WO2016034937A2 - A process of restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation or requiring biological recultivation and a mineral fertilizer especially for the purpose of land recultivation and a method for manufacturing the same - Google Patents
A process of restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation or requiring biological recultivation and a mineral fertilizer especially for the purpose of land recultivation and a method for manufacturing the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2016034937A2 WO2016034937A2 PCT/IB2015/001518 IB2015001518W WO2016034937A2 WO 2016034937 A2 WO2016034937 A2 WO 2016034937A2 IB 2015001518 W IB2015001518 W IB 2015001518W WO 2016034937 A2 WO2016034937 A2 WO 2016034937A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- wastes
- vegetation
- plants
- recultivation
- fertilizer
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 134
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000003818 cinder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000017 hydrogel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000010812 mixed waste Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000000050 nutritive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000001955 cumulated effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001502 supplementing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002366 mineral element Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 53
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 24
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 21
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000002361 compost Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002154 agricultural waste Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000012255 calcium oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009264 composting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010816 packaging waste Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011111 cardboard Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010791 domestic waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 239000003845 household chemical Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008635 plant growth Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004476 plant protection product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009469 supplementation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010784 textile waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011777 Corchorus aestuans Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000000491 Corchorus aestuans Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010862 Corchorus capsularis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical class S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000061176 Nicotiana tabacum Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000009298 Trigla lyra Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010828 animal waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010796 biological waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013590 bulk material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940043430 calcium compound Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001674 calcium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002090 carbon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000018927 edible plant Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012041 food component Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011194 food seasoning agent Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012994 industrial processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004807 localization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010847 non-recyclable waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010893 paper waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
- A01G13/0256—Ground coverings
- A01G13/0262—Mulches, i.e. covering material not-pre-formed in mats or sheets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/40—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving thermal treatment, e.g. evaporation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers
- C05F11/02—Other organic fertilisers from peat, brown coal, and similar vegetable deposits
- C05F11/04—Horticultural earth from peat
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/20—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having rotating or oscillating drums
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
- F23G7/001—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals for sludges or waste products from water treatment installations
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
- F23G7/10—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of field or garden waste or biomasses
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G2013/004—Liquid mulch
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C2101/00—In situ
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G2201/00—Pretreatment
- F23G2201/70—Blending
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G2201/00—Pretreatment
- F23G2201/80—Shredding
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G2203/00—Furnace arrangements
- F23G2203/20—Rotary drum furnace
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for incinerators
- F23G2900/50401—Drying waste by mixing with drying chemicals, e.g. with CaO
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/28—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture specially adapted for farming
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/12—Heat utilisation in combustion or incineration of waste
Definitions
- the invention relates to a process for restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation or requiring biological recultivation and a mineral fertilizer especially for the purpose of land recultivation and also a method for manufacturing the same.
- the present invention provides a valuable mineral fertilizer obtainable out of segregated and sorted wastes, in particular municipal wastes that are unsuitable for a direct use as a soil-forming material.
- the present invention allows also to convert sandy or dusty deserted areas both naturally occurring and post-industrial. It is also possible to utilize the present process for recultivation of barren land in order to restore biological vegetation on terrains polluted in effect of failures of the systems for transportation of crude oil, petroleum products or other chemicals - pipelines or tank trucks, resulted from environmental disasters or communication catastrophes.
- the recultivated land may be reclaimed for agricultural use intended for industrial crops and even for edible plants.
- the process for recultivation of land according to the present invention is to be used for creation of public recreation grounds or green lawn areas around individual dwelling houses and public buildings located within the terrains unfavorable for plant vegetation.
- Segregation and sorting of wastes increases efficiency of utilization of available wastes and effectively broadens areas of use of materials obtained in the course of processing of initially sorted wastes.
- the waste comprising various fibrous materials are utilized for producing a bulk material to be used as recultivation soil-forming mass to be spread on the terrain reclaimed for plant growth, although sometimes they do not meet respective ecological and phytosanitary standards. It happens that from some batches of wastes mercaptans (thiols) are evolved. Other batches may contain same harmful or even hazardous amounts of chemical substances, that might have contribute to further degradation of the environment.
- Incineration plants provide heating energy for municipal and industrial facilities.
- the municipal wastes may be supplemented with solid industrial wastes and coal mining wastes in order to increase the energetic value of the resulting mixed material and its briquettability.
- they are however subjected to a limited initial processing only that aims to facilitate transportation of such a raw material intended for combustion in a distant industrial plants.
- Various waste management methods are covered by numerous patents, among others Polish patents Nos.
- the present invention provides a complex solution of a number of problems related to the protection of the natural environment and to the acquisition of renewable energy sources. It enables utilization of a number of waste products troublesome for the environment and converting them into a product valuable for the economy. Energy production during combustion of the wastes processed is the main advantage of the present invention. Further benefits result from utilization of the cinder as a mineral fertilizer, especially for the purpose of land recultivation, preferably in a process for restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation that is also an important issue proving a high utility of the now proposed solutions.
- Fig. 1 presents a diagram illustrating manufacturing of mineral fertilizer out of wastes
- Fig. 2 illustrates a process for restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation or requiring biological recultivation.
- the variety of various minerals in cinders used in a manufacturing of the mineral fertilizer according to the invention is far more plenteous. After testing various samples it is possible to state that under comparable climate environment, at comparable recultivated fields, the plants on a soil-forming layer supplemented with the fertilizer according to the present invention were growing - with respect to the height, in the manner comparable to the plants planted on the soil-forming layer supplemented with traditional artificial fertilizers, while the mass of leaves and stalks of the experimental plants was slightly higher than the traditionally cultivated plants of the same kind.
- a stabilizate means a solid (waste) product obtained after biological processing of wastes in industrial installation for mechanical & biological processing of wastes; the product neither meets the requirements set for organic fertilizers nor the requirements for additives supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation - translator's remark], which in spite of the applied processing process is still a waste product, in combination with waste fibrous mass that is unsuitable for a direct use in land recultivation, usually have a high energetic value, reaching about 15-19 GJ/t.
- Such wastes after appropriate configuration in the first phase of utilization in accordance with the present invention are treated as an energy resource. In the process of combustion of such wastes it is possible to gain a significant energy surplus.
- a cinder(s) that in accordance with the present invention may be supplemented - after conducting respective analysis, with the microelements that are missing therein.
- the cinder free from the above mentioned undesired compounds is supplemented with missing components that are characteristic for fertilizers.
- a scale of the supplementation with such additives depends on a composition of recultivation fibrous mass intended to be fertilized and may be completed when the mass is already spread on the terrain to be recultivated or during preparation of the recultivation mass. After the recultivation mass is spread on the ground and the seedlings of plants are already planted or the seeds are sown in the ground, it is necessary to apply trickle (drop-wise) irrigation on the whole recultivated terrain until rooting of plants is completed. Such a process - taken as a whole, is effective and economically acceptable in the regions of hot and dry climate. It is preferred to conduct watering with the colloidal solution fertilizer-water.
- the present method for manufacturing a mineral fertilizer is highly economical due to a specific combination of energy production by means of thermal utilization of selected municipal wastes with use of solid remainings of combustion process in form of cinder(s) and flue gas dust.
- This solid product the composition of which may be supplemented with the missing nutritional components, becomes an excellent mineral fertilizer, providing the plants with needed and necessary mineral components, microelements and salts enhancing plant's vegetation.
- Wastes segregation and selection process is needed at waste dump stations - modem facilities are able to segregate wastes according to colors;
- the obtained cinder(s) should be grinded, preferably crashed with vibrating rolls down to a small grain size ranges - the test samples are soaked with clean water in order to perform chemical analysis aiming to detect presence of individual chemical compounds;
- a laboratory located next to the fertilizer manufacturing facilities shall issue a certificate admitting the cinders(s) for use as a fertilizing product under crops or other plants.
- the solution according to the present invention allow for utilization of the while range of chemical content of wastes, which thus far were neither used nor processed.
- wastes of unidentified origin or composition are stored in specially arranged landfills - in basins isolated from the native ground by means of HDPE foil, and thus are irretrievably lost.
- the technology now proposed allows for utilization of wastes (including their energetic value), which are unsuitable for other uses or simple recycling in 96 %.
- they are burned in special grate or fluid boilers at the temperature above 1200°C, together with additives that stabilize combustion process.
- Some additives are intended to bind combustion products into valuable and plant friendly biological values.
- spectrometers are installed and used for continuous dosing of the programmed additives and also coal, limestone and the like, which may have also a catalytic effect. Thermal processing is run sequentially.
- the hot grate there is continuously fed a stream of chipped and sorted wastes free from fluorescent lightings, energy saving light bulbs, batteries of all types, medicaments, household chemicals and other components comprising plant protection products etc.
- the chipped wastes mixed with other components foreseen by the present invention are brought to the furnace by a belt conveyer or through a pipeline with a feed screw.
- powdered limestone or grinded calcium oxide (quick lime) is added in a quantity of 40 kg per 800 kg waste material.
- a very fine grain coal in order to increase an energetic value of burned materials but at the same time evolved carbon oxide may bind other chemical bonds that were cracked during combustion.
- the wastes fed to combustion process comprise also crude municipal centrifuged sewage water sediments in a quantity of 5-20% by weight and/or CaO or Ca(OH) 2 in a quantity of up to 2% by weight and/or bitumen sheeting wastes in a quantity of up to 20% by weight and/or agricultural wastes in form of straw in a quantity of up to 20% by weight and/or binding agent preferably bitumen binding adhesive in a quantity of up to 5 % by weight and/or very fine grain coal and/or fine grain coal in a quantity of 30-50% by weight.
- a method for manufacturing a product for energy plants and simultaneously a cinder for use as mineral fertilizer on the basis of waste materials, municipal and industrial wastes and bio-mass, according to the invention is characterized in that selected municipal and industrial wastes, preferably mechanically processed cellulose wastes in a quantity of up to 40% by weight, selected municipal and industrial fibrous wastes consisting of textiles and natural and/or artificial fibers in a quantity of up to 30% by weight, polyethylene foil wastes in a quantity of up to 20% by weight, domestic and household bio-mass in a quantity of up to 30% by weight, forestry and agriculture wastes of plant origin and/or agricultural wastes excluding straw and/or wastes originating from processing of plant products, including wood and timber in a quantity of 15-40% by weight, are mixed and chipped down to grain size of 1-100 mm in a shredder and next in a high speed mill with rotating blades, and a resulting mixture is further mixed and grinded in a drying and grinding facilities up to the particle size of 1-100 mm.
- agricultural wastes in form of straw are added in a quantity of up to 20% by weight and/or bitumen sheeting wastes in a quantity of up to 20% by weight.
- a method according to the invention in the drying and grinding facilities in addition to a chipped down mixture, also crude municipal centrifuged sewage water sediments are added in a quantity of 5-20% and/or CaO or Ca(OH) 2 in a quantity of up to 2% by weight and/or very fine grain coal and/or fine grain coal in a quantity of 30-50% by weight.
- the grinded mixture exiting from the drying and grinding facilities which mixture comprises in its composition the agricultural wastes in form of straw is subjected to at least a 48 h seasoning before feeding it to power boilers in order to ensure uniform moisture content in the whole mass, up to a level of 30-50%).
- the fertilizer (fertilizing product) according to the invention used for supplementation of the recultivation mass is obtained exclusively on the basis various types of selected cellulose municipal and/or industrial wastes, selected fibrous municipal and/or industrial wastes consisting of textiles and natural and/or artificial fibers, domestic and household bio- mass, polyethylene foil wastes, forestry and agriculture wastes of plant origin, as well as the wastes comprising straw originating from processing of plant products, including wood and timber, as well as crude municipal centrifuged sewage water sediments.
- the cinder(s) obtained in effect of combustion are grinded with crushed with rolls into powder and soaked with water. The solution resulting after two hour of soaking is analyzed in order to confirm a possible presence of aggressive compounds. Such compounds - if present are neutralized with alkaline compounds, usually with calcium compounds.
- the composition of the obtained fertilizer is characterized by a high content of various chemical compounds that are needed for plant growth, especially in dry terrains (sandy and dusty deserted areas where the recultivation fibrous mass was spread).
- the plants sown/planted in the ground at the spots of recultivated land are selected according to the geographic localization of the land, climate prevailing there and the composition of the native ground within the terrain.
- the fertilizer manufactured in accordance with the invention is added to the recultivation fibrous mass utilized in the process for or restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation or requiring biological recultivation, in a quantity of 3.5 to 13% by weight.
- the invention covers also a process for restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation or requiring biological recultivation, wherein
- a surface of a native ground is covered with a basic layer of semi-liquid recultivation mass prepared on a basis of waste fibrous materials, the layer having thickness of several to several dozens centimeters;
- the basic layer is covered with a top layer of dry mass prepared on a basis of waste fibrous materials, the layer having thickness of several to several dozens centimeters and comprising a hydrogel, adsorbents, as well as plant seeds optionally enveloped with symbiotic mycelium and/or microorganism strains, adjusted to climatic conditions, the character and nature of the native ground, further comprising additives supporting and enhancing vegetation of those plants; and next
- the mineral fertilizer according to the invention used as the additive supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation, is added in a quantity of up to 30% by weight, preferably in a quantity of 3.5 to 13% by weight, calculated on the basis of the top layer weight.
- the fertilizer according to the invention used as the additive supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation is spread at the recultivated spot of land as a separate layer having thickness of 5-10 mm, situated between the basic layer and the top layer composed of fibrous mass, having thickness of 40-70 mm, and subsequently the thus formed layers are wetted with water.
- the basic layer prepared on the basis waste fibrous materials in accordance with the invention is in form of semi-liquid cellulose mass made of chipped cellulose waste products in a quantity of up to 80% by volume and of aqueous (colloid) solution of water soluble chemical compounds contained in the cinder(s) forming the fertilizer, while the top layer prepared on the basis of waste fibrous materials is in form of chipped fibrous waste materials composed of textiles and natural and/or artificial fibers in a quantity of up to 80% by volume, chipped cellulose waste materials, including waste packaging products in a quantity of up to 80% by volume, adsorbents in a quantity of up to 30% by volume, and additionally a hydrogel in a quantity ensuring the rate of 50-200 g of hydrogel per 1 m 2 of the terrain when the top layer is spread thereon, the hydrogel being uniformly distributed in the whole bulk of that layer.
- an aqueous colloidal solution is used, said solution being obtained by soaking the fertilizer in form of cinder(s) and/or flue gas dust resulting from combustion of the above indicated wastes in water and subjected to the analysis of chemical composition before use, while the remaining solid combustion products are chemically supplemented and shaped by means of compressing into sticks, pellets or other forms slowing down a release of components supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation from the fertilizer.
- the additive supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation is mainly the semi-dry mineral fertilizer, obtained after separation of the colloidal solution.
- the semi-dry mineral fertilizer obtained after separation of the colloidal solution.
- plant seeds and/or plant seeds and plants enveloped with symbiotic microorganism strains are added. It is possible to use mycelium stripes strains known as Effective Microorganisms - EM, naturally active (EMa), adjusted to climatic conditions, the character and nature of the native ground and the selected seeds and plants.
- Watering and the degree of wetness of both layers of recultivation mass are controlled according to the plants' vegetation phase, both the sown and planted plants, as well as to the climatic and atmospheric conditions.
- Terrains affected by ecological disasters, polluted in particular with crude oil or petroleum products or else with other chemicals, are subjected according to the present invention to restoration process in such a way that after removal of the polluted surface soil layer, the thus excavated surface of a native ground is covered with a basic layer of recultivation mass prepared on a basis of waste fibrous materials, a after its hardening the basic layer is covered with a top layer of dry recultivation mass supplemented with the mineral fertilizer manufactured in accordance with the present invention out of the wastes that are unsuitable for a direct used as a soil-forming material. Subsequently, the grass seeds are sown onto the top layer or within the area trees and bushes are planted, depending on the intended use of the terrain after recultivation.
- Example 1 Example 1
- a chipped mass of wastes that are unsuitable for a direct use as a soil-forming material was transmitted by means of belt conveyer to an operating hot furnace with moving grates, to the temperature of 1220°C.
- 1 kg of the obtained cinder(s) was soaked in water in 2 : 1 ratio with stirring. After 3 h the solution was agitated again and after sedimentation of solids, the solution was analyzed. The analysis has confirmed that the standards concerning the heavy metals content were met.
- the remaining part of cinder(s) was also soaked with water and mixed with a fibrous recultivation mass intended of biological recultivation of sandy and dusty native ground.
- the basic layer was spread directly on the surface of sandy native ground as a first (bottom) layer having thickness of 10-15 cm.
- the employed recultivation mass was a semi-liquid cellulose mass prepared on the basis of chipped waste cellulose products in a quantity of up to 80% by volume.
- the aqueous colloidal solution comprising the water soluble components of the fertilizer obtained in the above combustion process formed the remaining part of the mass.
- the semi-liquid cellulose mass may be prepared on a basis of chipped municipal cellulose wastes, post-production cellulose wastes, waste-paper, cardboard packaging of drinks including multi-layer and multi-material packaging wastes, such as Tetra Pak packaging wastes and other cellulose wastes.
- the second (top) layer having thickness of several to 6-8 cm, formed of a recultivation mass prepared on the basis fibrous materials comprising the remainings of cinder(s) mixed with chipped fibrous wastes composed of textiles and natural and artificial fibers in a quantity of 65% by volume, chipped cellulose waste products in a quantity of 15% by volume and addition of hydrogel in a quantity of 150 g per 2 m 2 .
- the area was wetted according to the prevailing atmospheric conditions.
- the fertilizer could optionally be sown in amount of 50 g of the dry fertilizer per 1 m 2 of recultivated ground.
- To the watering pipes the aqueous colloidal solution of cinders was fed.
- Example 1 The batch of wastes that were unsuitable for a direct use as a soil- forming material and for spreading directly on the dusty native ground was subjected to incineration at the cement factory, and the thus obtained cinder was analyzed in a way described in Example 1. Next, it was wet mixed with the same fibrous mass supplemented with hydrogel and with a grass seed mixture and subsequently spread on the surface of the ground to form a layer having thickness of 5-10 cm. Additionally it was wetted with a clean water.
- the bottom (basic) layer was prepared and spread as in Example 1 , in form of a semi- liquid cellulose recultivation mass, prepared on the basis of chipped waste cellulose products - as described in Example 1 , in a quantity of 75% by volume, comprising an addition of waste plant material and/or forestry waste biological products, urban bush and tree cutting waste products and/or tobacco refuse and wastes in a quantity of 15% by volume.
- the resulting grinded mixture was subsequently further mixed together with an addition of 20% by weight of a powdered cinder (s).
- a powdered cinder s
- the batch of wastes consisting of 40% of fibrous mass, 30% of stabilizate, 30% fermented and stabilized sediments of sewage waters, was subjected to combustion in rotating furnaces.
- the resulting cinders were analyzed and the tests performed indicated that standards concerning the heavy metals content were not met.
- the cinder was combined with another batch of contaminated wastes in the following proportion: 70% of fibrous mass and 30% of the cinder.
- the resulting mixed cinder(s) and the resulting mixed conglomerate were spread on the surface of landfill to be recultivated forming a layer having thickness of 8-15 cm. At the lot of the thus prepared terrain a mixture of grass seeds was sown in the ground and bush seedlings were planted.
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a process for restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation or requiring biological recultivation,, wherein the surface of a native ground is covered with a basic layer of semi-liquid recultivation mass prepared on a basis of waste fibrous materials, the layer having thickness of several to several dozens centimeters; in that basic layer there are watering pipes uniformly distributed; after its hardening the basic layer is covered with a top layer of dry mass prepared on a basis of waste fibrous materials, the layer having thickness of several to several dozens centimeters and comprising a hydrogel, adsorbents, as well as plant seeds optionally enveloped with symbiotic mycelium and/or microorganism strains, adjusted to climatic conditions, the character and nature of the native ground, further comprising additives supporting and enhancing vegetation of those plants; and next on the surface of the thus prepared top layer, remaining plant seeds are sown and/or the plants to be cultivated or seedlings thereof are planted; and the degree of wetness of both layers is controlled according to the plants' vegetation phase and climatic conditions prevailing at the recultivated spot of land According to the invention as the additive supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation, there is used a fertilizer in form of cinder(s) and flue gas dust from high temperature process of combustion of pre-segregated and sorted, properly chipped and mixed wastes, in particular municipal wastes, that are unsuitable for a direct use as a soil-forming material, optionally with an addition of very fine grain coal and chemical compounds neutralizing aggressive substances, supplemented with missing nutritive components. The fertilizer is obtained in result of combustion of the above indicated wastes in temperature of minimum 1200°C. The invention relates also to a method for manufacturing a mineral fertilizer, especially for the purpose of land recultivation, in which the properly pre-segregated and sorted, chipped and mixed wastes that are unsuitable for a direct use as a soil-forming material, are subjected to incineration and the thus obtained - and positively verified in the course of respective chemical analysis, cinder(s) and flue gas dust free from any substance adversely affecting natural environment and plants' vegetation are optionally supplemented with missing mineral components, while the heat energy resulting from combustion of pre-segregated and sorted wastes is either utilized directly for the purpose of municipal and/or industrial heating, or cumulated for the future municipal and/or industrial heating purposes.
Description
A process for restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation or requiring biological recultivation and a mineral fertilizer especially for the purpose of land recultivation and a method for manufacturing the same
The invention relates to a process for restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation or requiring biological recultivation and a mineral fertilizer especially for the purpose of land recultivation and also a method for manufacturing the same. The present invention provides a valuable mineral fertilizer obtainable out of segregated and sorted wastes, in particular municipal wastes that are unsuitable for a direct use as a soil-forming material. The present invention allows also to convert sandy or dusty deserted areas both naturally occurring and post-industrial. It is also possible to utilize the present process for recultivation of barren land in order to restore biological vegetation on terrains polluted in effect of failures of the systems for transportation of crude oil, petroleum products or other chemicals - pipelines or tank trucks, resulted from environmental disasters or communication catastrophes. In some specific instances, the recultivated land may be reclaimed for agricultural use intended for industrial crops and even for edible plants. However, usually the process for recultivation of land according to the present invention is to be used for creation of public recreation grounds or green lawn areas around individual dwelling houses and public buildings located within the terrains unfavorable for plant vegetation.
Artificial fertilizers used thus far in land recultivation processes are available in commerce. Such fertilizers are employed in the solutions known from the patent No. PL 213509 and the Polish patent application No. P.394653.
Industrial, agricultural, forestry and municipal wastes form a material heterogeneous to a great extend. Frequently, it contains valuable components suitable for recycling or for industrial processing. Such components are frequently utilized as an energy source (for combustion) or as an organic material suitable for composting.
Segregation and sorting of wastes increases efficiency of utilization of available wastes and effectively broadens areas of use of materials obtained in the course of processing of initially sorted wastes.
The waste comprising various fibrous materials are utilized for producing a bulk material to be used as recultivation soil-forming mass to be spread on the terrain reclaimed for plant growth, although sometimes they do not meet respective ecological and phytosanitary standards. It happens that from some batches of wastes mercaptans (thiols) are evolved. Other batches may contain same harmful or even hazardous amounts of chemical substances, that might have contribute to further degradation of the environment.
Some fractions of organic municipal wastes and a part of inorganic municipal wastes are turned into compost, by means of technological process carried out in an anaerobic environment, mainly in sealed (closed) chambers. Such a compost production is expensive, while the quality of the product thus obtained is not satisfactory. In spite of the employed
processing technology, the resulting compost still is a waste material that is not suitable for use in recultivation processes as a soil-forming layer.
At present, disposed municipal wastes and a significant part of industrial, agricultural and forestry wastes - in the countries other than those highly industrialized, in 98 % end-up at the landfills. These are animal wastes, wastes of plant origin, domestic and household wastes, paper, cardboard and plastic packaging wastes, as well as textile wastes that are unsuitable for recycling due to the presence of various contaminations, and also contaminated industrial wastes such as working and protective clothes, textile wastes from textile industry, residual materials from upholstery workshops and wastes from workshops scrapping the crashed and old cars. Till the present times, such disposed wastes are irretrievably lost.
The most popular solution allowing utilization of non-recyclable wastes and the wastes unsuitable for composting is combustion of such wastes regarded as a renewable energy source. Incineration plants provide heating energy for municipal and industrial facilities. The municipal wastes may be supplemented with solid industrial wastes and coal mining wastes in order to increase the energetic value of the resulting mixed material and its briquettability. Frequently, they are however subjected to a limited initial processing only that aims to facilitate transportation of such a raw material intended for combustion in a distant industrial plants. Various waste management methods are covered by numerous patents, among others Polish patents Nos. PL 176529, PL 180555, PL 189243, PL 196620, PL 206204, PL 206166, as well as by the published Polish patent applications Nos. P.303083, P.309476, P.381786 and other. According to those solutions wastes from food processing industry, wood working and forestry wastes (in admixture with municipal wastes, dried sewage waters, petroleum product wastes resulting from ecological disasters and optionally mining industry wastes and solid fossil fuel wastes) are processed into a raw material for energy plants and also into a renewable energy source for municipal and industrial use.
It is an aim of the invention to provide solutions allowing for utilization of mineral components comprised in the segregated and sorted wastes, in particular in municipal wastes, that are unsuitable for a direct use as a soil-forming material, which solutions not only allow to utilize the energetic value of the waste materials, serving as a fuel for various users, but also allow recovery of a full scope of mineral components present in those materials and their use for restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation or requiring biological.
The aim was achieved by providing the solutions defined in the appended claims, wherein independent claim 1 is directed to a process for restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation or requiring biological recultivation, claim 7 is directed to a mineral fertilizer, especially for the purpose of land recultivation, claim 9 relates to a method for manufacturing the mineral fertilizer according to the invention, while dependent claims define [referred variants of the present solutions.
The present invention provides a complex solution of a number of problems related to the protection of the natural environment and to the acquisition of renewable energy sources. It enables utilization of a number of waste products troublesome for the environment and converting them into a product valuable for the economy. Energy production during combustion of the wastes processed is the main advantage of the present invention. Further
benefits result from utilization of the cinder as a mineral fertilizer, especially for the purpose of land recultivation, preferably in a process for restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation that is also an important issue proving a high utility of the now proposed solutions.
The invention is described below in more detail way and with reference to the drawings, wherein Fig. 1 presents a diagram illustrating manufacturing of mineral fertilizer out of wastes and Fig. 2 illustrates a process for restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation or requiring biological recultivation.
It is known that municipal wastes include in their chemical composition all the components and micro-elements required for plant vegetation. Such wastes at landfills and during the composting process are mineralized and full utilization of the same is very important for economics. In one aspect, there is a high demand for the components and microelements during restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation or requiring biological recultivation. Thus far, recultivation materials used in soil-forming layers during restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation were - before sowing of plants and during plants growth, were supplemented with artificial fertilizers. Levels of minerals' content in such artificial fertilizers are comparable to the composition of mineral fertilizer according to the invention, manufactured through combustion of selected municipal wastes and some industrial wastes.
The variety of various minerals in cinders used in a manufacturing of the mineral fertilizer according to the invention is far more plenteous. After testing various samples it is possible to state that under comparable climate environment, at comparable recultivated fields, the plants on a soil-forming layer supplemented with the fertilizer according to the present invention were growing - with respect to the height, in the manner comparable to the plants planted on the soil-forming layer supplemented with traditional artificial fertilizers, while the mass of leaves and stalks of the experimental plants was slightly higher than the traditionally cultivated plants of the same kind.
In the prior art, when municipal wastes are processed big quantities of compost are produced, said compost is however useless as a material for a soil-forming layer in restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation, due to inadequate composition of the compost. Utilization of such batches of bio-mass in combustion process leads to recovery of additional lot of energy and in a final phase - after incineration and treatment in accordance with the present invention, results in obtaining a mineral fertilizer, which in its chemical composition does not differ form the composition of traditional artificial fertilizer produced in specialized production plants.
A stabilizate [the term "stabilizate" means a solid (waste) product obtained after biological processing of wastes in industrial installation for mechanical & biological processing of wastes; the product neither meets the requirements set for organic fertilizers nor the requirements for additives supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation - translator's remark], which in spite of the applied processing process is still a waste product, in combination with waste fibrous mass that is unsuitable for a direct use in land recultivation, usually have a high energetic value, reaching about 15-19 GJ/t. Such wastes after appropriate configuration in the first phase of utilization in accordance with the present invention are treated as an energy resource. In the process of combustion of such wastes it is possible to
gain a significant energy surplus. It has to be noted that due to the presence therein of undesired compounds - mainly heavy metals, the resulting cinders are unsuitable for use as fertilizing product for agricultural and recreation areas. It is especially the case when in the waste mass intended for combustion there will be present batteries, electronic and electric appliances, elements of fluorescent lightings, household chemicals or plant protection products - the pesticides.
Combustion of the selected wastes results in obtaining - beside the heat energy, a cinder(s) that in accordance with the present invention may be supplemented - after conducting respective analysis, with the microelements that are missing therein.
The cinder free from the above mentioned undesired compounds is supplemented with missing components that are characteristic for fertilizers. A scale of the supplementation with such additives depends on a composition of recultivation fibrous mass intended to be fertilized and may be completed when the mass is already spread on the terrain to be recultivated or during preparation of the recultivation mass. After the recultivation mass is spread on the ground and the seedlings of plants are already planted or the seeds are sown in the ground, it is necessary to apply trickle (drop-wise) irrigation on the whole recultivated terrain until rooting of plants is completed. Such a process - taken as a whole, is effective and economically acceptable in the regions of hot and dry climate. It is preferred to conduct watering with the colloidal solution fertilizer-water.
The present method for manufacturing a mineral fertilizer is highly economical due to a specific combination of energy production by means of thermal utilization of selected municipal wastes with use of solid remainings of combustion process in form of cinder(s) and flue gas dust. This solid product, the composition of which may be supplemented with the missing nutritional components, becomes an excellent mineral fertilizer, providing the plants with needed and necessary mineral components, microelements and salts enhancing plant's vegetation.
In order to achieve the aims of the present invention and correctly reduce the disclosed processes to practice it is necessary to follow a number of procedural rules, also at the stages preceding those that are part of the processes according to the present invention:
1. The wastes have to be segregated on the spot, where they are produced - ecological consciousness of people is needed;
2. Wastes segregation and selection process is needed at waste dump stations - modem facilities are able to segregate wastes according to colors;
3. Evaluation of suitability of selected wastes to various uses;
4. Redirection and forwarding the wastes for energetic utilization in accordance with the present invention;
5. Use of appropriate facilities (furnace) for thermal annihilation of wastes, that are to be able to maintain a constant stable temperature - preferred are furnaces with rotating grates;
6. Full and complete control of the combustion processes is needed - besides of temperature control it is necessary to install filters in the channels passed by the flue gas in order the solid particles to be trapped thereon, to complete burning in order to
oxidize all open chemical bonds, to bind, neutralize, reduce or oxidize those chemical compounds that adversely affect natural environment and/or plant's vegetation, to the safe compounds neutral to the environment and plants' growth;
7. The obtained cinder(s) should be grinded, preferably crashed with vibrating rolls down to a small grain size ranges - the test samples are soaked with clean water in order to perform chemical analysis aiming to detect presence of individual chemical compounds;
8. A laboratory located next to the fertilizer manufacturing facilities shall issue a certificate admitting the cinders(s) for use as a fertilizing product under crops or other plants.
Such a rigorous regime of operation is necessary because of the fact that the processed materials are the wastes. At this stage of the process there is no possibility to determine or to check the parameters of various things that after serving their purpose ended up at land fills or dumps: what components were used for manufacturing the things and how they were produced. At present, various manufacturers use a variety of products that in result of burning may be converted into aggressive or hazardous compounds adversely affecting the plants' vegetation. Such compounds have to be neutralized by means of appropriate preparations, simple compounds or compounds mixtures converting them into environment friendly products.
The solution according to the present invention allow for utilization of the while range of chemical content of wastes, which thus far were neither used nor processed.
Until the present invention, the wastes of unidentified origin or composition are stored in specially arranged landfills - in basins isolated from the native ground by means of HDPE foil, and thus are irretrievably lost. The technology now proposed allows for utilization of wastes (including their energetic value), which are unsuitable for other uses or simple recycling in 96 %. In accordance with the invention they are burned in special grate or fluid boilers at the temperature above 1200°C, together with additives that stabilize combustion process. Some additives are intended to bind combustion products into valuable and plant friendly biological values. Preferably in the boilers spectrometers are installed and used for continuous dosing of the programmed additives and also coal, limestone and the like, which may have also a catalytic effect. Thermal processing is run sequentially. To the hot grate there is continuously fed a stream of chipped and sorted wastes free from fluorescent lightings, energy saving light bulbs, batteries of all types, medicaments, household chemicals and other components comprising plant protection products etc. The chipped wastes mixed with other components foreseen by the present invention are brought to the furnace by a belt conveyer or through a pipeline with a feed screw. Preferably during transportation and grinding, powdered limestone or grinded calcium oxide (quick lime) is added in a quantity of 40 kg per 800 kg waste material. In the furnace with movable grate, preferable in half way there is added a very fine grain coal in order to increase an energetic value of burned materials but at the same time evolved carbon oxide may bind other chemical bonds that were cracked during combustion. A process of synthesis of free chemical compounds at high temperature and in presence of such additives as powdered limestone has an advantageous effect on quality of the fertilizer.
Preferably, the wastes fed to combustion process comprise also crude municipal centrifuged sewage water sediments in a quantity of 5-20% by weight and/or CaO or Ca(OH)2 in a quantity of up to 2% by weight and/or bitumen sheeting wastes in a quantity of up to 20% by weight and/or agricultural wastes in form of straw in a quantity of up to 20% by weight and/or binding agent preferably bitumen binding adhesive in a quantity of up to 5 % by weight and/or very fine grain coal and/or fine grain coal in a quantity of 30-50% by weight.
A method for manufacturing a product for energy plants and simultaneously a cinder for use as mineral fertilizer on the basis of waste materials, municipal and industrial wastes and bio-mass, according to the invention is characterized in that selected municipal and industrial wastes, preferably mechanically processed cellulose wastes in a quantity of up to 40% by weight, selected municipal and industrial fibrous wastes consisting of textiles and natural and/or artificial fibers in a quantity of up to 30% by weight, polyethylene foil wastes in a quantity of up to 20% by weight, domestic and household bio-mass in a quantity of up to 30% by weight, forestry and agriculture wastes of plant origin and/or agricultural wastes excluding straw and/or wastes originating from processing of plant products, including wood and timber in a quantity of 15-40% by weight, are mixed and chipped down to grain size of 1-100 mm in a shredder and next in a high speed mill with rotating blades, and a resulting mixture is further mixed and grinded in a drying and grinding facilities up to the particle size of 1-100 mm.
Preferably, in a method according to the invention, to the mixture subjected to mixing chipping down to grain size of 1-100 mm in a shredder and next in a high speed mill with rotating blades, also agricultural wastes in form of straw are added in a quantity of up to 20% by weight and/or bitumen sheeting wastes in a quantity of up to 20% by weight.
Preferably, in a method according to the invention, in the drying and grinding facilities in addition to a chipped down mixture, also crude municipal centrifuged sewage water sediments are added in a quantity of 5-20% and/or CaO or Ca(OH)2 in a quantity of up to 2% by weight and/or very fine grain coal and/or fine grain coal in a quantity of 30-50% by weight.
In a method according to the invention, the grinded mixture exiting from the drying and grinding facilities, which mixture comprises in its composition the agricultural wastes in form of straw is subjected to at least a 48 h seasoning before feeding it to power boilers in order to ensure uniform moisture content in the whole mass, up to a level of 30-50%).
The fertilizer (fertilizing product) according to the invention, used for supplementation of the recultivation mass is obtained exclusively on the basis various types of selected cellulose municipal and/or industrial wastes, selected fibrous municipal and/or industrial wastes consisting of textiles and natural and/or artificial fibers, domestic and household bio- mass, polyethylene foil wastes, forestry and agriculture wastes of plant origin, as well as the wastes comprising straw originating from processing of plant products, including wood and timber, as well as crude municipal centrifuged sewage water sediments.
The cinder(s) obtained in effect of combustion are grinded with crushed with rolls into powder and soaked with water. The solution resulting after two hour of soaking is analyzed in order to confirm a possible presence of aggressive compounds. Such compounds - if present are neutralized with alkaline compounds, usually with calcium compounds.
The composition of the obtained fertilizer is characterized by a high content of various chemical compounds that are needed for plant growth, especially in dry terrains (sandy and dusty deserted areas where the recultivation fibrous mass was spread). The plants sown/planted in the ground at the spots of recultivated land are selected according to the geographic localization of the land, climate prevailing there and the composition of the native ground within the terrain. The fertilizer manufactured in accordance with the invention is added to the recultivation fibrous mass utilized in the process for or restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation or requiring biological recultivation, in a quantity of 3.5 to 13% by weight.
The invention covers also a process for restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation or requiring biological recultivation, wherein
- at the recultivated spot of land, a surface of a native ground is covered with a basic layer of semi-liquid recultivation mass prepared on a basis of waste fibrous materials, the layer having thickness of several to several dozens centimeters;
- on that basic layer, watering pipes are uniformly distributed;
- after hardening, the basic layer is covered with a top layer of dry mass prepared on a basis of waste fibrous materials, the layer having thickness of several to several dozens centimeters and comprising a hydrogel, adsorbents, as well as plant seeds optionally enveloped with symbiotic mycelium and/or microorganism strains, adjusted to climatic conditions, the character and nature of the native ground, further comprising additives supporting and enhancing vegetation of those plants; and next
- on the surface of the thus prepared top layer, remaining plant seeds are sown and/or the plants to be cultivated or seedlings thereof are planted; and
wherein as an additive supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation a fertilizer in form of cinder(s) and flue gas dust from high temperature process of combustion of pre-segregated and sorted, properly chipped and mixed wastes, in particular municipal wastes that are unsuitable for a direct use as a soil-forming material, optionally with an addition of very fine grain coal and chemical compounds neutralizing aggressive substances, which fertilizer is subjected to a chemical analysis in aqueous solution and supplemented with missing nutritive components before adding it the to the recultivation mass.
The mineral fertilizer according to the invention, used as the additive supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation, is added in a quantity of up to 30% by weight, preferably in a quantity of 3.5 to 13% by weight, calculated on the basis of the top layer weight.
Alternatively, the fertilizer according to the invention, used as the additive supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation is spread at the recultivated spot of land as a separate layer having thickness of 5-10 mm, situated between the basic layer and the top layer composed of
fibrous mass, having thickness of 40-70 mm, and subsequently the thus formed layers are wetted with water.
The basic layer prepared on the basis waste fibrous materials in accordance with the invention, is in form of semi-liquid cellulose mass made of chipped cellulose waste products in a quantity of up to 80% by volume and of aqueous (colloid) solution of water soluble chemical compounds contained in the cinder(s) forming the fertilizer, while the top layer prepared on the basis of waste fibrous materials is in form of chipped fibrous waste materials composed of textiles and natural and/or artificial fibers in a quantity of up to 80% by volume, chipped cellulose waste materials, including waste packaging products in a quantity of up to 80% by volume, adsorbents in a quantity of up to 30% by volume, and additionally a hydrogel in a quantity ensuring the rate of 50-200 g of hydrogel per 1 m2 of the terrain when the top layer is spread thereon, the hydrogel being uniformly distributed in the whole bulk of that layer. Preferably, as the watering agent distributed through the watering pipes arranged in the basic layer an aqueous colloidal solution is used, said solution being obtained by soaking the fertilizer in form of cinder(s) and/or flue gas dust resulting from combustion of the above indicated wastes in water and subjected to the analysis of chemical composition before use, while the remaining solid combustion products are chemically supplemented and shaped by means of compressing into sticks, pellets or other forms slowing down a release of components supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation from the fertilizer.
Preferably, in the process according to the invention, the additive supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation is mainly the semi-dry mineral fertilizer, obtained after separation of the colloidal solution. To the same recultivation mass plant seeds and/or plant seeds and plants enveloped with symbiotic microorganism strains are added. It is possible to use mycelium stripes strains known as Effective Microorganisms - EM, naturally active (EMa), adjusted to climatic conditions, the character and nature of the native ground and the selected seeds and plants.
Watering and the degree of wetness of both layers of recultivation mass are controlled according to the plants' vegetation phase, both the sown and planted plants, as well as to the climatic and atmospheric conditions.
Terrains affected by ecological disasters, polluted in particular with crude oil or petroleum products or else with other chemicals, are subjected according to the present invention to restoration process in such a way that after removal of the polluted surface soil layer, the thus excavated surface of a native ground is covered with a basic layer of recultivation mass prepared on a basis of waste fibrous materials, a after its hardening the basic layer is covered with a top layer of dry recultivation mass supplemented with the mineral fertilizer manufactured in accordance with the present invention out of the wastes that are unsuitable for a direct used as a soil-forming material. Subsequently, the grass seeds are sown onto the top layer or within the area trees and bushes are planted, depending on the intended use of the terrain after recultivation.
Example 1.
A chipped mass of wastes that are unsuitable for a direct use as a soil-forming material was transmitted by means of belt conveyer to an operating hot furnace with moving grates, to the temperature of 1220°C. 1 kg of the obtained cinder(s) was soaked in water in 2 : 1 ratio with stirring. After 3 h the solution was agitated again and after sedimentation of solids, the solution was analyzed. The analysis has confirmed that the standards concerning the heavy metals content were met. The remaining part of cinder(s) was also soaked with water and mixed with a fibrous recultivation mass intended of biological recultivation of sandy and dusty native ground.
At the terrain intended for restoration, on the surface of the native ground two layers - one on the top of the other, were spread: the basic layer and the top layer of recultivation mass prepared on a basis of waste fibrous materials. The basic layer was spread directly on the surface of sandy native ground as a first (bottom) layer having thickness of 10-15 cm. The employed recultivation mass was a semi-liquid cellulose mass prepared on the basis of chipped waste cellulose products in a quantity of up to 80% by volume. The aqueous colloidal solution comprising the water soluble components of the fertilizer obtained in the above combustion process formed the remaining part of the mass. Alternatively, to the mass forming the first (basic) layer it is possible to add a powdered fertilizer obtained in effect of incineration of biological wastes, in amount of 100-150 g/m . The semi-liquid cellulose mass may be prepared on a basis of chipped municipal cellulose wastes, post-production cellulose wastes, waste-paper, cardboard packaging of drinks including multi-layer and multi-material packaging wastes, such as Tetra Pak packaging wastes and other cellulose wastes.
Into the above basic layer, watering pipes were introduced, by means of distributing them uniformly on that layer covering the whole recultivated area, before hardening of the mass.
After hardening of the basic layer it was covered with the second (top) layer having thickness of several to 6-8 cm, formed of a recultivation mass prepared on the basis fibrous materials comprising the remainings of cinder(s) mixed with chipped fibrous wastes composed of textiles and natural and artificial fibers in a quantity of 65% by volume, chipped cellulose waste products in a quantity of 15% by volume and addition of hydrogel in a quantity of 150 g per 2 m2. After spreading the dry second (top) layer, the area was wetted according to the prevailing atmospheric conditions. After the plants have reached the height of 5 - 10 cm, the fertilizer could optionally be sown in amount of 50 g of the dry fertilizer per 1 m2 of recultivated ground. To the watering pipes the aqueous colloidal solution of cinders was fed.
Example 2.
The batch of wastes that were unsuitable for a direct use as a soil- forming material and for spreading directly on the dusty native ground was subjected to incineration at the cement factory, and the thus obtained cinder was analyzed in a way described in Example 1. Next, it was wet mixed with the same fibrous mass supplemented with hydrogel and with a grass seed mixture and subsequently spread on the surface of the ground to form a layer having thickness of 5-10 cm. Additionally it was wetted with a clean water.
The bottom (basic) layer was prepared and spread as in Example 1 , in form of a semi- liquid cellulose recultivation mass, prepared on the basis of chipped waste cellulose products - as described in Example 1 , in a quantity of 75% by volume, comprising an addition of waste plant material and/or forestry waste biological products, urban bush and tree cutting waste products and/or tobacco refuse and wastes in a quantity of 15% by volume. To the already mixed wet recultivation mass 5 % by weight of cinders obtained from incineration of municipal and industrial cellulose wastes, fibrous material wastes from textile industry, wastes in form of working and protective clothes, jute bags, fiber filters, residual materials from upholstery workshops, polyethylene foil, agricultural wastes in form of straw, forestry plant biomass wastes, plant processing industry wastes, woodchips or wood dust and ground-wood pulp. To such basic layer or recultivation mass watering pipers were introduced.
Example 3.
15% by weight of selected municipal cellulose wastes, 10% by weight of selected municipal and industrial fibrous waste materials composed of natural and artificial fiber textiles, 5% by weight of polyethylene foil wastes, 20% by weight of forestry and plant processing industry waste plant mass including wood processing industry wastes, were fed into a shredder and next to the high speed mill with rotating blades for mixing and grinding up to the particle size of 1-50 mm.
The resulting grinded mixture was subsequently further mixed together with an addition of 20% by weight of a powdered cinder (s). Upon thorough mixing and wetting the resulting mass with water in amount of up to 50% by weight, a grainy product was obtained, which was spread at the recultivated spot of land requiring biological recultivation, after additional supplementing of that that mass with plant seeds and with hydrogel.
Example 4.
The batch of wastes, consisting of 40% of fibrous mass, 30% of stabilizate, 30% fermented and stabilized sediments of sewage waters, was subjected to combustion in rotating furnaces. The resulting cinders were analyzed and the tests performed indicated that standards concerning the heavy metals content were not met. The cinder was combined with another batch of contaminated wastes in the following proportion: 70% of fibrous mass and 30% of the cinder. The resulting mixed cinder(s) and the resulting mixed conglomerate were spread on the surface of landfill to be recultivated forming a layer having thickness of 8-15 cm. At the lot of the thus prepared terrain a mixture of grass seeds was sown in the ground and bush seedlings were planted. At the end of the vegetation season the plants were tested for the presence of heavy metals. The analysis confirmed that in the parts of the plants growing above their roots there were the increased amounts of nickel, cadmium and chromium. It excludes the above described conglomerate from use in planting edible and fodder plants.
Claims
1. A process for restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation or requiring biological recultivation, in which
- at the recultivated spot of land, a surface of a native ground is covered with a basic layer of semi-liquid recultivation mass prepared on a basis of waste fibrous materials, the layer having thickness of several to several dozens centimeters;
- on that basic layer, watering pipes are uniformly distributed;
- after its hardening, the basic layer is covered with a top layer of dry mass prepared on a basis of waste fibrous materials, the layer having thickness of several to several dozens centimeters and comprising a hydrogel, adsorbents, as well as plant seeds optionally enveloped with symbiotic mycelium and/or microorganism strains, adjusted to . climatic conditions, the character and nature of the native ground, further comprising additives supporting and enhancing vegetation of those plants; and next
- on the surface of the thus prepared top layer, remaining plant seeds are sown and/or the plants to be cultivated or seedlings thereof are planted; and
- the degree of wetness of both layers is controlled according to the plants' vegetation phase and climatic conditions prevailing at the recultivated spot of land;
wherein as an additive supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation a fertilizer in form of cinder(s) and flue gas dust from high temperature process of combustion of pre-segregated and sorted, properly chipped and mixed wastes, in particular municipal wastes that are unsuitable for a direct use as a soil-forming material, optionally with an addition of very fine grain coal and chemical compounds neutralizing aggressive substances, which fertilizer is subjected to a chemical analysis in aqueous solution and supplemented with missing nutritive components before adding it the to the recultivation mass.
2. The process according to claim 1, wherein as an additive supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation a fertilizer obtained in the course of combustion of the above indicated wastes at the temperature of minimum 1200°C, preferably in rotating furnaces is used, and after chemical analysis is completed, the cinder(s) and dust separated on the filters from the flue gas stream are mixed in the appropriate proportions with additives, that optionally bind the combustion products adversely affecting plants' vegetation and further are optionally supplemented with an addition of missing minerals and finally they grinded to a grain size of 1-4 mm.
3. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the fertilizer used as the additive supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation, is added in a quantity of 1 to 30% by weight, preferably in a quantity of 3,5 to 13% by weight, calculated on the basis of the top layer basis weight.
4. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the fertilizer used as the additive supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation is spread on the recultivated spot of land as a separate layer having thickness of 5-10 mm, situated between the basic layer and the top layer
composed of fibrous mass, having thickness of 40-70 mm, and subsequently the thus formed layers are wetted with water.
5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the basic layer prepared on the basis waste fibrous materials is in form of semi-liquid cellulose mass made of chipped cellulose waste products in a quantity of up to 80% by volume and of aqueous (colloid) solution of water soluble chemical compounds contained in the cinder(s) forming the fertilizer, while the top layer prepared on the basis of waste fibrous materials is in form of chipped fibrous waste materials composed of textiles and natural and/or artificial fibers in a quantity of up to 80% by volume, chipped cellulose waste materials, including waste packaging products in a quantity of up to 80% by volume, adsorbents in a quantity of up to 30% by volume, and additionally a hydrogel in a quantity ensuring the rate of 50-200 g of hydrogel per 1 m2 of the terrain when the top layer is spread thereon, the hydrogel being uniformly distributed in the whole bulk of that layer.
6. The process according to claim 1, wherein as the watering agent distributed through the watering pipes arranged in the basic layer an aqueous colloidal solution is used, said solution being obtained by soaking the fertilizer in form of cinder(s) and/or flue gas dust, resulting from combustion of the above indicated wastes in water and subjected to the analysis of chemical composition before use, while the remaining solid combustion products are chemically supplemented and shaped by means of compressing into sticks, pellets or other forms slowing down a release of components supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation from the fertilizer.
7. A mineral fertilizer supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation, which fertilizer is in form of cinder(s) and flue gas dust from high temperature process of combustion of pre- segregated and sorted, properly chipped wastes, in particular municipal wastes, that are unsuitable for a direct use as a soil-forming material, optionally with an addition of very fine grain coal and chemical compounds neutralizing aggressive substances, having a controlled content of mineral components, for use in the process according to claim 1 , after separation of water soluble components and supplementing with missing nutritive components.
8. The mineral fertilizer according to claim 7, wherein cinder(s) and flue gas dust separated on filters from the stream of flue gas leaving the combustion chamber, obtained in the course of combustion of the above indicated wastes at the temperature of minimum 1200°C, preferably in rotating furnaces, and next - after chemical analysis is completed, the cinder(s) and flue gas dust are mixed in the appropriate proportions with additives, that optionally bind the combustion products adversely affecting plants' vegetation and further are optionally supplemented with an addition of missing minerals and the resulting product is slightly desiccated and grinded to a grain size of 1—4 mm.
9. A method for manufacturing a mineral fertilizer, especially for the purpose of land recultivation, in which
a) pre-segregated and sorted, properly chipped and mixed wastes, that are unsuitable for a direct use as a soil-forming material, are subjected to incineration at the temperature of minimum 1200°C, preferably in rotating furnaces;
b) the combustion product obtained in stage a) in form of cinder(s) and flue gas dust separated on filters from the stream of flue gas leaving the combustion chamber is subjected to an analysis aiming to identify and exclude chemical compounds adversely affecting the natural environment and/or vegetation of plants;
c) after positive results of the tests carried out in stage b), the cinder(s) and flue gas dust are optionally supplemented with the missing mineral elements;
d) the mixture resulting from stage c) is soaked for about 2 to 6 hours, with the cinder(s) to water weight ratio of 1 : 3, and the resulting colloidal solution is separated;
e) solids obtained in stage d) after separation of the colloidal solution is slightly desiccated, grinded to a grain size of 1-4 mm and packed as a finished product - the mineral fertilizer for general use or sent for utilization as the additive supporting and enhancing plants' vegetation added to the top layer of recultivation mass in the process according to claim 1 , while
f) the aqueous colloidal solution from the stage d) is subjected to tests aiming to identify and exclude chemical compounds adversely affecting the natural environment and/or vegetation of plants, and after positive results of the tests it is kept for:
i) watering of the soil-forming layers in the process according to claim 1 , at the spot of land to be subjected to the biological recultivation; or
ii) moistening the recultivation mass during its production; whereas,
- when in the course of the analysis performed at the stage b) in the combustion products the chemical compounds adversely affecting the natural environment and/or plants' . vegetation are found, then in the stage a) to the pre-segregated and sorted, properly chipped and mixed wastes, that are unsuitable for a direct use as a soil-forming material, there are added the additives that bind, reduce or oxidize such compounds during the combustion process to the compounds that are neutral to the natural environment and/or plants' vegetation, while the batch of combustion products comprising the undesired chemical compounds are recirculated to the stage a);
- when in the course of the tests performed at the stage f) the presence of chemical compounds that adversely affect the natural environment and/or plants' vegetation is confirmed, to the colloidal solution there are added the additives that bind or neutralize such compounds to the compounds that are neutral to the natural environment and/or plants' vegetation; and
- the heat energy resulting from combustion of pre-segregated and sorted wastes in the stage a) is either utilized directly for the purpose of municipal and/or industrial heating, or cumulated for the future municipal and/or industrial heating purposes.
10. The method according to claim 9, wherein in the stage a) there are utilized exclusively various types of selected cellulose municipal and/or industrial wastes, selected fibrous municipal and/or industrial wastes consisting of textiles and natural and/or artificial fibers,
domestic and household bio-mass, polyethylene foil wastes, forestry and agriculture wastes of plant origin, as well as the wastes comprising straw originating from processing of plant products, including wood and timber, as well as crude municipal centrifuged sewage water sediments.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL409372A PL409372A1 (en) | 2014-09-04 | 2014-09-04 | Manurial additive for the fibrous material intended for recultivation and method for producing it |
| PLP.409372 | 2014-09-04 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2016034937A2 true WO2016034937A2 (en) | 2016-03-10 |
| WO2016034937A3 WO2016034937A3 (en) | 2016-05-26 |
Family
ID=54347580
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2015/001518 WO2016034937A2 (en) | 2014-09-04 | 2015-09-04 | A process of restoration of barren land devoid of vegetation or requiring biological recultivation and a mineral fertilizer especially for the purpose of land recultivation and a method for manufacturing the same |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| PL (1) | PL409372A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2016034937A2 (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109851435A (en) * | 2019-04-01 | 2019-06-07 | 东北农业大学 | Corn special slow release long-acting compound fertilizer and its preparation method and application |
| CN112088604A (en) * | 2020-08-06 | 2020-12-18 | 包头钢铁（集团）有限责任公司 | Vegetation recovery method suitable for refuse dump in alpine and arid regions |
| CN113780820A (en) * | 2021-09-13 | 2021-12-10 | 宝航环境修复有限公司 | Soil surface layer ecological construction method and device for soil pollution risk management and control |
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| CN113780820A (en) * | 2021-09-13 | 2021-12-10 | 宝航环境修复有限公司 | Soil surface layer ecological construction method and device for soil pollution risk management and control |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| PL409372A1 (en) | 2016-03-14 |
| WO2016034937A3 (en) | 2016-05-26 |
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