WO2015121099A1

WO2015121099A1 - Soybean pretreatment method

Info

Publication number: WO2015121099A1
Application number: PCT/EP2015/052106
Authority: WO
Inventors: Mo Li; Xiaoyun KUI; Fei Xue; Jing Su
Original assignee: Koninklijke Philips N.V.
Priority date: 2014-02-11
Filing date: 2015-02-03
Publication date: 2015-08-20

Abstract

The present invention relates to a soybean pretreatment method, which includes the steps of cooking soybeans to inhibit anti-nutrients and/or eliminate anti-nutrients contained therein and drying the cooked soybeans to a water content of less than 8% while keeping the volume expansibility of soybeans at a level of at least 300%. The soybean pretreatment method may provide a fast soy milk making process.

Description

Soybean pretreatment method

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to the field of food processing, and more particularly to a soybean pretreatment method, a soybean pretreatment system, a soy milk making method and a system for making soy milk.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Nowadays, to prevent affluence-related illnesses or to lose weight, an increasing amount of people prefer a healthy and light diet for breakfast or supper, such as soy milk and rice congee. Soy milk is one of the most popular beverages in Asian countries due to its high nutrient content. However, in general it takes a long time (for instance more than 15 minutes) in currently available soy milk makers to inactivate or inhibit anti-nutrients (e.g. trypsin inhibitor) in soybeans by heating. And after heating and grinding steps, a manual filtering step (usually taking more than 10 minutes) has to be carried out, which is also the most troublesome step for consumers, and which is performed because of an aculeate feeling in the throat caused by a high rough fiber content.

It is therefore worthwhile to find a solution to overcome all the problems mentioned above. Processed soybean powders are for sale in the market; however, customers have a much lower degree of acceptance for this as compared to soy milk made from raw soybeans. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a solution which enables all nutrients to be preserved in soybeans while inhibiting and/or eliminating

anti-nutrients beforehand so as to reduce the grinding and/or heating time, while also providing nutritious and tasty soy milk for consumers. Pretreatment of soybeans may be an option to preserve all the nutrients and inhibit/eliminate anti- nutrients beforehand so as to reduce the grinding and/or heating time.

Chinese patent application CN102265933A, published on December 7, 201 1 , entitled "Method for processing raw material of soy milk and soy milk preparing method" discloses a soybean pretreatment method, which includes the following soybean pretreatment steps: cleaning soybeans; soaking and boiling the soybeans to render the soybeans porous and fluffy; drying the boiled soybeans by means of microwaves; and packaging the dried soybeans for the preparation of soy milk.

The method of CN 102265933 A uses microwaves to dry the soaked and boiled soybeans, which actually makes it very hard to keep the soaked and boiled soybeans porous and fluffy. From the literature and our research, we have learned that microwave drying may be better than direct heat drying, but the soybeans will shrink during the drying process irrespective of the heating technique used, thus rendering soybeans which are very hard and which cannot be easily ground into powder in a very short time during dry grinding.

Besides, the water content of final dried soybeans according to the method of CN102265933A is between 8% and 25%; if the water content is lower than 8%, the soybeans will be brown and too hard for grinding. More importantly, the

microwave-dried soybean is not suitable for dry-grinding; from the description of CN 102265933 A we know that they can only use the wet grinding method for generating soy milk, and it is additionally proven that the soybeans are still very hard after microwave-drying, so that from the practical application point of view, they can hardly be used for instant soy milk making .

EP 0 712 582 Al discloses a process for preparing fast rehydrating pulses (legumes), in which the pulses are cooked with steam under pressure, cooled by placing them under vacuum and dried. The starting material is pulses having a water content of 40-80%, which are cooked at a temperature of 105-140°C for 3-40 min. The pulses are cooled to a temperature while placing them under vacuum by drawing off steam and/or condensed vapour to a residual pressure below 300 mbar and maintaining this vacuum for 2-10 min.

US 2,813,796 A discloses a process of treating rice and other starchy vegetables to produce a quick-cooking product which can be quickly re-cooked to correspond in taste and appearance to ordinary cooked vegetables. The process comprises steeping the vegetable under water for a period of several hours until the vegetable is approximately saturated with water, cooking the vegetable under water, abruptly terminating the cooking by separating the vegetable from the cooking water, cooling the vegetable under non-drying conditions, freezing the vegetable by producing a rapid temperature drop to the freezing temperature of about 31°— 32° F., maintaining said freezing temperature for a period of at least an hour and thereafter producing a second rapid temperature drop, thawing the vegetable under non-drying conditions, and drying the vegetable without changing its appearance or flavour.

There is a need to improve the drying process of such a soybean pretreatment method.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention aims at totally or partly overcoming one or more of the drawbacks mentioned above.

To this end, a soybean pretreatment method is provided, which includes the following steps:

- cooking soybeans to achieve a volume expansion of at least 300% and to inhibit anti-nutrients and/or eliminate anti-nutrients contained therein; and

- drying the cooked soybeans to a water content of less than 8% while keeping said volume expansion of the soybeans at a level of at least 300%.

According to an example of the invention, the step of drying includes freezing the cooked soybeans and drying the frozen soybeans.

According to an example of the invention, the step of drying can be performed by means of a convective multi-flash drying process, an osmotic dehydration process and/or a vacuum drying process.

According to another example of the invention, the step of cooking soybeans includes the step of boiling, steaming, pressure-boiling and/or

pressure-steaming soybeans.

According to still another example of the invention, the water content of the dried soybeans is about 4%-8%, preferably about 4.6%-7% or about 5%-6%.

The present invention also provides a method of making soy milk, which includes:

- providing pretreated soybeans, which are pretreated according to the soybean pretreatment method as mentioned above; and

- mixing the pretreated soybeans with water and then grinding the mixed soybeans to obtain soy milk, or grinding the pretreated soybeans and then mixing the ground soybeans with water to obtain soy milk.

The present invention also provides a soybean pretreatment system, which includes: - a cooker for cooking soybeans to achieve a volume expansion of at least 300% and to inhibit anti-nutrients and/or eliminate anti-nutrients contained therein; and

- a drying unit for drying the cooked soybeans to a water content of less than 8% while keeping said volume expansionof soybeans at a level of at least 300%.

According to an example of the invention, the drying unit includes a freezer for freezing the cooked soybeans and a dryer for drying the frozen soybeans.

According to another example of the invention, the dryer may be a convective multi-flash dryer, an osmotic dehydration dryer or a vacuum dryer.

According to still another example of the invention, the cooker is a boiler, a steamer, a pressure-boiler or a pressure-steamer.

The present invention also provides a soy milk making system, which includes:

- a grinding unit for grinding the pretreated soybeans, which are pretreated according to the soybean pretreatment method as mentioned above;

- a generating unit for generating hot water;

- a removable container for containing and mixing the ground pretreated soybeans and the generated hot water therein; and

- a supply unit for supplying the generated hot water into the removable container.

According to an example of the invention, the generating unit can be further configured to generate steam and the supply unit can be further configured to supply the steam into the removable container to heat and/or mix the ground pretreated soybeans and the generated hot water contained therein.

According to another example of the invention, the soy milk making system further includes a reservoir arranged over the grinding unit for holding the pretreated soybeans.

According to still another example of the invention, the soy milk making system further includes a controller unit configured to control the amount of pretreated soybeans supplied from the reservoir into the grinding unit and control the amount of hot water supplied from the supply unit into the removable container according to the amount of ground pretreated soybeans.

One of the main differences of the present invention to the processes proposed in the cited prior art documents is that none of them suggests an expansion of the products to be treated, while cooking, and maintaining said expansion in the subsequent drying process. Other objects, advantages, and novel features of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment thereof with reference to the attached drawings, in which: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig. 1 is a schematic block diagram showing a soybean pretreatment method according to an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 2 shows particle size distributions of different examples of soy milk made in three different ways; and

Fig. 3 is a schematic view showing a structure of a soy milk making system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 4 schematically shows how a control unit of the soy milk making system controls the amount of pretreated soybeans and the amount of hot water according to an embodiment of the present invention; and

Fig. 5 is a schematic view showing a structure of a soy milk making system according to another embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

With reference to Fig. 1 , a soybean pretreatment method according to an embodiment of the present invention may include the following steps:

- washing soybeans with water by means of a washing device to remove dust and pesticides (an optional step, not shown);

- soaking the soybeans by means of a soaking device to reduce oligosaccharide and saponin contained in the soybeans and to soften the rough fiber (an optional step, not shown), so that the texture of the soybeans may be much more fragile after drying. For instance, the soybeans may be soaked in water at a water temperature lower than 95 ^°C and a soybean-water ratio of less than 0.5 to reach at least a 100% expansion rate of the soybeans. The soaking duration depends on the water temperature: at a higher temperature a shorter time is needed to reach a 100% expansion rate;

- cooking soybeans by means of a cooker at a temperature T_c for a time period t_c to inhibit anti-nutrients and/or eliminate anti-nutrients contained therein S 101 , wherein T_c is about 90-150^°C and t_c is about 2-120 minutes. Trypsin inhibitor is one of the main anti-nutrients, which need to be heated for a long time to achieve an activity reduction by 90%. Experiments show that a 90% activity reduction of trypsin inhibitor may yield the highest protein digestibility. Besides, the step of cooking soybeans may include the step of boiling, steaming, pressure-boiling and/or pressure-steaming soybeans. The soybeans may be cooked to at least a rate of expansion of 300% of the soybeans (i.e. the volume of the soybeans increases to at least 300% while cooking);

- drying the cooked soybeans by means of a drying unit to a water content of less than 8% (for instance, the water content of the dried soybeans is about 4%-8%, preferably about 4.6%-7% or about 5%-6%) while keeping the volume expansibility of soybeans at a level of at least 300%> S 102. In other words, while drying the soybeans a volume expansion of at least 300% is maintained. The step of drying the cooked soybeans may be performed in the following two ways: (a), one way comprises using a freezer to pre-freeze the cooked soybeans at a temperature T_f for a time period t_f and then using a freeze-dryer to freeze-dry the pre-frozen soybeans at a temperature Td for a time period td to reduce the water content of the soybeans and to keep them fluffy, wherein T_f is lower than -4^°C, t_f is more than 60 minutes, Td is about -40°C, td is about 1080 minutes. Freeze-drying is used to remove water from food material, while leaving the basic structure and composition of the material intact. So the porous and fluffy structure of soybeans may remain intact after freeze-drying, making it much easier to grind the soybeans to powder. The water content may be below 8 %, preventing the soybeans from going bad for a long period of time. And the expansion rate may still be above 300 %, thereby making grinding easy; (b). the other way comprises adopting other drying methods. For example, a convective multi- flash drying process (CMFD), an osmotic dehydration process, a vacuum drying process and/or a microwave drying process. The vacuum drying process may be adopted to keep the soybeans in puffing status and to enable easy grinding. Experimental results show that the structure of whole soybeans after the freeze-drying treatment remains intact;

-storing the dried soybeans in a sealed package for the preparation of soy milk (an optional step, not shown).

Once the soybean pretreatment method is completed, a user can easily prepare soy milk by carrying out the following steps: providing pretreated soybeans, which are pretreated according to the soybean pretreatment method as mentioned above; and mixing the pretreated soybeans with water and then grinding the mixed soybeans for 30-60 seconds to obtain soy milk, or grinding the pretreated soybeans for 30-60 seconds and then mixing the ground soybeans with water to obtain soy milk. Reference is made to Fig. 2 of the current application, which shows particle size distributions of different kinds of soy milk made in three different ways, in which the horizontal axis indicates particle size within the soy milk, the vertical axis indicates volume percent of the respective particle size, El represents the particle size distribution of soy milk made from dry soybeans without the pretreatment method mentioned above and E2, E3 respectively represent the particle size distributions of soy milk made from soybeans pretreated by means of the pretreatment method mentioned above. The difference between E2 and E3 is that the grinding time in E2 is 30 seconds and the grinding time in E3 is 60 seconds.

According to our experiments, soybeans which have been pretreated can be simply ground fine within 30 seconds, even without heating. A very fast soy milk making process may thus be provided. According to the results of particle size distribution shown in Fig. 2, the particle sizes of soy milk that was ground for 30 seconds and the particle sizes of soy milk made in 24 minutes by means of a traditional soy milk maker were similar. And it is obvious that the particle size will be smaller if the grinding time is longer. Meanwhile the hardness of soybeans which have been pretreated is almost half that of dry soybeans, so even though the particle size distribution is similar, the rough feeling of the throat will be substantially reduced with softer soybean particles (see Table 1 shown below). Moreover, according to our experiments, the trypsin inhibitor activity of pretreated soybeans is 4.5% (that is, more than 95% of the trypsin inhibitor activity of soybeans is inhibited), which is much lower than 9.0% in the soy milk made by a traditional soy milk maker, which means the soybeans do not have to be cooked anymore.

Table 1

This invention incorporates a method of pretreating soybeans. In this pretreatment, soybeans are caused to expand to stretch and soften the rough fiber, thus making them much easier to grind and enabling soy milk to be made without any filtering. Inhibiting/eliminating anti-nutrients will be also incorporated in the process, and then soybeans thus pretreated can skip the long heating process for consumers, enabling them to make soy milk in less than 1 minute. Thus, consumers can quickly make soy milk without a long duration of the soy milk making process and without going through the trouble of filtering.

Now, with reference to Figs. 3-5, a description is given of a soy milk making system and method.

The soy milk making system 300 according to Fig. 3 includes: a grinding unit 301 for grinding the pretreated soybeans, which are pretreated according to the soybean pretreatment method mentioned above; a generating unit 302 for generating hot water; a removable container 303 for containing and mixing the ground pretreated soybeans and the generated hot water therein; a supply unit 304 for supplying the generated hot water into the removable container; a reservoir (not provided with a reference numeral) arranged above the grinding unit 301 for retaining the pretreated soybeans; and a controller unit (see Fig. 2, which will be explained afterwards) configured to control the amount of pretreated soybeans delivered from the reservoir into the grinding unit 301 and to control the amount of hot water supplied from the supply unit 304 into the removable container 303 according to the amount of ground pretreated soybeans.

The structure of the grinding unit 301 is generally similar to that of a coffee bean grinding unit commonly used in a coffee maker.

The generating unit 302 can be further configured to generate steam for heating and mixing the soy milk. There will be also a water tank 3021 , which is accommodated in the generating unit 302, with a pressure heater 3022 to heat the water.

The supply unit 304 can be further configured to supply the steam into the removable container 303 to heat and/or mix the ground pretreated soybeans and the generated hot water contained therein.

In operation, the pretreated soybeans are first ground to powder by the grinding unit 301 , and then the soybean powder directly drops into the removable container 303, such as a cup; next, the hot water and/or steam generated by the generating unit 302 are directly supplied into the removable container 303 via the supply unit 304, such as a pumping system. The generating unit 302 is used mainly for mixing hot water with soybean powder as well as short time heating (e.g. 1 minute).

Water temperature and steam heating time can be controlled based on the user's choice.

Now, with reference to Figs. 3 and 4, a brief description is given of how the controlling unit of the soy milk making system 300 controls the amount of pretreated soybeans and the amount of hot water. The relationship between the reference numbers of Fig. 4 and the respective actions performed is shown in table 2.

Specifically, the main control process and strategy of the controlling unit will be briefly explained hereinbelow:

- soybeans are automatically introduced into the grinding unit 301 in order to be ground. Volume control is necessary for regulating the volume of soybeans to be ground;

- pressure heater 3022 is used for heating the water from water tank 3021. Volume control is also necessary for regulating the water volume to be heated for each operation;

- pressure heater 3022 is also used for generating the steam to heat and mix soy milk. The function of switching between generating steam and generating hot water is carried out by the volume control; steam is generated by feeding less water into the pressure heater 3022;

- a water pipe is used to inject hot water into the removable container 303. This pipe is also designed to supply steam generated by the pressure heater 3022 for heating. The water pipe is designed to be easy to mount and demount, so that the water pipe can be cleaned separately; and

- the soybean powder can also be soluble in water of a comparatively low temperature (e.g., 30~40^°C ), the water temperature and steam heating time may be controllable so as to obtain soy milk of different temperatures.

Fig. 5 is a schematic view showing a structure of a soy milk making system 500 according to another embodiment of the present invention. The system architecture (especially the generating unit 502, the supply unit 504 and the removable container 503) shown in Fig. 5 is similar to that of Fig. 3, but with some modifications to meet special business requirements. The system architecture shown in Fig. 5 can serve many different tastes of soy milk at the same time due to the specially designed reservoir 505 and the grinding unit 501. The reservoir 505 is divided into multiple chambers to contain different beans and other materials. Besides, the reservoir 505 has a rotator 506 arranged under the multiple chambers and above the grinding unit 501 for switching conveniently between the multiple chambers to serve different tastes of soy milk.

The advantage of this soy milk making system 300, 500 is that: dry grinding technology (grinding without water) is used, soybean powder is mixed with water in the cup of a user, so that it is easy to clean the internal parts of the soy milk making system 300, 500 and a bad smell in the soy milk making system 300, 500 is prevented.

It is to be understood, however, that even though numerous characteristics and advantages of the present invention have been set forth in the foregoing description, together with details of the structure and function of the invention, the disclosure is illustrative only, and changes may be made in detail, especially in matters of shape, size, number, and arrangement of parts within the principles of the invention to the full extent indicated by the broad general meaning of the terms in which the appended claims are expressed.

It should be noted that the abovementioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention and that those skilled in the art would be able to design alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims.

In the claims, the word "comprising" does not exclude the presence of elements or steps not listed in a claim or in the description. The word "a" or "an" preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. In the apparatus claims enumerating several units, several of these units can be embodied by one and the same item of hardware or software. The usage of the words first, second and third, et cetera, does not indicate any ordering. These words are to be interpreted as names.

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A soybean pretreatment method, comprising:

cooking soybeans to achieve a volume expansion of at least 300% and to inhibit anti-nutrients and/or eliminate anti-nutrients contained therein; and

drying the cooked soybeans to a water content of less than 8% while keeping said volume expansionof the soybeans at a level of at least 300%.

2. The soybean pretreatment method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the step of drying can be performed by means of a convective multi-flash drying process, an osmotic dehydration process and/or a vacuum drying process.

3. The soybean pretreatment method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the step of drying comprises the following steps:

freezing the cooked soybeans; and

drying the frozen soybeans.

4. The soybean pretreatment method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the step of cooking soybeans comprises the step of boiling, steaming, pressure-boiling and/or pressure-steaming soybeans.

5. The soybean pretreatment method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the water content of the dried soybeans is about 4%-8%, preferably about 4.6%-7% or about 5%-6%.

6. A soybean pretreatment system, comprising:

a cooker for cooking soybeans to achieve a volume expansion of at least 300% and to inhibit anti-nutrients and/or eliminate anti-nutrients contained therein; and

a drying unit for drying the cooked soybeans to a water content of less than 8% while keeping said volume expansion of the soybeans at a level of at least 300%.

7. The soybean pretreatment system as claimed in claim 6, wherein the drying is a convective multi-flash dryer, an osmotic dehydration dryer or a vacuum dryer.

8. The soybean pretreatment system as claimed in claim 6, wherein the drying unit comprises:

- a freezer for freezing the cooked soybeans; and

a dryer for drying the frozen soybeans.

9. The soybean pretreatment system as claimed in claim 6, wherein the cooker is a boiler, a steamer, a pressure-boiler or a pressure-steamer.

10. The soybean pretreatment system as claimed in claim 6, wherein the system further comprises a controller unit, which controller unit is configured to control the drying process such that the water content of the dried soybeans is about 4%-8%, preferably about 4.6%-7% or about 5%-6%.

1 1. A method for making soymilk, comprising:

providing pretreated soybeans which are pretreated according to the soybean

pretreatment method as claimed in any one of claims 1-5; and

mixing the pretreated soybeans with water and then grinding the mixed soybeans to obtain soymilk, or grinding the pretreated soybeans and then mixing the ground soybeans with water to obtain soymilk.

12. A soy milk making system, comprising:

a grinding unit for grinding the pretreated soybeans, which are pretreated according to the soybean pretreatment method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5;

a generating unit for generating hot water;

a removable container for containing and mixing the ground pretreated soybeans and the generated hot water therein; and

a supply unit for supplying the generated hot water into the removable container.

13. The soy milk making system as claimed in claim 12, wherein the generating unit can be further configured to generate steam and the supply unit can be further configured to supply the steam into the removable container to heat and/or mix the ground pretreated soybeans and the generated hot water contained therein.

14. The soy milk making system as claimed in claim 12, further comprising a reservoir arranged over the grinding unit for holding the pretreated soybeans.

15. The soy milk making system as claimed in claim 14, further comprising a controller unit configured to

- control the amount of pretreated soybeans delivered from the reservoir into the grinding unit; and

- control the amount of hot water supplied from the supply unit into the removable container according to the amount of ground pretreated soybeans.