cutting ice blocks and requiring large-scale testing machines.

Therefore, the present invention provides a remote ice thickness measurement method, a remote ice strength measurement method, a remote measurement method, a remote ice thickness measurement device, a remote ice that can measure the true ice thickness or strength of ice without contact at any point. An object is to provide an intensity measuring device and a telemetering body.

The remote ice thickness measurement method corresponding to claim 1 is a method for remotely measuring the ice thickness of ice, and using an electromagnetic induction sensor for remotely measuring the apparent ice thickness including snow on the top surface of the ice. The thickness of the snow cover was measured remotely using electromagnetic waves, and the true ice thickness of the ice was obtained based on the apparent ice thickness and the snow cover thickness.
According to the first aspect of the present invention, the true ice thickness of the ice can be accurately grasped at any point, without contact, and excluding the thickness of snow accumulated on the ice (snow depth). Can do. For example, when a substance with high electrical conductivity such as sea water exists under ice, the apparent ice thickness including snow can be accurately measured by an electromagnetic induction sensor, and the thickness of snow can be measured using electromagnetic waves. Accurate measurement.

The remote ice strength measurement method according to claim 2 is a method for remotely measuring the ice strength, wherein the apparent ice thickness including snow on the top surface of the ice is remotely measured using an electromagnetic induction sensor. The thickness of the snow is measured remotely using electromagnetic waves, the true ice thickness of the ice is determined based on the apparent ice thickness and the thickness of the snow, and the ice strength calculation means is used based on the true ice thickness. The ice strength is calculated.
According to the second aspect of the present invention, it is possible to accurately measure the ice strength without contact at any point. In addition, since the ice strength is calculated based on the true ice thickness excluding the snow depth measured with high accuracy, the accurate strength can be grasped. For example, when a substance with high electrical conductivity such as sea water exists under ice, the apparent ice thickness including snow can be accurately measured by an electromagnetic induction sensor, and the thickness of snow can be measured using electromagnetic waves. Since it can be measured with high accuracy, the strength of ice can be grasped more accurately.

The present invention according to claim 3 is characterized in that the temperature of ice is measured remotely using infrared rays, and the strength is calculated in consideration of the temperature measurement result.
For example, the bottom temperature of sea ice floating on the sea surface is the freezing point. From the surface temperature as the measurement result and the bottom temperature as the freezing point, it is assumed that the temperature gradient is linear with respect to the ice thickness. The temperature of the central part is obtained, and the intensity of the sea ice is calculated using the temperature of the central part as a representative value.
According to the third aspect of the present invention, since the measured ice temperature is taken into account when calculating the ice strength, the ice strength can be grasped more accurately.
“Calculation” means obtaining the ice strength by using a single parameter or a plurality of parameters such as ice thickness, temperature, salinity and the like. These parameters are measured, corrected for measured, obtained by calculation, obtained by predetermined tables and graphs, estimated by reasonable methods, etc. including. This also applies to the following.

The present invention according to claim 4 is characterized in that the salinity of ice is measured remotely using electromagnetic waves, and the strength is calculated in consideration of the measurement result of the salinity.
For example, if there is snow on the sea ice, the error may be measured larger as the snow is thicker. However, the effect is compensated by multiplying the coefficient depending on the thickness of the snow, and the true salinity of the sea ice. And calculate the strength of sea ice depending on the salinity.
According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, since the ice salinity measured in calculating the ice strength is taken into account, the ice strength can be grasped more accurately.

The present invention according to claim 5 is characterized in that the shape of ice is measured remotely using a laser scanner, and the strength is calculated in consideration of the measurement result of the shape.
For example, when sea ice is iced due to high internal pressure, the scale is estimated from the height and width of the ice shape, and the coefficient is multiplied to calculate the strength of the sea ice. .
According to the present invention described in claim 5, since the shape of the ice measured in calculating the ice strength is taken into account, the ice strength can be grasped more accurately.

The present invention according to claim 6 is characterized in that a kinematic elastic modulus is obtained based on a true ice thickness, temperature, salinity, and shape, and a uniaxial compressive strength is calculated as a strength from the kinematic elastic modulus.
According to the sixth aspect of the present invention, the uniaxial compressive strength, which is one of the mechanical strengths of ice, can be accurately grasped based on each parameter obtained by remote measurement.

The seventh aspect of the present invention is characterized in that a brine volume ratio is obtained based on a true ice thickness, temperature, salinity, and shape, and a bending strength is calculated as a strength from the brine volume ratio.
According to the seventh aspect of the present invention, the bending strength, which is one of the mechanical strengths of ice, can be accurately grasped based on each parameter obtained by remote measurement.

In the telemetry method corresponding to claim 8, the remote ice thickness measurement method according to claim 1 or the remote ice strength measurement method according to one of claims 2 to 7 is carried out. The feature is that the measurement was performed remotely using a mobile object.
According to the eighth aspect of the present invention, since a wide range of ice can be measured by using the moving body, a large amount of data relating to the ice thickness or strength of the ice can be collected.

In the telemetry method corresponding to claim 9, the remote ice thickness measurement method according to claim 1 or the remote ice strength measurement method according to one of claims 2 to 7 is carried out. The obtained measurement results are used for the operation or design of offshore structures or drilling vessels, work vessels, and icebreakers including oil production facilities and natural gas production facilities operating in ice seas.
According to the present invention described in claim 9, by utilizing the measured ice thickness or strength of ice for operation or design, it can be used for improvement of safety of each facility or ship and evaluation of economy.
The scope of operation includes those that utilize the measured ice thickness or strength in real time, those that utilize batch processing, and those that utilize both.
When utilizing especially in real time, you may utilize the ice thickness or intensity | strength of the ice measured using the ship, for example by the ship itself.

The remote ice thickness measuring device corresponding to claim 10 is a device for remotely measuring the ice thickness of ice, and is used for remotely measuring the apparent ice thickness including snow on the upper surface of the ice. Electromagnetic induction sensor means, a snow thickness measurement microwave radiometer that remotely measures the thickness of snow, and an apparent ice thickness measured by the electromagnetic induction sensor means and a snow cover measured by a microwave radiometer for snow thickness measurement Ice thickness calculating means for calculating the true ice thickness of the ice based on the thickness of the ice.
According to the tenth aspect of the present invention, it is possible to accurately grasp the true ice thickness of the ice excluding the snow depth at any point without contact.
For example, when a substance with high electrical conductivity such as seawater exists under ice, the apparent ice thickness including snow can be accurately measured by electromagnetic induction sensor means, and microwave radiation for snow thickness measurement can be measured. Using a meter, the thickness of snow can be accurately measured.

The remote ice strength measuring device corresponding to claim 11 is a device for remotely measuring the ice strength, and is used for remotely measuring the apparent ice thickness including snow on the upper surface of the ice. The electromagnetic induction sensor means, the snow thickness measurement microwave radiometer that remotely measures the snow thickness, the apparent ice thickness measured by the electromagnetic induction sensor means, and the snow thickness measured by the microwave thickness measurement microwave radiometer An ice thickness calculating means for calculating the true ice thickness of the ice based on the thickness and an ice strength calculating means for calculating the ice strength based on the true ice thickness are provided.
According to this invention of Claim 11, the intensity | strength of ice can be accurately measured by non-contact in arbitrary points. In addition, since the ice strength is calculated based on the true ice thickness excluding the snow depth measured with high accuracy, the accurate strength can be grasped.
For example, when a substance with high electrical conductivity such as seawater exists under ice, the apparent ice thickness including snow can be accurately measured by electromagnetic induction sensor means, and microwave radiation for snow thickness measurement can be measured. Using a meter, the thickness of snow can be accurately measured.

The invention according to claim 12 is provided with an infrared radiometer that remotely measures the temperature of ice, and the ice strength calculation means calculates the strength taking into account the ice temperature measured by the infrared radiometer. . For example, the bottom temperature of sea ice floating on the sea surface is the freezing point. From the surface temperature as the measurement result and the bottom temperature as the freezing point, it is assumed that the temperature gradient is linear with respect to the ice thickness. The temperature of the central part is obtained, and the intensity of the sea ice is calculated using the temperature of the central part as a representative value.
According to the present invention described in claim 12, since the ice temperature measured in calculating the ice strength is also taken into account, the ice strength can be grasped more accurately.

A thirteenth aspect of the present invention includes a microwave radiometer for salinity measurement that remotely measures the salinity of ice, and the ice strength calculation means calculates the strength by taking into account the salinity measured by the microwave radiometer for salinity measurement. It is characterized by that.
For example, if there is snow on the sea ice, the error may be measured larger as the snow is thicker. However, the effect is compensated by multiplying the coefficient depending on the thickness of the snow, and the true salinity of the sea ice. And calculate the strength of sea ice depending on the salinity.
According to the thirteenth aspect of the present invention, since the ice salinity measured in calculating the ice strength is taken into account, the ice strength can be grasped more accurately.

The present invention according to claim 14 is characterized in that a laser scanner for remotely measuring the shape of ice is provided, and the ice strength calculating means calculates the strength taking into account the shape measured by the laser scanner.
For example, when sea ice is iced due to high internal pressure, the scale is estimated from the height and width of the ice shape, and the coefficient is multiplied to calculate the strength of the sea ice. .
According to the fourteenth aspect of the present invention, since the shape of the ice measured in calculating the ice strength is taken into account, the strength of the ice can be grasped more accurately.

The invention according to claim 15 is characterized in that the ice strength calculating means calculates a dynamic elastic modulus based on the true ice thickness, temperature, salinity and shape, and further calculates a uniaxial compressive strength as a strength from the dynamic elastic modulus. And
According to the present invention of the fifteenth aspect, the uniaxial compressive strength, which is one of the mechanical strengths of ice, can be accurately grasped based on each parameter obtained by remote measurement.

The invention according to claim 16 is characterized in that the ice strength calculating means calculates a brine volume ratio based on the true ice thickness, temperature, salinity and shape, and further calculates the bending strength as the strength from the brine volume ratio. To do.
According to the sixteenth aspect of the present invention, it is possible to accurately grasp the bending strength, which is one of the mechanical strengths of ice, based on each parameter obtained by remote measurement.

In the telemetry body corresponding to Claim 17, the remote ice thickness measurement apparatus according to Claim 10 or the remote ice strength measurement apparatus according to one of Claims 11 to 16 is measured body itself. The measuring body main body is configured to be suspendable by a moving body.
According to the present invention described in claim 17, since a wide range of ice can be measured by suspending the measuring body main body from the moving body, a large amount of data relating to the ice thickness or strength of ice can be collected. It can also be useful as operational data.

The present invention according to claim 18 is characterized in that a storage means for storing the GPS and the measurement result is provided in the measurement body.
According to the present invention described in claim 18, the measurement point can be accurately grasped by providing a GPS (Global Positioning System) in the measurement body. In addition, by providing the storage means in the body of the measurement body, it is possible to obtain the ice thickness or strength of sea ice at any date and time and latitude and longitude on the movement path after measurement, and the same measurement point by multiple measurements It is also possible to grasp the change over time in the ice thickness or strength of ice.

According to the present invention, it is possible to accurately grasp the true ice thickness of the ice excluding the thickness of the snow (snow depth) accumulated on the ice at any point without contact.

In addition, it is a method for remotely measuring the ice strength, using an electromagnetic induction sensor to remotely measure the apparent ice thickness including snow on the top surface of the ice, and using electromagnetic waves remotely. If the true ice thickness of the ice is calculated based on the apparent ice thickness and the snow thickness, and the ice strength is calculated by the ice strength calculation means based on the true ice thickness, the In, the strength of ice can be accurately measured without contact. In addition, since the ice strength is calculated based on the true ice thickness excluding the snow depth measured with high accuracy, the accurate strength can be grasped.

In addition, when the ice temperature is measured remotely using infrared rays and the strength is calculated taking into account the temperature measurement results, the measured ice temperature is also taken into account when calculating the ice strength. Strength can be grasped more accurately.

In addition, when measuring the salinity of ice remotely using electromagnetic waves and calculating the strength by taking into account the measurement result of the salinity, the measured ice salinity is taken into account when calculating the ice strength. Strength can be grasped more accurately. *

In addition, when the ice shape is measured remotely using a laser scanner and the strength is calculated by taking the shape measurement results into account, the ice shape measured is taken into account when calculating the ice strength. The strength of the can be grasped more accurately.

In addition, when the kinematic elastic modulus is calculated based on the true ice thickness, temperature, salinity, and shape, and the uniaxial compressive strength is calculated as the strength from the kinematic elastic modulus, it is based on each parameter obtained from remote measurement. The uniaxial compressive strength, which is one of the mechanical strengths of ice, can be accurately grasped.

In addition, when determining the brine volume ratio based on the true ice thickness, temperature, salinity and shape, and further calculating the bending strength as the strength from the brine volume ratio, based on each parameter obtained from remote measurement, The bending strength, which is one of the mechanical strengths of ice, can be accurately grasped.

Further, when the remote ice thickness measuring method according to claim 1 or the remote ice strength measuring method according to one of claims 2 to 7 is performed, the remote ice thickness measuring method is measured using a mobile object. In the case of performing the above, since a wide range of ice can be measured by using the moving body, a large amount of data relating to the ice thickness or strength of the ice can be collected.

The remote ice thickness measurement method according to claim 1 or the remote ice strength measurement method according to one of claims 2 to 7 is used to operate the measurement result in an ice sea area. When used for the operation or design of offshore structures including oil production facilities, natural gas production facilities or vessels including drilling vessels, work vessels, icebreakers, etc., the measured ice thickness or strength of ice is used for operation or design. By using it, it can be used to improve the safety of each facility and ship and to evaluate the economy.

Further, it is a device for remotely measuring the ice thickness of ice, and an electromagnetic induction sensor means used for remotely measuring the apparent ice thickness including the snow on the top surface of the ice, and the thickness of the snow. Calculate the true ice thickness of the ice based on the thickness of the snow measured by the microwave radiometer for measuring snow cover thickness and the apparent ice thickness measured by the electromagnetic induction sensor means and the microwave radiometer for measuring snow cover thickness. When it is provided with the ice thickness calculation means for performing this, it is possible to accurately grasp the true ice thickness of the ice excluding the snow depth at any point in a non-contact manner.

Also, a device for remotely measuring the ice strength, the electromagnetic induction sensor means used for remotely measuring the apparent ice thickness including the snow on the top surface of the ice, and the thickness of the snow remotely Calculate the true ice thickness of the ice based on the thickness of the snow measured by the microwave radiometer for measuring the snow thickness and the apparent ice thickness measured by the electromagnetic induction sensor and the microwave radiometer for measuring the snow thickness. When the ice thickness calculating means and the ice strength calculating means for calculating the ice strength based on the true ice thickness are provided, the ice strength can be accurately measured in a non-contact manner at an arbitrary point. . In addition, since the ice strength is calculated based on the true ice thickness excluding the snow depth measured with high accuracy, the accurate strength can be grasped.

In addition, an infrared radiometer that remotely measures the ice temperature was provided, and when the ice strength calculation means calculated the strength taking into account the ice temperature measured by the infrared radiometer, the ice strength was measured when calculating the ice strength. Since the ice temperature is also taken into account, the ice strength can be grasped more accurately.

In addition, when a salinity measurement microwave radiometer that remotely measures the salinity of ice is provided and the ice strength calculation means calculates the strength by taking into account the salinity measured by the salinity measurement microwave radiometer, Since the ice salinity measured in calculating the strength is also taken into account, the ice strength can be grasped more accurately. *

In addition, when a laser scanner that remotely measures the shape of the ice is provided and the ice strength calculation means calculates the strength by taking into account the shape measured by the laser scanner, the shape of the ice measured when calculating the ice strength Considering this, the strength of ice can be grasped more accurately.

In addition, when the ice strength calculation means calculates the dynamic elastic modulus based on the true ice thickness, temperature, salinity, and shape, and further calculates the uniaxial compressive strength as the strength from the dynamic elastic modulus, it is obtained from a remote measurement. Based on each parameter, the uniaxial compressive strength, which is one of the mechanical strengths of ice, can be accurately grasped.

In addition, when the ice strength calculation means calculates the brine volume ratio based on the true ice thickness, temperature, salinity and shape, and further calculates the bending strength as the strength from the brine volume ratio, it was obtained by measuring remotely. Based on each parameter, it is possible to accurately grasp the bending strength, which is one of the mechanical strengths of ice.

Further, the remote ice thickness measuring device according to claim 10 or the remote ice strength measuring device according to one of claims 11 to 16 is provided in a measuring body, and the measuring body is made by a moving body. When configured to be suspendable, it is possible to measure a wide range of ice by suspending the measuring body from the moving body, so it is possible to collect a lot of data on the ice thickness or strength of the ice, and to operate the moving body. It can also be useful as time data.

In addition, when the measurement body has a storage means for storing GPS and measurement results, the measurement point can be accurately grasped by providing GPS (Global Positioning System) in the measurement body. In addition, by providing the storage means in the body of the measurement body, it is possible to obtain the ice thickness or strength of sea ice at any date and time and latitude and longitude on the movement path after measurement, and the same measurement point by multiple measurements It is also possible to grasp the change over time in the ice thickness or strength of ice.

1 is a schematic configuration diagram and a flow diagram of an apparatus for remote ice thickness measurement according to an embodiment of the present invention. Device schematic configuration diagram and flow diagram of remote ice strength measurement according to another embodiment of the present invention FIG. 5 is a schematic configuration diagram and a flow diagram of an apparatus for measuring remote ice strength according to still another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a schematic configuration diagram and a flow diagram of an apparatus for measuring remote ice strength according to still another embodiment of the present invention. Diagram showing the relationship between ice thickness and salinity FIG. 5 is a schematic configuration diagram and a flow diagram of an apparatus for measuring remote ice strength according to still another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a schematic configuration diagram and a flow diagram of an apparatus for measuring remote ice strength according to still another embodiment of the present invention. Diagram showing the relationship between ice temperature and salinity and kinematic modulus Diagram showing the relationship between the dynamic elastic modulus of ice and uniaxial compressive strength Schematic configuration diagram and block diagram of a telemetry body according to still another embodiment of the present invention

Hereinafter, a remote ice thickness measurement method, a remote ice strength measurement method, a remote measurement method, a remote ice thickness measurement device, a remote ice strength measurement device, and a remote measurement body according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described.

FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram and a flow diagram of an apparatus for remote ice thickness measurement according to an embodiment of the present invention, (a) is a schematic configuration diagram of the device, and (b) is a flowchart.
The remote ice thickness measurement apparatus 10 according to the present embodiment faces the sea ice X substantially in parallel in order to measure the ice thickness of the sea ice X from above the sea ice X to be measured in which seawater exists.
The remote ice thickness measurement apparatus 10 measures the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y from the electromagnetic induction sensor means 20, which is used to remotely measure the apparent ice thickness X1 including the snow cover on the upper surface of the sea ice X. The true value of the sea ice X based on the apparent ice thickness X1 measured by the microwave thickness meter 30 for measuring snow thickness and the electromagnetic induction sensor means 20 and the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y measured by the microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness. Ice thickness calculating means 40 for calculating the ice thickness X2 of the ice.
Here, a portable microwave radiometer (PMR) is used for the microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness.

The electromagnetic induction sensor means 20 includes an electromagnetic induction sensor (EM sensor) 21 and a laser distance meter 22.
The electromagnetic induction sensor 21 includes a transmitter (EM Tx) 21A and a receiver (EM Rx) 21B, and emits electromagnetic waves from the transmitter 21A toward the sea ice X. Since a magnetic field is formed in the vicinity of the sea surface by the emitted electromagnetic wave, it is received by the receiver 21B, and by utilizing the property that the dielectric constant of seawater and the dielectric constant of snow and sea ice differ greatly, the sea in contact with seawater The distance L1 to the lower surface (sea ice bottom surface) of the ice X is measured.
Further, the laser distance meter 22 irradiates a laser toward the surface of the sea ice X, and measures the distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X.
The laser distance meter 22 irradiates the surface of the sea ice X with a pulsed laser beam substantially perpendicularly, receives the reflected light, and measures the distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X based on the time difference or phase difference. It is possible to accurately measure the distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X.
The apparent ice thickness X1 can be determined from the difference between the distance L1 to the sea ice bottom surface and the distance L2 to the sea ice surface.
The apparent ice thickness X1 may include the thickness (snow depth) Y1 of the snow cover Y.
Thus, when the apparent ice thickness X1 is measured remotely using the electromagnetic induction sensor 21, the electromagnetic induction action is effective due to the seawater that is an electrical conductor existing under the sea ice X that is a non-conductor of electricity. The apparent ice thickness X1 including the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y can be accurately detected.
In addition to seawater, the electrical conductor can be metal, graphite, or the like, and ice is stretched on these and snow is placed on the ice.
The portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness measures the microwave radiation in the 18 GHz band from the surface of the sea ice X as the luminance temperature. Since the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y has a correlation with the 18 GHz band microwave radiation from the surface of the sea ice X, the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y is determined by measuring the brightness temperature with the portable microwave radiometer 30 for the 18 GHz band. It can be calculated accurately.
This portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness uses a microwave that is an electromagnetic wave, but may use a millimeter wave or the like.
The ice thickness calculation means 40 has an automatic calculation function, and accurately calculates the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice X by excluding the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y from the apparent ice thickness X1.

In this way, the apparent ice thickness X1 including the snow cover Y on the upper surface of the sea ice X is measured remotely using the electromagnetic induction sensor 21, and the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y is remotely measured using electromagnetic waves (microwaves). The actual ice thickness X2 of the sea ice X is determined based on the apparent ice thickness X1 and the snow cover Y thickness Y1, and the sea ice X excluding the snow depth Y1 is contactless at any location. The true ice thickness X2 can be grasped.
The measurement method using the electromagnetic induction sensor 21 does not have a problem of measurement accuracy related to the resolution like the interference synthetic aperture radar, and can accurately measure the distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X.
Further, when measuring using only the laser distance meter 22, the thickness of the ice cannot be calculated unless the specific gravity of the ice is assumed, and the specific gravity cannot be calculated depending on the shape. The electromagnetic induction sensor 21 and the laser distance meter 22 are used in combination, and do not require the specific gravity of ice, can be measured regardless of the shape, and can obtain data with high plane resolution.
Further, since the electromagnetic induction sensor 21 does not require measurement of the surface position of the sea ice X itself, it can cope with any ice shape below the snow cover Y.
The laser distance meter 22 is eliminated when the distance from the remote ice thickness measuring device 10 to the surface of the sea ice X (distance to the surface of the snow cover Y) L2 is known or obtained by other measuring means. Is possible. This also applies to other embodiments described below.

2A and 2B are a schematic configuration diagram and a flow diagram of a remote ice strength measurement device according to another embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG. 2A is a schematic configuration diagram of the device, and FIG. In addition, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected to the same functional member as the above-mentioned Example, and description is abbreviate | omitted.
The remote ice strength measuring apparatus 11 according to the present embodiment measures the strength of the sea ice X from above the sea ice X to be measured. The remote ice strength measurement device 11 calculates the strength of the sea ice X based on the electromagnetic induction sensor means 20, the portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness, the ice thickness calculation means 40, and the true ice thickness X2. Calculation means 50 is provided.

The electromagnetic induction sensor 21 measures a distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X. Further, the laser distance meter 22 measures a distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X.
The laser distance meter 22 irradiates the surface of the sea ice X with a pulsed laser beam substantially perpendicularly, receives the reflected light, and measures the distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X based on the time difference or phase difference. It is possible to accurately measure the distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X.
Based on the difference between the distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X and the distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X, the apparent ice thickness X1 can be accurately determined. The apparent ice thickness X1 may include the thickness (snow depth) Y1 of the snow cover Y.
The portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness measures the microwave radiation in the 18 GHz band from the surface of the sea ice as the luminance temperature, and calculates the thickness Y1 of the snow Y from the luminance temperature.
The ice thickness calculation means 40 accurately calculates the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice X by removing the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y from the apparent ice thickness X1.
The ice strength calculating means 50 has an automatic calculation function, and uses the correlation data between the ice thickness and the strength stored in advance to obtain the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice calculated by the ice thickness calculating means 40. Based on this, the strength of the sea ice X is accurately calculated.
Note that “accurate” and “accurately” do not directly measure ice and snow, but are far more than the results of combining conventional technologies when measuring ice thickness and ice strength from a distance. This means that accurate and accurate results can be obtained.

In this way, the apparent ice thickness X1 including the snow cover Y on the upper surface of the sea ice X is measured remotely using the electromagnetic induction sensor 21, and the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y is remotely measured using electromagnetic waves (microwaves). The true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice X is obtained based on the apparent ice thickness X1 and the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y, and the ice strength calculating means 50 determines the strength of the sea ice X based on the true ice thickness X2. Can be measured accurately at any point in a non-contact manner. Moreover, since the intensity | strength of the sea ice X is calculated based on the true ice thickness X2 measured accurately except the snow depth Y1, the exact intensity | strength can be grasped | ascertained.

3A and 3B are a schematic configuration diagram and a flow diagram of a remote ice strength measurement apparatus according to still another embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG. 3A is a schematic configuration diagram of the device, and FIG. 3B is a flow diagram. In addition, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected to the same functional member as the above-mentioned Example, and description is abbreviate | omitted.
The remote ice strength measuring apparatus 11 according to the present embodiment measures the strength of the sea ice X from above the sea ice X to be measured. The remote ice strength measuring apparatus 11 includes an electromagnetic induction sensor means 20, a portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness, an ice thickness calculating means 40, an ice strength calculating means 50, and infrared radiation for remotely measuring the temperature of sea ice X. 60 in total.

The electromagnetic induction sensor 21 measures a distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X. Further, the laser distance meter 22 measures a distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. Based on the difference between the distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X and the distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X, the apparent ice thickness X1 can be accurately determined. The apparent ice thickness X1 may include the thickness (snow depth) Y1 of the snow cover Y.
The portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness measures the microwave radiation in the 18 GHz band from the surface of the sea ice as the luminance temperature, and calculates the thickness Y1 of the snow Y from the luminance temperature.
The ice thickness calculation means 40 accurately calculates the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice X by excluding the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y from the apparent ice thickness X1.
The ice strength calculation means 50 uses the correlation data of the ice thickness and strength stored in advance to accurately determine the strength of the sea ice X based on the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice calculated by the ice thickness calculation means 40. calculate.
Further, the infrared radiometer 60 measures the surface temperature of the snow cover Y and directly digitizes it. Then, the ice strength calculation means 50 corrects the surface temperature of the snow cover Y measured by the infrared radiometer 60 based on the snow cover depth Y1 measured using the portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow cover thickness in order to eliminate the influence of the snow cover Y. Obtain the surface temperature of sea ice X. Then, the temperature of the sea ice X is estimated based on the surface temperature of the sea ice X obtained by the correction, and the strength of the sea ice X is calculated more accurately.
For example, the bottom temperature of the sea ice X floating on the sea surface is the freezing point. From the surface temperature of the sea ice X estimated based on the measurement result and the bottom temperature as the freezing point, the temperature relative to the true ice thickness X2 Assuming that the gradient is linear, the temperature at the center of the sea ice X is obtained, and the intensity of the sea ice X is calculated using the true ice thickness X2 and the temperature at the center as representative values.
In addition, when there is no snow Y on the sea ice X or when the snow depth Y1 is extremely small, the temperature of the sea ice X is estimated as the surface temperature of the sea ice X by using the numerical value measured by the infrared radiometer 60. Based on the temperature of the sea ice X, the strength of the sea ice X is calculated more accurately.

Thus, by measuring the temperature of the sea ice X remotely using infrared rays and calculating the strength of the sea ice X in consideration of the temperature measurement result, the strength of the sea ice X considering the temperature is further increased. Accurately grasp.

4A and 4B are a schematic configuration diagram and a flow diagram of a remote ice strength measurement apparatus according to still another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4A is a schematic configuration diagram of the device, and FIG. In addition, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected to the same functional member as the above-mentioned Example, and description is abbreviate | omitted.
The remote ice strength measuring apparatus 11 according to the present embodiment measures the strength of the sea ice X from above the sea ice X to be measured. The remote ice strength measurement device 11 includes an electromagnetic induction sensor means 20, a portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness, an ice thickness calculation means 40, an ice strength calculation means 50, and a salinity measurement for remotely measuring the salinity of sea ice X. A microwave radiometer 31 is provided. Here, a portable microwave radiometer (PMR) is used as the salinity measurement microwave radiometer 31.

The electromagnetic induction sensor 21 measures a distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X. Further, the laser distance meter 22 measures a distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. Based on the difference between the distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X and the distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X, the apparent ice thickness X1 can be accurately determined. The apparent ice thickness X1 may include the thickness (snow depth) Y1 of the snow cover Y.
The portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness measures the microwave radiation in the 18 GHz band from the surface of the sea ice as the luminance temperature, and calculates the thickness Y1 of the snow Y from the luminance temperature.
The ice thickness calculation means 40 accurately calculates the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice X by removing the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y from the apparent ice thickness X1.
The ice strength calculation means 50 accurately calculates the strength of the sea ice based on the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice calculated by the ice thickness calculation means 40 using the correlation data of the ice thickness and strength stored in advance. To do.
Furthermore, the portable microwave radiometer 31 for measuring salinity measures 7 GHz band microwave radiation from the surface of the sea ice X as a luminance temperature. The surface salinity of sea ice X correlates with the 7 GHz band microwave radiation from the surface of sea ice X (the emissivity of the microwave varies with the salinity), so the portable microwave radiation for salinity measurement for the 7 GHz band It can be calculated by measuring the luminance temperature with a total of 31. Note that a 6 GHz-band salinity measurement microradiometer that measures 6 GHz-band microwaves may be used. Then, the ice strength calculation means 50 was measured using the portable microwave radiometer 31 for salinity measurement by the snow depth Y1 measured using the portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness in order to remove the influence of the snow Y. The salinity of the sea ice X is corrected, and the strength of the sea ice X taking into account the corrected salinity is calculated more accurately.
For example, when there is snow Y on the sea ice X, there is a possibility that the larger the snow Y, the larger the error may be measured. However, the influence is offset by multiplying the coefficient according to the thickness of the snow Y to compensate for the effect. The true salinity of the ice X is obtained, and the strength of the sea ice X considering the salinity is calculated more accurately using the true ice thickness X2 and the true salinity.
In addition, when there is no snow cover Y on the sea ice X or when the snow cover depth Y1 is extremely small, the salinity of the sea ice X is obtained as the salinity of the sea ice X based on the result of measurement using the portable microwave radiometer 31 for salt measurement. Calculate strength more accurately.
FIG. 5 shows the relationship between ice thickness and salinity (Kovacs, A., The Bulk Salinity of Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Versus Thickness. Proc. OMAE / POAC Joint Convention, Vol. IV, pp. 271- 281. 1997.). As shown in FIG. 5, since the ice thickness and the salinity are correlated in a wide range of the ice sea area, the salinity is calculated from the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice calculated by the ice thickness calculating means 40 and used for salinity measurement. It is desirable to obtain a highly rational salinity by cross-validating with the salinity measured using the portable microwave radiometer 31.

In this way, the salinity of sea ice X is measured remotely using electromagnetic waves (microwaves), and the strength of sea ice X is calculated more accurately by taking into account the salinity and calculating the strength of sea ice X. can do.

6A and 6B are a schematic configuration diagram and a flow diagram of a remote ice strength measurement device according to still another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6A is a schematic configuration diagram of the device, and FIG. In addition, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected to the same functional member as the above-mentioned Example, and description is abbreviate | omitted.
The remote ice strength measuring apparatus 11 according to the present embodiment measures the strength of the sea ice X from above the sea ice X to be measured. The remote ice strength measurement device 11 includes an electromagnetic induction sensor means 20, a snow cover thickness measurement portable microwave radiometer 30, an ice thickness calculation means 40, an ice strength calculation means 50, and a laser scanner that remotely measures the shape of sea ice X. 70.

The electromagnetic induction sensor 21 measures a distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X. Further, the laser distance meter 22 measures a distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. The apparent ice thickness X1 can be determined from the difference between the distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X and the distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. The apparent ice thickness X1 may include the thickness (snow depth) Y1 of the snow cover Y.
The portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness measures the microwave radiation in the 18 GHz band from the surface of the sea ice as the luminance temperature, and calculates the thickness Y1 of the snow Y from the luminance temperature.
The ice thickness calculation means 40 accurately calculates the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice X by removing the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y from the apparent ice thickness X1.
The ice strength calculation means 50 uses the correlation data of the ice thickness and strength stored in advance to accurately determine the strength of the sea ice X based on the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice calculated by the ice thickness calculation means 40. calculate.
Further, the laser scanner 70 measures the surface shape of the sea ice on which the snow cover Y is carried. Here, the sea ice surface shape means surface roughness, irregularities, and the like. These have a correlation with the degree of deformation and the age of ice, and serve as a clue to discriminate the type of ice (ice type) such as flat ice, deformed ice, and other unexpected special shapes. Selection of algorithms for calculating parameters such as ice thickness, strength, temperature, and salinity according to surface shape or ice type, and automatic identification of places with strong deformation such as ice ridges that need to be handled separately according to strength It becomes. Then, the ice strength calculation means 50 estimates the shape of the sea ice X using the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y from the surface shape of the sea ice on which the snow cover Y is measured using the laser scanner 70. Taking into account the shape, the strength of sea ice X is calculated more accurately.
The strength of sea ice X obtained from temperature and salinity is assumed to be that of sea ice having a generally general and uniform shape in theory. Therefore, in the case of a special shape, it is necessary to correct by an appropriate method. For example, when the sea ice X is iced due to high internal pressure, the scale is estimated from the height and width of the ice shape, multiplied by the corresponding coefficient, and the effect is taken into account, and the true ice thickness X2 Used to calculate the strength of sea ice X.
In addition, when there is no snow Y on the sea ice X or when the snow depth Y1 is extremely small, the intensity of the sea ice X is calculated more accurately as the shape of the sea ice X based on the result of measurement using the laser scanner 70. To do.

As described above, the shape of the sea ice X is measured remotely by using the laser scanner 70, and the strength of the sea ice X is calculated by taking the shape measurement result into account, so that the strength of the sea ice X is more accurately determined. I can grasp it.
Further, since the laser scanner 70 does not require visible light for measurement, it can be operated even at night. Furthermore, since the measurement data is originally recorded digitally as height information, the measurement data can be used immediately as the surface shape.

7A and 7B are a schematic configuration diagram and a flow diagram of a remote ice strength measurement device according to still another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7A is a schematic configuration diagram of the device, and FIG. In addition, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected to the same functional member as the above-mentioned Example, and description is abbreviate | omitted.
The remote ice strength measuring apparatus 11 according to the present embodiment measures the strength of the sea ice X from above the sea ice X to be measured. The remote ice strength measuring device 11 includes an electromagnetic induction sensor means 20, a portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness, a portable microwave radiometer 31 for measuring salinity, an ice thickness calculating means 40, an ice strength calculating means 50, an infrared radiometer. 60 and a laser scanner 70. The measurement target is sea ice X, and the remote ice strength measurement device 11 measures the ice strength of the sea ice X from a distance.

The electromagnetic induction sensor 21 measures a distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X. Further, the laser distance meter 22 measures a distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. The apparent ice thickness X1 can be determined from the difference between the distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X and the distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. The apparent ice thickness X1 may include the thickness (snow depth) Y1 of the snow cover Y.
The portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness measures the microwave radiation in the 18 GHz band from the surface of sea ice as the luminance temperature. From the measured luminance temperature, the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y is known.
The portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness measures the microwave radiation in the 18 GHz band from the surface of the sea ice as the luminance temperature, and calculates the thickness Y1 of the snow Y from the luminance temperature.
The infrared radiometer 60 measures the surface temperature of the snow cover Y and digitizes it directly.
The laser scanner 70 measures the surface shape of the sea ice on which the snow cover Y is carried.
The ice thickness calculation means 40 accurately calculates the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice X by removing the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y from the apparent ice thickness X1.
In order to eliminate the influence of the snow cover Y, the ice strength calculation means 50 corrects the results measured by the infrared radiometer 60 and the portable microwave radiometer 31 for measuring salinity according to the measured snow cover depth Y1, and the surface temperature of the sea ice X And seek salinity.
When there is no snow cover Y on the sea ice X, or when the snow cover depth Y1 is extremely small, the measurement results of the infrared radiometer 60, the portable microwave radiometer 31 for salinity measurement, and the laser scanner 70 depend on the snow cover depth Y1. There is no need for correction.

Fig. 8 shows the relationship between ice temperature and salinity and kinematic modulus. Fig. 9 shows the relationship between ice kinematic modulus and uniaxial compressive strength (Saiki et al., Sea ice strength by kinematic modulus test. Of Coastal Engineering, Vol. 37, pp. 689-693. 1990.). The vertical axis in FIG. 8 is the dynamic elastic modulus E _D (kgf / cm ² ), the horizontal axis is the temperature (° C.), S (‰) in the figure is the salinity, and the vertical axis in FIG. 9 is the uniaxial compressive strength σ. _C (kgf / cm ² ), the horizontal axis is the dynamic elastic modulus E _D (kgf / cm ² ), and S (‰) in the figure is the salinity.
The ice strength calculating means 50 obtains the kinematic elastic modulus E _D of the sea ice X from the average temperature T _i and the salinity S _i of the sea ice X corrected by the snow depth Y1. When obtains the dynamic modulus of elasticity E _D, the relationship shown in FIG. 8, applied algorithm in consideration of ice surface profile measured by the laser scanner 70 is automatically selected, automatically dynamic modulus by the algorithm E _D is calculated.
Then, the ice strength calculating means 50 calculates the uniaxial compressive strength σ _C from the obtained kinematic elastic coefficient E _D.
Thus, by calculating the unconfined compressive strength sigma _C as strength the dynamic elastic modulus E _D determined from further resilient modulus of E _D based on the true ice thickness X2 and the temperature and salinity and shape, as measured from a remote Based on each parameter obtained in this way, the uniaxial compressive strength σ _C which is one of the mechanical strengths of the sea ice X can be accurately grasped.

Further, the ice strength calculation means 50 obtains the brine volume ratio v _B from the average temperature T _i and the salinity S _i of the sea ice X using the following equation (1) (Frankenstein, GE, Equations for determining the brine volume of sea ice from-0.5 to -22.9 ° C. Journal of Glaciology, Vol.6, Num. 48, pp.943-944. 1967.).

Then, the bending strength σ _F is obtained from the obtained brine volume ratio v _B using the following equation (2) (Timco, GW and S. O'Brien. Flexural strength equation for sea ice. Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 22, pp. 285-298. 1994.).

In determining the brine volume ratio v _B , the application algorithm is automatically selected by adding the sea ice surface shape measured by the laser scanner 70 to the formula (1), and the brine volume ratio is automatically selected by the algorithm. v _B is calculated.
As described above, the brine volume ratio v _B is obtained based on the true ice thickness X 2, temperature, salinity, and shape, and further, the bending strength σ _F is calculated from the brine volume ratio v _B as the strength. Based on the obtained parameters, the bending strength σ _F which is one of the mechanical strengths of the sea ice X can be accurately grasped.

FIG. 10 is a schematic configuration diagram and a block diagram of a telemetry body according to still another embodiment of the present invention, (a) is a schematic configuration diagram, and (b) is a block diagram. In addition, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected to the same functional member as the above-mentioned Example, and description is abbreviate | omitted.

The telemetry body 110 according to the present embodiment includes a measurement body main body 111, and is configured to be able to suspend the measurement body main body 111 from a moving body such as a helicopter 120.
The measuring body 111 includes an electromagnetic induction sensor means 20 (electromagnetic induction sensor 21, laser distance meter 22), a portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness, a portable microwave radiometer 31 for measuring salinity, and an infrared radiometer. 60, a laser scanner 70, and a GPS (Global Positioning System) 80, and further includes an ice thickness calculation means 40, an ice strength calculation means 50, and a computer 100 having a storage means 90 for storing measurement results.

The measuring body main body 111 is suspended from a helicopter 120 which is a moving body via a hanging tool 112 such as a sling. In addition, it is preferable in terms of measurement to suspend the measuring body main body 111 and the sea ice X to be measured so that the distance is about 15 m.
In addition, the measuring body 111 has an elongated cylindrical shape with one end tapered, such as a missile, so that the helicopter 120 can fly stably, but may have other shapes.
In addition, the measuring body main body 111 is miniaturized by using the horn shape of the transmission path as a refractive path in order to incorporate the microwave radiometers 30 and 31.
Further, the sensitivity of the electromagnetic induction sensor 21 is easily influenced by metal or the like. Therefore, in order to minimize the influence on the electromagnetic induction sensor 21, the housing and the fixture of the measuring body main body 111 are made of resin as much as possible.
The measuring body 111 has a built-in network hub, and constructs a small-scale LAN (Local Area Network) in the apparatus using RS-232C standard equipment or USB standard equipment, etc. This makes it possible to reduce the weight of the entire control device and reduce the manufacturing cost.

The electromagnetic induction sensor 21 measures a distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X. Further, the laser distance meter 22 measures a distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. The apparent ice thickness X1 can be determined from the difference between the distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X and the distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. The apparent ice thickness X1 may include the thickness (snow depth) Y1 of the snow cover Y.
The portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness measures the microwave radiation in the 18 GHz band from the surface of the sea ice as the luminance temperature, and calculates the thickness Y1 of the snow Y from the luminance temperature.
The portable microwave radiometer 31 for measuring salinity measures 7 GHz band microwave radiation from the surface of the sea ice X as a luminance temperature, and calculates the salinity of the sea ice X from the luminance temperature.
The infrared radiometer 60 measures the surface temperature of the sea ice X and corrects it or digitizes it directly or using the snow depth Y1.
The laser scanner 70 measures the surface shape of the sea ice and corrects it directly or using the snow depth Y1 to obtain the shape of the sea ice X.

The computer 100 has an ice thickness calculation means 40 and an ice strength calculation means 50. Based on the measured parameters, the computer 100 calculates the true ice thickness X2, corrects the temperature and salinity of the sea ice X, and uniaxial compressive strength. σ _C is calculated and bending strength σ _F is calculated.
In addition, the computer 100 includes storage means 90 such as a magnetic disk or a flash memory, and the positional information received from the GPS 80 together with the measured values from each sensor, the uniaxial compression strength σ _C , the bending strength σ _{F and the} like. Remember.
The external computer 130 is installed in a command room of a ship or an offshore structure, for example. Since the external computer 130 can suck up various information stored in the storage unit 90, an instruction can be immediately issued from the command room to the related departments as necessary.

As described above, when measuring the ice thickness and strength of the sea ice X, it is possible to measure ice from a wide range by changing the point by remotely measuring using the helicopter 120. A lot of data on ice thickness or strength can be collected. Moreover, since the data is digitally processed, an immediate automatic calculation can be performed.
In this embodiment, the helicopter 120 is taken as an example of the moving body, but various moving bodies such as airplanes, airships, drones and other vehicles, and ships and snow vehicles can be used. .
For example, in the case of a moving body such as a ship or a vehicle, the ice thickness or strength of the measured ice may be used in the moving body.
Further, the operation of the ice thickness / strength measurement results of the sea ice X includes both those that utilize the measured ice thickness or strength of the ice in real time and those that are utilized in batch processing.
Further, by providing the GPS 80 in the measurement body main body 111 of the remote measurement body 110, the measurement point can be accurately grasped. Further, by providing the storage means 90 in the measurement body main body 111 of the remote measurement body 110, it is possible to obtain the ice thickness or strength of the sea ice X at an arbitrary date and time and latitude and longitude on the movement path after the measurement.
Moreover, it becomes possible to grasp the change over time of the ice thickness or strength of the sea ice X at the same measurement point by a plurality of measurements.

In addition, the ice thickness and strength of the obtained sea ice X are used for the operation or design of offshore structures including oil production facilities, natural gas production facilities, drilling vessels, work vessels, and icebreakers that operate in ice regions. By utilizing it, it can be used to improve the safety of each facility and ship and to evaluate the economy.

According to the present invention, the true ice thickness and strength of the ice, excluding the thickness of the snow (snow depth) accumulated on the ice in a non-contact manner at any point such as the ocean, lakes, and rivers, are grasped. A remote ice thickness measurement method, a remote ice strength measurement method, a remote measurement method, a remote ice thickness measurement device, a remote ice strength measurement device, and a telemetry body can be provided. Moreover, the measurable range is wide by using a moving body such as a helicopter, a ship, or a vehicle including a snow vehicle, and data on the ice thickness or strength of ice can be collected over a wide range.
Therefore, it is possible to provide immediate operational support and systematic design support for oil and natural gas production facilities operating in ice regions such as the Arctic Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk, or vessels such as drilling vessels and work vessels. Immediate operation support refers to the quantitative evaluation of the risk of ice loads when an operator makes a decision to ensure the safety of equipment operation. Is to accumulate design data by long-term ice condition monitoring in a specific sea area and quantitatively evaluate ice resistance in equipment design.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Remote ice thickness measurement apparatus 11 Remote ice strength measurement apparatus 20 Electromagnetic induction sensor means 21 Electromagnetic induction sensor 22 Laser distance meter 30 Microwave radiometer for snow thickness measurement 31 Microwave radiometer for salinity measurement 40 Ice thickness calculation means 50 Ice strength Calculation means 60 Infrared radiometer 70 Laser scanner 80 GPS
90 storage means 110 telemetry body 111 measurement body main body 120 moving body

Claims (18)

1. A method of remotely measuring the ice thickness of ice, wherein an apparent ice thickness including snow on the top surface of the ice is measured remotely using an electromagnetic induction sensor, and the thickness of the snow is measured remotely from electromagnetic waves. A remote ice thickness measurement method characterized in that the true ice thickness of the ice is obtained based on the apparent ice thickness and the thickness of the snow cover.
2. A method for remotely measuring the strength of ice, wherein an apparent ice thickness including snow on the top surface of the ice is remotely measured using an electromagnetic induction sensor, and the thickness of the snow is remotely measured using electromagnetic waves. The true ice thickness of the ice was obtained based on the apparent ice thickness and the thickness of the snow cover, and the ice strength was calculated by the ice strength calculation means based on the true ice thickness. A remote ice strength measurement method characterized by
3. 3. The remote ice strength measurement method according to claim 2, wherein the temperature of the ice is measured remotely using infrared rays, and the strength is calculated in consideration of the measurement result of the temperature.
4. The remote ice strength measurement method according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the salinity of the ice is measured remotely using electromagnetic waves, and the strength is calculated in consideration of the measurement result of the salinity.
5. The shape of the ice is measured remotely by using a laser scanner, and the strength is calculated in consideration of the measurement result of the shape. 5. Remote ice strength measurement method.
6. 6. The remote according to claim 5, wherein a dynamic elastic modulus is obtained based on the true ice thickness, the temperature, the salinity, and the shape, and a uniaxial compressive strength is calculated as the strength from the dynamic elastic modulus. Ice strength measurement method.
7. 6. The remote ice according to claim 5, wherein a brine volume ratio is obtained based on the true ice thickness, the temperature, the salinity, and the shape, and a bending strength is calculated as the strength from the brine volume ratio. Strength measurement method.
8. In carrying out the remote ice thickness measuring method according to claim 1 or the remote ice strength measuring method according to one of claims 2 to 7, measurement is performed remotely using a mobile object. A telemetry method characterized by that.
9. The remote ice thickness measurement method according to claim 1 or the remote ice strength measurement method according to one of claims 2 to 7 is used to obtain a measurement result obtained from oil operating in an ice sea area. A telemetry method characterized by being used for the operation or design of production facilities, offshore structures including natural gas production facilities or vessels including drilling vessels, work vessels, and icebreakers.
10. An apparatus for remotely measuring the ice thickness of ice, comprising electromagnetic induction sensor means used for remotely measuring an apparent ice thickness including snow on the upper surface of the ice, and remotely measuring the thickness of the snow A microwave radiometer for measuring snow thickness measured from the above, the apparent ice thickness measured by the electromagnetic induction sensor means, and the thickness of the snow measured by the microwave radiometer for snow thickness measurement A remote ice thickness measuring apparatus comprising an ice thickness calculating means for calculating a true ice thickness.
11. An apparatus for remotely measuring the ice strength, the electromagnetic induction sensor means used for remotely measuring the apparent ice thickness including the snow cover on the upper surface of the ice, and the thickness of the snow cover remotely A microwave radiometer for measuring snow thickness to be measured, the apparent ice thickness measured by the electromagnetic induction sensor means, and the true thickness of the ice based on the thickness of the snow measured by the microwave radiometer for snow thickness measurement. A remote ice strength measuring apparatus comprising: ice thickness calculating means for calculating the ice thickness of the ice; and ice strength calculating means for calculating the ice strength based on the true ice thickness.
12. 12. An infrared radiometer for remotely measuring the ice temperature, wherein the ice intensity calculating means calculates the intensity taking into account the ice temperature measured by the infrared radiometer. The remote ice strength measuring device described.
13. A salinity measurement microwave radiometer for remotely measuring the salinity of the ice is provided, and the ice intensity calculation means calculates the intensity taking into account the salinity measured by the salinity measurement microwave radiometer. The remote ice strength measuring apparatus according to claim 11 or 12.
14. 14. A laser scanner for remotely measuring the shape of the ice, wherein the ice strength calculating means calculates the strength taking into account the shape measured by the laser scanner. The remote ice strength measuring apparatus according to item 1.
15. The ice strength calculating means calculates a dynamic elastic modulus based on the true ice thickness, the temperature, the salinity, and the shape, and further calculates a uniaxial compressive strength as the strength from the dynamic elastic modulus. The remote ice strength measuring apparatus according to claim 14.
16. The ice strength calculating means calculates a brine volume ratio based on the true ice thickness, the temperature, the salinity, and the shape, and further calculates a bending strength as the strength from the brine volume ratio. Item 15. The remote ice strength measurement device according to Item 14.
17. The remote ice thickness measuring device according to claim 10 or the remote ice strength measuring device according to one of claims 11 to 16 is provided in a measuring body, and the measuring body is suspended by a moving body. A telemetry body characterized in that it can be lowered.
18. The telemetry body according to claim 17, further comprising storage means for storing a GPS and a measurement result in the measurement body main body.

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