Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
  • A61K31/05—Phenols
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0014—Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/10—Anti-acne agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the novel use of a stilbene derivative for the treatment of acne vulgaris.
• Acne vulgaris (or simply acne) is a common skin condition affecting an estimated 650 million people, or 9.4% of the population, worldwide.
• the condition characterized by areas of skin with seborrhea, comedones, papules, nodules, pimples, and possible scarring, often occurs in adolescences, but may persists much further into adulthood (James. N Engl J Med, 352(14): 1463-1472, 2005).
• Adolescence is a period of high social insecurity, and the appearance of and potential scarring from acne often result in psychological issues such as reduced self-esteem, depression, or, in extreme cases, suicide (Goodman. Aust Fam Physician, 35(7):503-504, 2006; Purvis et al. J Paediatr Child Health, 42(12):793-796, 2006).
• P. acnes An immunological reaction to the gram-positive microbe Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is implicated in playing a major role in the initiation of the acute inflammatory response in patients (De Young et al. J Invest Dermatol, 83(5):394-398, 1984; Jappe et al. Br J Derm. 146(2):202-209, 2002).
• Acne treatments work by reducing sebum production by sebocytes, speeding up cell turnover, fighting bacterial infection, reducing
• Treatment of acne tends to be long and primarily focuses on the use of retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, and antibacterials - particularly oral tetracyclines and topical clindamycin.
• retinoids benzoyl peroxide
• antibacterials particularly oral tetracyclines and topical clindamycin.
• the usefulness of eradication of P. acnes a commensal bacteria found in most healthy human skin, as a primary target for therapy in acne has been questioned, and instead some are considering a model based on treatment of the inflammatory response to the bacteria (Agak et al. J Invest Dermatol, 2013).
• Inflammation is clinically associated in late stages of acne with the presence of inflamed papules and pustules and histologically by the presence of cell infiltrates in open comedones (Tanghetti, E.A. J. Clin, and Aesthetic Derm. 6(9):27-35, 2013).
• new findings have demonstrated the involvement of inflammatory mechanisms as part of the pathogenesis of early acne (Norris, J.F. and et al. Br. J. Dermatol. 118:651-659, 1988) and the evolving view is that acne should be regarded as an inflammatory disease (Stein, L.F. and et al. J. Drugs Dermatol. Suppl 6:s67-s69, 2013).
• the skin is an immunologically active organ.
• Follicular keratinocytes and sebocytes the main constituents of the pilosebaceous unit, activate the innate immune system by recognizing P. acnes.
• Both interfollicular and infundibular human keratinocytes and sebocytes can sense the presence of P. acnes as they express functional Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4 and CD14, consistent with the role of these cells in innate immunity (Song, P.I. et al. J. Invest Dermatol. 119:424-432, 2002; Selway, J.L. et al. BMC Dermatol. 13 : 10, 2013; Nagy et al.
• TLR Toll-like receptor
• P. acnes a gram-positive bacteria
• PAMPs pathogen associated molecular patterns
• PPN peptidoglycan
• LTA Lipoteichoic acid
• anti-inflammatory compounds The usefulness of commercially available purely anti-inflammatory compounds is limited due to safety concerns with respect to the prolonged use of corticosteroids, and retinoids and vitamin D analogs. Additionally anti-inflammatory treatments can have other effects on sebum production, bacterial populations, and skin turnover.
• Figure 1 shows that the transcript expression of IL-17A is inhibited with 1-day
• Figure 2 shows the dose dependent effects by 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene on IL-17A protein production.
• Figure 3 shows 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans-stilbene suppresses cytokine secretion by differentiated Thl7 cells and potently inhibits the Thl7 polarization of CD4+ T cells.
• Figure 4 shows 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans-stilbene not inhibiting sebum production.
• Figure 5 shows the apoptoic effect of 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene on primary keratinocytes.
• Figure 6 compares the results of testing 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene and resveratrol in a panel of 149 biochemical assays.
• the invention provides a method for the treatment of acne using the anti-inflammatory compound 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene (1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Another aspect of the invention is the topical application to the patient for the treatment of acne with the compound 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Another aspect of the invention is the once daily topical application to the patient for the treatment of acne with the compound 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the compound 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is useful for the topical treatment of acne.
• the compound 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is also known as 5-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl]-2-(propan-2-yl)benzene-l,3-diol, or 2-(l-Methyethyl)-5-[(lE)-2-phenylethenyl]-l,3-benzenediol, and also referred to herein as compound 1, has the following structure:
• the fungicidal activity was also identified in a PCT application filed by Agro Biotech, in WO 1995/003695.
• the compound was further described in WO 2001/042231, Welichem Biotech as a protein kinase inhibitor.
• the compound has been in development by Welichem Biotech as WBI-1001 for the treatment of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.
• Thl7 cells a distinct Th lineage originally from the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells, are potent inducers of tissue inflammation, and the hyperactivity of Thl7 cells has been implicated in a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis (Peck et al. Infect Immun, 78(l):32-38, 2010).
• Thl7 cells are characterized by the production of a distinct profile of effector cytokines including IL-17A and IL-17F.
• cytokines activate different types of cells, such as keratinocytes, leading to their hyperproliferation and further production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobial peptides, which in turn recruit and activate other immune cells in the inflamed skin, leading to amplification of the inflammatory response.
• Vitamin D and Vitamin A analogs both used in the treatment of acne, have been shown to down regulate the expression of IL-17A and IL-17F in human PBMC cells in response to P. acnes, (See Agak et al., Supra)
• one aspect of the invention is the use of an effective amount of the compound 3,5- Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of acne.
• Another aspect is a method of treating acne with an an effective amount of the compound 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a further aspect of the invention provides the compound 3,5- Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of acne.
• the present invention also provides for use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, in the treatment of acne.
• Another aspect of the invention is a method of treating acne with an an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a
• a further aspect of the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, for use in the treatment of acne.
• Another aspect of the invention is the use of 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to suppress the production of IL-17A in a mammal in need thereof.
• Another aspect of the invention is suppression of the production of IL-17A in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Another aspect of the invention is the use of 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to induce keratinocyte cell death. Keratinocyte death would reduce keratinocyte hyperproliferation and comedome formation, thereby reducing follicle blockage and subsequent sebum retention in a blocked pore.
• Another aspect of the invention is inducing keratinocyte cell death in a mammal in need thereof, comprising comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of 3,5- Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Another embodiment of the invention is the use of 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-/ra «5- stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to suppress the production of IL- 17A from cultured skin tissue challenged with a Thl7-polarizing condition.
• 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is applied topically in a concentration ranging from about 0.5% to about 5% w/w.
• 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is applied topically in a concentration of about 0.5% to about 2% w/w.
• 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is applied topically in a concentration of about 0.5%, 1%, or 2% w/w.
• 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is applied topically in a concentration of about 0.5% w/w.
• 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is applied topically in a concentration of about 1.0% w/w.
• 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is applied topically in a concentration of about 2.0% w/w.
• 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is applied topically once or twice daily to the affected areas of a patient in need thereof.
• 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is applied topically once daily to the affected areas of a patient in need thereof.
• 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is applied topically twice daily to the affected areas of a patient in need thereof.
• 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is applied topically in an amount from about 0.5% to about 5% w/w once or twice daily to the affected areas of a patient in need thereof.
• the dosing frequency to the affected area(s) may be now be dosed less frequently than previously envisioned.
• Application of the 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl- trans-sh ⁇ be , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be applied to affected areas twice daily, once daily, once every other day; twice weekly; three times weekly, or once weekly, with the dose represented by any of the embodiments herein.
• the treatment may be administered in two phases, an initial dosage frequency such as once or twice daily, followed by a maintenance phase, such as every other day; twice weekly; three times weekly, or once weekly.
• the combination of 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tra «5- stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, administered with at least one additional therapeutic agent would provide two or more drivers with different modes of action, such as antibacterial, against the acne disease.
• 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with other therapeutic treatment regimens and products will be used. Therefore, in one embodiment 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tra «5- stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is topically applied in combination with one or more secondary agents.
• отно ⁇ administering the at least one or more therapeutic compounds to a subject are well known in the art, including but not limited to topical, oral, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, rectal, otic and ocular routes.
• the administration of the second agent is topical or oral.
• the administration of the second agent is topical. It is expected that the second therapeutic agent would be also applied to the same local lesions over the body of the patient as the 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene compound.
• the secondary agent is administered in a pharmaceutically or dermatologically acceptable composition.
• suitable agents include, but not limited to, benzoyl peroxide, azelaic acid, dapsone, salicylic acid, tretinoin, adapalene, and other retinoic acid derivatives.
• combination treatment with topical antibiotics such as clindamycin phosphate, clinamycin, lincomycin, rumblemullin, mupirocin, fusidic acid, tetracycline and its derivatives (e.g.
• Second therapeutic agents for use as an oral product to be used herein include but are not limited to isotretinoin, and the orally available antibiotics such as tetracycline and its derivatives (e.g. Doxycycline, Minocycline, and Tetracycline), including extended release versions thereof, penicillin and its derivatives, and quinolone and all of its derivatives, including the fluoroquinolones class of compound. All of the various permutations of their route of adminsiteration are intended to be covered herein.
• the two or more medications may be administered together (depending upon the second therapeutic agent), sequentially, co-temperaneously or at alternative times, such as morning or night.
• the incorporation of a second therapeutic active into the same formulation, while contemplated, may be subject to the usual issues of stability and incompatibilities.
• 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-/ram , -stilbene, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be used either together at the same time while in different formulations, or used sequentially or used co-temperaneously or even administered at completely alternative times, e.g. one in the morning and one at night with the usual agents available for acne treatment.
• ⁇ refers to an increase or decrease in the amount, quality or effect of a particular activity.
• 'biological agents means complex biological molecules such as antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, proteins, polypeptides and nucleotides.
• 'acne' includes truncal acne, facial acne, scalp acne, back acne, brachial acne, antebrachial acne, or leg acne.
• a 'treatment' for, or a 'method of treating', a medical condition refers to a method of reducing, ameliorating or delaying the signs, symptoms, or progression of that medical condition.
• 'treatment' does not imply a cure.
• a treatment need not be effective in every member of a population, e.g., a population of patients with acne, to have clinical utility, as is recognized in the medical and pharmaceutical arts.
• treat means: (1) to ameliorate or prevent the condition or one or more of the biological manifestations of the condition, (2) to interfere with (a) one or more points in the biological cascade that leads to or is responsible for the condition or (b) one or more of the biological manifestations of the condition, (3) to alleviate one or more of the symptoms or effects associated with the condition, or (4) to slow the progression of the condition or one or more of the biological manifestations of the condition.
• prevention is not an absolute term. In medicine, “prevention” is understood to refer to the prophylactic administration of a drug to substantially diminish the likelihood or severity of a condition or biological manifestation thereof, or to delay the onset of such condition or biological manifestation thereof.
• pharmaceutically acceptable excipient means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle involved in giving form or consistency to the pharmaceutical composition.
• Each excipient must be compatible with the other ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition when commingled such that interactions which would substantially reduce the efficacy of the compound of the invention when administered to an individual and interactions which would result in pharmaceutical compositions that are not pharmaceutically acceptable are avoided.
• each excipient must of course be of sufficiently high purity to render it pharmaceutically-acceptable.
• Thl7 activating conditions refer to tissue culture conditions which result in the differentiation of T cells resident in the tissue into effector Thl7 helper cells.
• 'Thl7 activation' is used interchangeably with the term 'Thl7 stimulation'.
• 'subjects' and/or 'patients' includes human subjects and patients, including adult, teens and pediatric patients.
• topical application consists of or comprises application to the cutis or external integument of a subject, such as application to the epidermis of skin, including application to acne lesions.
• Appropriate vehicles and pharmaceutical carriers for use in topical application are known in the art.
• the term "pharmaceutically acceptable” means approvable by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.
• carrier refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic agent is administered.
• An 'effective amount' of the compound or agent for treatment of a disease or condition can be determined by standard clinical techniques.
• mammal includes, but is not limited to, humans, including pediatric, adult and geriatric patients.
• Experimental Section includes, but is not limited to, humans, including pediatric, adult and geriatric patients.
• Example 1 Effects of 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans-stilbene on peripheral blood derived CD4+ T cells skin-resident immune Cell cytokine production
• Stimulation of skin-resident immune cells in ex vivo human skin explants leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including but not limited to IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22, thereby providing a novel model system with which to evaluate
• test compounds to modulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was assessed using the skin-Resident Immune Cell Activation method.
• Ex vivo human skin obtained from abdominoplasty surgery was processed to remove fat and the tissue dermatomed to -750 microns. Dermatomed skin was then cleaned in two serial rinses of
• 6- well plates (1 sample per well), and the lower chamber filled with 1 mL complete media (Cornification Media) and treated with or without 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans- stilbene.
• Skin-Resident Immune Cells were activated in situ under Thl7-polarizing conditions, similar to conditions used in the literature for PBMCs. Specifically, human skin explants (triplicate samples per donor per condition) were stimulated with CD3 (2 ⁇ g/ml; clone UCHT1; BD Pharmingen) and CD28 (1 ⁇ g/ml; clone #37407; R&D Systems) antibodies in the culture medium to engage the T cell antigen receptor and provide co-stimulatory signals in the presence of Thl7-polarizing conditions, which includes neutralizing antibodies directed against IFNy (2 ⁇ ; clone #25723; R&D Systems) and JL-4 (2 ⁇ g/ml; clone #3007; R&D Systems), recombinant human (rh) cytokines from R&D
• rh IL-6 (10 ng/ml
• rh IL-lb (10 ng/ml)
• TGF (1 ng/ml
• rh IL-21 10 ng/ml
• RNA-to-CT 1 Step kit (AB Catalog # 4392938) as well as the specific TaqMan probe for each gene to be quantified.
• Applied Biosciences' Master Mix has a ROX dye internal control.
• OneStepPlus PCR machine was used for both the RT step and the 40 amplification cycles. Each gene was run in triplicate and the average Ct value used for calculating relative gene expression.
• IL-17A protein secretion was examined in peripheral blood CD4+ T cells following 5 days of culture under Thl7 polarizing conditions in the presence or absence of titrating doses of Compound 1 ( Figure 2). Supernatants were harvested at the end of the culture period and secreted protein was analyzed by Magpix (magnetic-based Luminex technology). In this experiment, IL-17A protein levels were suppressed by compound 1 in a dose-dependent manner.
• Figure 2 shows the dose dependent effects by compound 1 on IL-17A protein levels from Thl7-polarized peripheral blood T cells.
• compound 1 to suppress IL-17A in challenged ex vivo skin and peripheral blood CD4+ T cells supports the claim that compound 1 would be efficacious in the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions that require IL-17A secretion such as acne.
• Example 2 Effect of 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tm ⁇ -stilbene on Thl7 polarized cells and on Thl7 cell differentiation
• CD4+ T cells were purchased from AllCells LLC as frozen vials.
• Figure 3 shows 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tram , -stilbene suppresses cytokine secretion by differentiated Thl7 cells and potently inhibits the Thl7 polarization of CD4+ T cells.
• CD4+ T cells were differentiated to the Thl7 subtype by culturing for 5 days in vessels coated with anti-CD3 antibody (2 ⁇ g/mL) in Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium (EVIDM) containing 10% HI-FBS, 55 ⁇ ⁇ - ⁇ , soluble anti-CD28 (3 ⁇ g/mL) and a Thl7 cytokine/anti-cytokine antibody cocktail of IL- ⁇ (10 ng/mL), IL-6 (30 ng/mL), TGFP (0.5 ng/mL), IL-21 (10 ng/mL), IL-23 (10 ng/mL), anti-IFNy (10 ⁇ g/mL) and anti-IL-4 (10 ⁇ g/mL), essentially as described by Yang et al.
• EIDM Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium
• Thl7 polarization cocktail constituents were seeded at low cell density (20,000 cells/well) directly into anti-CD3 coated round bottom 96-well plates already containing serially diluted compounds and cultured undisturbed for 5 days.
• Example 3 The effect of 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tm ⁇ -stilbene on lipogenesis in sebocytes.
• Sebocyte Labeling Medium containing 1 ⁇ T0901317 and original treatments or vehicle plus 1 ⁇ insulin.
• 2 ul of 14C-acetate was added per well and the plate incubated for 4 hours.
• lOul of CTB reagent was added per well for normalization.
• Incubation was continued for the remaining 2 hours and plates were read at Ex. 560 Em.590 for CTB signal.
• Cells were then washed, trypsinized and transferred to glass vials for lipid extraction. The results are expressed as % lipid production relative to control (LXR+Insulin group).
• Figure 4 the data represent % inhibition relative to control (LXR+Insulin group). Data are represented as Mean ⁇ SEM. Data are from 3 replicates.
• Example 4 The effect of 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tm ⁇ -stilbene on keratinocyte viability
• keratinocytes Primary human keratinocytes were cultured in EpiLife medium containing HKGS growth supplement and seeded in tissue culture plates at 250,000 cells per plate. On the next day, the culture medium was removed and keratinocytes were then treated with culture medium containing vehicle control (DMSO) or increasing concentrations of Compound 1 (1, 10, 30 uM). After 48 hours of culture, keratinocytes were removed from tissue culture plates and cell viability was assessed by staining for apoptotic markers (annexin V and propidium iodide) using flow cytometry. The percentage of viable keratinocytes was quantitated as cells that did not stain for both apoptotic markers.
• apoptotic markers annexin V and propidium iodide
• Bacterial strains utilized to evaluate this concept of antibacterial synergy were the clinical isolates P. acnes 6601, 6602, AN24, 100372, and reference strain ATCC6919. These were received from the internal culture GSK collection held by the Infectious Disease CEDD at the Upper Buffalo site. Bacteria inocula were prepared, and the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were conducted on supplemented Brucella blood agar as described for the CLSI guideline method (Bhate, K. et al. Brit. J. Derm. 168:474- 485, 2013). Briefly, diluted antibacterials were added to tempered molten agar and aseptically poured into petri dishes and allowed to solidify.
• MIC minimal inhibitory concentration
• bacterial colonies were suspended and adjusted for turbidity equivalent to a 0.5 MacFarland standard.
• turbidity equivalent to a 0.5 MacFarland standard One-two microliters of inoculums were placed on each antibiotic containing agar plate and allowed to absorb for 30 min. Plates were then inverted and incubated anaerobically for 48-72 hours before observation for growth. The lowest drug concentration which inhibited bacterial growth was designated as the MIC.
• Example 6 Biological profile of 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-tm ⁇ -stilbene differs from that of corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, vitamin D analogs, and a retinoic acid receptor antagonist
• the BioMAPTM Diversity Plus System employed included 12 assay systems which utilize specific combinations of human cells (endothelial cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, B cells, epithelial cells, T cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, keratinocytes and smooth muscle cells) stimulated with selected agents to mimic different disease states which activate multiple disease-relevant signaling pathways.
• a total of 148 phenotypic readouts (assays) were measured during this study.
• Compound 1 demonstrated its ability to modulate more than 25 biomarkers responsible for inflammatory, immune function, tissue remodeling and anti-proliferative activities, at one or more test concentration employed in this study.

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