JP2016114516A - Remote ice thickness measuring method, remote ice hardness measuring method, remote measuring method, remote ice thickness measuring device, remote ice hardness measuring device, and remote measuring body - Google Patents
Remote ice thickness measuring method, remote ice hardness measuring method, remote measuring method, remote ice thickness measuring device, remote ice hardness measuring device, and remote measuring body Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、非接触で氷の強度等を測定する遠隔氷厚測定方法、遠隔氷強度測定方法、遠隔測定方法、遠隔氷厚測定装置、遠隔氷強度測定装置、及び遠隔測定体に関する。 The present invention relates to a remote ice thickness measurement method, a remote ice strength measurement method, a remote measurement method, a remote ice thickness measurement device, a remote ice strength measurement device, and a remote measurement body that measure ice strength and the like without contact.
氷の氷厚や強度は、氷海域等で稼働する石油・天然ガス生産設備等の構造物の耐氷性評価に必要不可欠な情報である。また、氷海域等を航行する掘削船、作業船、破氷船等の船舶の安全性や経済性の評価にも用いることができる。
氷の機械的強度には、曲げ強度及び圧縮強度がある。まず、氷の曲げ強度は、氷板を押し上げてあるいは押し沈めて曲げ破壊する際に生じる荷重に関係する。この破壊モードは比較的荷重が低く、破壊するには効率が良い。氷海域等用の構造物や船舶に傾斜のついた側壁を持つ形状が多いのは、曲げ破壊を利用するためである。従って、構造物や船舶に長時間に亘って働く荷重を推定し、位置保持や推進等に関する性能を設計・評価する際には、氷の曲げ強度を知る必要がある。
また、氷の圧縮強度は、氷を押し潰す圧縮破壊時に生じる荷重に関係する。この破壊モードは最も荷重が高い。氷海域等用の構造物や船舶が圧壊する場合は、それらの構造強度を氷の圧縮強度が上回ったと解釈できる。従って、構造物や船舶の限界強度を設計・評価する際には、氷の圧縮強度を知る必要がある。
The ice thickness and strength of ice are indispensable information for evaluating the ice resistance of structures such as oil and natural gas production facilities operating in ice seas. It can also be used to evaluate the safety and economics of vessels such as excavation vessels, work vessels, and icebreakers that navigate in ice seas.
The mechanical strength of ice includes bending strength and compressive strength. First, the bending strength of ice is related to the load generated when the ice plate is pushed up or sunk and bent to break. This failure mode has a relatively low load and is efficient in breaking. The reason why there are many shapes with inclined side walls in structures for ice seas and ships is to use bending fracture. Therefore, it is necessary to know the bending strength of ice when estimating a load acting on a structure or a ship over a long period of time and designing / evaluating the performance related to position holding and propulsion.
Moreover, the compressive strength of ice is related to the load generated at the time of compressive fracture that crushes ice. This failure mode has the highest load. When a structure or ship for ice sea area collapses, it can be interpreted that the structural strength of the ice exceeds the compressive strength of ice. Therefore, it is necessary to know the compressive strength of ice when designing and evaluating the limit strength of structures and ships.
ここで特許文献1には、海氷の上部に1次コイルと2次コイルとを配置し、1次コイルに0.1〜2MHzの高周波電流を流して電磁界を発生させ、2次コイルに誘起する電圧の位相角に基づいて海氷の厚さを推定する方法が開示されている。
また、特許文献2には、海氷の下面までの距離を計測するマイクロ波距離計の指示値と、海氷の上面までの距離を計測する超音波距離計の指示値との差を演算して氷厚を測定する方法が開示されている。
また、特許文献3には、赤外線カメラによりスケートリンクから放射される赤外線エネルギーを検出し、赤外線熱画像装置により赤外線エネルギーをスケートリンク表温の赤外線熱画像として得ることで、スケートリンクの氷結状態を検出する方法が開示されている。
また、特許文献4には、送信アンテナより電磁波を輻射して雪の表面からの反射と地表面からの反射を受信アンテナで受信し、計測結果を演算することにより雪の高さと密度を演算する積雪測定方法が開示されている。
また、特許文献5には、積雪の表面に向けたスキャナよりレーザー光線を発光させ、扇状に往復走査し、積雪面までの距離を移動計測し、そのデータを記憶している基準値との差を演算し、走査角範囲の特異データを除いた積雪深データを得る積雪深計測システムが開示されている。
また、特許文献6には、海中係留型の氷厚測定ソナーと流速計を用いた海氷の氷厚・漂流速度観測と、高分解能航空機による海氷観測とを同期して行い、所望の海氷の喫水値を求める方法が開示されている。
また、特許文献7には、飛行体を、測定対象物上を飛行させ、飛行体からレーザー光を測定対象物上に照射し、その反射レーザー光を検出することで測定対象物の3次元情報を得、積雪深さ等を図に表すことができる方法が開示されている。
Here, in Patent Document 1, a primary coil and a secondary coil are arranged on the top of sea ice, and a high frequency current of 0.1 to 2 MHz is caused to flow through the primary coil to generate an electromagnetic field. A method for estimating the thickness of sea ice based on the phase angle of the induced voltage is disclosed.
Patent Document 2 calculates the difference between the indication value of a microwave rangefinder that measures the distance to the bottom surface of sea ice and the indication value of an ultrasonic rangefinder that measures the distance to the top surface of sea ice. A method for measuring ice thickness is disclosed.
In Patent Document 3, infrared energy radiated from the skating rink is detected by an infrared camera, and infrared energy is obtained as an infrared thermal image of the skating rink surface temperature by an infrared thermal imaging device, so that the frozen state of the skating rink can be determined. A method of detecting is disclosed.
Patent Document 4 calculates the height and density of snow by radiating electromagnetic waves from a transmitting antenna, receiving reflections from the snow surface and reflections from the ground surface with a receiving antenna, and calculating measurement results. A snow cover measurement method is disclosed.
Further, in Patent Document 5, a laser beam is emitted from a scanner directed to the surface of snow, reciprocally scanned in a fan shape, the distance to the snow surface is measured, and the difference from the reference value storing the data is calculated. A snow depth measurement system that calculates and obtains snow depth data excluding singular data in a scanning angle range is disclosed.
In Patent Document 6, sea ice thickness / drift velocity observation using an underwater moored ice thickness measurement sonar and velocimeter and sea ice observation by a high-resolution aircraft are performed in synchronization. A method for determining the draft value of ice is disclosed.
Patent Document 7 discloses a three-dimensional information of a measurement object by flying a flying object over a measurement object, irradiating the measurement object with laser light from the flying object, and detecting the reflected laser light. A method is disclosed in which the snow depth and the like can be represented in the figure.
特許文献1及び特許文献2における海氷の厚さの測定方法は、氷の上に積もった雪の厚みを考慮したものではないので、氷の真の氷厚を把握することはできない。
また、特許文献3におけるスケートリンク氷結状態検出方法は、赤外線カメラによりスケートリンク表温の赤外線熱画像を得るものであり、氷厚を測定するものではない。
また、特許文献4及び特許文献5における積雪深測定方法は、あらかじめ分かっている基準面である地表面との関係によって雪の高さを演算するものであるが、水に浮かぶ氷の場合は、積雪の下にある氷形状は不明であり基準面が得られないので、洋上での氷厚測定に適用することはできない。
また、特許文献6における海氷の観測方法は、海中係留型の氷厚測定ソナーと高分解能航空機による海氷観測とを同期して行うものであり、空中からの観測のみで氷厚を測定するものではない。また、積雪の厚みを測定するものではない。
また、特許文献7における積雪深さの測量方法は、レーザー光を用いるものであるが、レーザー距離計は表面までの距離を計測するのみで、深さは地表面等の距離が定まっている基準面との差として算出する必要がある。水に浮かぶ氷の場合、積雪の下にある氷形状は不明であり基準面が得られないので、積雪深さを得ることはできない。
さらに、特許文献1〜特許文献7は、いずれも非接触で氷の強度を測定するものではない。
なお、氷厚を非接触で計測する手段には、他にレーザー距離計のみを使う手段、水中ソナーを使う手段がある。レーザー距離計は、上方より水面と氷表面との距離の差を計測する。また、水中ソナーは、水中より氷底面との距離を計測する。水深は別途深度計で計測する。しかし、いずれの方法も、氷の比重を仮定しないと氷の厚さが算出できないうえ、形状によっては比重では算出不可能である。加えて、一般に平面解像度が低い。
また、一般に、温度を非接触で測る手段には、パイロメータがある。しかし、パイロメータは白熱している物体の温度を可視光線から判定するものなので、氷への適用性はない。
また、海氷表面形状を非接触で計測する手段には、他に3Dカメラを用いる手段がある。しかし、3Dカメラでは光学的な立体視画像が得られるが、可視光を利用するため夜間には計測できない。また、高さ情報をデジタイズするためには後解析が必要で、即時性がない。
Since the methods for measuring the thickness of sea ice in Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 do not take into account the thickness of snow accumulated on ice, the true ice thickness of ice cannot be grasped.
In addition, the skating rink icing state detection method in Patent Document 3 obtains an infrared thermal image of the skate rink surface temperature with an infrared camera, and does not measure the ice thickness.
In addition, the snow depth measurement methods in Patent Document 4 and Patent Document 5 calculate the height of snow according to the relationship with the ground surface, which is a known reference surface, but in the case of ice floating in water, Since the ice shape under the snow cover is unknown and a reference plane cannot be obtained, it cannot be applied to ice thickness measurements at sea.
In addition, the sea ice observation method in Patent Document 6 is a method in which an underwater moored ice thickness measurement sonar and sea ice observation by a high-resolution aircraft are performed in synchronization, and the ice thickness is measured only from the air. It is not a thing. Also, it does not measure the thickness of snow.
Further, the snow depth measurement method in Patent Document 7 uses laser light, but the laser distance meter only measures the distance to the surface, and the depth is a standard in which the distance such as the ground surface is fixed. It is necessary to calculate the difference from the surface. In the case of ice floating on water, the depth of the snow cannot be obtained because the ice shape under the snow is unknown and the reference plane cannot be obtained.
Furthermore, Patent Documents 1 to 7 do not measure ice strength in a non-contact manner.
There are other means for measuring the ice thickness in a non-contact manner, such as a means for using only a laser distance meter and a means for using an underwater sonar. The laser rangefinder measures the difference in distance between the water surface and the ice surface from above. The underwater sonar measures the distance from the bottom of the ice to the underwater. The water depth is measured separately with a depth meter. However, in either method, the ice thickness cannot be calculated unless the specific gravity of the ice is assumed, and depending on the shape, the specific gravity cannot be calculated. In addition, the planar resolution is generally low.
In general, there is a pyrometer as a means for measuring the temperature without contact. However, since the pyrometer determines the temperature of an incandescent object from visible light, it has no applicability to ice.
Another means for measuring the surface shape of the sea ice in a non-contact manner is to use a 3D camera. However, an optical stereoscopic image can be obtained with a 3D camera, but it cannot be measured at night because visible light is used. In addition, post-analysis is required to digitize height information, and there is no immediacy.
このように、氷の真の氷厚や強度は、従来は限局的な現地観測(直接計測)による以外には得られなかった。しかし、こうした現地観測は一般的に氷のブロックを切り出す、大規模な試験機を要する等の人的・金銭的コストがかかるものである。 In this way, the true ice thickness and strength of ice could not be obtained except by local field observation (direct measurement). However, such field observations generally involve human and financial costs such as cutting ice blocks and requiring large-scale testing machines.
そこで、本発明は、任意の地点において、非接触で氷の真の氷厚又は強度を測定できる、遠隔氷厚測定方法、遠隔氷強度測定方法、遠隔測定方法、遠隔氷厚測定装置、遠隔氷強度測定装置、及び遠隔測定体を提供することを目的とする。 Therefore, the present invention provides a remote ice thickness measurement method, a remote ice strength measurement method, a remote measurement method, a remote ice thickness measurement device, a remote ice that can measure the true ice thickness or strength of ice without contact at any point. An object is to provide an intensity measuring device and a telemetering body.
請求項1記載に対応した遠隔氷厚測定方法においては、氷の氷厚を遠隔から測定する方法であって、氷の上面への積雪を含めたみかけの氷厚を遠隔から電磁誘導センサを利用して測定し、積雪の厚みを遠隔から電磁波を用いて測定し、みかけの氷厚と積雪の厚みに基づいて氷の真の氷厚を求めたことを特徴とする。
請求項1に記載の本発明によれば、任意の地点において、非接触で、氷の上に積もった雪の厚み(積雪深)を除いた氷の真の氷厚を把握することができる。
The remote ice thickness measurement method corresponding to claim 1 is a method for remotely measuring the ice thickness of ice, and using an electromagnetic induction sensor for remotely measuring the apparent ice thickness including snow on the top surface of the ice. The thickness of the snow cover was measured remotely using electromagnetic waves, and the true ice thickness of the ice was obtained based on the apparent ice thickness and the snow cover thickness.
According to the first aspect of the present invention, it is possible to grasp the true ice thickness of ice excluding the thickness of snow (snow depth) accumulated on ice at any point without contact.
請求項2記載に対応した遠隔氷強度測定方法においては、氷の強度を遠隔から測定する方法であって、氷の上面への積雪を含めたみかけの氷厚を遠隔から電磁誘導センサを利用して測定し、積雪の厚みを遠隔から電磁波を用いて測定し、みかけの氷厚と積雪の厚みに基づいて氷の真の氷厚を求め、真の氷厚に基づいて氷強度算出手段にて氷の強度を算出したことを特徴とする。
請求項2に記載の本発明によれば、任意の地点において、非接触で氷の強度を測定することができる。また、積雪深を除いた真の氷厚に基づいて氷の強度を算出するので、正確な強度を把握することができる。
The remote ice strength measurement method according to claim 2 is a method for remotely measuring the ice strength, wherein the apparent ice thickness including snow on the top surface of the ice is remotely measured using an electromagnetic induction sensor. The thickness of the snow is measured remotely using electromagnetic waves, the true ice thickness of the ice is determined based on the apparent ice thickness and the thickness of the snow, and the ice strength calculation means is used based on the true ice thickness. The ice strength is calculated.
According to this invention of Claim 2, the intensity | strength of ice can be measured non-contactingly in arbitrary points. Further, since the ice strength is calculated based on the true ice thickness excluding the snow depth, the accurate strength can be grasped.
請求項3記載の本発明は、氷の温度を赤外線を利用して遠隔から測定し、温度の測定結果を加味して強度を算出したことを特徴とする。
例えば、海水面に浮かぶ海氷の底面温度は結氷点であるところ、測定結果としての表面温度と結氷点としての底面温度から、氷厚に対して温度勾配が線形であると仮定して海氷の中央部の温度を求め、この中央部の温度を代表値として用いて海氷の強度を算出する。
請求項3に記載の本発明によれば、氷の強度の算出に当たり測定した氷の温度も考慮するので、氷の強度をより正確に把握することができる。
なお、「算出」とは、氷厚、温度、塩分等のパラメータを単独あるいは複数用いて、氷の強度を得ることを意味する。これらのパラメータは、測定されたものの他、測定されたものを補正したもの、計算によって得られたもの、予め定められた表やグラフによって得られたもの、 合理的な方法により推定されたもの等を含む。この点については、以下も同様である。
The present invention according to claim 3 is characterized in that the temperature of ice is measured remotely using infrared rays, and the strength is calculated in consideration of the temperature measurement result.
For example, the bottom temperature of sea ice floating on the sea surface is the freezing point. From the surface temperature as the measurement result and the bottom temperature as the freezing point, it is assumed that the temperature gradient is linear with respect to the ice thickness. The temperature of the central part is obtained, and the intensity of the sea ice is calculated using the temperature of the central part as a representative value.
According to the third aspect of the present invention, since the measured ice temperature is taken into account when calculating the ice strength, the ice strength can be grasped more accurately.
“Calculation” means obtaining the ice strength by using a single parameter or a plurality of parameters such as ice thickness, temperature, salinity and the like. These parameters are measured, corrected for measured, obtained by calculation, obtained by predetermined tables and graphs, estimated by reasonable methods, etc. including. This also applies to the following.
請求項4記載の本発明は、氷の塩分を電磁波を利用して遠隔から測定し、塩分の測定結果を加味して強度を算出したことを特徴とする。
例えば、海氷上に積雪がある場合には、積雪が厚いほど 誤差が大きく計測される可能性があるが、積雪の厚みに応じた係数を乗じてその影響を相殺して海氷の真の塩分を求め、塩分により異なる海氷の強度を算出する。
請求項4に記載の本発明によれば、氷の強度の算出に当たり測定した氷の塩分も考慮するので、氷の強度をより正確に把握することができる。
The present invention according to claim 4 is characterized in that the salinity of ice is measured remotely using electromagnetic waves, and the strength is calculated in consideration of the measurement result of the salinity.
For example, if there is snow on the sea ice, the error may be measured larger as the snow is thicker. However, the effect is compensated by multiplying the coefficient depending on the thickness of the snow, and the true salinity of the sea ice. And calculate the strength of sea ice depending on the salinity.
According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, since the ice salinity measured in calculating the ice strength is taken into account, the ice strength can be grasped more accurately.
請求項5記載の本発明は、氷の形状をレーザースキャナーを利用して遠隔から測定し、形状の測定結果を加味して強度を算出したことを特徴とする。
例えば、海氷が内部の高い圧力で氷脈化している場合は、氷の形状としての高さや幅から規模を推定し、それに応じた係数を乗じて影響を加味し海氷の強度を算出する。
請求項5に記載の本発明によれば、氷の強度の算出に当たり測定した氷の形状も考慮するので、氷の強度をより正確に把握することができる。
The present invention according to claim 5 is characterized in that the shape of ice is measured remotely using a laser scanner, and the strength is calculated in consideration of the measurement result of the shape.
For example, when sea ice is iced due to high internal pressure, the scale is estimated from the height and width of the ice shape, and the coefficient is multiplied to calculate the strength of the sea ice. .
According to the present invention described in claim 5, since the shape of the ice measured in calculating the ice strength is taken into account, the ice strength can be grasped more accurately.
請求項6記載の本発明は、真の氷厚と温度と塩分と形状に基づいて動弾性係数を求め、さらに動弾性係数から強度として一軸圧縮強度を算出したことを特徴とする。
請求項6に記載の本発明によれば、遠隔から測定して得た各パラメータに基づいて、氷の機械的強度の一つである一軸圧縮強度を正確に把握することができる。
The present invention according to claim 6 is characterized in that a kinematic elastic modulus is obtained based on a true ice thickness, temperature, salinity, and shape, and a uniaxial compressive strength is calculated as a strength from the kinematic elastic modulus.
According to the sixth aspect of the present invention, the uniaxial compressive strength, which is one of the mechanical strengths of ice, can be accurately grasped based on each parameter obtained by remote measurement.
請求項7記載の本発明は、真の氷厚と温度と塩分と形状に基づいてブライン体積比を求め、さらにブライン体積比から強度として曲げ強度を算出したことを特徴とする。
請求項7に記載の本発明によれば、遠隔から測定して得た各パラメータに基づいて、氷の機械的強度の一つである曲げ強度を正確に把握することができる。
The seventh aspect of the present invention is characterized in that a brine volume ratio is obtained based on a true ice thickness, temperature, salinity, and shape, and a bending strength is calculated as a strength from the brine volume ratio.
According to the seventh aspect of the present invention, the bending strength, which is one of the mechanical strengths of ice, can be accurately grasped based on each parameter obtained by remote measurement.
請求項8記載に対応した遠隔測定方法においては、請求項1に記載の遠隔氷厚測定方法、又は請求項2から請求項7のうちの1項に記載の遠隔氷強度測定方法を実施するに当り、移動体を利用して遠隔から測定を実施したことを特徴とする。
請求項8に記載の本発明によれば、移動体を利用することによって広い範囲の氷を測定できるので、氷の氷厚又は強度に関するデータを多く収集することができる。
In the telemetry method corresponding to claim 8, the remote ice thickness measurement method according to claim 1 or the remote ice strength measurement method according to one of claims 2 to 7 is carried out. The feature is that the measurement was performed remotely using a mobile object.
According to the eighth aspect of the present invention, since a wide range of ice can be measured by using the moving body, a large amount of data relating to the ice thickness or strength of the ice can be collected.
請求項9記載に対応した遠隔測定方法においては、請求項1に記載の遠隔氷厚測定方法、又は請求項2から請求項7のうちの1項に記載の遠隔氷強度測定方法を実施して得られた測定結果を、氷海域で稼動する石油生産設備、天然ガス生産設備を含む洋上構造物又は掘削船、作業船、砕氷船を含む船舶の運用又は設計に活用したことを特徴とする。
請求項9に記載の本発明によれば、測定した氷の氷厚又は強度を運用又は設計に活用することで、各設備や船舶の安全性の向上や経済性の評価に役立てることができる。
In the telemetry method corresponding to claim 9, the remote ice thickness measurement method according to claim 1 or the remote ice strength measurement method according to one of claims 2 to 7 is carried out. The obtained measurement results are used for the operation or design of offshore structures or drilling vessels, work vessels, and icebreakers including oil production facilities and natural gas production facilities operating in ice seas.
According to the present invention described in claim 9, by utilizing the measured ice thickness or strength of ice for operation or design, it can be used for improvement of safety of each facility or ship and evaluation of economy.
請求項10記載に対応した遠隔氷厚測定装置においては、氷の氷厚を遠隔から測定する装置であって、氷の上面への積雪を含めたみかけの氷厚を遠隔から測定するために利用される電磁誘導センサ手段と、積雪の厚みを遠隔から測定する積雪厚み測定用マイクロ波放射計と、電磁誘導センサ手段で測定したみかけの氷厚と積雪厚み測定用マイクロ波放射計で測定した積雪の厚みに基づいて氷の真の氷厚を算出する氷厚算出手段とを備えたことを特徴とする。
請求項10記載の本発明によれば、任意の地点において、非接触で、積雪深を除いた氷の真の氷厚を把握することができる。
The remote ice thickness measuring device corresponding to claim 10 is a device for remotely measuring the ice thickness of ice, and is used for remotely measuring the apparent ice thickness including snow on the upper surface of the ice. Electromagnetic induction sensor means, a snow thickness measurement microwave radiometer that remotely measures the thickness of snow, and an apparent ice thickness measured by the electromagnetic induction sensor means and a snow cover measured by a microwave radiometer for snow thickness measurement Ice thickness calculating means for calculating the true ice thickness of the ice based on the thickness of the ice.
According to the tenth aspect of the present invention, it is possible to grasp the true ice thickness of the ice excluding the snow depth at any point without contact.
請求項11記載に対応した遠隔氷強度測定装置においては、氷の強度を遠隔から測定する装置であって、氷の上面への積雪を含めたみかけの氷厚を遠隔から測定するために利用される電磁誘導センサ手段と、積雪の厚みを遠隔から測定する積雪厚み測定用マイクロ波放射計と、電磁誘導センサ手段で測定したみかけの氷厚と積雪厚み測定用マイクロ波放射計で測定した積雪の厚みに基づいて氷の真の氷厚を算出する氷厚算出手段と、真の氷厚に基づいて氷の強度を算出する氷強度算出手段とを備えたことを特徴とする。
請求項11に記載の本発明によれば、任意の地点において、非接触で氷の強度を測定することができる。また、積雪深を除いた真の氷厚に基づいて氷の強度を算出するので、正確な強度を把握することができる。
The remote ice strength measuring device corresponding to claim 11 is a device for remotely measuring the ice strength, and is used for remotely measuring the apparent ice thickness including snow on the upper surface of the ice. The electromagnetic induction sensor means, the snow thickness measurement microwave radiometer that remotely measures the snow thickness, the apparent ice thickness measured by the electromagnetic induction sensor means, and the snow thickness measured by the microwave thickness measurement microwave radiometer An ice thickness calculating means for calculating the true ice thickness of the ice based on the thickness and an ice strength calculating means for calculating the ice strength based on the true ice thickness are provided.
According to this invention of Claim 11, the intensity | strength of ice can be measured by non-contact in arbitrary points. Further, since the ice strength is calculated based on the true ice thickness excluding the snow depth, the accurate strength can be grasped.
請求項12記載の本発明は、氷の温度を遠隔から測定する赤外線放射計を備え、氷強度算出手段が赤外線放射計で測定した氷の温度を加味して強度を算出したことを特徴とする。例えば、海水面に浮かぶ海氷の底面温度は結氷点であるところ、測定結果としての表面温度と結氷点としての底面温度から、氷厚に対して温度勾配が線形であると仮定して海氷の中央部の温度を求め、この中央部の温度を代表値として用いて海氷の強度を算出する。
請求項12記載の本発明によれば、氷の強度の算出に当たり測定した氷の温度も考慮するので、氷の強度をより正確に把握することができる。
The invention according to claim 12 is provided with an infrared radiometer that remotely measures the temperature of ice, and the ice strength calculation means calculates the strength taking into account the ice temperature measured by the infrared radiometer. . For example, the bottom temperature of sea ice floating on the sea surface is the freezing point. From the surface temperature as the measurement result and the bottom temperature as the freezing point, it is assumed that the temperature gradient is linear with respect to the ice thickness. The temperature of the central part is obtained, and the intensity of the sea ice is calculated using the temperature of the central part as a representative value.
According to the present invention described in claim 12, since the ice temperature measured in calculating the ice strength is also taken into account, the ice strength can be grasped more accurately.
請求項13記載の本発明は、氷の塩分を遠隔から測定する塩分測定用マイクロ波放射計を備え、氷強度算出手段が塩分測定用マイクロ波放射計で測定した塩分を加味して強度を算出したことを特徴とする。
例えば、海氷上に積雪がある場合には、積雪が厚いほど 誤差が大きく計測される可能性があるが、積雪の厚みに応じた係数を乗じてその影響を相殺して海氷の真の塩分を求め、塩分により異なる海氷の強度を算出する。
請求項13記載の本発明によれば、氷の強度の算出に当たり測定した氷の塩分も考慮するので、氷の強度をより正確に把握することができる。
A thirteenth aspect of the present invention includes a microwave radiometer for salinity measurement that remotely measures the salinity of ice, and the ice strength calculation means calculates the strength by taking into account the salinity measured by the microwave radiometer for salinity measurement. It is characterized by that.
For example, if there is snow on the sea ice, the error may be measured larger as the snow is thicker. However, the effect is compensated by multiplying the coefficient depending on the thickness of the snow, and the true salinity of the sea ice. And calculate the strength of sea ice depending on the salinity.
According to the thirteenth aspect of the present invention, since the ice salinity measured in calculating the ice strength is taken into account, the ice strength can be grasped more accurately.
請求項14記載の本発明は、氷の形状を遠隔から測定するレーザースキャナーを備え、氷強度算出手段がレーザースキャナーで測定した形状を加味して強度を算出したことを特徴とする。
例えば、海氷が内部の高い圧力で氷脈化している場合は、氷の形状としての高さや幅から規模を推定し、それに応じた係数を乗じて影響を加味し海氷の強度を算出する。
請求項14記載の本発明によれば、氷の強度の算出に当たり測定した氷の形状も考慮するので、氷の強度をより正確に把握することができる。
The present invention according to claim 14 is characterized in that a laser scanner for remotely measuring the shape of ice is provided, and the ice strength calculating means calculates the strength taking into account the shape measured by the laser scanner.
For example, when sea ice is iced due to high internal pressure, the scale is estimated from the height and width of the ice shape, and the coefficient is multiplied to calculate the strength of the sea ice. .
According to the fourteenth aspect of the present invention, since the shape of the ice measured in calculating the ice strength is taken into account, the strength of the ice can be grasped more accurately.
請求項15記載の本発明は、氷強度算出手段が、真の氷厚と温度と塩分と形状に基づいて動弾性係数を求め、さらに動弾性係数から強度として一軸圧縮強度を算出したことを特徴とする。
請求項15記載の本発明によれば、遠隔から測定して得た各パラメータに基づいて、氷の機械的強度の一つである一軸圧縮強度を正確に把握することができる。
The invention according to claim 15 is characterized in that the ice strength calculating means calculates a dynamic elastic modulus based on the true ice thickness, temperature, salinity and shape, and further calculates a uniaxial compressive strength as a strength from the dynamic elastic modulus. And
According to the present invention of the fifteenth aspect, the uniaxial compressive strength, which is one of the mechanical strengths of ice, can be accurately grasped based on each parameter obtained by remote measurement.
請求項16記載の本発明は、氷強度算出手段が、真の氷厚と温度と塩分と形状に基づいてブライン体積比を求め、さらにブライン体積比から強度として曲げ強度を算出したことを特徴とする。
請求項16記載の本発明によれば、遠隔から測定して得た各パラメータに基づいて、氷の機械的強度の一つである曲げ強度を正確に把握することができる。
The invention according to claim 16 is characterized in that the ice strength calculating means calculates a brine volume ratio based on the true ice thickness, temperature, salinity and shape, and further calculates the bending strength as the strength from the brine volume ratio. To do.
According to the sixteenth aspect of the present invention, it is possible to accurately grasp the bending strength, which is one of the mechanical strengths of ice, based on each parameter obtained by remote measurement.
請求項17記載に対応した遠隔測定体においては、請求項10に記載の遠隔氷厚測定装置、又は請求項11から請求項16のうちの1項に記載の遠隔氷強度測定装置を測定体本体内に備え、測定体本体を移動体による吊り下げ可能に構成したことを特徴とする。
請求項17記載の本発明によれば、測定体本体を移動体に吊り下げることによって広い範囲の氷を測定できるので、氷の氷厚又は強度に関するデータを多く収集することができ、移動体の運用時のデータとしても有用となり得る。
In the telemetry body corresponding to Claim 17, the remote ice thickness measurement apparatus according to Claim 10 or the remote ice strength measurement apparatus according to one of Claims 11 to 16 is measured body itself. The measuring body main body is configured to be suspendable by a moving body.
According to the present invention described in claim 17, since a wide range of ice can be measured by suspending the measuring body main body from the moving body, a large amount of data relating to the ice thickness or strength of ice can be collected. It can also be useful as operational data.
請求項18記載の本発明は、測定体本体内に、GPS及び測定結果を記憶する記憶手段を備えたことを特徴とする。
請求項18に記載の本発明によれば、GPS(Global Positioning System)を測定体本体内に備えることで、測定地点を正確に把握できる。また、記憶手段を測定体本体内に備えることで、計測後に移動経路上の任意の日時及び緯度経度における海氷の氷厚又は強度を得ることができ、また、複数回の測定により同一測定地点における氷の氷厚又は強度の経時的変化も把握可能となる。
The present invention according to claim 18 is characterized in that a storage means for storing the GPS and the measurement result is provided in the measurement body.
According to the present invention described in claim 18, the measurement point can be accurately grasped by providing a GPS (Global Positioning System) in the measurement body. In addition, by providing the storage means in the body of the measurement body, it is possible to obtain the ice thickness or strength of sea ice at any date and time and latitude and longitude on the movement path after measurement, and the same measurement point by multiple measurements It is also possible to grasp the change over time in the ice thickness or strength of ice.
本発明によれば、任意の地点において、非接触で、氷の上に積もった雪の厚み(積雪深)を除いた氷の真の氷厚を把握することができる。 According to the present invention, it is possible to grasp the true ice thickness of ice excluding the thickness of snow (snow depth) accumulated on ice at any point without contact.
また、氷の強度を遠隔から測定する方法であって、氷の上面への積雪を含めたみかけの氷厚を遠隔から電磁誘導センサを利用して測定し、積雪の厚みを遠隔から電磁波を用いて測定し、みかけの氷厚と積雪の厚みに基づいて氷の真の氷厚を求め、真の氷厚に基づいて氷強度算出手段にて氷の強度を算出した場合には、任意の地点において、非接触で氷の強度を測定することができる。また、積雪深を除いた真の氷厚に基づいて氷の強度を算出するので、正確な強度を把握することができる。 In addition, it is a method for remotely measuring the ice strength, using an electromagnetic induction sensor to remotely measure the apparent ice thickness including snow on the top surface of the ice, and using electromagnetic waves remotely. If the true ice thickness of the ice is calculated based on the apparent ice thickness and the snow thickness, and the ice strength is calculated by the ice strength calculation means based on the true ice thickness, the In non-contact, the ice strength can be measured. Further, since the ice strength is calculated based on the true ice thickness excluding the snow depth, the accurate strength can be grasped.
また、氷の温度を赤外線を利用して遠隔から測定し、温度の測定結果を加味して強度を算出した場合には、氷の強度の算出に当たり測定した氷の温度も考慮するので、氷の強度をより正確に把握することができる。 In addition, when the ice temperature is measured remotely using infrared rays and the strength is calculated taking into account the temperature measurement results, the measured ice temperature is also taken into account when calculating the ice strength. Strength can be grasped more accurately.
また、氷の塩分を電磁波を利用して遠隔から測定し、塩分の測定結果を加味して強度を算出した場合には、氷の強度の算出に当たり測定した氷の塩分も考慮するので、氷の強度をより正確に把握することができる。 In addition, when measuring the salinity of ice remotely using electromagnetic waves and calculating the strength by taking into account the measurement result of the salinity, the measured ice salinity is taken into account when calculating the ice strength. Strength can be grasped more accurately.
また、氷の形状をレーザースキャナーを利用して遠隔から測定し、形状の測定結果を加味して強度を算出した場合には、氷の強度の算出に当たり測定した氷の形状も考慮するので、氷の強度をより正確に把握することができる。 In addition, when the ice shape is measured remotely using a laser scanner and the strength is calculated by taking the shape measurement results into account, the ice shape measured is taken into account when calculating the ice strength. The strength of the can be grasped more accurately.
また、真の氷厚と温度と塩分と形状に基づいて動弾性係数を求め、さらに動弾性係数から強度として一軸圧縮強度を算出した場合には、遠隔から測定して得た各パラメータに基づいて、氷の機械的強度の一つである一軸圧縮強度を正確に把握することができる。 In addition, when the kinematic elastic modulus is calculated based on the true ice thickness, temperature, salinity, and shape, and the uniaxial compressive strength is calculated as the strength from the kinematic elastic modulus, it is based on each parameter obtained from remote measurement The uniaxial compressive strength, which is one of the mechanical strengths of ice, can be accurately grasped.
また、真の氷厚と温度と塩分と形状に基づいてブライン体積比を求め、さらにブライン体積比から強度として曲げ強度を算出した場合には、遠隔から測定して得た各パラメータに基づいて、氷の機械的強度の一つである曲げ強度を正確に把握することができる。 In addition, when determining the brine volume ratio based on the true ice thickness, temperature, salinity and shape, and further calculating the bending strength as the strength from the brine volume ratio, based on each parameter obtained from remote measurement, The bending strength, which is one of the mechanical strengths of ice, can be accurately grasped.
また、請求項1に記載の遠隔氷厚測定方法、又は請求項2から請求項7のうちの1項に記載の遠隔氷強度測定方法を実施するに当り、移動体を利用して遠隔から測定を実施した場合には、移動体を利用することによって広い範囲の氷を測定できるので、氷の氷厚又は強度に関するデータを多く収集することができる。 Further, when the remote ice thickness measuring method according to claim 1 or the remote ice strength measuring method according to one of claims 2 to 7 is performed, the remote ice thickness measuring method is measured using a mobile object. In the case of performing the above, since a wide range of ice can be measured by using the moving body, a large amount of data relating to the ice thickness or strength of the ice can be collected.
また、請求項1に記載の遠隔氷厚測定方法、又は請求項2から請求項7のうちの1項に記載の遠隔氷強度測定方法を実施して得られた測定結果を、氷海域で稼動する石油生産設備、天然ガス生産設備を含む洋上構造物又は掘削船、作業船、砕氷船を含む船舶の運用又は設計に活用した場合には、測定した氷の氷厚又は強度を運用又は設計に活用することで、各設備や船舶の安全性の向上や経済性の評価に役立てることができる。 The remote ice thickness measurement method according to claim 1 or the remote ice strength measurement method according to one of claims 2 to 7 is used to operate the measurement result in an ice sea area. When used for the operation or design of offshore structures including oil production facilities, natural gas production facilities or vessels including drilling vessels, work vessels, icebreakers, etc., the measured ice thickness or strength of ice is used for operation or design. By using it, it can be used to improve the safety of each facility and ship and to evaluate the economy.
また、氷の氷厚を遠隔から測定する装置であって、氷の上面への積雪を含めたみかけの氷厚を遠隔から測定するために利用される電磁誘導センサ手段と、積雪の厚みを遠隔から測定する積雪厚み測定用マイクロ波放射計と、電磁誘導センサ手段で測定したみかけの氷厚と積雪厚み測定用マイクロ波放射計で測定した積雪の厚みに基づいて氷の真の氷厚を算出する氷厚算出手段とを備えた場合には、任意の地点において、非接触で、積雪深を除いた氷の真の氷厚を把握することができる。 Further, it is a device for remotely measuring the ice thickness of ice, and an electromagnetic induction sensor means used for remotely measuring the apparent ice thickness including the snow on the top surface of the ice, and the thickness of the snow. Calculate the true ice thickness of the ice based on the thickness of the snow measured by the microwave radiometer for measuring snow cover thickness and the apparent ice thickness measured by the electromagnetic induction sensor means and the microwave radiometer for measuring snow cover thickness. When it is provided with the ice thickness calculation means for performing the determination, it is possible to grasp the true ice thickness of the ice excluding the snow depth at any point without contact.
また、氷の強度を遠隔から測定する装置であって、氷の上面への積雪を含めたみかけの氷厚を遠隔から測定するために利用される電磁誘導センサ手段と、積雪の厚みを遠隔から測定する積雪厚み測定用マイクロ波放射計と、電磁誘導センサ手段で測定したみかけの氷厚と積雪厚み測定用マイクロ波放射計で測定した積雪の厚みに基づいて氷の真の氷厚を算出する氷厚算出手段と、真の氷厚に基づいて氷の強度を算出する氷強度算出手段とを備えた場合には、任意の地点において、非接触で氷の強度を測定することができる。また、積雪深を除いた真の氷厚に基づいて氷の強度を算出するので、正確な強度を把握することができる。 Also, a device for remotely measuring the ice strength, the electromagnetic induction sensor means used for remotely measuring the apparent ice thickness including the snow on the top surface of the ice, and the thickness of the snow remotely Calculate the true ice thickness of the ice based on the thickness of the snow measured by the microwave radiometer for measuring the snow thickness and the apparent ice thickness measured by the electromagnetic induction sensor and the microwave radiometer for measuring the snow thickness. When the ice thickness calculating means and the ice strength calculating means for calculating the ice strength based on the true ice thickness are provided, the ice strength can be measured in a non-contact manner at an arbitrary point. Further, since the ice strength is calculated based on the true ice thickness excluding the snow depth, the accurate strength can be grasped.
また、氷の温度を遠隔から測定する赤外線放射計を備え、氷強度算出手段が赤外線放射計で測定した氷の温度を加味して強度を算出した場合には、氷の強度の算出に当たり測定した氷の温度も考慮するので、氷の強度をより正確に把握することができる。 In addition, an infrared radiometer that remotely measures the ice temperature was provided, and when the ice strength calculation means calculated the strength taking into account the ice temperature measured by the infrared radiometer, the ice strength was measured when calculating the ice strength. Since the ice temperature is also taken into account, the ice strength can be grasped more accurately.
また、氷の塩分を遠隔から測定する塩分測定用マイクロ波放射計を備え、氷強度算出手段が塩分測定用マイクロ波放射計で測定した塩分を加味して強度を算出した場合には、氷の強度の算出に当たり測定した氷の塩分も考慮するので、氷の強度をより正確に把握することができる。 In addition, when a salinity measurement microwave radiometer that remotely measures the salinity of ice is provided and the ice strength calculation means calculates the strength by taking into account the salinity measured by the salinity measurement microwave radiometer, Since the ice salinity measured in calculating the strength is also taken into account, the ice strength can be grasped more accurately.
また、氷の形状を遠隔から測定するレーザースキャナーを備え、氷強度算出手段がレーザースキャナーで測定した形状を加味して強度を算出した場合には、氷の強度の算出に当たり測定した氷の形状も考慮するので、氷の強度をより正確に把握することができる。 In addition, when a laser scanner that remotely measures the shape of the ice is provided and the ice strength calculation means calculates the strength by taking into account the shape measured by the laser scanner, the shape of the ice measured when calculating the ice strength Considering this, the strength of ice can be grasped more accurately.
また、氷強度算出手段が、真の氷厚と温度と塩分と形状に基づいて動弾性係数を求め、さらに動弾性係数から強度として一軸圧縮強度を算出した場合には、遠隔から測定して得た各パラメータに基づいて、氷の機械的強度の一つである一軸圧縮強度を正確に把握することができる。 In addition, when the ice strength calculation means calculates the dynamic elastic modulus based on the true ice thickness, temperature, salinity, and shape, and further calculates the uniaxial compressive strength as the strength from the dynamic elastic modulus, it is obtained from a remote measurement. Based on each parameter, the uniaxial compressive strength, which is one of the mechanical strengths of ice, can be accurately grasped.
また、氷強度算出手段が、真の氷厚と温度と塩分と形状に基づいてブライン体積比を求め、さらにブライン体積比から強度として曲げ強度を算出した場合には、遠隔から測定して得た各パラメータに基づいて、氷の機械的強度の一つである曲げ強度を正確に把握することができる。 In addition, when the ice strength calculation means calculates the brine volume ratio based on the true ice thickness, temperature, salinity and shape, and further calculates the bending strength as the strength from the brine volume ratio, it was obtained by measuring remotely. Based on each parameter, it is possible to accurately grasp the bending strength, which is one of the mechanical strengths of ice.
また、請求項10に記載の遠隔氷厚測定装置、又は請求項11から請求項16のうちの1項に記載の遠隔氷強度測定装置を測定体本体内に備え、測定体本体を移動体による吊り下げ可能に構成した場合には、測定体本体を移動体に吊り下げることによって広い範囲の氷を測定できるので、氷の氷厚又は強度に関するデータを多く収集することができ、移動体の運用時のデータとしても有用となり得る。 Further, the remote ice thickness measuring device according to claim 10 or the remote ice strength measuring device according to one of claims 11 to 16 is provided in a measuring body, and the measuring body is made by a moving body. When configured to be suspendable, it is possible to measure a wide range of ice by suspending the measuring body from the moving body, so it is possible to collect a lot of data on the ice thickness or strength of the ice, and to operate the moving body. It can also be useful as time data.
また、測定体本体内に、GPS及び測定結果を記憶する記憶手段を備えた場合には、GPS(Global PositioningSystem)を測定体本体内に備えることで、測定地点を正確に把握できる。また、記憶手段を測定体本体内に備えることで、計測後に移動経路上の任意の日時及び緯度経度における海氷の氷厚又は強度を得ることができ、また、複数回の測定により同一測定地点における氷の氷厚又は強度の経時的変化も把握可能となる。 In addition, when the measurement body main body is provided with a storage means for storing GPS and measurement results, the measurement point can be accurately grasped by providing GPS (Global Positioning System) in the measurement body main body. In addition, by providing the storage means in the body of the measurement body, it is possible to obtain the ice thickness or strength of sea ice at any date and time and latitude and longitude on the movement path after measurement, and the same measurement point by multiple measurements It is also possible to grasp the change over time in the ice thickness or strength of ice.
以下に、本発明の実施形態による遠隔氷厚測定方法、遠隔氷強度測定方法、遠隔測定方法、遠隔氷厚測定装置、遠隔氷強度測定装置、及び遠隔測定体について説明する。 Hereinafter, a remote ice thickness measurement method, a remote ice strength measurement method, a remote measurement method, a remote ice thickness measurement device, a remote ice strength measurement device, and a remote measurement body according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described.
図1は本発明の一実施形態による遠隔氷厚測定の装置概略構成図及びフロー図であり、(a)は装置概略構成図、(b)はフロー図である。
本実施形態による遠隔氷厚測定装置10は、測定対象の海氷Xの上方から海氷Xの氷厚を測定する。遠隔氷厚測定装置10は、海氷Xの上面への積雪を含めたみかけの氷厚X1を遠隔から測定するために利用される電磁誘導センサ手段20、積雪Yの厚みY1を遠隔から測定する積雪厚み測定用マイクロ波放射計30、及び電磁誘導センサ手段20で測定したみかけの氷厚X1と積雪厚み測定用マイクロ波放射計30で測定した積雪Yの厚みY1に基づいて海氷Xの真の氷厚X2を算出する氷厚算出手段40を備える。
なお、ここでは積雪厚み測定用マイクロ波放射計30にポータブルマイクロ波放射計(PMR)を用いる。
FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram and a flow diagram of an apparatus for remote ice thickness measurement according to an embodiment of the present invention, (a) is a schematic configuration diagram of the device, and (b) is a flowchart.
The remote ice thickness measurement apparatus 10 according to the present embodiment measures the ice thickness of the sea ice X from above the sea ice X to be measured. The remote ice thickness measurement apparatus 10 measures the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y from the electromagnetic induction sensor means 20, which is used to remotely measure the apparent ice thickness X1 including the snow cover on the upper surface of the sea ice X. The true value of the sea ice X based on the apparent ice thickness X1 measured by the microwave thickness meter 30 for measuring snow thickness and the electromagnetic induction sensor means 20 and the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y measured by the microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness. Ice thickness calculating means 40 for calculating the ice thickness X2 of the ice.
Here, a portable microwave radiometer (PMR) is used for the microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness.
電磁誘導センサ手段20は、電磁誘導センサ(EMセンサ)21とレーザー距離計22とを備える。
電磁誘導センサ21は、トランスミッタ(EM Tx)21Aとレシーバ(EM Rx)21Bを有し、トランスミッタ21Aから電磁波を海氷Xに向けて発射する。発射された電磁波によって海面近傍に磁場が形成されるので、レシーバ21Bで受信し、海水が持つ誘電率と海氷が持つ誘電率は大きく異なるという性質を利用することで、海水と接する海氷Xの下面(海氷底面)までの距離L1を計測する。
また、レーザー距離計22は、海氷Xの表面に向けてレーザーを照射し、海氷Xの表面までの距離L2を計測する。
そうして求めた海氷底面までの距離L1と海氷表面までの距離L2との差分により、みかけの氷厚X1が分かる。なお、このみかけの氷厚X1は、積雪Yの厚み(積雪深)Y1を含んでいる可能性がある。
積雪厚み測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計30は、海氷Xの表面からの18GHz帯のマイクロ波放射を輝度温度として計測する。積雪Yの厚みY1は、海氷Xの表面からの18GHz帯のマイクロ波放射と相関があるため、18GHz帯用のポータブルマイクロ波放射計30で輝度温度を計測することで算出できる。
氷厚算出手段40は自動計算機能を有しており、みかけの氷厚X1から積雪Yの厚みY1を除いて海氷Xの真の氷厚X2を算出する。
The electromagnetic induction sensor means 20 includes an electromagnetic induction sensor (EM sensor) 21 and a laser distance meter 22.
The electromagnetic induction sensor 21 includes a transmitter (EM Tx) 21A and a receiver (EM Rx) 21B, and emits electromagnetic waves from the transmitter 21A toward the sea ice X. Since a magnetic field is formed near the sea surface by the emitted electromagnetic wave, it is received by the receiver 21B, and by utilizing the property that the dielectric constant of seawater and the dielectric constant of sea ice differ greatly, sea ice X in contact with seawater X The distance L1 to the lower surface (sea ice bottom surface) is measured.
Further, the laser distance meter 22 irradiates a laser toward the surface of the sea ice X, and measures the distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X.
The apparent ice thickness X1 can be determined from the difference between the distance L1 to the sea ice bottom surface and the distance L2 to the sea ice surface. The apparent ice thickness X1 may include the thickness (snow depth) Y1 of the snow cover Y.
The portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness measures the microwave radiation in the 18 GHz band from the surface of the sea ice X as the luminance temperature. Since the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y is correlated with the 18 GHz band microwave radiation from the surface of the sea ice X, it can be calculated by measuring the brightness temperature with the 18 GHz band portable microwave radiometer 30.
The ice thickness calculation means 40 has an automatic calculation function, and calculates the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice X by removing the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y from the apparent ice thickness X1.
このように、海氷Xの上面への積雪Yを含めたみかけの氷厚X1を遠隔から電磁誘導センサ21を利用して測定し、積雪Yの厚みY1を遠隔から電磁波(マイクロ波)を用いて測定し、みかけの氷厚X1と積雪Yの厚みY1に基づいて海氷Xの真の氷厚X2を求めることにより、任意の場所において、非接触で、積雪深Y1を除いた海氷Xの真の氷厚X2を把握することができる。
また、レーザー距離計22のみを使って測定する場合等は氷の比重を仮定しないと氷の厚さが算出できないうえ、形状によっては比重では算出不可能であるのに対して、本実施形態は、電磁誘導センサ21とレーザー距離計22を併用するものであり、氷の比重を要さず、また形状に関わらず測定可能で、平面解像度の比較的高いデータを得ることができる。
また、電磁誘導センサ21は海氷Xの表面位置そのものの計測を要しないので、積雪Yの下がどのような氷形状であっても対応可能である。
なお、レーザー距離計22は、遠隔氷厚測定装置10と積雪Yの表面までの距離L2が既知の場合や他の計測手段で得られる場合には無くすことが可能である。この点については、以下の他の実施の形態においても同様である。
In this way, the apparent ice thickness X1 including the snow cover Y on the upper surface of the sea ice X is measured remotely using the electromagnetic induction sensor 21, and the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y is remotely measured using electromagnetic waves (microwaves). The actual ice thickness X2 of the sea ice X is determined based on the apparent ice thickness X1 and the snow cover Y thickness Y1, and the sea ice X excluding the snow depth Y1 is contactless at any location. The true ice thickness X2 can be grasped.
Further, when measuring using only the laser distance meter 22, the thickness of the ice cannot be calculated unless the specific gravity of the ice is assumed, and the specific gravity cannot be calculated depending on the shape. The electromagnetic induction sensor 21 and the laser distance meter 22 are used in combination, and do not require the specific gravity of ice, can be measured regardless of the shape, and can obtain data having a relatively high planar resolution.
Further, since the electromagnetic induction sensor 21 does not require measurement of the surface position of the sea ice X itself, it can cope with any ice shape below the snow cover Y.
The laser distance meter 22 can be eliminated when the distance L2 from the remote ice thickness measuring apparatus 10 to the surface of the snow cover Y is known or obtained by other measuring means. This also applies to other embodiments described below.
図2は本発明の他の実施形態による遠隔氷強度測定の装置概略構成図及びフロー図であり、(a)は装置概略構成図、(b)はフロー図である。なお、上記した実施例と同一機能部材には同一符号を付して説明を省略する。
本実施形態による遠隔氷強度測定装置11は、測定対象の海氷Xの上方から海氷Xの強度を測定する。遠隔氷強度測定装置11は、電磁誘導センサ手段20、積雪厚み測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計30、氷厚算出手段40、及び真の氷厚X2に基づいて海氷Xの強度を算出する氷強度算出手段50を備える。
2A and 2B are a schematic configuration diagram and a flow diagram of a remote ice strength measurement device according to another embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG. 2A is a schematic configuration diagram of the device, and FIG. 2B is a flow diagram. In addition, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected to the same functional member as the above-mentioned Example, and description is abbreviate | omitted.
The remote ice strength measuring apparatus 11 according to the present embodiment measures the strength of the sea ice X from above the sea ice X to be measured. The remote ice strength measurement device 11 calculates the strength of the sea ice X based on the electromagnetic induction sensor means 20, the portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness, the ice thickness calculation means 40, and the true ice thickness X2. Calculation means 50 is provided.
電磁誘導センサ21は、海氷Xの底面までの距離L1を計測する。また、レーザー距離計22は、海氷Xの表面までの距離L2を計測する。そうして求めた海氷Xの底面までの距離L1と海氷Xの表面までの距離L2との差分により、みかけの氷厚X1が分かる。なお、このみかけの氷厚X1は、積雪Yの厚み(積雪深)Y1を含んでいる可能性がある。
積雪厚み測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計30は、海氷表面からの18GHz帯のマイクロ波放射を輝度温度として計測し、その輝度温度から積雪Yの厚みY1を算出する。
氷厚算出手段40は、みかけの氷厚X1から積雪Yの厚みY1を除いて海氷Xの真の氷厚X2を算出する。
そして、氷強度算出手段50は自動計算機能を有しており、予め記憶された氷の厚さと強度の相関データを用いて、氷厚算出手段40が算出した海氷の真の氷厚X2に基づいて海氷Xの強度を算出する。
The electromagnetic induction sensor 21 measures a distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X. Further, the laser distance meter 22 measures a distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. The apparent ice thickness X1 can be determined from the difference between the distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X and the distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. The apparent ice thickness X1 may include the thickness (snow depth) Y1 of the snow cover Y.
The portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness measures the microwave radiation in the 18 GHz band from the surface of the sea ice as the luminance temperature, and calculates the thickness Y1 of the snow Y from the luminance temperature.
The ice thickness calculation means 40 calculates the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice X by removing the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y from the apparent ice thickness X1.
The ice strength calculating means 50 has an automatic calculation function, and uses the correlation data between the ice thickness and the strength stored in advance to obtain the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice calculated by the ice thickness calculating means 40. Based on this, the strength of sea ice X is calculated.
このように、海氷Xの上面への積雪Yを含めたみかけの氷厚X1を遠隔から電磁誘導センサ21を利用して測定し、積雪Yの厚みY1を遠隔から電磁波(マイクロ波)を用いて測定し、みかけの氷厚X1と積雪Yの厚みY1に基づいて海氷Xの真の氷厚X2を求め、真の氷厚X2に基づいて氷強度算出手段50にて海氷Xの強度を算出することにより、任意の地点において、非接触で海氷Xの強度を測定することができる。また、積雪深Y1を除いた真の氷厚X2に基づいて海氷Xの強度を算出するので、正確な強度を把握することができる。 In this way, the apparent ice thickness X1 including the snow cover Y on the upper surface of the sea ice X is measured remotely using the electromagnetic induction sensor 21, and the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y is remotely measured using electromagnetic waves (microwaves). The true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice X is obtained based on the apparent ice thickness X1 and the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y, and the ice strength calculating means 50 determines the strength of the sea ice X based on the true ice thickness X2. By calculating, the strength of the sea ice X can be measured without contact at any point. Moreover, since the intensity | strength of the sea ice X is calculated based on the true ice thickness X2 except the snow depth Y1, the exact intensity | strength can be grasped | ascertained.
図3は本発明の更に他の実施形態による遠隔氷強度測定の装置概略構成図及びフロー図であり、(a)は装置概略構成図、(b)はフロー図である。なお、上記した実施例と同一機能部材には同一符号を付して説明を省略する。
本実施形態による遠隔氷強度測定装置11は、測定対象の海氷Xの上方から海氷Xの強度を測定する。遠隔氷強度測定装置11は、電磁誘導センサ手段20、積雪厚み測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計30、氷厚算出手段40、氷強度算出手段50、及び海氷Xの温度を遠隔から測定する赤外線放射計60を備える。
3A and 3B are a schematic configuration diagram and a flow diagram of a remote ice strength measurement apparatus according to still another embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG. 3A is a schematic configuration diagram of the device, and FIG. 3B is a flow diagram. In addition, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected to the same functional member as the above-mentioned Example, and description is abbreviate | omitted.
The remote ice strength measuring apparatus 11 according to the present embodiment measures the strength of the sea ice X from above the sea ice X to be measured. The remote ice strength measuring apparatus 11 includes an electromagnetic induction sensor means 20, a portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness, an ice thickness calculating means 40, an ice strength calculating means 50, and infrared radiation for remotely measuring the temperature of sea ice X. 60 in total.
電磁誘導センサ21は、海氷Xの底面までの距離L1を計測する。また、レーザー距離計22は、海氷Xの表面までの距離L2を計測する。そうして求めた海氷Xの底面までの距離L1と海氷Xの表面までの距離L2との差分により、みかけの氷厚X1が分かる。なお、このみかけの氷厚X1は、積雪Yの厚み(積雪深)Y1を含んでいる可能性がある。
積雪厚み測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計30は、海氷表面からの18GHz帯のマイクロ波放射を輝度温度として計測し、その輝度温度から積雪Yの厚みY1を算出する。
氷厚算出手段40は、みかけの氷厚X1から積雪Yの厚みY1を除いて海氷Xの真の氷厚X2を算出する。
氷強度算出手段50は、予め記憶された氷の厚さと強度の相関データを用いて、氷厚算出手段40が算出した海氷の真の氷厚X2に基づいて海氷の強度を算出する。
さらに、赤外線放射計60は、積雪Yの表面温度を計測し直接数値化する。そして、氷強度算出手段50は、積雪Yの影響を除くため、積雪厚み測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計30を用いて計測した積雪深Y1によって赤外線放射計60が計測した積雪Yの表面温度を補正し海氷Xの表面温度を求める。そして、その補正して求めた海氷Xの表面温度に基づいて海氷Xの温度を推定し、海氷Xの強度をより正確に算出する。
例えば、海水面に浮かぶ海氷Xの底面温度は結氷点であるところ、測定結果に基づいて推定した海氷Xの表面温度と結氷点としての底面温度から、真の氷厚X2に対して温度勾配が線形であると仮定して海氷Xの中央部の温度を求め、真の氷厚X2と中央部の温度を代表値として用いて海氷Xの強度を算出する。
なお、海氷Xの上に積雪Yが無い場合や極めて積雪深Y1が小さい場合は、赤外線放射計60の計測した数値をもって海氷Xの表面温度として海氷Xの温度を推定し、推定した海氷Xの温度に基づいて海氷Xの強度をより正確に算出する。
The electromagnetic induction sensor 21 measures a distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X. Further, the laser distance meter 22 measures a distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. The apparent ice thickness X1 can be determined from the difference between the distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X and the distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. The apparent ice thickness X1 may include the thickness (snow depth) Y1 of the snow cover Y.
The portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness measures the microwave radiation in the 18 GHz band from the surface of the sea ice as the luminance temperature, and calculates the thickness Y1 of the snow Y from the luminance temperature.
The ice thickness calculation means 40 calculates the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice X by removing the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y from the apparent ice thickness X1.
The ice strength calculation means 50 calculates the strength of the sea ice based on the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice calculated by the ice thickness calculation means 40 using the correlation data of the ice thickness and strength stored in advance.
Further, the infrared radiometer 60 measures the surface temperature of the snow cover Y and directly digitizes it. Then, the ice strength calculation means 50 corrects the surface temperature of the snow cover Y measured by the infrared radiometer 60 based on the snow cover depth Y1 measured using the portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow cover thickness in order to eliminate the influence of the snow cover Y. Obtain the surface temperature of sea ice X. Then, the temperature of the sea ice X is estimated based on the surface temperature of the sea ice X obtained by the correction, and the strength of the sea ice X is calculated more accurately.
For example, the bottom temperature of the sea ice X floating on the sea surface is the freezing point. From the surface temperature of the sea ice X estimated based on the measurement result and the bottom temperature as the freezing point, the temperature relative to the true ice thickness X2 Assuming that the gradient is linear, the temperature at the center of the sea ice X is obtained, and the intensity of the sea ice X is calculated using the true ice thickness X2 and the temperature at the center as representative values.
In addition, when there is no snow Y on the sea ice X or when the snow depth Y1 is extremely small, the temperature of the sea ice X is estimated as the surface temperature of the sea ice X by using the numerical value measured by the infrared radiometer 60. Based on the temperature of the sea ice X, the strength of the sea ice X is calculated more accurately.
このように、海氷Xの温度を赤外線を利用して遠隔から測定し、温度の測定結果も加味して海氷Xの強度を算出することにより、温度を考慮した海氷Xの強度をより正確に把握することができる。 Thus, by measuring the temperature of the sea ice X remotely using infrared rays and calculating the strength of the sea ice X in consideration of the temperature measurement result, the strength of the sea ice X considering the temperature is further increased. Accurately grasp.
図4は本発明の更に他の実施形態による遠隔氷強度測定の装置概略構成図及びフロー図であり、(a)は装置概略構成図、(b)はフロー図である。なお、上記した実施例と同一機能部材には同一符号を付して説明を省略する。
本実施形態による遠隔氷強度測定装置11は、測定対象の海氷Xの上方から海氷Xの強度を測定する。遠隔氷強度測定装置11は、電磁誘導センサ手段20、積雪厚み測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計30、氷厚算出手段40、氷強度算出手段50、及び海氷Xの塩分を遠隔から測定する塩分測定用マイクロ波放射計31を備える。なお、ここでは塩分測定用マイクロ波放射計31にポータブルマイクロ波放射計(PMR)を用いる。
4A and 4B are a schematic configuration diagram and a flow diagram of a remote ice strength measurement apparatus according to still another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4A is a schematic configuration diagram of the device, and FIG. 4B is a flowchart. In addition, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected to the same functional member as the above-mentioned Example, and description is abbreviate | omitted.
The remote ice strength measuring apparatus 11 according to the present embodiment measures the strength of the sea ice X from above the sea ice X to be measured. The remote ice strength measurement device 11 includes an electromagnetic induction sensor means 20, a portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness, an ice thickness calculation means 40, an ice strength calculation means 50, and a salinity measurement for remotely measuring the salinity of sea ice X. A microwave radiometer 31 is provided. Here, a portable microwave radiometer (PMR) is used as the salinity measurement microwave radiometer 31.
電磁誘導センサ21は、海氷Xの底面までの距離L1を計測する。また、レーザー距離計22は、海氷Xの表面までの距離L2を計測する。そうして求めた海氷Xの底面までの距離L1と海氷Xの表面までの距離L2との差分により、みかけの氷厚X1が分かる。なお、このみかけの氷厚X1は、積雪Yの厚み(積雪深)Y1を含んでいる可能性がある。
積雪厚み測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計30は、海氷表面からの18GHz帯のマイクロ波放射を輝度温度として計測し、その輝度温度から積雪Yの厚みY1を算出する。
氷厚算出手段40は、みかけの氷厚X1から積雪Yの厚みY1を除いて海氷Xの真の氷厚X2を算出する。
氷強度算出手段50は、予め記憶された氷の厚さと強度の相関データを用いて、氷厚算出手段40が算出した海氷の真の氷厚X2に基づいて海氷の強度を算出する。
さらに、塩分測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計31は、海氷Xの表面からの7GHz帯のマイクロ波放射を輝度温度として計測する。海氷Xの表面塩分は、海氷Xの表面からの7GHz帯のマイクロ波放射と相関がある(マイクロ波の放射率が塩分で変化する)ため、7GHz帯用の塩分測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計31で輝度温度を計測することで算出できる。なお、6GHz帯のマイクロ波を計測する6GHz帯用の塩分測定用マイクロ放射計を用いてもよい。そして、氷強度算出手段50は、積雪Yの影響を除くため、積雪厚み測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計30を用いて計測した積雪深Y1によって塩分測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計31を用いて計測した海氷Xの塩分を補正し、その補正した塩分を加味した海氷Xの強度をより正確に算出する。
例えば、海氷X上に積雪Yがある場合には、積雪Yが厚いほど誤差が大きく計測される可能性があるが、積雪Yの厚みに応じた係数を乗じてその影響を相殺して海氷Xの真の塩分を求め、真の氷厚X2と真の塩分を用いて塩分を考慮した海氷Xの強度を算出する。
なお、海氷Xの上に積雪Yが無い場合や極めて積雪深Y1が小さい場合は、塩分測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計31を用いて計測した結果をもって海氷Xの塩分として、海氷Xの強度をより正確に算出する。
なお、図5は氷厚と塩分の関係を示す図である(Kovacs, A., The Bulk Salinity of Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Versus Thickness. Proc. OMAE/POAC Joint Convention, Vol. IV, pp. 271-281. 1997.)。図5に示すように、氷海域の広い範囲では氷厚と塩分にも相関があるため、氷厚算出手段40が算出した海氷の真の氷厚X2から塩分を算出して、塩分測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計31を用いて計測した塩分と相互検証することで、合理性の高い塩分を得るようにすることが望ましい。
The electromagnetic induction sensor 21 measures a distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X. Further, the laser distance meter 22 measures a distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. The apparent ice thickness X1 can be determined from the difference between the distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X and the distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. The apparent ice thickness X1 may include the thickness (snow depth) Y1 of the snow cover Y.
The portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness measures the microwave radiation in the 18 GHz band from the surface of the sea ice as the luminance temperature, and calculates the thickness Y1 of the snow Y from the luminance temperature.
The ice thickness calculation means 40 calculates the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice X by removing the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y from the apparent ice thickness X1.
The ice strength calculation means 50 calculates the strength of the sea ice based on the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice calculated by the ice thickness calculation means 40 using the correlation data of the ice thickness and strength stored in advance.
Furthermore, the portable microwave radiometer 31 for measuring salinity measures 7 GHz band microwave radiation from the surface of the sea ice X as a luminance temperature. The surface salinity of sea ice X correlates with the 7 GHz band microwave radiation from the surface of sea ice X (the emissivity of the microwave varies with the salinity), so the portable microwave radiation for salinity measurement for the 7 GHz band It can be calculated by measuring the luminance temperature with a total of 31. Note that a 6 GHz-band salinity measurement microradiometer that measures 6 GHz-band microwaves may be used. Then, the ice strength calculation means 50 was measured using the portable microwave radiometer 31 for salinity measurement by the snow depth Y1 measured using the portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness in order to remove the influence of the snow Y. The salinity of the sea ice X is corrected, and the strength of the sea ice X taking into account the corrected salinity is calculated more accurately.
For example, when there is snow Y on the sea ice X, there is a possibility that the larger the snow Y, the larger the error may be measured. However, the influence is offset by multiplying the coefficient according to the thickness of the snow Y to compensate for the effect. The true salinity of the ice X is obtained, and the strength of the sea ice X considering the salinity is calculated using the true ice thickness X2 and the true salinity.
In addition, when there is no snow cover Y on the sea ice X or when the snow cover depth Y1 is extremely small, the salinity of the sea ice X is obtained as the salinity of the sea ice X based on the result of measurement using the portable microwave radiometer 31 for salinity measurement. Calculate strength more accurately.
FIG. 5 shows the relationship between ice thickness and salinity (Kovacs, A., The Bulk Salinity of Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Versus Thickness. Proc. OMAE / POAC Joint Convention, Vol. IV, pp. 271- 281. 1997.). As shown in FIG. 5, since the ice thickness and the salinity are correlated in a wide range of the ice sea area, the salinity is calculated from the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice calculated by the ice thickness calculating means 40 and used for salinity measurement. It is desirable to obtain a highly rational salinity by cross-validating with the salinity measured using the portable microwave radiometer 31.
このように、海氷Xの塩分を電磁波(マイクロ波)を利用して遠隔から測定し、塩分も加味して海氷Xの強度を算出することにより、海氷Xの強度をより正確に把握することができる。 In this way, the salinity of sea ice X is measured remotely using electromagnetic waves (microwaves), and the strength of sea ice X is calculated more accurately by taking into account the salinity and calculating the strength of sea ice X. can do.
図6は本発明の更に他の実施形態による遠隔氷強度測定の装置概略構成図及びフロー図であり、(a)は装置概略構成図、(b)はフロー図である。なお、上記した実施例と同一機能部材には同一符号を付して説明を省略する。
本実施形態による遠隔氷強度測定装置11は、測定対象の海氷Xの上方から海氷Xの強度を測定する。遠隔氷強度測定装置11は、電磁誘導センサ手段20、積雪厚み測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計30、氷厚算出手段40、氷強度算出手段50、及び海氷Xの形状を遠隔から測定するレーザースキャナー70を備える。
6A and 6B are a schematic configuration diagram and a flow diagram of a remote ice strength measurement device according to still another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6A is a schematic configuration diagram of the device, and FIG. 6B is a flow diagram. In addition, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected to the same functional member as the above-mentioned Example, and description is abbreviate | omitted.
The remote ice strength measuring apparatus 11 according to the present embodiment measures the strength of the sea ice X from above the sea ice X to be measured. The remote ice strength measurement device 11 includes an electromagnetic induction sensor means 20, a snow cover thickness measurement portable microwave radiometer 30, an ice thickness calculation means 40, an ice strength calculation means 50, and a laser scanner that remotely measures the shape of sea ice X. 70.
電磁誘導センサ21は、海氷Xの底面までの距離L1を計測する。また、レーザー距離計22は、海氷Xの表面までの距離L2を計測する。そうして求めた海氷Xの底面までの距離L1と海氷Xの表面までの距離L2との差分により、みかけの氷厚X1が分かる。なお、このみかけの氷厚X1は、積雪Yの厚み(積雪深)Y1を含んでいる可能性がある。
積雪厚み測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計30は、海氷表面からの18GHz帯のマイクロ波放射を輝度温度として計測し、その輝度温度から積雪Yの厚みY1を算出する。
氷厚算出手段40は、みかけの氷厚X1から積雪Yの厚みY1を除いて海氷Xの真の氷厚X2を算出する。
氷強度算出手段50は、予め記憶された氷の厚さと強度の相関データを用いて、氷厚算出手段40が算出した海氷の真の氷厚X2に基づいて海氷の強度を算出する。
さらに、レーザースキャナー70は、積雪Yの乗った海氷表面形状を計測する。なお、海氷表面形状とは、ここでは表面の粗度や凹凸等を意味する。これらは氷の変形度合いや古さ等と相関があり、例えば平坦氷や変形氷、その他想定外の特殊形状など、氷の種類(氷種)を判別する手がかりになる。表面形状あるいは氷種によって、氷の厚み・強度・温度・塩分といったパラメータを算出するためのアルゴリズムの選択や、強度上別に扱う必要がある氷のリッジ等の変形度合いが強い場所の自動判別が可能となる。そして、氷強度算出手段50は、レーザースキャナー70を用いて計測した積雪Yの乗った海氷表面形状から厚みY1を用いて海氷Xの形状を推定し、推定した海氷Xの形状も加味して、海氷Xの強度をより正確に算出する。
温度や塩分から得られた海氷Xの強度は、理論上ではおおよそ一般的かつ均一な形状の海氷のものを想定している。従って、特殊な形状の場合は適切な方法で補正する必要がある。例えば、海氷Xが内部の高い圧力で氷脈化している場合は、氷の形状としての高さや幅から規模を推定し、それに応じた係数を乗じて影響を加味し、真の氷厚X2とともに用いて海氷Xの強度を算出する。
なお、海氷Xの上に積雪Yが無い場合や極めて積雪深Y1が小さい場合は、レーザースキャナー70を用いて計測した結果をもって海氷Xの形状として、海氷Xの強度をより正確に算出する。
The electromagnetic induction sensor 21 measures a distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X. Further, the laser distance meter 22 measures a distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. The apparent ice thickness X1 can be determined from the difference between the distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X and the distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. The apparent ice thickness X1 may include the thickness (snow depth) Y1 of the snow cover Y.
The portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness measures the microwave radiation in the 18 GHz band from the surface of the sea ice as the luminance temperature, and calculates the thickness Y1 of the snow Y from the luminance temperature.
The ice thickness calculation means 40 calculates the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice X by removing the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y from the apparent ice thickness X1.
The ice strength calculation means 50 calculates the strength of the sea ice based on the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice calculated by the ice thickness calculation means 40 using the correlation data of the ice thickness and strength stored in advance.
Further, the laser scanner 70 measures the surface shape of the sea ice on which the snow cover Y is carried. Here, the sea ice surface shape means surface roughness, irregularities, and the like. These have a correlation with the degree of deformation and the age of ice, and serve as a clue to discriminate the type of ice (ice type) such as flat ice, deformed ice, and other unexpected special shapes. Selection of algorithms for calculating parameters such as ice thickness, strength, temperature, and salinity according to surface shape or ice type, and automatic identification of places with strong deformation such as ice ridges that need to be handled separately according to strength It becomes. Then, the ice strength calculation means 50 estimates the shape of the sea ice X using the thickness Y1 from the surface shape of the sea ice on which the snow cover Y is measured using the laser scanner 70, and takes the estimated shape of the sea ice X into account. Then, the strength of the sea ice X is calculated more accurately.
The strength of sea ice X obtained from temperature and salinity is assumed to be that of sea ice having a generally general and uniform shape in theory. Therefore, in the case of a special shape, it is necessary to correct by an appropriate method. For example, when the sea ice X is iced due to high internal pressure, the scale is estimated from the height and width of the ice shape, multiplied by the corresponding coefficient, and the effect is taken into account, and the true ice thickness X2 Used to calculate the strength of sea ice X.
In addition, when there is no snow Y on the sea ice X or when the snow depth Y1 is extremely small, the intensity of the sea ice X is calculated more accurately as the shape of the sea ice X based on the result of measurement using the laser scanner 70. To do.
このように、海氷Xの形状をレーザースキャナー70を利用して遠隔から測定し、形状の測定結果を加味して海氷Xの強度を算出することにより、海氷Xの強度をより正確に把握することができる。
また、レーザースキャナー70は、測定にあたって可視光を要しないので、夜間でも運用することができる。さらに、計測データは元から高さ情報としてデジタルで記録されるので、即時に計測データを表面形状として利用できる。
As described above, the shape of the sea ice X is measured remotely by using the laser scanner 70, and the strength of the sea ice X is calculated by taking the shape measurement result into account, so that the strength of the sea ice X is more accurately determined. I can grasp it.
Further, since the laser scanner 70 does not require visible light for measurement, it can be operated even at night. Furthermore, since the measurement data is originally recorded digitally as height information, the measurement data can be used immediately as the surface shape.
図7は本発明の更に他の実施形態による遠隔氷強度測定の装置概略構成図及びフロー図であり、(a)は装置概略構成図、(b)はフロー図である。なお、上記した実施例と同一機能部材には同一符号を付して説明を省略する。
本実施形態による遠隔氷強度測定装置11は、測定対象の海氷Xの上方から海氷Xの強度を測定する。遠隔氷強度測定装置11は、電磁誘導センサ手段20、積雪厚み測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計30、塩分測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計31、氷厚算出手段40、氷強度算出手段50、赤外線放射計60、及びレーザースキャナー70を備える。また、測定対象は海氷Xとし、遠隔氷強度測定装置11は遠隔から海氷Xの氷強度を測定する。
7A and 7B are a schematic configuration diagram and a flow diagram of a remote ice strength measurement device according to still another embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG. 7A is a schematic configuration diagram of the device, and FIG. 7B is a flow diagram. In addition, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected to the same functional member as the above-mentioned Example, and description is abbreviate | omitted.
The remote ice strength measuring apparatus 11 according to the present embodiment measures the strength of the sea ice X from above the sea ice X to be measured. The remote ice strength measuring device 11 includes an electromagnetic induction sensor means 20, a portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness, a portable microwave radiometer 31 for measuring salinity, an ice thickness calculating means 40, an ice strength calculating means 50, an infrared radiometer. 60 and a laser scanner 70. The measurement target is sea ice X, and the remote ice strength measurement device 11 measures the ice strength of the sea ice X from a distance.
電磁誘導センサ21は、海氷Xの底面までの距離L1を計測する。また、レーザー距離計22は、海氷Xの表面までの距離L2を計測する。そうして求めた海氷Xの底面までの距離L1と海氷Xの表面までの距離L2との差分により、みかけの氷厚X1が分かる。なお、このみかけの氷厚X1は、積雪Yの厚み(積雪深)Y1を含んでいる可能性がある。
積雪厚み測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計30は、海氷表面からの18GHz帯のマイクロ波放射を輝度温度として計測する。計測した輝度温度から積雪Yの厚みY1が分かる。
積雪厚み測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計30は、海氷表面からの18GHz帯のマイクロ波放射を輝度温度として計測し、その輝度温度から積雪Yの厚みY1を算出する。
赤外線放射計60は、積雪Yの表面温度を計測し直接数値化する。
レーザースキャナー70は、積雪Yの乗った海氷表面形状を計測する。
氷厚算出手段40は、みかけの氷厚X1から積雪Yの厚みY1を除いて海氷Xの真の氷厚X2を算出する。
氷強度算出手段50は、積雪Yの影響を除くため、計測した積雪深Y1によって、赤外線放射計60と塩分測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計31が計測した結果を補正して海氷Xの表面温度と塩分を求める。
なお、海氷Xの上に積雪Yが無い場合や極めて積雪深Y1が小さい場合は、赤外線放射計60、塩分測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計31、及びレーザースキャナー70の測定結果の積雪深Y1による補正の必要は無い。
The electromagnetic induction sensor 21 measures a distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X. Further, the laser distance meter 22 measures a distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. The apparent ice thickness X1 can be determined from the difference between the distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X and the distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. The apparent ice thickness X1 may include the thickness (snow depth) Y1 of the snow cover Y.
The portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness measures the microwave radiation in the 18 GHz band from the surface of sea ice as the luminance temperature. From the measured luminance temperature, the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y is known.
The portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness measures the microwave radiation in the 18 GHz band from the surface of the sea ice as the luminance temperature, and calculates the thickness Y1 of the snow Y from the luminance temperature.
The infrared radiometer 60 measures the surface temperature of the snow cover Y and digitizes it directly.
The laser scanner 70 measures the surface shape of the sea ice on which the snow cover Y is carried.
The ice thickness calculation means 40 calculates the true ice thickness X2 of the sea ice X by removing the thickness Y1 of the snow cover Y from the apparent ice thickness X1.
In order to eliminate the influence of the snow cover Y, the ice strength calculation means 50 corrects the results measured by the infrared radiometer 60 and the portable microwave radiometer 31 for measuring salinity according to the measured snow cover depth Y1, and the surface temperature of the sea ice X And seek salinity.
When there is no snow cover Y on the sea ice X, or when the snow cover depth Y1 is extremely small, the measurement results of the infrared radiometer 60, the portable microwave radiometer 31 for salinity measurement, and the laser scanner 70 depend on the snow cover depth Y1. There is no need for correction.
ここで、図8は氷の温度及び塩分と動弾性係数の関係を示す図、図9は氷の動弾性係数と一軸圧縮強度の関係を示す図(佐伯他, 動弾性係数試験による海氷強度の推定法. 海岸工学論文集, Vol. 37, pp. 689-693. 1990.)である。なお、図8の縦軸は動弾性係数ED(kgf/cm2)、横軸は温度(℃)、図中のS(‰)は塩分であり、図9の縦軸は一軸圧縮強度σC(kgf/cm2)、横軸は動弾性係数ED(kgf/cm2)、図中のS(‰)は塩分である。
氷強度算出手段50は、積雪深Y1によって補正した海氷Xの平均温度Tiと塩分Siから海氷Xの動弾性係数EDを求める。この動弾性係数EDを求めるにあたっては、図8に示す関係に、レーザースキャナー70で計測した海氷表面形状を加味して適用アルゴリズムが自動的に選択され、そのアルゴリズムによって自動的に動弾性係数EDが算出される。
そして、氷強度算出手段50は、求めた動弾性係数EDから一軸圧縮強度σCを算出する。
このように、真の氷厚X2と温度と塩分と形状に基づいて動弾性係数EDを求め、さらに動弾性係数EDから強度として一軸圧縮強度σCを算出することにより、遠隔から測定して得た各パラメータに基づいて、海氷Xの機械的強度の一つである一軸圧縮強度σCを正確に把握することができる。
Fig. 8 shows the relationship between ice temperature and salinity and kinematic modulus. Fig. 9 shows the relationship between ice kinematic modulus and uniaxial compressive strength (Saiki et al., Sea ice strength by kinematic modulus test. Of Coastal Engineering, Vol. 37, pp. 689-693. 1990.). The vertical axis in FIG. 8 is the dynamic elastic modulus E D (kgf / cm 2 ), the horizontal axis is the temperature (° C.), S (‰) in the figure is the salinity, and the vertical axis in FIG. 9 is the uniaxial compressive strength σ. C (kgf / cm 2 ), the horizontal axis is the dynamic elastic modulus E D (kgf / cm 2 ), and S (‰) in the figure is the salinity.
The ice strength calculating means 50 obtains the kinematic elastic modulus E D of the sea ice X from the average temperature T i and the salinity S i of the sea ice X corrected by the snow depth Y1. When obtains the dynamic modulus of elasticity E D, the relationship shown in FIG. 8, applied algorithm in consideration of ice surface profile measured by the laser scanner 70 is automatically selected, automatically dynamic modulus by the algorithm E D is calculated.
Then, the ice strength calculating means 50 calculates the uniaxial compressive strength σ C from the obtained kinematic elastic coefficient E D.
Thus, by calculating the unconfined compressive strength sigma C as strength the dynamic elastic modulus E D determined from further resilient modulus of E D based on the true ice thickness X2 and the temperature and salinity and shape, as measured from a remote Based on each parameter obtained in this way, the uniaxial compressive strength σ C which is one of the mechanical strengths of the sea ice X can be accurately grasped.
また、氷強度算出手段50は、海氷Xの平均温度Tiと塩分Siから、次式(1)を用いてブライン体積比vBを求める(Frankenstein, G.E., Equations for determining the brine volume of sea ice from-0.5 to -22.9℃. Journal of Glaciology, Vol.6, Num. 48, pp.943-944. 1967.)。
このように、真の氷厚X2と温度と塩分と形状に基づいてブライン体積比vBを求め、さらにブライン体積比vBから強度として曲げ強度σFを算出することにより、遠隔から測定して得た各パラメータに基づいて、海氷Xの機械的強度の一つである曲げ強度σFを正確に把握することができる。
Further, the ice strength calculation means 50 obtains the brine volume ratio v B from the average temperature T i and the salinity S i of the sea ice X using the following equation (1) (Frankenstein, GE, Equations for determining the brine volume of sea ice from-0.5 to -22.9 ° C. Journal of Glaciology, Vol.6, Num. 48, pp.943-944. 1967.).
As described above, the brine volume ratio v B is obtained based on the true ice thickness X 2, temperature, salinity, and shape, and further, the bending strength σ F is calculated from the brine volume ratio v B as the strength. Based on the obtained parameters, the bending strength σ F which is one of the mechanical strengths of the sea ice X can be accurately grasped.
図10は本発明の更に他の実施形態による遠隔測定体の概略構成図及びブロック図であり、(a)は概略構成図、(b)はブロック図である。なお、上記した実施例と同一機能部材には同一符号を付して説明を省略する。 10A and 10B are a schematic configuration diagram and a block diagram of a telemetry body according to still another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 10A is a schematic configuration diagram, and FIG. 10B is a block diagram. In addition, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected to the same functional member as the above-mentioned Example, and description is abbreviate | omitted.
本実施形態による遠隔測定体110は、測定体本体111を備え、測定体本体111をヘリコプター120などの移動体に吊り下げ可能に構成される。
測定体本体111は、その内部に電磁誘導センサ手段20(電磁誘導センサ21、レーザー距離計22)、積雪厚み測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計30、塩分測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計31、赤外線放射計60、レーザースキャナー70、及びGPS(Global Positioning System)80を備え、さらに、氷厚算出手段40、氷強度算出手段50、及び測定結果を記憶する記憶手段90を有するコンピュータ100を備える。
The telemetry body 110 according to the present embodiment includes a measurement body main body 111, and is configured to be able to suspend the measurement body main body 111 from a moving body such as a helicopter 120.
The measuring body 111 includes an electromagnetic induction sensor means 20 (electromagnetic induction sensor 21, laser distance meter 22), a portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness, a portable microwave radiometer 31 for measuring salinity, and an infrared radiometer. 60, a laser scanner 70, and a GPS (Global Positioning System) 80, and further includes an ice thickness calculation means 40, an ice strength calculation means 50, and a computer 100 having a storage means 90 for storing measurement results.
測定体本体111は、移動体であるヘリコプター120にスリングなどの吊具112を介して吊り下げられる。なお、測定体本体111と測定対象の海氷Xとの距離が15m程度となるように吊り下げることが測定上好ましい。
また、測定体本体111は、ヘリコプター120が安定して飛行できるように、ミサイルのような、一端が先細りになっている細長の円柱形状としているが他の形状であってもよい。
また、測定体本体111は、マイクロ波放射計30、31を内蔵するために、伝送路のホーン形状を屈折路として小型化している。
また、電磁誘導センサ21の感度は金属などの影響を受けやすい。よって、電磁誘導センサ21に対する影響を極小化するため、測定体本体111のハウジングや固定器具は可能な限り樹脂製としている。
また、測定体本体111は、ネットワークハブを内蔵し、RS−232C規格やUSB規格の接続機器等を用いて装置内に小規模LAN(Local Area Network)を構築することで、信号ケーブルや各センサの制御装置全体を軽量化し、製造コストを抑えることを可能としている。
The measuring body main body 111 is suspended from a helicopter 120 which is a moving body via a hanging tool 112 such as a sling. In addition, it is preferable in terms of measurement to suspend the measuring body main body 111 and the sea ice X to be measured so that the distance is about 15 m.
In addition, the measuring body 111 has an elongated cylindrical shape with one end tapered, such as a missile, so that the helicopter 120 can fly stably, but may have other shapes.
In addition, the measuring body main body 111 is miniaturized by using the horn shape of the transmission path as a refractive path in order to incorporate the microwave radiometers 30 and 31.
Further, the sensitivity of the electromagnetic induction sensor 21 is easily influenced by metal or the like. Therefore, in order to minimize the influence on the electromagnetic induction sensor 21, the housing and the fixture of the measuring body main body 111 are made of resin as much as possible.
The measurement body 111 has a built-in network hub, and constructs a small-scale LAN (Local Area Network) in the apparatus using a RS-232C standard or USB standard connection device. This makes it possible to reduce the weight of the entire control device and reduce the manufacturing cost.
電磁誘導センサ21は、海氷Xの底面までの距離L1を計測する。また、レーザー距離計22は、海氷Xの表面までの距離L2を計測する。そうして求めた海氷Xの底面までの距離L1と海氷Xの表面までの距離L2との差分により、みかけの氷厚X1が分かる。なお、このみかけの氷厚X1は、積雪Yの厚み(積雪深)Y1を含んでいる可能性がある。
積雪厚み測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計30は、海氷表面からの18GHz帯のマイクロ波放射を輝度温度として計測し、その輝度温度から積雪Yの厚みY1を算出する。
塩分測定用ポータブルマイクロ波放射計31は、海氷Xの表面からの7GHz帯のマイクロ波放射を輝度温度として計測し、その輝度温度から海氷Xの塩分を算出する。
赤外線放射計60は、海氷Xの表面温度を計測し直接、あるいは積雪深Y1を用いて補正し数値化する。
レーザースキャナー70は、海氷表面形状を計測し直接、あるいは積雪深Y1を用いて補正し海氷Xの形状を得る。
The electromagnetic induction sensor 21 measures a distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X. Further, the laser distance meter 22 measures a distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. The apparent ice thickness X1 can be determined from the difference between the distance L1 to the bottom surface of the sea ice X and the distance L2 to the surface of the sea ice X. The apparent ice thickness X1 may include the thickness (snow depth) Y1 of the snow cover Y.
The portable microwave radiometer 30 for measuring snow thickness measures the microwave radiation in the 18 GHz band from the surface of the sea ice as the luminance temperature, and calculates the thickness Y1 of the snow Y from the luminance temperature.
The portable microwave radiometer 31 for measuring salinity measures 7 GHz band microwave radiation from the surface of the sea ice X as a luminance temperature, and calculates the salinity of the sea ice X from the luminance temperature.
The infrared radiometer 60 measures the surface temperature of the sea ice X and corrects it or digitizes it directly or using the snow depth Y1.
The laser scanner 70 measures the surface shape of the sea ice and corrects it directly or using the snow depth Y1 to obtain the shape of the sea ice X.
コンピュータ100は、氷厚算出手段40、氷強度算出手段50を有しており、計測した各パラメータに基づいて、真の氷厚X2の算出、海氷Xの温度と塩分の補正、一軸圧縮強度σCの算出、及び曲げ強度σFの算出を行う。
また、コンピュータ100は、磁気ディスクやフラッシュメモリ等の記憶手段90を有しており、各センサからの計測値や一軸圧縮強度σC、曲げ強度σFなどと共に、GPS80から受信した位置的情報を記憶する。
また、外部コンピュータ130は、例えば船舶や洋上構造物の指令室に設置される。外部コンピュータ130は、記憶手段90に記憶した各種情報を吸い上げることができるので、必要に応じて即時に指令室から関係部署等に指示を出すことができる。
The computer 100 has an ice thickness calculation means 40 and an ice strength calculation means 50. Based on the measured parameters, the computer 100 calculates the true ice thickness X2, corrects the temperature and salinity of the sea ice X, and uniaxial compressive strength. σ C is calculated and bending strength σ F is calculated.
In addition, the computer 100 includes storage means 90 such as a magnetic disk or a flash memory, and the positional information received from the GPS 80 together with the measured values from each sensor, the uniaxial compression strength σ C , the bending strength σ F and the like. Remember.
The external computer 130 is installed in a command room of a ship or an offshore structure, for example. Since the external computer 130 can suck up various information stored in the storage unit 90, an instruction can be immediately issued from the command room to the related departments as necessary.
このように、海氷Xの氷厚・強度測定を実施するにあたり、ヘリコプター120を利用して遠隔から測定を実施することにより、地点を変えて広い範囲の氷を測定できるので、海氷Xの氷厚又は強度に関するデータを多く収集することができる。また、データがデジタル処理されているため即時的な自動計算ができる。
なお、この実施の形態においては、移動体としてはヘリコプター120を例に挙げているが、飛行機や飛行船等の航空機、また船舶や雪上車といった各種の移動体が利用可能である。
また、GPS80を遠隔測定体110の測定体本体111内に備えることで、測定地点を正確に把握できる。また、記憶手段90を遠隔測定体110の測定体本体111内に備えることで、計測後に移動経路上の任意の日時及び緯度経度における海氷Xの氷厚又は強度を得ることができる。
また、複数回の測定により同一測定地点における海氷Xの氷厚又は強度の経時的変化も把握可能となる。
As described above, when measuring the ice thickness and strength of the sea ice X, it is possible to measure ice from a wide range by changing the point by remotely measuring using the helicopter 120. A lot of data on ice thickness or strength can be collected. Moreover, since the data is digitally processed, an immediate automatic calculation can be performed.
In this embodiment, the helicopter 120 is taken as an example of the moving body, but various moving bodies such as an airplane such as an airplane or an airship, a ship or a snow vehicle can be used.
Further, by providing the GPS 80 in the measurement body main body 111 of the remote measurement body 110, the measurement point can be accurately grasped. Further, by providing the storage means 90 in the measurement body main body 111 of the remote measurement body 110, it is possible to obtain the ice thickness or strength of the sea ice X at an arbitrary date and time and latitude and longitude on the movement path after the measurement.
Moreover, it becomes possible to grasp the change over time of the ice thickness or strength of the sea ice X at the same measurement point by a plurality of measurements.
また、得られた海氷Xの氷厚や強度を、氷海域で稼動する石油生産設備、天然ガス生産設備を含む洋上構造物又は掘削船、作業船、砕氷船を含む船舶の運用又は設計に活用することにより、各設備や船舶の安全性の向上や経済性の評価に役立てることができる。 In addition, the ice thickness and strength of the obtained sea ice X are used for the operation or design of offshore structures including oil production facilities, natural gas production facilities, drilling vessels, work vessels, and icebreakers that operate in ice regions. By utilizing it, it can be used to improve the safety of each facility and ship and to evaluate the economy.
本発明によれば、任意の地点において、非接触で、氷の上に積もった雪の厚み(積雪深)を除いた氷の真の氷厚及び強度を把握することができる、遠隔氷厚測定方法、遠隔氷強度測定方法、遠隔測定方法、遠隔氷厚測定装置、遠隔氷強度測定装置、及び遠隔測定体を提供することができる。また、ヘリコプター、船舶、又は雪上車等の移動体を利用して測定することにより計測可能範囲が広く、氷の氷厚又は強度に関するデータを広範囲にわたって収集することができる。
したがって、北極海やオホーツク海といった氷海域で稼働する石油・天然ガス生産設備、又は掘削船・作業船等の船舶に対する即時的な運用支援と、系統的な設計支援を行うことができる。なお、即時的な運用支援とは、機器運用上の安全性確保のために運用者が意思決定する際に、氷荷重による危険性を定量的に評価することであり、系統的な設計支援とは、特定海域における長期間の氷況モニタリングにより設計用データを蓄積し、機器設計における耐氷性を定量的に評価することである。
According to the present invention, the remote ice thickness measurement can grasp the true ice thickness and strength of the ice excluding the thickness (snow depth) of the snow accumulated on the ice at any point without contact. A method, a remote ice strength measurement method, a remote measurement method, a remote ice thickness measurement device, a remote ice strength measurement device, and a telemetry body can be provided. Moreover, the measurable range is wide by measuring using a moving body such as a helicopter, a ship, or a snow vehicle, and data on the ice thickness or strength of ice can be collected over a wide range.
Therefore, it is possible to provide immediate operational support and systematic design support for oil and natural gas production facilities operating in ice regions such as the Arctic Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk, or vessels such as drilling vessels and work vessels. Immediate operation support refers to the quantitative evaluation of the risk of ice loads when an operator makes a decision to ensure the safety of equipment operation. Is to accumulate design data by long-term ice condition monitoring in a specific sea area and quantitatively evaluate ice resistance in equipment design.
10 遠隔氷厚測定装置
11 遠隔氷強度測定装置
20 電磁誘導センサ手段
21 電磁誘導センサ
22 レーザー距離計
30 積雪厚み測定用マイクロ波放射計
31 塩分測定用マイクロ波放射計
40 氷厚算出手段
50 氷強度算出手段
60 赤外線放射計
70 レーザースキャナー
80 GPS
90 記憶手段
110 遠隔測定体
111 測定体本体
120 移動体
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Remote ice thickness measurement apparatus 11 Remote ice strength measurement apparatus 20 Electromagnetic induction sensor means 21 Electromagnetic induction sensor 22 Laser distance meter 30 Microwave radiometer for snow thickness measurement 31 Microwave radiometer for salinity measurement 40 Ice thickness calculation means 50 Ice strength Calculation means 60 Infrared radiometer 70 Laser scanner 80 GPS
90 storage means 110 telemetry body 111 measurement body main body 120 moving body
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DK201770486A1 (en) | 2017-09-04 |
WO2016098350A1 (en) | 2016-06-23 |
RU2712969C2 (en) | 2020-02-03 |
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JP6504432B2 (en) | 2019-04-24 |
CA2970445A1 (en) | 2016-06-23 |
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