WO2015114177A1 - Method and machine for producing mesh sheets - Google Patents

Method and machine for producing mesh sheets Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015114177A1
WO2015114177A1 PCT/ES2014/070073 ES2014070073W WO2015114177A1 WO 2015114177 A1 WO2015114177 A1 WO 2015114177A1 ES 2014070073 W ES2014070073 W ES 2014070073W WO 2015114177 A1 WO2015114177 A1 WO 2015114177A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
meshes
mesh
canvas
closure
closing
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/ES2014/070073
Other languages
Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
Juan Antonio Torres Vila
Original Assignee
3S Geotecnia Y Tecnologia S.L.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 3S Geotecnia Y Tecnologia S.L. filed Critical 3S Geotecnia Y Tecnologia S.L.
Priority to PCT/ES2014/070073 priority Critical patent/WO2015114177A1/en
Priority to EP14880649.0A priority patent/EP3103926A4/en
Publication of WO2015114177A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015114177A1/en

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21FWORKING OR PROCESSING OF METAL WIRE
    • B21F27/00Making wire network, i.e. wire nets
    • B21F27/12Making special types or portions of network by methods or means specially adapted therefor
    • B21F27/14Specially bending or deforming free wire ends
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21FWORKING OR PROCESSING OF METAL WIRE
    • B21F15/00Connecting wire to wire or other metallic material or objects; Connecting parts by means of wire
    • B21F15/02Connecting wire to wire or other metallic material or objects; Connecting parts by means of wire wire with wire
    • B21F15/04Connecting wire to wire or other metallic material or objects; Connecting parts by means of wire wire with wire without additional connecting elements or material, e.g. by twisting
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21FWORKING OR PROCESSING OF METAL WIRE
    • B21F15/00Connecting wire to wire or other metallic material or objects; Connecting parts by means of wire
    • B21F15/02Connecting wire to wire or other metallic material or objects; Connecting parts by means of wire wire with wire
    • B21F15/06Connecting wire to wire or other metallic material or objects; Connecting parts by means of wire wire with wire with additional connecting elements or material
    • B21F15/08Connecting wire to wire or other metallic material or objects; Connecting parts by means of wire wire with wire with additional connecting elements or material making use of soldering or welding
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21FWORKING OR PROCESSING OF METAL WIRE
    • B21F27/00Making wire network, i.e. wire nets
    • B21F27/02Making wire network, i.e. wire nets without additional connecting elements or material at crossings, e.g. connected by knitting
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21FWORKING OR PROCESSING OF METAL WIRE
    • B21F27/00Making wire network, i.e. wire nets
    • B21F27/02Making wire network, i.e. wire nets without additional connecting elements or material at crossings, e.g. connected by knitting
    • B21F27/04Manufacturing on machines with rotating blades or formers
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02DFOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D17/00Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
    • E02D17/20Securing of slopes or inclines
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21FWORKING OR PROCESSING OF METAL WIRE
    • B21F29/00Making fencing or like material made partly of wire

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to manufacturing processes for steel wire mesh canvases, more specifically to those manufacturing processes for single wire steel wire mesh canvases, with machines adapted for manufacturing mesh canvases of this type. . Likewise, the present invention also relates to the possible field of application of steel wire mesh canvases obtained from the claimed manufacturing process or with the machine.
  • a steel wire mesh canvas consists of a metallic framework obtained by braiding or weaving steel wires, of which there are different typologies that differ from each other generally by their different geometric configurations, by their manufacturing procedure, by the size of the internal crosslinking, by the use of different diameters and resistance of the wires or by the use of different types of corrosion protection among others.
  • steel wire mesh canvases constitute a widely used element in a large number of applications, with a history of different types of steel wire mesh canvases used primarily in enclosures and industrial uses being known, in these cases, No structural function.
  • the structural function will be understood as the mechanical behavior of steel wire mesh canvases when, subject to external actions or forces, a flat tension state of the canvas or a plurality of canvases is derived of meshes when these are connected to each other.
  • the flat tensional state of the element the tensional physical state that is produced in it by the efforts generated and that are contained in the plane of the mesh canvas that are caused by external actions or forces, which can be applied both in the directions contained within the plane that forms the canvas of meshes, as in the direction perpendicular to it or a combination of both.
  • Characteristic is the behavior, both of the mesh of meshes and of the mesh canvases connected to each other, according to which, before external actions, mainly in the direction perpendicular to the plane that contains it, tensile stresses are generated inside in the directions contained in the plane of the same, where the main direction is identified as the longitudinal direction where the resistance is greater and the secondary direction as the transverse direction where the resistance is equal to or less than the main one, being able to assimilate its behavior from the physical point of view and mechanical like that of a structural membrane.
  • the structural function of a membrane is characterized by the fact that the element must have a tensile strength such that it can withstand the external actions to which it will be subjected under a controlled stress-strain behavior, which implies that the levels of deformation must be low for high effort levels caused by external actions or forces.
  • the structural membranes have a two-dimensional character, which means that two dimensions predominate over the third, which is negligible.
  • the type of wire is limited to the use of ductile steel, which has the quality of being easily folded, which makes it suitable according to the method of manufacturing by commented fabric, which causes a plastic deformation on the wire by repeated torsion without recovering its original form once the manufacturing action that conforms it ends.
  • the tensile strength of the wire used to allow this type of manufacturing generally reaches 550MPa with wire diameters generally less than or equal to 3.0mm.
  • This type of mesh canvas is characterized by its flat or two-dimensional character, given the type of fabric and fabric manufacturing procedure which would make it preliminary for use as a structural membrane. However, due to external actions, it has a very high deformation, so its use as a structural membrane is not suitable.
  • simple twist meshes are also common and known within the different steel wire mesh canvases.
  • the manufacturing process also uses technology of a traditional nature and widely known as in triple or double twist mesh canvases.
  • a folding or bending of the steel wire is carried out which allows the formation of individual wire turns, which are placed transversely to the manufacturing progress of the mesh of meshes, are interwoven with each other two by two to generate meshes and these are intertwined obtaining the final configuration of a canvas of steel wire meshes.
  • the manufacturing process begins with the formation of the individual turns from the steel wire, obtained by bending the wire along a tool that rotates with a spiral groove and that pulls the wire to form the spiral, which is characterized by an angle of advance, a height, a length of passage and an interior light of the spiral that is achieved by the configuration of the manufacturing tool.
  • the variation of these parameters allows obtaining different geometric configurations. Therefore, the characteristics of the type of wire used are such that the ductility of the steel must allow the fabrication of the turns by bending the constituent wires, and steel wires with a diameter of up to 5.0mm and generally tensile strength can be used not exceeding LOOOMPa.
  • This type of mesh canvas is characterized by its three-dimensional character, given the type of fabric and braided manufacturing process.
  • the three-dimensionality of the fabric is marked by the interior light of the loop that is obtained in manufacturing.
  • This three-dimensionality causes that, under the hypothesis of its use as a structural membrane before external actions that generates a tensional state inside the canvas of steel wire meshes, it presents a very high deformation, by reversing the three-dimensionality of the element, therefore its use as a structural membrane is not suitable.
  • this type of steel wire mesh canvases or the union of several individual canvases, when subjected to external actions present the problem of high deformation mentioned, phenomenon controlled mainly by the three-dimensionality of the mesh of meshes, among other factors .
  • the deformation of the canvas of meshes of simple torsion under external actions has three components, the first component being a function of the manufacturing process and of the form that the mesh of the mesh of meshes itself acquires and which gives it a three-dimensional character.
  • this phenomenon is controlled by a reduction of interior light of the individual turns and by a reduction of the radius of curvature of the vertices of the windings when subjected to external actions that cause tensile stress inside the mesh of meshes.
  • This deformational component is permanent and non-recoverable after the end of the application of the external actions, since the canvas of meshes when subjected to stress is deformed in a plastic way, reducing the interior light of the turns that make up the canvas of meshes and decreasing the radius of curvature of the vertices of the turns, resulting in permanent deformation in the main direction of the mesh of meshes.
  • the second component is a function of the type of lateral closing knots of the turns used in the manufacture of the mesh canvas.
  • This deformational component is of permanent and non-recoverable character after the end of the application of the external actions since the canvas of meshes, being subjected to stresses, at the same time as the reduction of the interior light of the turns and reduction of the radius of curvature in the vertices of the turns, also tends to open the lateral closing nodes of the turns, and as a result introduces a deformation in the main direction of the mesh of meshes.
  • the ends of steel meshes of the simple twist type closed ends by bending the wires on themselves have been used for the manufacture of the steel mesh canvases. This type of closure does not allow interconnection between mesh canvases or the application of significant transverse stresses to the joint line if two mesh canvases are joined by the knot line.
  • the third component is elastic, due to the deformation of the steel under the stresses caused by the external application of actions.
  • This deformational component is recoverable provided that the elastic range of behavior of the materials is not exceeded, and it is controllable, from the physical point of view, since it is a function of the magnitude of the external actions applied on the mesh of meshes and mechanical characteristics of said mesh canvas.
  • conventional plain torsion mesh canvases may have a suitable tensile strength due to their geometric configuration and the type and diameter of the steel wire used, but they have a deformational creep phase when subjected to external actions. This phenomenon is characterized by a non-recoverable deformation for low increases in load or external action at the beginning of its application. This deformation is a function of the structure of the fabric of the steel wire mesh canvas, in particular of the interior light of the turns, as well as the type of lateral closure of the turns.
  • Said structural membrane is subjected to terrain actions that result in tensile stresses and that requires its attachment to the anchor bolts by means of bracing elements and plates that allow the transmission of these efforts, offering coverage to the ground surface and functioning as a support or distribution element of the stabilizing pressure.
  • This structural membrane obtained by the application of a mesh of meshes or the union of different canvases of meshes, so that they are efficient from the mechanical point of view within the system in which they are used, must be characterized because when acting as a membrane they must offer a high tensile strength but with a low deformation against the thrusts exerted by the ground.
  • the typology of the canvas must be specifically adapted to the structural membrane requirements described above, in particular, to the requirement of offering a high tensile strength with a low level of associated deformation.
  • individual mesh canvases must allow their connection securely, guaranteeing the transmission of efforts.
  • containment and protection kits against rockfalls and impacts are also known, of the type barriers or dynamic screens composed of a structure anchored to the ground and a collection element or surface connected to the previous structure, between other solutions, steel wire mesh canvases whose function is to serve as an interposing element in the face of possible landslides and thrusts of the ground (and / or snow).
  • the catchment surface is understood as the surface that interposes, supports and retains possible landslides or impacts.
  • the deformation of the pick-up element is not a limiting aspect in the use of these types of solutions, but the mesh canvases to be used require a solid connection between the individual mesh canvases to withstand the impacts.
  • An object of the invention is to provide a process for manufacturing mesh canvases as defined in the claims.
  • At least a plurality of steel wires are actuated to form, with each wire, an individual loop of a given width, different adjacent turns are intertwined to generate a mesh of a given width each two turns, different meshes are intertwined with each other generating a set of meshes, a lateral closure is made on both lateral ends of the set of meshes and said set of meshes is prestressed obtaining a prestressed mesh of meshes.
  • each lateral closure is made simultaneously and each lateral closure is made by generating a plurality of closing nodes, generating a closing knot for each mesh and making said closing knot through a twisting of one end of one of said turns with one end of the other turn, by a subsequent rotation of one end over the other end an angle of rotation such that it allows to maintain some ends of said ends in the plane of the mesh, and by folding back of said tips into the mesh assembly; and, once the lateral closures have been generated, in the procedure the set of meshes is subjected to a prestressing treatment under controlled load in the direction perpendicular to the meshes that coincides with the longitudinal direction of the set of meshes, obtaining the canvas of mesh.
  • non-deformable closure knots are obtained that allow an appropriate prestressing to be obtained to obtain a mesh of meshes that can act, for example, as a structural membrane (which requires a controlled tensile behavior and with low levels of deformation low load or external actions of the mesh of meshes) or as a collection surface with controlled deformation, since the closing nodes, due to their non-deformable character obtained by how they were made, are not affected during prestressing; and even allow an easy and robust joining of different mesh canvases to each other to increase the size of the structural membrane and / or the containment kit.
  • a mesh of meshes is obtained with reduction of the three-dimensional character by reduction of the interior light and the radius of curvature of the vertices of the individual turns.
  • an easy transport and manipulation of the mesh cloths is allowed to avoid possible snagging or awkward situations with those tips , and also facilitate the implementation of mesh canvases for final application since these points must not be taken into account during said implementation.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a machine in which the manufacturing process of a mesh canvas as described above can be implemented.
  • a mesh canvas is obtained with at least the advantages already mentioned.
  • Another object of the invention relates to different possible applications of the mesh canvas obtained with the process of the first object of the invention and / or with the machine of the second object of the invention, such as its use as a flexible stabilization and protection system. of slopes (as a structural membrane), avoiding the three-dimensionality of the mesh of meshes thanks mainly to the typology of the closing knots; or as a containment and protection kit against rockfalls and impacts (as a collection surface with controlled deformation).
  • Figure 1a shows a loop formed according to a preferred embodiment of the process of the invention.
  • Figure 1b shows a mesh formed by the interlacing of two adjacent turns of Figure 1a, during the preferred embodiment of the process of the invention.
  • Figure 1 c shows a set of meshes formed by interlacing a plurality of meshes according to Figure 1 b, during the preferred embodiment of the process of the invention.
  • Figure 2 shows a side end of a mesh, with the two ends of the turns that make it up.
  • Figure 3a schematically represents the application of a twist of the end of one turn on the end of the other turn of Figure 2, during the formation of a closing knot according to a first embodiment of the method of the invention, where they are shown one resulting tips from each end.
  • Figure 3b schematically represents the folding of the tips of Figure 3a, to form the closure node according to the first embodiment of the process of the invention.
  • Figure 4a schematically represents the application of a twist of the end of one turn on the end of the other turn of Figure 2, during the formation of a closing knot according to a second embodiment of the method of the invention, where they are shown one resulting tips from each end.
  • Figure 4b schematically represents the folding of the tips of Figure 4a, to form the closure node according to the second embodiment of the process of the invention.
  • Figure 5 shows an elongation that is generated in a set of meshes during a prestressing process of the process of the invention, to obtain a canvas of meshes according to the invention.
  • Figure 6 schematically shows an embodiment of a machine according to the invention.
  • Figures 7a-7c show a knotting unit according to the machine of Figure 6, with different evolutions of the prestressing process of the process of the invention.
  • Figure 8 shows a connection detail of an embodiment of a mesh canvas of the invention employed in a slope stabilization and protection system with point connection.
  • Figure 9 shows a connection detail of an embodiment of a mesh canvas of the invention, used in a slope stabilization and protection system with a bracing line.
  • Figure 10 shows a connection detail of an embodiment of a canvas of meshes of the invention, used in a slope stabilization and protection system with two bracing lines.
  • a first aspect of the invention relates to a method of manufacturing steel wire mesh canvases.
  • the process is initiated by acting on a plurality of steel wires to form, with each wire, a loop 1 of a width A determined as shown by way of example in Figure 1 a, by a winding process in which preferably, at least two wires or wires are operated simultaneously, which provides greater performance than traditional procedures where a single wire or wire is used.
  • the process is then continued by interlacing different adjacent turns 1, two by two, as shown by way of example in Figure 1 b, to generate with each interlaced between two turns 1 a mesh 2 with a width equal to the determined width A, as shown by way of example in figure 3a, and the different successive meshes 2 are intertwined with each other generating a set of meshes 3 as shown by way of example in figure 1c.
  • the manufactured turns 1 are automatically interwoven with each other, composing sets of meshes 3 with a width A defined by the length of the turn 1, preferably between approximately 2.0 meters and approximately 3.5 meters as this is the most usual measure for the most common applications (for example as a structural membrane or protection kit, which will be discussed later), being in any case different widths to this one.
  • a lateral closure thereof is made on both lateral ends 30.
  • Each lateral closure is made by knotting the turns 1 that share the same mesh 2 with each other.
  • the lateral closure is carried out simultaneously on both lateral ends 30 of the set of meshes 3, generating a plurality of closure nodes 7; 7 'sides with non-deformable character and high strength in each side closure.
  • Each closing knot 7; T is formed, firstly, by twisting the ends 5 of the two turns 1 that share the same closing node 7; 7 ', and for this purpose, one end 5 of one turn 1 is rotated on the end 5 of the other turn 1. Subsequently, points 6 resulting from the turns 1 are folded, after twisting, into the assembly of meshes 3.
  • the rotation of one end 5 of one turn 1 over the end 5 of the other turn 1 to generate a closing knot 7 is approximately 360 °.
  • the method of generating the closing node 7 according to the first embodiment is shown in Figures 3a-3b from the state shown in Figure 2.
  • the rotation of one end 5 of one turn 1 over the end 5 of the other turn 1 to generate a closing knot 7 ' is approximately 180 °, and the tips 6 are fixed to the set of meshes 3, specifically to the corresponding turn 1, by electric welding or by another equivalent joining method.
  • the degree of torsion that marks the rotation of one end 5 on the other end can be reduced to approximately 180 ° with respect to the first embodiment.
  • it is the configuration of rotation, folding and electro-welding together that helps to avoid the phenomenon of opening of the closing nodes 7 ', preventing the closing node 7' from falling apart.
  • the method of generating the closing node 7 'according to the second embodiment is shown in Figures 4b-4c from the state shown in Figure 2.
  • the process of formation of the closing nodes 7; 7 ' is done automatically and simultaneously.
  • the prestressed treatment is carried out by stretching under controlled load of said set of meshes 3, obtaining as a result of prestressing the mesh of meshes 4.
  • this phase of the manufacturing process it is where the structural deformation of the framework due to the three-dimensionality thereof by reduction of the interior light of the turns 1 and by reduction of the radius of curvature of the vertices of said turns 1 that configure the mesh of meshes 4.
  • Such treatment is possible due to the previous obtaining of the closing nodes 7; 7 'of non-deformable character as described above.
  • the prestressing allows eliminating the deformation component based on the structure of the mesh canvas 4, permanently reducing the deformational effect due to the three-dimensionality of said mesh canvas 4, and consists in subjecting the set of meshes 3 to a deformation process preferably under controlled tensile load in the longitudinal direction of the set of meshes 4, keeping the width A of the set of meshes 3 unchanged by restriction of movement in the transverse direction and support in the closing nodes 7; 7 'non-deformable and high strength, which allows to reduce the interior light of the turns 1 and the reduction of the radius of curvature of the vertices of the turns 1 that make up the mesh canvas 4, and causing an elongation AL in the main direction of the set of meshes 3 coinciding with the direction of application of the prestressing as shown in Figure 5, and finally obtaining a canvas of meshes 4 where said elongation AL has occurred and a reduction of the interior light of the turns 1 and of the radius of curvature of the vertices of said turns 1 with respect
  • the described manufacturing process allows, in any of its embodiments, to control the load - deformation properties of the manufactured mesh canvas 4 and thus obtain mesh canvases 4 of high strength and low deformation steel wire, under the application of external actions in any direction that subject the canvas of meshes to a flat tension state, being possible its use as a structural membrane.
  • the closing nodes 7; 7 'obtained allow different meshes of meshes 4 to be joined together in a manner juxtaposed by the line of closure nodes 7; 7 ', thus being able to use mesh canvases 4 thus manufactured and joined together as a continuous structural membrane.
  • the process of the invention can be executed on a machine 100 as shown by way of example in Figure 6, which corresponds to a second aspect of the invention and will be detailed below.
  • the procedure includes automatic intermediate stages, which correspond to:
  • a second aspect of the invention refers to a machine 100 in which the method according to the first aspect of the invention can be implemented in any of its embodiments.
  • the machine 100 comprises a wire feed unit 8 where individual turns 1 are formed, where the turns 1 are interwoven with each other two by two to generate meshes 2 of a given width A, and where successive meshes 2 are intertwined creating a set of meshes 3.
  • the machine 100 further comprises a knotting unit 9, arranged next to the feeding unit 8, which receives the set of meshes 3 from the feeding unit 8 and where the two side seals are made simultaneously of the set of meshes 3, generating the closing nodes 7; 7 '; and a stretching unit 10 arranged next to the knotting unit 9, which receives the set of meshes 3 with the closing nodes 7; 7 'from said knotting unit 9 and where the prestressing treatment is carried out by stretching under controlled loading of the set of meshes 3, obtaining a canvas of meshes 4 with a width A equal to the width A determined of the set of meshes 3 but with a length greater than the length of said set of meshes 3 (AL greater).
  • Units 8, 9 and 10 are arranged in series and synchronized with each other, such that said machine 100 is adapted to carry out the process of the first aspect of the invention in an automatic manner.
  • the knotting unit 9 comprises a plurality of twisting tools 12 for each of the lateral ends 30 of the mesh assembly 3, and a static structure 13 for each side of the assembly. meshes 3.
  • the twisting tools 12 are attached to the corresponding structure 13, said twisting tools 12 having freedom of rotation on their own longitudinal axis 12a and simultaneous displacement towards the turns 1.
  • Each twisting tool 12 comprises a head 18 which holds the ends 5 of the turns 1 sharing the same closing node 7; 7 ', a ring 16 by means of which a rotating horizontal axis 15 inserted in the ring 16 with an inner spiral 17 is fixed to the corresponding structure 13 to allow its torsion rotation on said ends 5 and its simultaneous longitudinal displacement out of the mesh assembly 3 without the possibility of retraction of the head 18, conferring a continuous pressure without the possibility of reducing it to the lateral end 30 in the direction of rotation and of the displacement that allows the knotting without the possibility that the deformation conferred to the ends of the wires 6 of the corresponding adjacent and intertwined turns 1 are reversed, the twisting tool 12 being adapted to cause a twist of up to 360 °, such that it is adapted to cause a twist of 360 ° (first embodiment of the process of the invention) or a 180 ° twist (second embodiment of the process of the invention).
  • the twisting tools 12 are therefore allowed longitudinal displacement to guarantee their approach to the lateral end 30 of the mesh set 3 and to continue with the outward movement of the mesh canvas while forming the closure knot. 7; 7 'corresponding, maintaining the pressure on said closing node 7; 7 'to not allow torsion to reverse (Figure 7b).
  • the twisting tools 12 are coupled to a motor (not shown in the figures) by, for example, a gear system, the motor providing sufficient torque to cause the necessary twisting to each pair of wire tips 6 comprised in each knot of close 7; 7 'from the side end 30 of the mesh set 3.
  • the heads 18 of the twisting tools 12 allow the formation of the closing knot 7; 7 'as described above, and also allow the folding of the tips 6 towards the inside of the mesh assembly 3, the heads 18 comprising a cone-shaped or double wedge folding tool 18a, which can be pneumatically or mechanically actuated by example, which pushes the tips 6 towards the inside of the mesh set 3 and positions them parallel to the axis of the closing knot 7; Corresponding T ( Figure 7c).
  • the knotting unit 9 further comprises a terminal (not shown in the figures) associated with each torsion tool 12, and more specifically to the head 18 of said torsion tool 12, for when the second embodiment of the machine 100 is implemented in the machine 100 First aspect of the invention.
  • a terminal (not shown in the figures) associated with each torsion tool 12, and more specifically to the head 18 of said torsion tool 12, for when the second embodiment of the machine 100 is implemented in the machine 100 First aspect of the invention.
  • the set of meshes is transported to the stretching unit 10 where said set of meshes 3tal is stretched and as shown in Figure 5, obtaining a canvas of meshes 4 with an increase in its length (AL) but without reduction or variation in its width A, and with reduction of the interior light of the turns 1 and decrease in the radius of curvature of the vertices of said turns 1.
  • the means of transport used in the machine 100 to transport the set of meshes 3 from one unit to another may correspond to conventional means of transport that could be used by a person skilled in the art, so they are not detailed.
  • a mesh of meshes 4 obtained according to the process of the first aspect the invention or in the machine 100 of the second aspect the invention can be used, by itself or together with other canvases of analogous meshes 4, in different applications due to its undeformable characteristics already mentioned .
  • An example of application is as a structural support and pressure distribution membrane in a slope stabilization and protection system, combined with a bolt system, which fixes the canvas of meshes 4 (or mesh canvases 4) to the ground.
  • the wire mesh canvases 4 will be sized according to the level of resistance required, defining the pitch of the loop 1 and the diameter and tensile strength of the steel wires that make it up, thus obtaining a structural membrane with a resistance level at a given traction and a controlled deformational behavior, obtained in the prestressing phase of the process by reducing the interior light of the turns 1 and reducing the radius of curvature of the vertices of said turns 1 of the mesh canvas 4, and allowing adjustment the structural membrane solution to be used to the ground support requirement.
  • a mesh of meshes 4 (or of the arrangement of more than one canvas of meshes 4 of simple torsion steel wire) works as a structural membrane in a system of stabilization and protection of slopes
  • said canvas of meshes 4 must guarantee continuity in the transmission of the efforts of a canvas of meshes 4 to another canvas of meshes 4 when they are arranged adjacently and joined together, which is achieved by the existence of the closure knots 7; 7 'non-deformable that allow to transfer the efforts of some mesh canvases 4 to other mesh canvases 4, transferring the same to a bolt head by means of distribution plates or connecting plates, and, in some cases, cables and spirals of union, always with low levels of deformation of the canvas of meshes 4 and without opening or deformation of the closing nodes 7; 7 '.
  • connection of the different canvases of meshes 4 adjacent to each other to form a structural membrane of continuous support is therefore carried out with connection elements that guarantee the transmission of stresses between a canvas of mesh 4 and the adjacent one and that both are held in solidarity.
  • mesh canvases 4 with one another preferably using a steel cable or other element that guarantees the strength of the connection.
  • connection elements 21; 23 Internally, the structural membrane may be jointly connected to bolts 22 by means of connection elements 21; 23, with internal perforation to accommodate the bolt 22 and allow the support of a connecting nut 29, the assembly may or may not be reinforced by means of bracing 24, preferably horizontal, consisting of one or more cables to confer a higher level of support to the assembly and which will determine the geometric configuration of the connection element 21; 23.
  • the system achieved will have a behavior according to a geotechnical model that allows establishing the level of stabilizing support conferred to the unstable ground.
  • FIG. 8 a stabilization system with punctual connection as shown in Figure 8, when the canvas of meshes 4 (or meshes of meshes 4 joined together), acting as a structural membrane, is bracing perimeter continuously and punctually fixed by means of at least one distribution plate 21 directly to the head of the bolts 22 in the inner zone thereof, with a density and arrangement thereof preferably to the triplet (not shown in the figures) and determined by the calculations Geotechnical stability of ground thrust.
  • a reinforced stabilization system when a canvas of meshes 4 (or meshes of meshes 4 joined together), acting as a structural membrane, is perimeter-mounted continuously and fixedly attached to the head of bolts 22 in the inner zone thereof by means of connecting plates 23 and horizontal reinforcement bracing 24, with a bracing line as shown in Figure 9 or with two bracing lines as shown in Figure 10, preferably high strength steel cables, which are placed longitudinally along the slope and evenly spaced thereon.
  • the reinforcement cables is used for the connection of the reinforcement cables to the structural membrane as shown in Figures 9 and 10, spirals 25 of diameter steel wire and the same type of wire used for the manufacture of the canvas of meshes 4, with a step proportional to that of the canvas of meshes 4 to allow its connection in the exposed manner.
  • different mesh canvases 4 can also be connected to each other by using a steel cable or other element that guarantees the strength and continuity of the connection.
  • the different sectors of connection of the bracing to the structural membrane can be independent and alternated, providing solid unions that prevent, in the case of breakage of any connection, the transmission of the fault to the rest of the sectors.
  • This distribution surface once installed, loaded and correctly attached to the ground as a structural membrane of a stabilization system, due to the low level of deformation that it presents when it is loaded by the action of the ground thrust, allows to obtain a system adequate to the levels of ground support requirements adapting the structural membrane to be used in terms of its geometry, strength of steel and wire diameter.
  • Another example of application is as a structural membrane used as a collection surface within a kit to contain mudflows or debris, soil thrusts and / or snow and protection against rockfalls and impacts, conveniently fixed to the support structure of the kit so that in the event of a force of thrust or an impact transfer the efforts generated on it to the structure of posts, cables and bolts to the ground without opening or deformation of the knots and with deformation control.
  • wire mesh canvases 4 In general, the technology of wire mesh canvases 4 currently existing, in particular those known as simple twist and manufactured with different diameters and grades of steel, are applicable in general uses and cannot be used directly as structural membranes with resistant function where high resistance with low deformation is essential.
  • the mesh canvases 4 of the invention allow them to be subjected to external actions that produce a flat tension on them, but with low levels of deformation.
  • These structural membranes allow working conditions thereof, and in particular within their preferred use as a structural support and distribution membrane as part of a slope stabilization system, catchment surface of a mud flow containment kit or debris, snow thrusts and protection against rockfalls and impacts, or in general for any application in which a structural function is required, a controlled load-deformation behavior with low levels of deformation for high levels of load.

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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
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  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Braiding, Manufacturing Of Bobbin-Net Or Lace, And Manufacturing Of Nets By Knotting (AREA)
  • Wire Processing (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method and machine for producing mesh sheets, wherein: wires are shaped such as to form a spiral with each wire; different adjacent spirals are interlaced with one another, in pairs, in order to create a mesh; different meshes are interlaced with one another in order to create a mesh assembly (3); a lateral closure is made at both lateral ends (30) of the mesh assembly (3); and the mesh assembly (3) is subjected to a pre-stressing process, thereby producing a mesh sheet. The lateral closures of a mesh assembly (3) are made simultaneously, and each lateral closure is made by creating a plurality of closure knots. Each closure knot is made by twisting one end of one spiral around one end of another spiral, and by subsequently bending the ends inwards.

Description

DESCRIPCIÓN  DESCRIPTION
"Procedimiento y máquina para la fabricación de lienzos de mallas" "Procedure and machine for the manufacture of mesh canvases"
SECTOR DE LA TÉCNICA SECTOR OF THE TECHNIQUE
La presente invención se relaciona con procedimientos de fabricación de lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero, más concretamente con aquellos procedimientos de fabricación de lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero de simple torsión, con máquinas adaptadas para la fabricación de lienzos de mallas de este tipo. Así mismo, la presente invención se relaciona también con el campo de aplicación posible de los lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero obtenidos a partir del procedimiento de fabricación reivindicado o con la máquina. The present invention relates to manufacturing processes for steel wire mesh canvases, more specifically to those manufacturing processes for single wire steel wire mesh canvases, with machines adapted for manufacturing mesh canvases of this type. . Likewise, the present invention also relates to the possible field of application of steel wire mesh canvases obtained from the claimed manufacturing process or with the machine.
ESTADO ANTERIOR DE LA TÉCNICA PREVIOUS STATE OF THE TECHNIQUE
En general, un lienzo de mallas de alambre de acero consiste en un entramado metálico obtenido por trenzado o tejido de unos alambres de acero, del que existen diferentes tipologías que difieren entre sí generalmente por sus diferentes configuraciones geométricas, por su procedimiento de fabricación, por el tamaño del reticulado interior, por el empleo de diferentes diámetros y resistencias de los alambres o por el uso de diferentes tipos de protección anticorrosiva entre otros. En general, los lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero constituyen un elemento ampliamente extendido en gran número de aplicaciones, siendo conocidos antecedentes relativos a diferentes tipos de lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero empleados principalmente en cerramientos y en usos industriales, en estos casos, sin función estructural. De manera general y en lo sucesivo, se entenderá por función estructural el comportamiento mecánico de los lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero cuando, sometidos a acciones o fuerzas externas, se derive en ellos un estado tensional plano del lienzo o en una pluralidad de lienzos de mallas cuando estos son conectados entre sí. Se entiende como estado tensional plano del elemento el estado físico tensional que se produce en el mismo por los esfuerzos generados y que están contenidos en el plano del lienzo de malla que son provocados por las acciones o fuerzas externas, las cuales pueden ser aplicadas tanto en las direcciones contenidas dentro del plano que conforma el lienzo de mallas, como en la dirección perpendicular al mismo o una combinación de ambas. In general, a steel wire mesh canvas consists of a metallic framework obtained by braiding or weaving steel wires, of which there are different typologies that differ from each other generally by their different geometric configurations, by their manufacturing procedure, by the size of the internal crosslinking, by the use of different diameters and resistance of the wires or by the use of different types of corrosion protection among others. In general, steel wire mesh canvases constitute a widely used element in a large number of applications, with a history of different types of steel wire mesh canvases used primarily in enclosures and industrial uses being known, in these cases, No structural function. In a general way and from now on, the structural function will be understood as the mechanical behavior of steel wire mesh canvases when, subject to external actions or forces, a flat tension state of the canvas or a plurality of canvases is derived of meshes when these are connected to each other. It is understood as the flat tensional state of the element the tensional physical state that is produced in it by the efforts generated and that are contained in the plane of the mesh canvas that are caused by external actions or forces, which can be applied both in the directions contained within the plane that forms the canvas of meshes, as in the direction perpendicular to it or a combination of both.
Es característico el comportamiento, tanto del lienzo de mallas como de los lienzos de malla conectados entre sí, según el cual ante acciones externas, principalmente en la dirección perpendicular al plano que lo contiene, se generan en su interior esfuerzos de tracción en las direcciones contenidas en el plano del mismo, donde se identifica la dirección principal como la dirección longitudinal donde la resistencia es mayor y la dirección secundaria como la dirección transversal donde la resistencia es igual o menor a la principal, pudiendo asimilarse su comportamiento desde el punto de vista físico y mecánico como el de una membrana estructural. Characteristic is the behavior, both of the mesh of meshes and of the mesh canvases connected to each other, according to which, before external actions, mainly in the direction perpendicular to the plane that contains it, tensile stresses are generated inside in the directions contained in the plane of the same, where the main direction is identified as the longitudinal direction where the resistance is greater and the secondary direction as the transverse direction where the resistance is equal to or less than the main one, being able to assimilate its behavior from the physical point of view and mechanical like that of a structural membrane.
La función estructural de una membrana se caracteriza por el hecho de que el elemento debe presentar una resistencia a tracción tal que permita soportar las acciones externas a las que será sometido bajo un comportamiento tensión-deformación controlado, lo que implica que los niveles de deformación deben ser bajos para niveles de esfuerzos elevados provocados por las acciones o fuerzas externas. En general las membranas estructurales presentan carácter bidimensional, lo que quiere decir que predominan dos dimensiones frente a la tercera, la cual es despreciable. The structural function of a membrane is characterized by the fact that the element must have a tensile strength such that it can withstand the external actions to which it will be subjected under a controlled stress-strain behavior, which implies that the levels of deformation must be low for high effort levels caused by external actions or forces. In general, the structural membranes have a two-dimensional character, which means that two dimensions predominate over the third, which is negligible.
De manera general, dentro de los diferentes lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero, son conocidos y usuales los que comprenden retículas interiores hexagonales, conocidas de manera coloquial como mallas de doble o triple torsión. Esta tipología de lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero son fabricadas por tejido, presentando una retícula interior formada por hexágonos individuales que surgen del tejido por torsión reiterada entre sí de dos alambres en sentido alterno, con lo que estos alambres torcidos discurren en la dirección longitudinal del trenzado y diagonalmente a un lado y al otro hasta obtener el lienzo de mallas de alambre de acero. In general, within the different steel wire mesh canvases, those comprising hexagonal inner reticles, known colloquially as double or triple twist meshes, are known and customary. This typology of steel wire mesh canvases are manufactured by weaving, presenting an inner lattice formed by individual hexagons that arise from the fabric by repeated twisting of two wires alternately, so that these twisted wires run in the longitudinal direction from braided and diagonally to one side and the other until the canvas of steel wire meshes is obtained.
En este caso, el tipo de alambre está limitado al empleo de acero dúctil, el cual presenta la cualidad de ser doblado fácilmente, lo que lo hace apto conforme al método de fabricación por tejido comentado, el cual provoca una deformación plástica sobre el alambre por torsión reiterada sin recuperar su forma original una vez que termina la acción de fabricación que lo conforma. La resistencia a tracción del alambre empleado para permitir este tipo de fabricación llega por lo general hasta los 550MPa con diámetros del alambre generalmente inferiores o iguales a 3,0mm. Estas características son las que permiten la fabricación del lienzo de mallas por doblado y torcido de los alambres constituyentes del mismo de la forma descrita sin producirse rotura en los alambres o destrenzado del tejido del lienzo una vez fabricado. In this case, the type of wire is limited to the use of ductile steel, which has the quality of being easily folded, which makes it suitable according to the method of manufacturing by commented fabric, which causes a plastic deformation on the wire by repeated torsion without recovering its original form once the manufacturing action that conforms it ends. The tensile strength of the wire used to allow this type of manufacturing generally reaches 550MPa with wire diameters generally less than or equal to 3.0mm. These characteristics are those that allow the manufacturing of the canvas of meshes by bending and twisting the constituent wires thereof in the manner described without causing breakage in the wires or dismantling of the canvas fabric once manufactured.
Esta tipología de lienzo de mallas se caracteriza por su carácter plano o bidimensional, dado el tipo de entramado y procedimiento de fabricación por tejido lo que de manera preliminar le haría apto para su empleo como membrana estructural. No obstante, ante acciones externas presenta una deformación muy elevada, por lo que no es apto su uso como membrana estructural. This type of mesh canvas is characterized by its flat or two-dimensional character, given the type of fabric and fabric manufacturing procedure which would make it preliminary for use as a structural membrane. However, due to external actions, it has a very high deformation, so its use as a structural membrane is not suitable.
Son también usuales y conocidas dentro de los diferentes lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero las coloquialmente denominadas mallas de simple torsión. En este caso el proceso de fabricación emplea tecnología también de carácter tradicional y ampliamente conocida como en los lienzos de mallas de triple o doble torsión. En este caso se realiza un plegado o doblado del alambre de acero que permite conformar espiras de alambre individuales, las cuales colocadas en sentido transversal al avance de fabricación del lienzo de mallas, son entrelazadas entre sí de dos en dos para generar mallas y éstas son entrelazadas obteniéndose la configuración final de un lienzo de mallas de alambre de acero. Also colloquially called simple twist meshes are also common and known within the different steel wire mesh canvases. In this case the manufacturing process also uses technology of a traditional nature and widely known as in triple or double twist mesh canvases. In this case, a folding or bending of the steel wire is carried out which allows the formation of individual wire turns, which are placed transversely to the manufacturing progress of the mesh of meshes, are interwoven with each other two by two to generate meshes and these are intertwined obtaining the final configuration of a canvas of steel wire meshes.
El proceso de fabricación comienza con la formación de las espiras individuales a partir del alambre de acero, obteniéndose por doblado del alambre a lo largo de un útil que gira con un surco espiral y que va tirando del alambre para conformar la espira, la cual está caracterizada por un ángulo de avance, una altura, una longitud de paso y una luz interior de la espira que se consigue por la configuración del útil de fabricación. La variación de estos parámetros permite la obtención de diferentes configuraciones geométricas. Por tanto, las características del tipo de alambre empleado son tales que la ductilidad del acero debe permitir la fabricación de las espiras por doblado de los alambres constituyentes, pudiendo emplearse alambres de acero de diámetro hasta 5,0mm y de resistencia a tracción por lo general no superior a LOOOMPa. Esta tipología de lienzo de mallas se caracteriza por su carácter tridimensional, dado el tipo de entramado y procedimiento de fabricación por trenzado. La tridimensionalidad del entramado viene marcada por la luz interior de la espira que se obtiene en la fabricación. Esta tridimensionalidad provoca que, bajo la hipótesis de su empleo como membrana estructural ante acciones exteriores que genera un estado tensional en el interior del lienzo de mallas de alambre de acero, el mismo presenta una deformación muy elevada, por reversión de la tridimensionalidad del elemento, por lo que no es apto su uso como membrana estructural. De manera particular, este tipo de lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero o la unión de varios lienzos individuales, cuando son sometidos a acciones exteriores presentan el problema de elevada deformación mencionado, fenómeno controlado principalmente por la tridimensionalidad del lienzo de mallas, entre otros factores. Este fenómeno se hace más acusado cuanto mayor es la tenacidad del alambre lo que además dificulta su doblado y por tanto no permite reducir la luz interior de la espira. Por tanto, esta deformación bajo la acción de cargas exteriores es excesiva para permitir el empleo de estos lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero de simple torsión o la unión de varios lienzos como membrana estructural. The manufacturing process begins with the formation of the individual turns from the steel wire, obtained by bending the wire along a tool that rotates with a spiral groove and that pulls the wire to form the spiral, which is characterized by an angle of advance, a height, a length of passage and an interior light of the spiral that is achieved by the configuration of the manufacturing tool. The variation of these parameters allows obtaining different geometric configurations. Therefore, the characteristics of the type of wire used are such that the ductility of the steel must allow the fabrication of the turns by bending the constituent wires, and steel wires with a diameter of up to 5.0mm and generally tensile strength can be used not exceeding LOOOMPa. This type of mesh canvas is characterized by its three-dimensional character, given the type of fabric and braided manufacturing process. The three-dimensionality of the fabric is marked by the interior light of the loop that is obtained in manufacturing. This three-dimensionality causes that, under the hypothesis of its use as a structural membrane before external actions that generates a tensional state inside the canvas of steel wire meshes, it presents a very high deformation, by reversing the three-dimensionality of the element, therefore its use as a structural membrane is not suitable. In particular, this type of steel wire mesh canvases or the union of several individual canvases, when subjected to external actions present the problem of high deformation mentioned, phenomenon controlled mainly by the three-dimensionality of the mesh of meshes, among other factors . This phenomenon becomes more pronounced the greater the tenacity of the wire, which also hinders its bending and therefore does not reduce the interior light of the loop. Therefore, this deformation under the action of external loads is excessive to allow the use of these canvases of simple twist steel wire mesh or the union of several canvases as a structural membrane.
De manera general, la deformación del lienzo de mallas de simple torsión bajo acciones exteriores tiene tres componentes, siendo la primera componente función del procedimiento de fabricación y de la forma que adquiere el propio entramado del lienzo de mallas y que le confiere un carácter tridimensional. En particular, en los lienzos de mallas de simple torsión fabricados por doblado individual de espiras y entrelazado de las mismas, este fenómeno es controlado mediante una reducción de luz interior de las espiras individuales y mediante una reducción del radio de curvatura de los vértices de las espiras al ser sometidas a acciones exteriores que provocan esfuerzos de tracción en el interior del lienzo de mallas. Esta componente deformacional es de carácter permanente y no recuperable tras el fin de aplicación de las acciones exteriores, ya que el lienzo de mallas al verse sometido a esfuerzos se deforma de manera plástica, reduciendo la luz interior de las espiras que conforman el lienzo de mallas y disminuyendo el radio de curvatura de los vértices de las espiras, dando como resultado una deformación permanente en la dirección principal del lienzo de mallas. In general, the deformation of the canvas of meshes of simple torsion under external actions has three components, the first component being a function of the manufacturing process and of the form that the mesh of the mesh of meshes itself acquires and which gives it a three-dimensional character. In particular, in the canvases of simple torsion meshes manufactured by individual bending of turns and interlacing thereof, this phenomenon is controlled by a reduction of interior light of the individual turns and by a reduction of the radius of curvature of the vertices of the windings when subjected to external actions that cause tensile stress inside the mesh of meshes. This deformational component is permanent and non-recoverable after the end of the application of the external actions, since the canvas of meshes when subjected to stress is deformed in a plastic way, reducing the interior light of the turns that make up the canvas of meshes and decreasing the radius of curvature of the vertices of the turns, resulting in permanent deformation in the main direction of the mesh of meshes.
La segunda componente es función del tipo de nudos de cierre lateral de las espiras empleado en la fabricación del lienzo de mallas. Esta componente deformacional es de carácter permanente y no recuperable tras el fin de aplicación de las acciones exteriores ya que el lienzo de mallas, al estar sometido a esfuerzos, a la vez que se produce la reducción de la luz interior de las espiras y reducción del radio de curvatura en los vértices de las espiras, también tiende a abrir los nudos de cierre lateral de las espiras, y como resultado introduce una deformación en la dirección principal del lienzo de mallas. De manera usual y conocida, se han empleado para la fabricación de los lienzos de mallas de acero del tipo simple torsión extremos cerrados por doblado de los alambres sobre sí mismos. Este tipo de cierre no permite la interconexión entre lienzos de mallas ni la aplicación de importantes esfuerzos transversales a la línea de unión si dos lienzos de mallas son unidos por la línea de nudos. The second component is a function of the type of lateral closing knots of the turns used in the manufacture of the mesh canvas. This deformational component is of permanent and non-recoverable character after the end of the application of the external actions since the canvas of meshes, being subjected to stresses, at the same time as the reduction of the interior light of the turns and reduction of the radius of curvature in the vertices of the turns, also tends to open the lateral closing nodes of the turns, and as a result introduces a deformation in the main direction of the mesh of meshes. In a usual and known manner, the ends of steel meshes of the simple twist type closed ends by bending the wires on themselves have been used for the manufacture of the steel mesh canvases. This type of closure does not allow interconnection between mesh canvases or the application of significant transverse stresses to the joint line if two mesh canvases are joined by the knot line.
La tercera componente es de tipo elástico, debida a la deformación del acero bajo las tensiones originadas por la aplicación exterior de acciones. Esta componente deformacional es recuperable siempre que no se sobrepase el rango elástico de comportamiento de los materiales, y es controlable, desde el punto de vista físico, ya que es función de la magnitud de las acciones exteriores aplicadas sobre el lienzo de mallas y de las características mecánicas de dicho lienzo de mallas. The third component is elastic, due to the deformation of the steel under the stresses caused by the external application of actions. This deformational component is recoverable provided that the elastic range of behavior of the materials is not exceeded, and it is controllable, from the physical point of view, since it is a function of the magnitude of the external actions applied on the mesh of meshes and mechanical characteristics of said mesh canvas.
Por lo tanto, los lienzos de mallas de simple torsión convencionales, pueden presentar una resistencia adecuada a tracción debido a su configuración geométrica y al tipo y diámetro del alambre de acero empleado, pero presentan una fase de fluencia deformacional al ser sometidos a acciones externas. Este fenómeno se caracteriza por una deformación no recuperable para incrementos bajos de la carga o acción exterior al inicio de su aplicación. Esta deformación es función de la estructura del entramado del lienzo de mallas de alambre de acero, en particular de la luz interior de las espiras, así como por el tipo de cierre lateral de las espiras. Therefore, conventional plain torsion mesh canvases may have a suitable tensile strength due to their geometric configuration and the type and diameter of the steel wire used, but they have a deformational creep phase when subjected to external actions. This phenomenon is characterized by a non-recoverable deformation for low increases in load or external action at the beginning of its application. This deformation is a function of the structure of the fabric of the steel wire mesh canvas, in particular of the interior light of the turns, as well as the type of lateral closure of the turns.
De manera particular se señala la existencia de lienzos de mallas de simple torsión fabricadas con alambre de acero de alto límite elástico, con resistencia de los alambres de acero que puede llegar a 2.200MPa. La producción de estos lienzos de mallas requiere de un proceso de producción complejo y tecnología específica debido a la dificultad de plegado y fabricación de espiras planas con alambre de acero de alto límite elástico dada la falta de ductilidad del alambre de acero y la excesiva fragilidad del mismo producto de su alta tenacidad. Si bien estos lienzos de mallas presentan una elevada resistencia a tracción, en la práctica presentan los problemas de fluencia deformacional al ser sometidos a acciones externas función de la estructura del entramado del lienzo de mallas de alambre de acero marcado por la luz interior de las espiras, así como por el tipo de cierre lateral de las espiras. Además, presentan problemas específicos inducidos por la fragilidad del alambre que hace que bajo acciones externas de carácter puntual o concentrado, su rotura o fallo se produzca para cargas menores a las teóricamente esperadas. In particular, the existence of simple torsion mesh canvases made of high elastic steel wire, with resistance of steel wires that can reach 2,200MPa, is pointed out. The production of these mesh canvases requires a complex production process and specific technology due to the difficulty of folding and manufacturing of flat turns with high elastic steel wire due to the lack of ductility of the steel wire and the excessive fragility of the steel. Same product of its high tenacity. Although these mesh canvases have a high tensile strength, in practice they present the problems of deformational creep when subjected to actions External function of the structure of the fabric of the wire mesh of steel wire marked by the interior light of the turns, as well as by the type of lateral closure of the turns. In addition, they present specific problems induced by the fragility of the wire which causes that, under external actions of a punctual or concentrated nature, their breakage or failure occurs for loads less than theoretically expected.
En el campo de la Geotecnia, y en particular en el tratamiento de taludes y laderas, son conocidas aplicaciones en las que son utilizadas membranas estructurales dentro de un sistema mecánico constituyendo un sistema flexible de estabilización y protección de taludes. In the field of Geotechnics, and in particular in the treatment of slopes and slopes, applications are known in which structural membranes are used within a mechanical system constituting a flexible stabilization and slope protection system.
Estos sistemas tienen por función evitar los movimientos del terreno ya que fijan las masas de suelo y rocas inestables en su posición original evitando su desplazamiento, donde la membrana estructural conformada por diferentes lienzos son conectados entre sí de manera continua, con una función de soporte de los esfuerzos generados por posibles movimientos y empujes del terreno, combinando dicha membrana estructural con bulones de anclaje al terreno que profundizan en la zona estable del terreno. These systems have the function of avoiding the movements of the ground since they fix the unstable soil and rock masses in their original position avoiding their displacement, where the structural membrane formed by different canvases are connected to each other continuously, with a support function of the efforts generated by possible movements and thrusts of the terrain, combining said structural membrane with bolts anchoring to the ground that deepen the stable area of the terrain.
Dicha membrana estructural es sometida a acciones del terreno que derivan en esfuerzos de tracción y que requiere de su vinculación a los bulones de anclaje por medio de elementos de arriostre y placas que permiten la transmisión de estos esfuerzos, ofreciendo una cobertura a la superficie del terreno y funcionando como elemento de soporte o reparto de la presión estabilizadora. Esta membrana estructural obtenida por la aplicación de un lienzo de mallas o la unión de diferentes lienzos de mallas, para que resulten eficientes desde el punto de vista mecánico dentro del sistema en el que son empleados, se deben caracterizar porque al actuar como membrana deben ofrecer una elevada resistencia a tracción pero con una baja deformación ante los empujes ejercidos por el terreno. Por lo tanto, la tipología del lienzo debe adaptarse específicamente a las exigencias de membrana estructural descritas anteriormente, en particular, a la exigencia de ofrecer una elevada resistencia a tracción con un bajo nivel de deformación asociado. Esto implica que los lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero fabricados por procesos tradicionales de producción no son aptos para esta aplicación por su excesiva deformación bajo la acción de cargas exteriores, por lo que tradicionalmente se han empleado como membrana estructural lienzos de mallas de redes de cable de acero, y cuando han sido empleados lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero obtenidas por procesos tradicionales, estos han dado lugar a fallos por colapso del talud por la elevada deformación del elemento empleado como membrana estructural. Además, los lienzos de mallas de manera individual deben permitir su conexión de forma segura, garantizando la transmisión de los esfuerzos. Para ello es necesario que en el caso de emplear lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero como membrana estructural, estos tengan resuelto el nudo de cierre lateral de las espiras en el borde de los lienzos, de manera que éste no introduzca deformación al sistema estructural o presenten fallo bajo la acción de las cargas exteriores, permitiendo además la conexión entre lienzos de mallas adyacentes. Said structural membrane is subjected to terrain actions that result in tensile stresses and that requires its attachment to the anchor bolts by means of bracing elements and plates that allow the transmission of these efforts, offering coverage to the ground surface and functioning as a support or distribution element of the stabilizing pressure. This structural membrane obtained by the application of a mesh of meshes or the union of different canvases of meshes, so that they are efficient from the mechanical point of view within the system in which they are used, must be characterized because when acting as a membrane they must offer a high tensile strength but with a low deformation against the thrusts exerted by the ground. Therefore, the typology of the canvas must be specifically adapted to the structural membrane requirements described above, in particular, to the requirement of offering a high tensile strength with a low level of associated deformation. This implies that steel wire mesh canvases manufactured by traditional production processes are not suitable for this application due to their excessive deformation under the action of external loads, which is why traditionally wire mesh mesh networks have been used as structural membrane. steel cable, and When steel wire mesh canvases obtained by traditional processes have been used, these have resulted in failures due to the collapse of the slope due to the high deformation of the element used as a structural membrane. In addition, individual mesh canvases must allow their connection securely, guaranteeing the transmission of efforts. For this, it is necessary that in the case of using steel wire mesh canvases as a structural membrane, these have resolved the lateral closing knot of the turns at the edge of the canvases, so that it does not introduce deformation to the structural system or they present a failure under the action of the external loads, also allowing the connection between canvases of adjacent meshes.
En el campo de la Geotecnia, también son conocidos kits de contención y protección frente a desprendimientos de rocas e impactos, del tipo barreras o pantallas dinámicas compuestos por una estructura anclada al terreno y un elemento o superficie de captación conectado a la estructura anterior, entre otras soluciones, lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero que tiene como función servir de elemento de interposición frente a posibles desprendimientos y empujes del terreno (y/o de nieve). Se entiende como superficie de captación aquella superficie que se interpone, soporta y retiene los posibles desprendimientos o impactos. Por lo general en estos sistemas, la deformación del elemento de captación no es un aspecto limitante en el empleo de este tipo de soluciones, pero los lienzos de mallas a emplear requieren de una conexión solida entre los lienzos de mallas individuales para soportar los impactos. Además, con frecuencia surge la necesidad, no resuelta hasta ahora, de que la deformación ante un impacto deba ser controlada y limitada, o los empujes ejercidos por el terreno y/o la nieve en una estructura de contención deban ser limitados, por lo que en estos casos se requiere el empleo de una membrana estructural con baja deformación como elemento de captación. In the field of Geotechnics, containment and protection kits against rockfalls and impacts are also known, of the type barriers or dynamic screens composed of a structure anchored to the ground and a collection element or surface connected to the previous structure, between other solutions, steel wire mesh canvases whose function is to serve as an interposing element in the face of possible landslides and thrusts of the ground (and / or snow). The catchment surface is understood as the surface that interposes, supports and retains possible landslides or impacts. In general, in these systems, the deformation of the pick-up element is not a limiting aspect in the use of these types of solutions, but the mesh canvases to be used require a solid connection between the individual mesh canvases to withstand the impacts. In addition, the need often arises, unresolved so far, that deformation in the face of an impact must be controlled and limited, or the thrusts exerted by the ground and / or snow on a containment structure must be limited, so In these cases, the use of a structural membrane with low deformation is required as a collection element.
Bajo las consideraciones descritas anteriormente referidas al estado actual de la técnica relacionado con el empleo de lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero obtenidos directamente de los procesos tradicionales o industriales de fabricación, no es posible la aplicación directa de los mismos como membrana estructural, dado el elevado efecto que en su comportamiento tensión-deformación tiene tanto la tipología de nudo del cierre lateral de las espiras que lo conforman como la estructura tridimensional controlada por la luz interior de las espiras que configuran el entramado. En el documento ES 2374127 A1 del propio solicitante se divulga un procedimiento para la fabricación de lienzos de mallas pretensados para que dichos lienzos de mallas no presenten deformaciones estructurales. Under the considerations described above referring to the current state of the art related to the use of steel wire mesh canvases obtained directly from traditional or industrial manufacturing processes, it is not possible to directly apply them as a structural membrane, given the high effect that in its tension-deformation behavior has both the type of node of the lateral closure of the turns that conform it and the three-dimensional structure controlled by the interior light of the turns that form the framework. In document ES 2374127 A1 of the applicant itself a process for the manufacture of prestressed mesh canvases is disclosed so that said mesh canvases do not exhibit structural deformations.
EXPOSICIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN EXHIBITION OF THE INVENTION
Un objeto de la invención es el de proporcionar un procedimiento de fabricación de lienzos de malla según se define en las reivindicaciones. An object of the invention is to provide a process for manufacturing mesh canvases as defined in the claims.
En el procedimiento de fabricación de la invención se actúa sobre al menos una pluralidad de alambres de acero para conformar, con cada alambre, una espira individual de una anchura determinada, se entrelazan entre sí diferentes espiras adyacentes para generar una malla de una anchura determinada cada dos espiras, se entrelazan diferentes mallas entre sí generándose un conjunto de mallas, se realiza un cierre lateral en ambos extremos laterales del conjunto de mallas y se pretensa dicho conjunto de mallas obteniéndose un lienzo de mallas pretensado. En el procedimiento, además, los dos cierres laterales se realizan de manera simultánea y cada cierre lateral se realiza mediante la generación de una pluralidad de nudos de cierre, generándose un nudo de cierre por cada malla y realizándose dicho nudo de cierre mediante una torsión de un extremo de una de dichas espiras con un extremo de la otra espira, mediante un giro posterior de un extremo sobre el otro extremo un ángulo de giro tal que permite mantener unas puntas de dichos extremos en el plano de la malla, y mediante el plegado posterior de dichas puntas hacia el interior del conjunto de mallas; y, una vez generados los cierres laterales, en el procedimiento el conjunto de mallas es sometido a un tratamiento de pretensado por estirado bajo carga controlada en la dirección perpendicular a las mallas que coincide con el sentido longitudinal del conjunto de mallas, obteniéndose el lienzo de malla. In the manufacturing process of the invention, at least a plurality of steel wires are actuated to form, with each wire, an individual loop of a given width, different adjacent turns are intertwined to generate a mesh of a given width each two turns, different meshes are intertwined with each other generating a set of meshes, a lateral closure is made on both lateral ends of the set of meshes and said set of meshes is prestressed obtaining a prestressed mesh of meshes. In the process, in addition, the two lateral closures are made simultaneously and each lateral closure is made by generating a plurality of closing nodes, generating a closing knot for each mesh and making said closing knot through a twisting of one end of one of said turns with one end of the other turn, by a subsequent rotation of one end over the other end an angle of rotation such that it allows to maintain some ends of said ends in the plane of the mesh, and by folding back of said tips into the mesh assembly; and, once the lateral closures have been generated, in the procedure the set of meshes is subjected to a prestressing treatment under controlled load in the direction perpendicular to the meshes that coincides with the longitudinal direction of the set of meshes, obtaining the canvas of mesh.
Con el procedimiento de la invención se obtienen unos nudos de cierre de carácter indeformable que permiten realizar un pretensado apropiado para obtener un lienzo de mallas que pueda actuar, por ejemplo, como membrana estructural (que requiere un comportamiento tensodeformacional controlado y con bajos niveles de deformación bajo carga o acciones exteriores del lienzo de mallas) o como superficie de captación con deformación controlada, puesto que los nudos de cierre, debido a su carácter indeformable obtenido por cómo se han realizado, no se ven afectados durante el pretensado; e incluso permiten una fácil y robusta unión de diferentes lienzos de mallas entre sí para aumentar el tamaño de la membrana estructural y/o del kit de contención. With the method of the invention, non-deformable closure knots are obtained that allow an appropriate prestressing to be obtained to obtain a mesh of meshes that can act, for example, as a structural membrane (which requires a controlled tensile behavior and with low levels of deformation low load or external actions of the mesh of meshes) or as a collection surface with controlled deformation, since the closing nodes, due to their non-deformable character obtained by how they were made, are not affected during prestressing; and even allow an easy and robust joining of different mesh canvases to each other to increase the size of the structural membrane and / or the containment kit.
Además, con el nudo de cierre obtenido se evita el fenómeno de desanudado ante esfuerzos que se generen en el lienzo de mallas por aplicación de acciones exteriores, una vez dicho lienzo de mallas está en campo. Dichos esfuerzos provocan una tendencia de revertir las torsiones realizadas y, debido al pliegue de las puntas, en los nudos de cierre obtenidos durante el procedimiento de la invención el torsionado es apretado hacia el interior del conjunto de mallas (lienzo de mallas en este caso), impidiéndose que el nudo de cierre se deshaga, actuándose incluso en modo contrario sobre dicho nudo de cierre puesto que con esta acción se tiende a apretar más el nudo de cierre, confiriéndole así a dicho nudo de cierre una mayor resistencia y por tanto, un carácter indeformable. In addition, with the closing knot obtained, the phenomenon of discouragement is avoided in the face of efforts that are generated in the mesh of meshes by application of external actions, once said canvas of meshes is in the field. These efforts cause a tendency to reverse the twists made and, due to the folding of the tips, in the closing nodes obtained during the process of the invention the twisting is tightened into the set of meshes (mesh canvas in this case) , preventing the closing knot from unraveling, acting even in the opposite way on said closing node since this action tends to tighten the closing node more, thus giving said closing node greater resistance and therefore a non-deformable character
Además, gracias a la combinación de los nudos de cierre así generados y al pretensado del conjunto de mallas se obtiene un lienzo de mallas con reducción del carácter tridimensional por reducción de la luz interior y del radio de curvatura de los vértices de las espiras individuales. Adicionalmente, gracias a que las puntas de los extremos de las espiras que conforman una malla permanecen en el plano de la malla una vez girados, se permite un fácil transporte y manipulación de los lienzos de mallas al evitarse posibles enganchones o situaciones incómodas con dichas puntas, y facilitan además la implantación de los lienzos de mallas para su aplicación final puesto que no hay que tener en cuenta dichas puntas durante dicha implantación. In addition, thanks to the combination of the closing nodes thus generated and the prestressing of the mesh set, a mesh of meshes is obtained with reduction of the three-dimensional character by reduction of the interior light and the radius of curvature of the vertices of the individual turns. Additionally, thanks to the ends of the ends of the turns that make up a mesh remain in the plane of the mesh once turned, an easy transport and manipulation of the mesh cloths is allowed to avoid possible snagging or awkward situations with those tips , and also facilitate the implementation of mesh canvases for final application since these points must not be taken into account during said implementation.
Otro objeto de la invención es el de proporcionar una máquina en la que se puede implementar el procedimiento de fabricación de un lienzo de mallas como el descrito anteriormente. Así, gracias a la máquina se obtiene un lienzo de malla con, al menos, las ventajas ya comentadas. Another object of the invention is to provide a machine in which the manufacturing process of a mesh canvas as described above can be implemented. Thus, thanks to the machine, a mesh canvas is obtained with at least the advantages already mentioned.
Otro objeto de la invención se refiere a diferentes posibles aplicaciones del lienzo de malla obtenido con el procedimiento del primer objeto de la invención y/o con la máquina del segundo objeto de la invención, como por ejemplo su uso como sistema flexible de estabilización y protección de taludes (a modo de membrana estructural), al evitarse la tridimensionalidad del lienzo de mallas gracias principalmente a la tipología de los nudos de cierre; o como un kit de contención y protección frente a desprendimientos de rocas e impactos (como superficie de captación con deformación controlada). Estas y otras ventajas y características de la invención se harán evidentes a la vista de las figuras y de la descripción detallada de la invención. Another object of the invention relates to different possible applications of the mesh canvas obtained with the process of the first object of the invention and / or with the machine of the second object of the invention, such as its use as a flexible stabilization and protection system. of slopes (as a structural membrane), avoiding the three-dimensionality of the mesh of meshes thanks mainly to the typology of the closing knots; or as a containment and protection kit against rockfalls and impacts (as a collection surface with controlled deformation). These and other advantages and features of the invention will become apparent in view of the figures and the detailed description of the invention.
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS DIBUJOS DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
La figura 1a muestra una espira formada según una realización preferente del procedimiento de la invención Figure 1a shows a loop formed according to a preferred embodiment of the process of the invention.
La figura 1 b muestra una malla formada por el entrelazado de dos espiras adyacentes de la figura 1a, durante la realización preferente del procedimiento de la invención. Figure 1b shows a mesh formed by the interlacing of two adjacent turns of Figure 1a, during the preferred embodiment of the process of the invention.
La figura 1 c muestra un conjunto de mallas formado por el entrelazado de una pluralidad de mallas según la figura 1 b, durante la realización preferente del procedimiento de la invención. Figure 1 c shows a set of meshes formed by interlacing a plurality of meshes according to Figure 1 b, during the preferred embodiment of the process of the invention.
La figura 2 muestra un extremo lateral de una malla, con los dos extremos de las espiras que la conforman. Figure 2 shows a side end of a mesh, with the two ends of the turns that make it up.
La figura 3a representa esquemáticamente la aplicación de un giro de torsión del extremo de una espira sobre el extremo de la otra espira de la figura 2, durante el formado de un nudo de cierre según una primera realización del procedimiento de la invención, donde se muestran una puntas resultantes de cada extremo. Figure 3a schematically represents the application of a twist of the end of one turn on the end of the other turn of Figure 2, during the formation of a closing knot according to a first embodiment of the method of the invention, where they are shown one resulting tips from each end.
La figura 3b representa esquemáticamente el plegado de las puntas de la figura 3a, para formar el nudo de cierre según la primera realización del procedimiento de la invención. Figure 3b schematically represents the folding of the tips of Figure 3a, to form the closure node according to the first embodiment of the process of the invention.
La figura 4a representa esquemáticamente la aplicación de un giro de torsión del extremo de una espira sobre el extremo de la otra espira de la figura 2, durante el formado de un nudo de cierre según una segunda realización del procedimiento de la invención, donde se muestran una puntas resultantes de cada extremo. La figura 4b representa esquemáticamente el plegado de las puntas de la figura 4a, para formar el nudo de cierre según la segunda realización del procedimiento de la invención. La figura 5 muestra un alargamiento que se genera en un conjunto de mallas durante un proceso de pretensado del procedimiento de la invención, para obtener un lienzo de mallas según la invención. Figure 4a schematically represents the application of a twist of the end of one turn on the end of the other turn of Figure 2, during the formation of a closing knot according to a second embodiment of the method of the invention, where they are shown one resulting tips from each end. Figure 4b schematically represents the folding of the tips of Figure 4a, to form the closure node according to the second embodiment of the process of the invention. Figure 5 shows an elongation that is generated in a set of meshes during a prestressing process of the process of the invention, to obtain a canvas of meshes according to the invention.
La figura 6 muestra esquemáticamente una realización de una máquina según la invención. Figure 6 schematically shows an embodiment of a machine according to the invention.
Las figuras 7a - 7c muestran una unidad de anudado según la máquina de la figura 6, con diferentes evoluciones del proceso de pretensado del procedimiento de la invención. Figures 7a-7c show a knotting unit according to the machine of Figure 6, with different evolutions of the prestressing process of the process of the invention.
La figura 8 muestra un detalle de conexión de una realización de un lienzo de mallas de la invención empleado en un sistema de estabilización y protección de taludes con conexión puntual. Figure 8 shows a connection detail of an embodiment of a mesh canvas of the invention employed in a slope stabilization and protection system with point connection.
La figura 9 muestra un detalle de conexión de una realización de un lienzo de mallas de la invención, empleado en un sistema de estabilización y protección de taludes con una línea de arriostre. Figure 9 shows a connection detail of an embodiment of a mesh canvas of the invention, used in a slope stabilization and protection system with a bracing line.
La figura 10 muestra un detalle de conexión de una realización de un lienzo de mallas de la invención, empleado en un sistema de estabilización y protección de taludes con dos líneas de arriostre. Figure 10 shows a connection detail of an embodiment of a canvas of meshes of the invention, used in a slope stabilization and protection system with two bracing lines.
EXPOSICIÓN DETALLADA DE LA INVENCIÓN DETAILED EXHIBITION OF THE INVENTION
Un primer aspecto de la invención se refiere a un procedimiento de fabricación de lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero. El procedimiento se inicia actuando sobre una pluralidad de alambres de acero para conformar, con cada alambre, una espira 1 de una anchura A determinada como la mostrada a modo de ejemplo en la figura 1 a, mediante un proceso de conformación de espiras en el que preferentemente se actúa simultáneamente sobre al menos dos hilos o alambres, lo que proporciona un mayor rendimiento que los procedimientos tradicionales donde se emplea un solo hilo o alambre. A continuación se continúa el proceso entrelazando entre sí diferentes espiras 1 adyacentes, de dos en dos tal y como se muestra a modo de ejemplo en la figura 1 b, para generar con cada entrelazado entre dos espiras 1 una malla 2 con una anchura igual a la anchura A determinada, tal y como se muestra a modo de ejemplo en la figura 3a, y se entrelazan entre sí las diferentes mallas 2 sucesivas generándose un conjunto de mallas 3 como el mostrado a modo de ejemplo en la figura 1c. A first aspect of the invention relates to a method of manufacturing steel wire mesh canvases. The process is initiated by acting on a plurality of steel wires to form, with each wire, a loop 1 of a width A determined as shown by way of example in Figure 1 a, by a winding process in which preferably, at least two wires or wires are operated simultaneously, which provides greater performance than traditional procedures where a single wire or wire is used. The process is then continued by interlacing different adjacent turns 1, two by two, as shown by way of example in Figure 1 b, to generate with each interlaced between two turns 1 a mesh 2 with a width equal to the determined width A, as shown by way of example in figure 3a, and the different successive meshes 2 are intertwined with each other generating a set of meshes 3 as shown by way of example in figure 1c.
Las espiras 1 fabricadas se entrelazan automáticamente unas con otras, componiendo conjuntos de mallas 3 con una anchura A definida por la longitud de la espira 1 , siendo preferentemente entre aproximadamente 2,0 metros y aproximadamente 3,5 metros por ser ésta la medida más usual para las aplicaciones más comunes (por ejemplo como membrana estructural o kit de protección, que se comentarán más adelante), siendo en todo caso posible anchuras diferentes a ésta. The manufactured turns 1 are automatically interwoven with each other, composing sets of meshes 3 with a width A defined by the length of the turn 1, preferably between approximately 2.0 meters and approximately 3.5 meters as this is the most usual measure for the most common applications (for example as a structural membrane or protection kit, which will be discussed later), being in any case different widths to this one.
Una vez obtenido el conjunto de mallas 3 se realiza un cierre lateral del mismo en ambos extremos laterales 30. Cada cierre lateral se realiza por anudado de las espiras 1 que comparten una misma malla 2 entre sí. En esta fase se realiza el cierre lateral simultáneamente en ambos extremos laterales 30 del conjunto de mallas 3, generándose una pluralidad de nudos de cierre 7; 7' laterales con carácter indeformable y de alta resistencia en cada cierre lateral. Cada nudo de cierre 7; T se forma, en primer lugar, por la torsión de los extremos 5 de las dos espiras 1 que comparten un mismo nudo de cierre 7; 7', y para ello se procede al giro de un extremo 5 de una espira 1 sobre el extremo 5 de la otra espira 1. Posteriormente se pliegan unas puntas 6 resultantes de las espiras 1 , tras la torsión, hacia el interior del conjunto de mallas 3. Once the set of meshes 3 is obtained, a lateral closure thereof is made on both lateral ends 30. Each lateral closure is made by knotting the turns 1 that share the same mesh 2 with each other. In this phase, the lateral closure is carried out simultaneously on both lateral ends 30 of the set of meshes 3, generating a plurality of closure nodes 7; 7 'sides with non-deformable character and high strength in each side closure. Each closing knot 7; T is formed, firstly, by twisting the ends 5 of the two turns 1 that share the same closing node 7; 7 ', and for this purpose, one end 5 of one turn 1 is rotated on the end 5 of the other turn 1. Subsequently, points 6 resulting from the turns 1 are folded, after twisting, into the assembly of meshes 3.
De esta manera, con el nudo de cierre 7; 7' obtenido se evita el fenómeno de desanudado ante esfuerzos que se generen en el lienzo de mallas 4 final por aplicación de acciones exteriores, una vez dicho lienzo de mallas 4 está en campo, que provoca una tendencia de revertir las torsiones realizadas, ya que debido al pliegue de las puntas 6 el torsionado es apretado hacia el interior del conjunto de mallas 3 (lienzo de mallas 4 en este caso), impidiendo que el nudo se deshaga, actuando incluso en modo contrario ya que con esta acción se tiende a apretar más el nudo de cierre 7; 7', confiriéndole a dicho nudo de cierre 7; 7' una mayor resistencia y por tanto de ahí su carácter indeformable. En una primera realización, el giro de un extremo 5 de una espira 1 sobre el extremo 5 de la otra espira 1 para generar un nudo de cierre 7 es de aproximadamente 360°. El procedimiento de generación del nudo de cierre 7 según la primera realización se muestra en las figuras 3a - 3b a partir del estado mostrado en la figura 2. In this way, with the closing knot 7; 7 'obtained the phenomenon of discouraging is avoided before efforts generated in the final mesh 4 by application of external actions, once said canvas of meshes 4 is in the field, which causes a tendency to reverse the torsions made, since due to the fold of the tips 6 the twisted is pressed towards the inside of the set of meshes 3 (canvas of meshes 4 in this case), preventing the knot from falling apart, even acting in the opposite way since this action tends to tighten plus the closing knot 7; 7 ', conferring on said closing node 7; 7 'greater resistance and hence its undeformable character. In a first embodiment, the rotation of one end 5 of one turn 1 over the end 5 of the other turn 1 to generate a closing knot 7 is approximately 360 °. The method of generating the closing node 7 according to the first embodiment is shown in Figures 3a-3b from the state shown in Figure 2.
En una segunda realización, el giro de un extremo 5 de una espira 1 sobre el extremo 5 de la otra espira 1 para generar un nudo de cierre 7' es de aproximadamente 180°, y las puntas 6 se fijan al conjunto de mallas 3, en concreto a la espira 1 correspondiente, por electrosoldadura o mediante otro método de unión equivalente. Así, el grado de torsión que marca el giro de un extremo 5 sobre el otro extremo se puede reducir a aproximadamente 180° respecto a la primera realización. En este caso, es la configuración de giro, plegado y electrosoldadura conjuntamente la que ayuda a evitar el fenómeno de apertura de los nudos de cierre 7', impidiendo que el nudo de cierre 7' se deshaga. El procedimiento de generación del nudo de cierre 7' según la segunda realización se muestra en las figuras 4b - 4c a partir del estado mostrado en la figura 2. In a second embodiment, the rotation of one end 5 of one turn 1 over the end 5 of the other turn 1 to generate a closing knot 7 'is approximately 180 °, and the tips 6 are fixed to the set of meshes 3, specifically to the corresponding turn 1, by electric welding or by another equivalent joining method. Thus, the degree of torsion that marks the rotation of one end 5 on the other end can be reduced to approximately 180 ° with respect to the first embodiment. In this case, it is the configuration of rotation, folding and electro-welding together that helps to avoid the phenomenon of opening of the closing nodes 7 ', preventing the closing node 7' from falling apart. The method of generating the closing node 7 'according to the second embodiment is shown in Figures 4b-4c from the state shown in Figure 2.
En las dos realizaciones descritas el proceso de formación de los nudos de cierre 7; 7' se realiza de forma automática y simultánea. En el procedimiento de la invención, en cualquiera de sus realizaciones, una vez realizados los nudos de cierre 7; 7', se realiza el tratamiento pretensado por estirado bajo carga controlada de dicho conjunto de mallas 3, obteniéndose como resultado del pretensado el lienzo de mallas 4. En esta fase del procedimiento de fabricación es donde se elimina la deformación estructural del entramado debida a la tridimensionalidad del mismo por reducción de la luz interior de las espiras 1y por disminución del radio de curvatura de los vértices de dichas espiras 1 que configuran el lienzo de mallas 4. Dicho tratamiento es posible debido a la previa obtención de los nudos de cierre 7; 7' de carácter indeformable según lo descrito anteriormente. Por lo tanto, son los nudos de cierre 7; 7', ejecutados según el modo descrito anteriormente, los que permiten llevar a cabo el tratamiento de pretensado por estirado bajo carga controlada del conjunto de mallas 3 para obtener el lienzo de malla 4, debido al carácter indeformable de los mismos y su elevada resistencia. In the two described embodiments the process of formation of the closing nodes 7; 7 'is done automatically and simultaneously. In the process of the invention, in any of its embodiments, once the closure nodes 7 have been made; 7 ', the prestressed treatment is carried out by stretching under controlled load of said set of meshes 3, obtaining as a result of prestressing the mesh of meshes 4. In this phase of the manufacturing process it is where the structural deformation of the framework due to the three-dimensionality thereof by reduction of the interior light of the turns 1 and by reduction of the radius of curvature of the vertices of said turns 1 that configure the mesh of meshes 4. Such treatment is possible due to the previous obtaining of the closing nodes 7; 7 'of non-deformable character as described above. Therefore, they are the closing nodes 7; 7 ', executed according to the method described above, which allow the prestressing treatment to be carried out under controlled loading of the set of meshes 3 to obtain the mesh canvas 4, due to the non-deformable character thereof and their high resistance.
El pretensado permite eliminar la componente de deformación función de la estructura del lienzo de mallas 4, reduciendo de manera permanente el efecto deformacional debido a la tridimensionalidad de dicho lienzo de mallas 4, y consiste en someter al conjunto de mallas 3 a un proceso de deformación preferentemente bajo carga de tracción controlada en la dirección longitudinal del conjunto de mallas 4, manteniendo inalterable la anchura A del conjunto de mallas 3 por restricción del movimiento en el sentido transversal y apoyo en los nudos de cierre 7; 7' indeformables y de alta resistencia, lo que permite reducir la luz interior de las espiras 1 y la reducción del radio de curvatura de los vértices de las espiras 1 que conforman el lienzo de malla 4, y provocándose un alargamiento AL en la dirección principal del conjunto de mallas 3 coincidente con la dirección de aplicación del pretensado tal y como se muestra en la figura 5, y obteniendo finalmente un lienzo de mallas 4 donde se ha producido dicho alargamiento AL y una reducción de la luz interior de las espiras 1 y del radio de curvatura de los vértices de dichas espiras 1 con respecto al conjunto de mallas 3. La longitud de los lienzos de malla 4 no tiene limitación, siendo ésta generalmente de carácter variable y atendiendo a las necesidades específicas, siendo en general establecida por el peso máximo requerido del lienzo de mallas 4 obtenido el cual además es susceptible de enrollarse posteriormente para su traslado. The prestressing allows eliminating the deformation component based on the structure of the mesh canvas 4, permanently reducing the deformational effect due to the three-dimensionality of said mesh canvas 4, and consists in subjecting the set of meshes 3 to a deformation process preferably under controlled tensile load in the longitudinal direction of the set of meshes 4, keeping the width A of the set of meshes 3 unchanged by restriction of movement in the transverse direction and support in the closing nodes 7; 7 'non-deformable and high strength, which allows to reduce the interior light of the turns 1 and the reduction of the radius of curvature of the vertices of the turns 1 that make up the mesh canvas 4, and causing an elongation AL in the main direction of the set of meshes 3 coinciding with the direction of application of the prestressing as shown in Figure 5, and finally obtaining a canvas of meshes 4 where said elongation AL has occurred and a reduction of the interior light of the turns 1 and of the radius of curvature of the vertices of said turns 1 with respect to the set of meshes 3. The length of the mesh canvases 4 has no limitation, this being generally of a variable nature and attending to specific needs, being generally established by the Maximum required weight of the mesh of meshes 4 obtained which is also capable of being subsequently rolled up for transfer.
En resumen, el procedimiento de fabricación descrito permite, en cualquiera de sus realizaciones, controlar las propiedades carga - deformación del lienzo de mallas 4 fabricado y obtener así lienzos de mallas 4 de alambre de acero de alta resistencia y baja deformación, bajo la aplicación de acciones exteriores en cualquier dirección que sometan el lienzo de mallas a un estado tensional plano, siendo posible su uso como membrana estructural. Además, los nudos de cierre 7; 7' obtenidos permiten unir diferentes lienzos de mallas 4 entre sí de manera yuxtapuesta por la línea de nudos de cierres 7; 7', pudiéndose así emplear lienzos de mallas 4 así fabricados y unidos entre sí como una membrana estructural continua. In summary, the described manufacturing process allows, in any of its embodiments, to control the load - deformation properties of the manufactured mesh canvas 4 and thus obtain mesh canvases 4 of high strength and low deformation steel wire, under the application of external actions in any direction that subject the canvas of meshes to a flat tension state, being possible its use as a structural membrane. In addition, the closing nodes 7; 7 'obtained allow different meshes of meshes 4 to be joined together in a manner juxtaposed by the line of closure nodes 7; 7 ', thus being able to use mesh canvases 4 thus manufactured and joined together as a continuous structural membrane.
El procedimiento de la invención puede ser ejecutado en una máquina 100 como la mostrada a modo de ejemplo en la figura 6, que se corresponde con un segundo aspecto de la invención y que se detallará más adelante. En este caso el procedimiento comprende unas etapas intermedias automáticas, que se corresponden con: The process of the invention can be executed on a machine 100 as shown by way of example in Figure 6, which corresponds to a second aspect of the invention and will be detailed below. In this case, the procedure includes automatic intermediate stages, which correspond to:
- transportar el conjunto de mallas 3 desde una unidad de alimentación 8 de la máquina 100 donde se conforma dicho conjunto de mallas 3 a una unidad de anudado 9 de dicha máquina 100 donde se realizan los cierre laterales; y  - transporting the set of meshes 3 from a feeding unit 8 of the machine 100 where said set of meshes 3 is formed to a knotting unit 9 of said machine 100 where the side seals are made; Y
- transportar el conjunto de mallas 3 con los cierres laterales desde la unidad de anudado 9 a una unidad de estirado 10 de la máquina 100, donde se realiza el pretensado de dicho conjunto de mallas 3 y se obtiene el lienzo de mallas 4. Como se ha comentado un segundo aspecto de la invención se refiere a una máquina 100 en la que se puede implementar el procedimiento según el primer aspecto de la invención en cualquiera de sus realizaciones. - transport the set of meshes 3 with the side closures from the knotting unit 9 to a stretching unit 10 of the machine 100, where the prestressing of said set of meshes 3 is performed and the mesh of meshes 4 is obtained. As mentioned a second aspect of the invention refers to a machine 100 in which the method according to the first aspect of the invention can be implemented in any of its embodiments.
La máquina 100 comprende una unidad de alimentación 8 de alambre donde se conforman espiras 1 individuales, donde se entrelazan las espiras 1 entre sí de dos en dos para generar mallas 2 de una anchura A determinada, y donde se entrelazan entre sí mallas 2 sucesivas creando un conjunto de mallas 3. La máquina 100 comprende además una unidad de anudado 9, dispuesta a continuación de la unidad de alimentación 8, que recibe el conjunto de mallas 3 procedente de la unidad de alimentación 8 y donde se realizan simultáneamente los dos cierres laterales del conjunto de mallas 3, generándose los nudos de cierre 7; 7'; y una unidad de estirado 10 dispuesta a continuación de la unidad de anudado 9, que recibe el conjunto de mallas 3 con los nudos de cierre 7; 7' procedente de dicha unidad de anudado 9 y donde se realiza el tratamiento pretensado por estirado bajo carga controlada del conjunto de mallas 3, obteniéndose un lienzo de mallas 4 con una anchura A igual a la anchura A determinada del conjunto de mallas 3 pero con una longitud mayor que la longitud de dicho conjunto de mallas 3 (AL mayor). Las unidades 8, 9 y 10 están dispuestas en serie y sincronizadas entre sí, de tal manera que dicha máquina 100 está adaptada para llevar a cabo el procedimiento del primer aspecto de la invención de una manera automática. The machine 100 comprises a wire feed unit 8 where individual turns 1 are formed, where the turns 1 are interwoven with each other two by two to generate meshes 2 of a given width A, and where successive meshes 2 are intertwined creating a set of meshes 3. The machine 100 further comprises a knotting unit 9, arranged next to the feeding unit 8, which receives the set of meshes 3 from the feeding unit 8 and where the two side seals are made simultaneously of the set of meshes 3, generating the closing nodes 7; 7 '; and a stretching unit 10 arranged next to the knotting unit 9, which receives the set of meshes 3 with the closing nodes 7; 7 'from said knotting unit 9 and where the prestressing treatment is carried out by stretching under controlled loading of the set of meshes 3, obtaining a canvas of meshes 4 with a width A equal to the width A determined of the set of meshes 3 but with a length greater than the length of said set of meshes 3 (AL greater). Units 8, 9 and 10 are arranged in series and synchronized with each other, such that said machine 100 is adapted to carry out the process of the first aspect of the invention in an automatic manner.
Tal y como se muestra en las figuras 7a - 7c, la unidad de anudado 9 comprende una pluralidad de útiles de torsión 12 para cada uno de los extremos lateral 30 del conjunto de mallas 3, y una estructura 13 estática para cada lado del conjunto de mallas 3. Los útiles de torsión 12 están unidos a la estructura 13 correspondiente, presentando dichos útiles de torsión 12 libertad de giro sobre su propio eje longitudinal 12a y desplazamiento simultáneo hacia las espiras 1. Cada útil de torsión 12 comprende una cabeza 18 que sujeta los extremos 5 de las espiras 1 que comparten un mismo nudo de cierre 7; 7', un anillo 16 mediante el cual se fija a la estructura 13 correspondiente, un eje horizontal 15 giratorio introducido en el anillo 16 con una espiral interior 17 para permitir su giro de torsión sobre dichos extremos 5 y su desplazamiento longitudinal simultáneo hacia fuera del conjunto de malla 3 sin posibilidad de retroceso de la cabeza 18, confiriéndole una presión continúa sin posibilidad de reducción de la misma al extremo lateral 30 en el sentido de giro y del desplazamiento que permite el anudado sin posibilidad de que la deformación conferida a los extremos de los alambres 6 de las espiras 1 adyacentes y entrelazadas correspondientes se revierta, estando el útil de torsión 12 adaptado para provocar un giro de torsión de hasta 360°, de tal manera que está adaptado para provocar un giro de torsión de 360° (primera realización del procedimiento de la invención) o un giro de torsión de 180° (segunda realización del procedimiento de la invención). As shown in Figures 7a-7c, the knotting unit 9 comprises a plurality of twisting tools 12 for each of the lateral ends 30 of the mesh assembly 3, and a static structure 13 for each side of the assembly. meshes 3. The twisting tools 12 are attached to the corresponding structure 13, said twisting tools 12 having freedom of rotation on their own longitudinal axis 12a and simultaneous displacement towards the turns 1. Each twisting tool 12 comprises a head 18 which holds the ends 5 of the turns 1 sharing the same closing node 7; 7 ', a ring 16 by means of which a rotating horizontal axis 15 inserted in the ring 16 with an inner spiral 17 is fixed to the corresponding structure 13 to allow its torsion rotation on said ends 5 and its simultaneous longitudinal displacement out of the mesh assembly 3 without the possibility of retraction of the head 18, conferring a continuous pressure without the possibility of reducing it to the lateral end 30 in the direction of rotation and of the displacement that allows the knotting without the possibility that the deformation conferred to the ends of the wires 6 of the corresponding adjacent and intertwined turns 1 are reversed, the twisting tool 12 being adapted to cause a twist of up to 360 °, such that it is adapted to cause a twist of 360 ° (first embodiment of the process of the invention) or a 180 ° twist (second embodiment of the process of the invention).
Los útiles de torsión 12 tienen permitido por tanto su desplazamiento longitudinal para garantizar su aproximación al extremo lateral 30 del conjunto de mallas 3 y para continuar con el desplazamiento hacia el exterior del lienzo de mallas a la vez que se produce la formación del nudo de cierre 7; 7' correspondiente, manteniendo la presión sobre dicho nudo de cierre 7; 7' para no permitir que se revierta la torsión (Figura 7b). Los útiles de torsión 12 se encuentran acoplados a un motor (no representado en las figuras) mediante por ejemplo un sistema de engranajes, proporcionando el motor un par suficiente para provocar la torsión necesaria a cada pareja de puntas 6 de alambre comprendida en cada nudo de cierre 7; 7' del extremo lateral 30del conjunto de mallas 3. The twisting tools 12 are therefore allowed longitudinal displacement to guarantee their approach to the lateral end 30 of the mesh set 3 and to continue with the outward movement of the mesh canvas while forming the closure knot. 7; 7 'corresponding, maintaining the pressure on said closing node 7; 7 'to not allow torsion to reverse (Figure 7b). The twisting tools 12 are coupled to a motor (not shown in the figures) by, for example, a gear system, the motor providing sufficient torque to cause the necessary twisting to each pair of wire tips 6 comprised in each knot of close 7; 7 'from the side end 30 of the mesh set 3.
Las cabezas 18 de los útiles de torsión 12 permiten la formación del nudo de cierre 7; 7' según lo descrito anteriormente, y permiten además el plegado de las puntas 6 hacia el interior del conjunto de mallas 3, comprendiendo las cabezas 18 un útil plegador 18a en forma de cono o de doble cuña, que puede ser accionado neumática o mecánicamente por ejemplo, que empuja las puntas 6 hacia el interior del conjunto de mallas 3 y las posiciona de manera paralela al eje del nudo de cierre 7; T correspondiente (Figura 7c). The heads 18 of the twisting tools 12 allow the formation of the closing knot 7; 7 'as described above, and also allow the folding of the tips 6 towards the inside of the mesh assembly 3, the heads 18 comprising a cone-shaped or double wedge folding tool 18a, which can be pneumatically or mechanically actuated by example, which pushes the tips 6 towards the inside of the mesh set 3 and positions them parallel to the axis of the closing knot 7; Corresponding T (Figure 7c).
La unidad de anudado 9 comprende además un borne (no representado en las figuras) asociado a cada útil de torsión 12, y más concretamente a la cabeza 18 de dicho útil de torsión 12, para cuando en la máquina 100 se implementa la segunda realización del primer aspecto de la invención. Una vez plegadas las puntas 6, se completa el proceso de anudado con una fase de electrosoldadura o unión equivalente, la cual se ejecuta mediante la disposición sobre las cabezas 18 que permiten el plegado un número análogo de bornes para inferir la electrosoldadura. Dichos bornes fijan las puntas 6 de los extremos 5 de las espiras a los alambres de las espiras 1 correspondientes al hacer contactar los dos hilos de alambre entre sí y hacer pasar una corriente determinada que forme un arco y permita hacer la unión solidaria y resistente entre ellos. En la máquina 100, como se ha comentado una vez realizados los cierres laterales el conjunto de mallas es transportado a la unidad de estirado 10 donde se estira dicho conjunto de mallas 3tal y como se muestra en la figura 5, obteniéndose un lienzo de mallas 4 con un incremento de su longitud (AL) pero sin reducción o variación de su anchura A, y con reducción de la luz interior de las espiras 1 y disminución del radio de curvatura de los vértices de dichas espiras 1. The knotting unit 9 further comprises a terminal (not shown in the figures) associated with each torsion tool 12, and more specifically to the head 18 of said torsion tool 12, for when the second embodiment of the machine 100 is implemented in the machine 100 First aspect of the invention. Once the tips 6 are folded, the knotting process is completed with an equivalent welding or joining phase, which is executed by means of the arrangement on the heads 18 that allow the folding of an analogous number of terminals to infer the welding. Said terminals fix the tips 6 of the ends 5 of the turns to the wires of the corresponding turns 1 by contacting the two wire strands with each other and passing a certain current that forms an arc and allows the joint of solidarity and resistance between they. In the machine 100, as mentioned once the side closures have been made, the set of meshes is transported to the stretching unit 10 where said set of meshes 3tal is stretched and as shown in Figure 5, obtaining a canvas of meshes 4 with an increase in its length (AL) but without reduction or variation in its width A, and with reduction of the interior light of the turns 1 and decrease in the radius of curvature of the vertices of said turns 1.
Los medios de transporte que se emplean en la máquina 100 para transportar el conjunto de mallas 3 de una unidad a otra pueden corresponderse con unos medios de transporte convencionales que podría emplear un experto en la materia, por lo que no se detallan. The means of transport used in the machine 100 to transport the set of meshes 3 from one unit to another may correspond to conventional means of transport that could be used by a person skilled in the art, so they are not detailed.
Un lienzo de mallas 4 obtenido según el procedimiento del primer aspecto la invención o en la máquina 100 del segundo aspecto la invención puede emplearse, por sí sólo o unido a otros lienzos de mallas 4 análogos, en diferentes aplicaciones debido a sus características indeformables ya comentadas. A mesh of meshes 4 obtained according to the process of the first aspect the invention or in the machine 100 of the second aspect the invention can be used, by itself or together with other canvases of analogous meshes 4, in different applications due to its undeformable characteristics already mentioned .
Un ejemplo de aplicación es como membrana estructural de soporte y reparto de la presión en un sistema de estabilización y protección de taludes, combinado con un sistema de bulones, que fija el lienzo de mallas 4 (o los lienzos de mallas 4) al terreno. Los lienzos de mallas 4 de alambre estarán dimensionados de acuerdo al nivel de resistencia requerido, definiendo el paso de la espira 1 y el diámetro y resistencia a tracción de los alambres de acero que lo conforman, obteniendo así una membrana estructural con un nivel de resistencia a tracción determinado y un comportamiento deformacional controlado, obtenido en la fase de pretensado del procedimiento por reducción de la luz interior de las espiras 1 y reducción del radio de curvatura de los vértices de dichas espiras 1 del lienzo de mallas 4, y que permite ajusfar la solución de membrana estructural a emplear al requerimiento de soporte del terreno. An example of application is as a structural support and pressure distribution membrane in a slope stabilization and protection system, combined with a bolt system, which fixes the canvas of meshes 4 (or mesh canvases 4) to the ground. The wire mesh canvases 4 will be sized according to the level of resistance required, defining the pitch of the loop 1 and the diameter and tensile strength of the steel wires that make it up, thus obtaining a structural membrane with a resistance level at a given traction and a controlled deformational behavior, obtained in the prestressing phase of the process by reducing the interior light of the turns 1 and reducing the radius of curvature of the vertices of said turns 1 of the mesh canvas 4, and allowing adjustment the structural membrane solution to be used to the ground support requirement.
Cuando un lienzo de mallas 4 (o de la disposición de más de un lienzo de mallas 4 de alambre de acero de simple torsión) trabaja como membrana estructural en un sistema de estabilización y protección de taludes, dicho lienzo de mallas 4 debe garantizar la continuidad en la transmisión de los esfuerzos de un lienzo de mallas 4 a otro lienzo de mallas 4 cuando son dispuestos de manera adyacente y unidos entre sí, lo que es conseguido por la existencia de los nudos de cierre 7; 7' indeformables que permiten transferir los esfuerzos de unos lienzos de mallas 4 a otros lienzos de mallas 4, transfiriendo los mismos a una cabeza de los bulones mediante placas de reparto o placas de conexión, y, en algunos casos, cables y espirales de unión, siempre con bajos niveles de deformación del lienzo de mallas 4 y sin apertura o deformación de los nudos de cierre 7; 7'. La conexión de los diferentes lienzos de mallas 4 adyacentes entre sí para conformar una membrana estructural de soporte continua, se realiza por tanto con elementos de conexión que garanticen la transmisión de esfuerzos entre un lienzo de malla 4 y el adyacente y que se mantengan solidarios ambos lienzos de mallas 4 entre sí, usando de forma preferente un cable de acero u otro elemento que garantice la solidez de la conexión. When a mesh of meshes 4 (or of the arrangement of more than one canvas of meshes 4 of simple torsion steel wire) works as a structural membrane in a system of stabilization and protection of slopes, said canvas of meshes 4 must guarantee continuity in the transmission of the efforts of a canvas of meshes 4 to another canvas of meshes 4 when they are arranged adjacently and joined together, which is achieved by the existence of the closure knots 7; 7 'non-deformable that allow to transfer the efforts of some mesh canvases 4 to other mesh canvases 4, transferring the same to a bolt head by means of distribution plates or connecting plates, and, in some cases, cables and spirals of union, always with low levels of deformation of the canvas of meshes 4 and without opening or deformation of the closing nodes 7; 7 '. The connection of the different canvases of meshes 4 adjacent to each other to form a structural membrane of continuous support, is therefore carried out with connection elements that guarantee the transmission of stresses between a canvas of mesh 4 and the adjacent one and that both are held in solidarity. mesh canvases 4 with one another, preferably using a steel cable or other element that guarantees the strength of the connection.
En todo caso, la unión entre dos lienzos de mallas 4 adyacentes por los extremos laterales 30 correspondientes con nudos de cierre 7; T está asegurada y garantizada ante la aplicación de acciones exteriores que generen esfuerzos en los lienzos de mallas 4, por la tipología de los mismos según lo descrito en la presente invención, ya que se trata de nudos de cierre 7; 7' indeformables de elevada resistencia, lo que garantiza que ante el empleo de un elemento de conexión como el descrito, no se produzca el fallo del extremo lateral 30 por apertura de los nudos de cierre 7; 7' bajo carga. In any case, the union between two canvases of adjacent meshes 4 by the corresponding lateral ends 30 with closure nodes 7; T is assured and guaranteed before the application of external actions that generate efforts in the mesh canvases 4, by the typology of the same as described in the present invention, since these are closing knots 7; 7 'non-deformable high strength, which guarantees that in the case of the use of a connecting element such as that described, the failure of the lateral end 30 does not occur due to opening of the closing nodes 7; 7 'under load.
El total de la superficie de reparto así obtenida, por repetición de la unión descrita entre lienzos de mallas 4 adyacentes, debe estar arriostrada en todo el perímetro de la zona de terreno a estabilizar. Internamente, la membrana estructural podrá estar solidariamente conectada a unos bulones 22 por medio de elementos de conexión 21 ; 23 especiales, con perforación interior para acomodar el bulón 22 y permitir el apoyo de una tuerca de conexión 29, pudiendo estar reforzado o no el conjunto por medio de arriostres 24, preferentemente horizontales, consistente en uno o varios cables para conferir mayor nivel de soporte al conjunto y que determinarán la configuración geométrica del elemento de conexión 21 ; 23. En función del tipo y disposición de los arriostres 24 y elementos de conexión 21 ; 23 a los que se fija la membrana estructural para garantizar la transmisión eficiente y continua de los esfuerzos desde la misma a los bulones 22 que la conectan a la zona estable del terreno, el sistema conseguido tendrá un comportamiento acorde a un modelo geotécnico que permite establecer el nivel de soporte estabilizador conferido al terreno inestable. The total distribution area thus obtained, by repetition of the joint described between canvases of adjacent meshes 4, must be braced throughout the perimeter of the land area to be stabilized. Internally, the structural membrane may be jointly connected to bolts 22 by means of connection elements 21; 23, with internal perforation to accommodate the bolt 22 and allow the support of a connecting nut 29, the assembly may or may not be reinforced by means of bracing 24, preferably horizontal, consisting of one or more cables to confer a higher level of support to the assembly and which will determine the geometric configuration of the connection element 21; 23. Depending on the type and arrangement of the bracing 24 and connecting elements 21; 23 to which the structural membrane is fixed to guarantee the efficient and continuous transmission of the efforts from it to the bolts 22 that connect it to the stable area of the land, the system achieved will have a behavior according to a geotechnical model that allows establishing the level of stabilizing support conferred to the unstable ground.
Así, se puede hacer referencia a un sistema de estabilización con conexión puntual como el mostrado en la figura 8, cuando el lienzo de mallas 4 (o lienzos de mallas 4 unidos), actuando como membrana estructural, es arriostrado perimetralmente de manera continua y fijada puntualmente mediante al menos una placa de reparto 21 de manera directa a la cabeza de los bulones 22 en la zona interior del mismo, con una densidad y disposición de los mismos preferentemente al tresbolillo (no representada en las figuras) y determinada por los cálculos geotécnicos de estabilidad de empuje del terreno. Thus, reference can be made to a stabilization system with punctual connection as shown in Figure 8, when the canvas of meshes 4 (or meshes of meshes 4 joined together), acting as a structural membrane, is bracing perimeter continuously and punctually fixed by means of at least one distribution plate 21 directly to the head of the bolts 22 in the inner zone thereof, with a density and arrangement thereof preferably to the triplet (not shown in the figures) and determined by the calculations Geotechnical stability of ground thrust.
Se puede hacer referencia también a un sistema de estabilización reforzado cuando un lienzo de mallas 4 (o lienzos de mallas 4 unidos), actuando como membrana estructural, es arriostrado perimetralmente de manera continua y fijada de manera solidaria a la cabeza de los bulones 22 en la zona interior de la misma por medio de placas de conexión 23 y arriostres horizontales de refuerzo 24, con una línea de arriostre tal y como se muestra en la figura 9 o con dos líneas de arriostre tal y como se muestra en la figura 10, preferentemente cables de acero de alta resistencia, que son colocados longitudinalmente a lo largo del talud y espaciados uniformemente a lo alto del mismo. Preferentemente, se emplea para la conexión de los cables de refuerzo a la membrana estructural como la mostrada en las figuras 9 y 10, espirales 25 de alambre de acero de diámetro y mismo tipo de alambre empleado para la fabricación del lienzo de mallas 4, con un paso proporcional al del lienzo de mallas 4 para que permita su conexión de la manera expuesta. Opcionalmente, también se podrán conectar diferentes lienzos de mallas 4 entre sí mediante el empleo de un cable de acero u otro elemento que garantice la solidez y continuidad de la conexión. Reference may also be made to a reinforced stabilization system when a canvas of meshes 4 (or meshes of meshes 4 joined together), acting as a structural membrane, is perimeter-mounted continuously and fixedly attached to the head of bolts 22 in the inner zone thereof by means of connecting plates 23 and horizontal reinforcement bracing 24, with a bracing line as shown in Figure 9 or with two bracing lines as shown in Figure 10, preferably high strength steel cables, which are placed longitudinally along the slope and evenly spaced thereon. Preferably, it is used for the connection of the reinforcement cables to the structural membrane as shown in Figures 9 and 10, spirals 25 of diameter steel wire and the same type of wire used for the manufacture of the canvas of meshes 4, with a step proportional to that of the canvas of meshes 4 to allow its connection in the exposed manner. Optionally, different mesh canvases 4 can also be connected to each other by using a steel cable or other element that guarantees the strength and continuity of the connection.
Los diferentes sectores de conexión de los arriostres a la membrana estructural se pueden independizar y alternar, disponiendo uniones sólidas que impidan, en el caso de rotura de alguna conexión, la transmisión del fallo al resto de sectores. The different sectors of connection of the bracing to the structural membrane can be independent and alternated, providing solid unions that prevent, in the case of breakage of any connection, the transmission of the fault to the rest of the sectors.
Esta superficie de reparto, una vez instalada, puesta en carga y adosada correctamente al terreno como membrana estructural de un sistema de estabilización, debido al bajo nivel de deformación que presenta al entrar en carga por la acción del empuje del terreno, permite obtener un sistema adecuado a los niveles de requerimientos de soporte del terreno adaptando la membrana estructural a emplear en cuanto a su geometría, resistencia del acero y diámetro del alambre. This distribution surface, once installed, loaded and correctly attached to the ground as a structural membrane of a stabilization system, due to the low level of deformation that it presents when it is loaded by the action of the ground thrust, allows to obtain a system adequate to the levels of ground support requirements adapting the structural membrane to be used in terms of its geometry, strength of steel and wire diameter.
Otro ejemplo de aplicación es como membrana estructural empleada como superficie de captación dentro de un kit de contención de flujos de barro o detritos, empujes del terreno y/o de nieve y protección frente a desprendimientos de rocas e impactos, convenientemente fijada a la estructura de soporte del kit de manera que ante una fuerza de empuje o un impacto transfiera los esfuerzos generados sobre ella a la estructura de postes, cables y bulones al terreno sin apertura o deformación de los nudos y con control de deformación. Another example of application is as a structural membrane used as a collection surface within a kit to contain mudflows or debris, soil thrusts and / or snow and protection against rockfalls and impacts, conveniently fixed to the support structure of the kit so that in the event of a force of thrust or an impact transfer the efforts generated on it to the structure of posts, cables and bolts to the ground without opening or deformation of the knots and with deformation control.
En general, la tecnología de los lienzos de mallas 4 de alambre existentes en la actualidad, en particular las conocidas como de simple torsión y fabricadas con diferentes diámetros y calidades de acero, son de aplicación en usos generales no pudiendo emplearse directamente como membranas estructurales con función resistente donde es fundamental una elevada resistencia con una baja deformación. In general, the technology of wire mesh canvases 4 currently existing, in particular those known as simple twist and manufactured with different diameters and grades of steel, are applicable in general uses and cannot be used directly as structural membranes with resistant function where high resistance with low deformation is essential.
Los lienzos de mallas 4 de la invención permiten someter las mismas a acciones exteriores que producen un estado tensional plano sobre los mismos, pero con bajos niveles de deformación. The mesh canvases 4 of the invention allow them to be subjected to external actions that produce a flat tension on them, but with low levels of deformation.
Estas membranas estructurales permiten en condiciones de trabajo de las mismas, y en particular dentro de su empleo preferente como membrana estructural de soporte y reparto como parte de un sistema de estabilización de taludes, superficie de captación de un kit de contención de flujos de barro o detritos, empujes de nieve y protección frente a desprendimientos de rocas e impactos, o en general para cualquier aplicación en la que se requiera de una función estructural, un comportamiento carga-deformación controlado con niveles bajos de deformación para niveles elevados de carga. These structural membranes allow working conditions thereof, and in particular within their preferred use as a structural support and distribution membrane as part of a slope stabilization system, catchment surface of a mud flow containment kit or debris, snow thrusts and protection against rockfalls and impacts, or in general for any application in which a structural function is required, a controlled load-deformation behavior with low levels of deformation for high levels of load.

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES
Procedimiento para la fabricación de lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero, en donde se actúa sobre una pluralidad de alambres de acero para conformar una espira (1) de una anchura determinada (A) con cada alambre, se entrelazan entre sí diferentes espiras (1) adyacentes, de dos en dos, para generar una malla (2) de una anchura (A) determinada, se entrelazan diferentes mallas (2) entre sí generándose un conjunto de mallas (3), se realiza un cierre lateral en ambos extremos laterales (30) del conjunto de mallas (3), y se somete el conjunto de mallas (3) a un tratamiento de pretensado por estirado bajo carga controlada en la dirección perpendicular a las mallas Procedure for the manufacture of steel wire mesh canvases, where a plurality of steel wires are acted upon to form a coil (1) of a given width (A) with each wire, different coils (1) are intertwined with each other. ) adjacent, two by two, to generate a mesh (2) of a given width (A), different meshes (2) are intertwined with each other, generating a set of meshes (3), a lateral closure is made at both lateral ends (30) of the set of meshes (3), and the set of meshes (3) is subjected to a prestressing treatment by stretching under controlled load in the direction perpendicular to the meshes.
(2), que coincide con el sentido longitudinal del conjunto de mallas (2), which coincides with the longitudinal direction of the set of meshes
(3), obteniéndose un lienzo de mallas (3), obtaining a mesh canvas
(4), caracterizado porque en el procedimiento, además, los dos cierres laterales de un conjunto de mallas (3) se realizan simultáneamente y cada cierre lateral se realiza mediante la generación de una pluralidad de nudos de cierre (7, 7'), generándose un nudo de cierre (7; 7') por cada malla (2) y por cierre lateral, y realizándose cada nudo de cierre (7; 7') mediante la torsión por giro de un extremo (5) de una de las espiras (1) correspondientes sobre un extremo (5') de la otra espira (1) correspondiente con un ángulo de giro tal que permite mantener unas puntas (6, 6') de dichos extremos (5, (4), characterized in that in the procedure, in addition, the two lateral closures of a set of meshes (3) are carried out simultaneously and each lateral closure is carried out by generating a plurality of closure knots (7, 7'), generating a closure knot (7; 7') for each mesh (2) and by lateral closure, and each closure knot (7; 7') being made by twisting one end (5) of one of the coils. (1) corresponding on one end (5') of the other corresponding coil (1) with an angle of rotation such that it allows maintaining some tips (6, 6') of said ends (5,
5') en el plano de la malla (2), y mediante el plegado posterior de dichas puntas (6, 6') hacia el interior del conjunto de mallas (3). 5') in the plane of the mesh (2), and by subsequently folding said tips (6, 6') towards the interior of the set of meshes (3).
Procedimiento según la reivindicación 1 , en donde el conjunto de mallas (3) se genera en una unidad de alimentación (8), y, en el procedimiento, dicho conjunto de mallas (3) es desplazado automáticamente a una unidad de anudado (9) donde se realizan simultáneamente los cierres laterales de dicho conjunto de mallas (3) generándose los nudos de cierre (7; 7'), y se desplaza automáticamente dicho conjunto de mallas (3), con los cierres laterales realizados, a una unidad de pretensado (10) donde se realiza el pretensado de dicho conjunto de mallas (3), generándose el lienzo de mallas (4) en dicha unidad de pretensado (10). Procedure according to claim 1, wherein the set of meshes (3) is generated in a feeding unit (8), and, in the procedure, said set of meshes (3) is automatically moved to a knotting unit (9) where the lateral closures of said set of meshes (3) are made simultaneously, generating the closure knots (7; 7'), and said set of meshes (3), with the lateral closures made, is automatically moved to a prestressing unit (10) where the prestressing of said set of meshes (3) is carried out, generating the mesh canvas (4) in said prestressing unit (10).
Procedimiento según las reivindicaciones 1 o 2, en donde durante el tratamiento de pretensado del conjunto de mallas (3) los nudos de cierre (7, 7') se mantienen soportados lateralmente, permitiéndose únicamente su desplazamiento longitudinal simultáneo, obteniéndose un lienzo de mallas (4) en el que se ha producido un alargamiento (AL) longitudinal y una reducción de la luz interior de las espiras (1) y del ángulo de los vértices de dichas espiras (1) con respecto al conjunto de mallas (3) a la vez que se mantiene su anchura (A) constante. Procedure according to claims 1 or 2, wherein during the prestressing treatment of the set of meshes (3) the closing knots (7, 7') remain supported laterally, allowing only their simultaneous longitudinal displacement, obtaining a canvas of meshes ( 4) in which a longitudinal elongation (AL) has occurred and a reduction in the interior light of the turns (1) and of the angle of the vertices of said spirals (1) with respect to the set of meshes (3) while keeping their width (A) constant.
Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 3, en donde el ángulo de giro de un extremo (5) de una espira (1) con respecto a un extremo (5') de la otra espira (V) de una malla (2) para generar un nudo de cierre (7) es de 360°. Procedure according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the angle of rotation of one end (5) of a coil (1) with respect to an end (5') of the other coil (V) of a mesh (2) to generate a closing knot (7) is 360°.
Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 3, en donde el ángulo de giro de un extremo (5) de una espira (1) con respecto a un extremo (5') de la otra espira (V) de una malla (2) para generar un nudo de cierre (7') es de 180°, y en donde las puntas (6, Procedure according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the angle of rotation of one end (5) of a coil (1) with respect to an end (5') of the other coil (V) of a mesh (2) to generate a closing knot (7') is 180°, and where the points (6,
6') plegadas se unen a la espira (1) correspondiente por electrosoldadura o mediante otro método de unión equivalente. 6'), folded, are joined to the corresponding coil (1) by electrowelding or by another equivalent joining method.
Máquina para la fabricación de lienzos de mallas de alambre de acero, que comprende una unidad de alimentación (8) de alambre donde se conforman espiras (1) individuales, donde se entrelazan las espiras (1) entre sí de dos en dos para generar mallas (2) de una anchura (A) determinada y donde se entrelazan entre sí mallas (2) sucesivas creándose un conjunto de mallas (3), caracterizada porque comprende además una unidad de anudado (9) dispuesta a continuación de la unidad de alimentación (8), que recibe el conjunto de mallas (3) procedente de la unidad de alimentación (8) y donde se realizan simultáneamente los dos cierres laterales de dicho conjunto de mallas (3), generándose los nudos de cierre (7, 7'), y una unidad de estirado (10) dispuesta a continuación de la unidad de anudado (9), que recibe el conjunto de mallas (3) con los nudos de cierre (7, 7') ya realizados procedente de dicha unidad de anudado (9) y donde se realiza el tratamiento pretensado por estirado bajo carga controlada de dicho conjunto de mallas (3), obteniéndose un lienzo de mallas (4), estando dichas unidades (8, 9, 10) dispuestas en serie y sincronizadas entre sí. Machine for the manufacture of steel wire mesh canvases, which comprises a wire feeding unit (8) where individual coils (1) are formed, where the coils (1) are intertwined with each other two by two to generate meshes (2) of a determined width (A) and where successive meshes (2) are intertwined with each other, creating a set of meshes (3), characterized in that it also comprises a knotting unit (9) arranged after the feeding unit ( 8), which receives the set of meshes (3) from the feeding unit (8) and where the two lateral closures of said set of meshes (3) are carried out simultaneously, generating the closing knots (7, 7') , and a stretching unit (10) arranged after the knotting unit (9), which receives the set of meshes (3) with the closing knots (7, 7') already made from said knotting unit ( 9) and where the prestressed treatment is carried out by stretching under controlled load of said set of meshes (3), obtaining a canvas of meshes (4), said units (8, 9, 10) being arranged in series and synchronized with each other.
Máquina según la reivindicación 6, en donde la unidad de anudado (9) comprende un útil de torsión (12) para cada uno de los nudos de cierre (7, Machine according to claim 6, wherein the knotting unit (9) comprises a twisting tool (12) for each of the closing knots (7,
7') y una estructura (13) fija para cada cierre lateral del conjunto de mallas (3), estando todos los útiles de torsión (12) asociados a un mismo cierre lateral del conjunto de mallas (3) unidos a la estructura (13) correspondiente con libertad de giro sobre su propio eje transversal (12a) y con libertad de desplazamiento transversal simultáneo, comprendiendo cada útil de torsión (12) una cabeza (18) para sujetar un nudo de cierre (7; 7'), un anillo (16) fijado a la estructura (13) correspondiente, un eje transversal (12a), una espiral interior (17) para permitir el giro de torsión del útil de torsión (12) sobre los extremos (5) del nudo de cierre (7; 7') correspondiente y su desplazamiento longitudinal simultáneo hacia el interior del conjunto de mallas (3) sin posibilidad de retroceso de la cabeza (18) del útil de torsión (12) y para conferir una presión determinada al nudo de cierre (7; 7') correspondiente en el sentido de giro y del desplazamiento que permite el anudado sin posibilidad de que la deformación conferida a las puntas (6) de los extremos (5) de las espiras (1) que comparten dicho nudo de cierre (7; 7') se revierta, estando además el útil de torsión (12) adaptado para girar un ángulo de giro predeterminado de al menos 360°. 7') and a fixed structure (13) for each lateral closure of the set of meshes (3), with all the twisting tools (12) associated with the same lateral closure of the set of meshes (3) attached to the structure (13). ) corresponding with freedom of rotation about its own transverse axis (12a) and with freedom of simultaneous transverse movement, each torsion tool (12) comprising a head (18) to hold a closing knot (7; 7'), a ring (16) fixed to the structure (13) corresponding, a transverse axis (12a), an internal spiral (17) to allow the torsional rotation of the torsion tool (12) on the ends (5) of the corresponding closing knot (7; 7') and its simultaneous longitudinal displacement towards the interior of the set of meshes (3) without the possibility of recoil of the head (18) of the twisting tool (12) and to impart a certain pressure to the corresponding closing knot (7; 7') in the direction of rotation and of the displacement that allows knotting without the possibility of the deformation conferred on the tips (6) of the ends (5) of the coils (1) that share said closing knot (7; 7') being reversed, the tool also being torsion bar (12) adapted to rotate a predetermined rotation angle of at least 360°.
8. Máquina según la reivindicación 7, en donde la cabeza (18) de los útiles de torsión (12) comprende una forma de cono o de doble cuña accionado neumática o mecánicamente para plegar la puntas (6) los extremos (5) del nudo de cierre (7; 7') correspondiente hacia el interior del lienzo de mallas (4). 8. Machine according to claim 7, wherein the head (18) of the twisting tools (12) comprises a cone or double wedge shape actuated pneumatically or mechanically to fold the tips (6) the ends (5) of the knot closure (7; 7') corresponding to the interior of the mesh canvas (4).
9. Máquina según la reivindicación 8, en donde la cabeza (18) de los útiles de torsión (12) está adaptada para provocar la unión de dichas puntas (6) plegadas al lienzo de mallas (4), preferentemente por electrosoldadura. 9. Machine according to claim 8, wherein the head (18) of the twisting tools (12) is adapted to cause the joining of said folded tips (6) to the mesh canvas (4), preferably by electrowelding.
10. Lienzo de mallas de alambre de acero caracterizado porque se fabrica con el procedimiento según las reivindicaciones 1 a 5 y/o con la máquina según las reivindicaciones 6 a 9. 10. Steel wire mesh canvas characterized in that it is manufactured with the procedure according to claims 1 to 5 and/or with the machine according to claims 6 to 9.
Sistema flexible de estabilización y protección de taludes, caracterizado porque comprende al menos un lienzo de mallas (4) según la reivindicación 10 como membrana estructural en un sistema mecánico donde el proceso de fabricación permite controlar el nivel de deformación bajo eventuales acciones exteriores provocadas por empujes del terreno. 12. Kit de contención y protección frente a desprendimientos de rocas e impactos, caracterizado porque comprende al menos un lienzo de mallas (4) según la reivindicación 10 como superficie de captación con deformación controlada. Flexible slope stabilization and protection system, characterized in that it comprises at least one mesh canvas (4) according to claim 10 as a structural membrane in a mechanical system where the manufacturing process allows controlling the level of deformation under possible external actions caused by thrusts. of the land. 12. Containment and protection kit against rock falls and impacts, characterized in that it comprises at least one mesh canvas (4) according to claim 10 as a collection surface with controlled deformation.
PCT/ES2014/070073 2014-02-03 2014-02-03 Method and machine for producing mesh sheets WO2015114177A1 (en)

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CN113638124A (en) * 2021-08-03 2021-11-12 西安航空发动机成套设备有限公司 Automatic machine for weaving spiral drying net

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