WO2015105072A1 - Propulsion device - Google Patents
Propulsion device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2015105072A1 WO2015105072A1 PCT/JP2015/050052 JP2015050052W WO2015105072A1 WO 2015105072 A1 WO2015105072 A1 WO 2015105072A1 JP 2015050052 W JP2015050052 W JP 2015050052W WO 2015105072 A1 WO2015105072 A1 WO 2015105072A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fluid
- rotating base
- water
- propulsion device
- discharge port
- Prior art date
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63H—MARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
- B63H11/00—Marine propulsion by water jets
- B63H11/02—Marine propulsion by water jets the propulsive medium being ambient water
- B63H11/04—Marine propulsion by water jets the propulsive medium being ambient water by means of pumps
- B63H11/08—Marine propulsion by water jets the propulsive medium being ambient water by means of pumps of rotary type
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63H—MARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
- B63H11/00—Marine propulsion by water jets
- B63H11/02—Marine propulsion by water jets the propulsive medium being ambient water
- B63H11/04—Marine propulsion by water jets the propulsive medium being ambient water by means of pumps
- B63H2011/046—Marine propulsion by water jets the propulsive medium being ambient water by means of pumps comprising means for varying pump characteristics, e.g. rotary pumps with variable pitch impellers, or adjustable stators
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63H—MARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
- B63H11/00—Marine propulsion by water jets
- B63H11/02—Marine propulsion by water jets the propulsive medium being ambient water
- B63H11/04—Marine propulsion by water jets the propulsive medium being ambient water by means of pumps
- B63H11/08—Marine propulsion by water jets the propulsive medium being ambient water by means of pumps of rotary type
- B63H2011/081—Marine propulsion by water jets the propulsive medium being ambient water by means of pumps of rotary type with axial flow, i.e. the axis of rotation being parallel to the flow direction
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a propulsion device that is suitably used for ships and the like.
- a propulsive force for navigation is obtained by a propulsion device including a screw or the like.
- a propulsion device using such a screw it can withstand a large negative pressure due to ship speed and ocean conditions (for example, the presence of solid bubbles such as microbubbles, rust powder, or plankton present in water). Cavitation occurs.
- This cavitation is expected not only to make the surface of the propeller blade of the screw avatar, but also to cause erosion at the base of the propeller blade, leading to damage.
- Patent Document 1 Conventionally, for example, a technique disclosed in Patent Document 1 has been proposed in order to solve such problems.
- a boss cap is attached to the downstream side of the boss that forms the root portion of the propeller blade, and a fin is attached to the boss cap, and the flow of water to the rear of the boss is rectified by the fin, By eliminating vortices in the wake of the fin, the occurrence of the cavitation described above is suppressed.
- the present invention has been made in view of such conventional problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a highly durable propulsion device that eliminates the above-described problems of the screw as much as possible.
- the propulsion device of the present invention is attached to a ship traveling on water, sucks the water, and generates a propulsive force on the ship by a reaction force generated when the sucked water is discharged.
- the rotary base is provided with a rotary base that is rotationally driven.
- the rotary base is provided at one end of the rotary axis, the fluid suction port for sucking the water, and the other end of the rotary axis
- a fluid discharge port that discharges the water and a fluid guide path that guides water sucked into the fluid suction port to the fluid discharge port, and the fluid suction port and the fluid discharge port are
- the fluid guiding path is positioned on the rotation axis of the rotating base, the fluid guiding path is spaced apart in the rotational radial direction with respect to the rotating axis of the base, and the fluid suction port, the fluid guiding path, During the rotation of the rotating base Wherein the fluid accelerating section for feeding to the fluid guide passage while applying a centrifugal force to the water that is drawn into the fluid suction port Ri is formed.
- the flow path from the fluid suction port to the fluid discharge port via the fluid acceleration unit and the fluid guide path is a continuous and isolated flow path. Due to the law of conservation of energy, the pressure of the fluid acceleration part is reduced.
- Increasing the rotational speed of the rotating base also increases the centrifugal force and negative pressure generated in the fluid acceleration section, increases the inertia of the fluid, and increases the flow velocity of the water flow discharged from the fluid discharge port. Since it increases, the propulsive force generated by the propulsion device also increases.
- the end of the fluid guide path on the fluid discharge port side is located on the rotational axis of the rotary base so that the end on the fluid suction port side is positioned outward of the rotary base in the rotational radius direction. And can be formed inclined.
- the centrifugal force at the end of the fluid guide path on the fluid discharge port side is larger than the centrifugal force at the end of the fluid suction port side, thereby the fluid guide path. Even inside, water flowing through the inside can be accelerated.
- the inclination of the fluid guiding path is such that the distance between the end of the fluid guiding path on the fluid suction port side and the rotation axis of the rotating base is L1, and the end of the fluid discharge port and the rotating base are rotated.
- L2 it is preferable that L2 ⁇ 1.1 ⁇ L1.
- a plurality of the fluid guiding paths may be formed around the rotation axis of the rotating base.
- the mass of water flowing through the fluid guiding path can be arranged symmetrically with respect to the rotation axis of the rotating base, thereby suppressing the rotational shake of the rotating base. be able to.
- the other end of the rotating body is formed with a plurality of protrusions that form an annular collecting path that collects water discharged from the plurality of fluid guiding paths and leads the fluid to the fluid discharge port. It is possible to smoothly collect water discharged from the fluid guiding path and to send the water to the fluid discharge port while suppressing disturbance of the flow.
- a cross-sectional shape of the fluid guide path in a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis of the rotating base may be a substantially oval shape.
- a driving shaft along the rotation axis is integrally provided at one end of the rotating base, and the rotating base can be rotationally driven by this driving shaft.
- the input shaft is connected orthogonally to the drive shaft through a bevel gear, and the drive shaft and the input shaft are assembled in a single casing, and the casing is connected to the casing. It is also possible to adopt a configuration in which a propulsion direction adjusting mechanism that rotates around the input shaft to change the direction of the rotation axis of the rotating base is provided.
- substrate can be adjusted with the said propulsion direction adjustment mechanism, and a propulsion direction can be adjusted, and, thereby, the advancing direction of a ship can be adjusted.
- the direction of the rotating base so as to cross the length direction of the ship, the water discharge direction from the fluid discharge port is directed diagonally rearward of the ship, and the ship is turned left and right.
- the watercraft can be moved backward by directing the water discharge direction toward the tip.
- a ring gear is integrally attached to the outer periphery of the rotary base so as to be coaxial with the rotation axis thereof, and the rotary base is rotatably accommodated in the casing, and is rotatably supported by the casing on the ring gear.
- a pinion gear integrally attached to the drive shaft is engaged, an input shaft rotatably supported by the casing is connected to the drive shaft via a bevel gear, and the casing is attached to the casing. It is also possible to adopt a configuration in which a propulsion direction adjusting mechanism that rotates around the input shaft and changes the direction of the rotation axis of the rotating base is provided continuously.
- an outer cylinder that forms the fluid suction port and the fluid discharge port is slidably mounted on the outer periphery of the rotating base, and the outer cylinder is rotated on the overlapping portion of the outer cylinder and the rotating base.
- a propulsion direction reversal mechanism that reverses the water suction direction and the water discharge direction by reversing the positional relationship between the fluid suction port, the fluid discharge port, and the fluid guide path by relatively moving in the rotation axis direction of the substrate. It is also possible to have a configuration in which
- the propulsion device of the present invention includes a rotating base that is rotationally driven and a casing that rotatably stores the rotating base, and fluid suction that is opposed to one end of the rotating base at one end of the casing.
- a fluid discharge port is provided at the other end of the rotating base so as to face the other end of the rotating base, and the fluid suction is provided at a position spaced apart outward in the rotational radius of the rotating base.
- a fluid guiding path is formed to communicate the opening and the fluid discharge port, and the end of the fluid discharge path on the fluid discharge port side is more than the rotation radius of the rotating base than the end of the fluid suction port side.
- It is configured to be a fluid accelerating unit that applies centrifugal force to water in the fluid guiding path by being inclined with respect to the rotation axis of the rotating base so as to be located outward in the direction.
- centrifugal force acts on the water in the fluid guiding path with the rotation of the rotating base, but the end of the fluid guiding path on the fluid discharge port side is the fluid. Since it is formed so as to be inclined with respect to the rotation axis of the rotary base so as to be located outward of the rotary base in the radial direction of rotation than the end on the suction port side, Water is sent toward the fluid discharge port, and further discharged through the fluid discharge port. And the driving force is obtained by the reaction force.
- the support structure for the rotating base body can be configured using the casing as a support.
- a plurality of rectifying plates are provided on the inner surface of the casing where the fluid discharge port is formed so as to be substantially along the rotation axis of the rotating base, so that water discharged from the fluid discharge port is provided.
- the propulsion efficiency can be improved by stabilizing the flow of the engine.
- the present invention it is possible to generate a propulsive force by a reaction obtained from the discharged water after sucking and accelerating the water.
- the sucked-in water rotates together with its constituent members in the propulsion device until discharged, so that there is almost no negative pressure that causes cavitation between the constituent members and the water. Therefore, efficient propulsive force can be generated, and vibrations of the constituent members can be suppressed to suppress these damages.
- FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of the present invention and is a side view seen from a fluid discharge port side.
- FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of the present invention and is a side view seen from a fluid suction port side.
- 1 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a propulsion direction reversing mechanism, showing a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.
- FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view illustrating an operation of a propulsion direction reversing mechanism according to a first embodiment of the present invention. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows the 2nd Embodiment of this invention. It is a front view which shows the 3rd Embodiment of this invention. It is a front view for demonstrating the action
- FIG. 10 shows an embodiment of a modification of the present invention, and is a view seen from the fluid discharge side. It is the figure which looked at the rotary base
- FIGS. 1 to 6 a first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 6.
- the propulsion device is attached to a ship (not shown) that travels on water, sucks the water, and imparts a propulsive force to the ship by a reaction force generated when the sucked water is discharged.
- the propulsion device 1 includes a rotary base 2 that is rotationally driven.
- the rotary base 2 is provided at one end of a rotary axis thereof, and includes a fluid suction port 3 for sucking the water and the other end of the rotary axis.
- a fluid discharge port 4 that discharges the water and a fluid guide path 5 that guides the water sucked into the fluid suction port 3 to the fluid discharge port 4.
- the fluid discharge port 4 is positioned on the rotation axis of the rotating base 2, the fluid guiding path 5 is positioned away from the rotating axis of the rotating base 2 in the rotational radial direction, and , Between the fluid suction port 3 and the fluid guiding path 5 The rotary fluid accelerating unit A for feeding by rotation of the base 2 to the fluid guide channel 5 while applying a centrifugal force to the water that is drawn into the fluid suction port 3 is formed.
- the rotary base 2 is formed in a substantially cylindrical shape, and its axis is the above-described rotary axis.
- a cylindrical outer cylinder 6 is fitted on the outer periphery of the rotating base 2 so as to be slidable in the rotational axis direction, and both ends of the outer cylinder 6 are narrowed inward.
- the fluid suction port 3 is formed to be opposed to one end portion of the rotating base 2 by the restricting portion 6a at one end, and the other end portion of the rotating base 2 is opposed to the other end portion of the rotating base 2 by the restricting portion 6b at the other end.
- a fluid discharge port 4 is formed.
- the rotary base 2 is formed with four fluid guiding paths 5 over the entire length so as to surround the rotation axis.
- these fluid guide paths 5 are formed so as to have a substantially oval cross section in a plane orthogonal to the rotation axis, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.
- liquid introduction plates 7 are integrally projected on each end face of the rotary base 2 so as to block between the fluid guide paths 5.
- the fluid acceleration part A is formed by the liquid introduction plate 7, one end face of the rotating base 2, and the throttle part 6 a of the outer cylinder 6.
- a conical rectifying protrusion 8 is integrally provided on the inner side of each fluid guide plate 7 on the other end surface of the rotating base 2, and the rectifying protrusion 8 is formed on the inner wall of the outer cylinder 6.
- a fluid collecting portion B for guiding the water discharged from the fluid guide passages 5 to the fluid discharge port 4 after collecting the water discharged from the fluid guiding passages 5 between the throttle 6b at the other end of the outer cylinder 6.
- annular protrusions 9 are integrally provided on the outer periphery of the rotating base 2 in the vicinity of both ends in the length direction.
- the inner peripheral surface of the outer cylinder 6 is brought into sliding contact with the outer peripheral surface of the annular protrusion 9 in a liquid-tight manner.
- annular protrusion 10 is integrally provided on the inner peripheral surface of the outer cylinder 6 at a substantially intermediate portion in the length direction, and the inner peripheral surface of the annular protrusion 10 is a pair of the rotating base 2. Between the annular protrusions 9, the outer peripheral surface of the rotating base 2 is brought into sliding contact with the liquid.
- a pair of hydraulic chambers 11 and 12 are formed by the pair of annular projections 9 of the rotating base 2 and the annular projection 10 of the outer cylinder 6.
- a drive shaft 13 penetrating the fluid suction port 3 is fitted to the rotation center portion of the rotary base 2.
- each of the hydraulic oil supply paths 14, 15 is bored along the length direction, and one end of each of the hydraulic oil supply paths 14, 15 is formed on the rotating base body. 2, each of the hydraulic chambers 11 and 12 is communicated with each other, and the other end thereof is connected to the hydraulic oil supply device Z via a rotary joint 16.
- the hydraulic oil supply device Z stores an oil pan 17 that stores hydraulic oil, an oil pump 18 that sucks and pressurizes the hydraulic oil from the oil pan 17, and hydraulic oil that is pressurized by the oil pump 18.
- the accumulator 19 is interposed between the accumulator 19 and each of the hydraulic oil supply passages 14 and 15, and either one of the hydraulic chambers 11 and 12 is interposed via the hydraulic oil supply passages 14 and 15.
- a control valve 20 for supplying the hydraulic oil to the other and recovering the hydraulic oil from the other.
- the hydraulic oil supply device Z slides the outer cylinder 6 in the length direction of the rotating base 2 by supplying hydraulic oil to one of the hydraulic chambers 11 and 12 and collecting hydraulic oil from the other.
- the propulsion direction reversing mechanism is configured to reverse the positional relationship between the fluid suction port 3 and the fluid discharge port 4 and the fluid guiding path 5 by moving the suction direction and the discharge direction of the water.
- the propulsion device 1 of the present embodiment configured as described above is used in a state where the propulsion device 1 is mounted on a ship and positioned underwater. In the state where the propulsion device 1 is positioned in water, The acceleration part A, the fluid guiding path 5, the fluid collecting path B, and the fluid discharge port 4 are all filled with water.
- the drive shaft 13 is driven by being rotated by a marine engine.
- hydraulic oil is supplied to the one hydraulic chamber 11 by the hydraulic oil supply device Z, and the outer cylinder 6 is rotated as shown in FIGS. 4A and 5. It is moved to the other end of the base 2.
- the fluid suction port 3 is brought into contact with the fluid introduction plate 7 formed on one end surface of the rotating base 2, and the fluid acceleration part A is formed therebetween.
- the rotating base 2 rotates together with the drive shaft 13, and the water located in the liquid accelerating portion A is subjected to centrifugal force by the rotation of the rotating base 2 and the fluid. It is fed into the guide path 5 and further discharged from the fluid discharge port 4 to the outside through the fluid guide path 5 and the fluid collecting path B.
- a reaction force when water is discharged from the fluid discharge port 4 acts on the ship as a propulsion force in the forward direction via the propulsion device 1.
- the propulsive force depends on the rotation speed of the rotating base 2.
- the energy loss of the water flow is the friction loss with the inner wall of the flow path. Only, and can generate propulsive force efficiently.
- the pressure fluctuation between adjacent positions of the water flow is extremely small, and as a result, the occurrence of cavitation is suppressed, and the efficiency is reduced from this point as well. While being able to suppress, the breakage of the structural member by the vibration etc. resulting from cavitation can be prevented.
- the fluid collecting path B is narrowed to be a fluid accelerating portion, and the fluid accelerating portion A is widened to be a fluid collecting portion. That is, the one with the larger inclination from the fluid suction port to the fluid guiding path becomes the fluid acceleration portion, and the one with the smaller inclination becomes the fluid collecting portion.
- the force with which water is sucked by the rotation of the rotating base 2 is determined by the magnitude of the inclination. Therefore, by changing the axial relative position of the outer cylinder 6 and the rotating base 2, the fluid suction port and the fluid discharge port are changed. The exit is reversed.
- the end portion on the fluid discharge port 4 side of the fluid guide path 5 is positioned on the outer side in the rotational radius direction of the rotary base 2 than the end portion on the fluid suction port 3 side.
- the rotary base 2 is formed so as to be inclined with respect to the rotation axis.
- the inclination of the fluid guide path 5 is such that the distance from the end of the fluid guide path 5 on the fluid suction port 3 side and the rotation axis of the rotary base 2 is L1, and the end of the fluid discharge path 4 side is When the distance from the rotation axis of the rotary base 2 is L2, it is desirable that L2 ⁇ 1.1 ⁇ L1.
- an input shaft 22 is orthogonally connected to the drive shaft 13 via a bevel gear 21, the drive shaft 13 and the input shaft 22 are assembled in a single casing 23,
- the casing 23 is provided with a propulsion direction adjusting mechanism X that rotates the casing 23 around the input shaft 22 to change the direction of the rotation axis of the rotating base 2.
- the propulsion direction adjusting mechanism X includes a driven gear 24 attached to the casing 23 and a drive gear 25 that is driven to rotate by a drive source different from the input shaft 22 and meshed with the driven gear 24.
- the drive gear 25 is driven in conjunction with a steering mechanism.
- Such a configuration makes it possible to change not only the reverse direction shown in FIG. 9 but also the propulsion direction within a range of 360 °, while reducing the number of movable parts in the main body of the propulsion device 1.
- a ring gear 26 is integrally attached to the outer periphery of the rotating base 2 so as to be coaxial with the rotation axis thereof, and the rotating base 2 is rotatably accommodated in a casing 27.
- a pinion gear 29 that is integrally attached to a drive shaft 28 that is rotatably supported by 27 is meshed, and an input shaft 30 that is rotatably supported by the casing 27 is engaged with the drive shaft 28 via a bevel gear 31.
- the front portion of the fluid suction port 3 of the rotating base 2 can be opened widely, so that the water can smoothly flow into the fluid suction port 3.
- the diaphragm 6b is removed.
- the structure of the rotating base 2 can be simplified and reduced in weight. Further, the resistance at the time of fluid discharge can be reduced by eliminating the throttle portion around the rectifying protrusion 8.
- the length of the rotating base 2 in the axial direction is shortened (about half of that in the fifth embodiment).
- the structure of the rotating base 2 can be further simplified and reduced in weight. Thereby, propulsion efficiency can be improved.
- FIGS. 14 to 19 show modifications of the present invention.
- a propulsion device denoted by reference numeral 40 includes a rotating base 41 that is rotationally driven, and a casing 42 that rotatably stores the rotating base 41.
- a fluid suction port 42a is provided at one end of the casing 42 so as to be opposed to one end of the rotating base 41, and a fluid discharge port 42b is provided at the other end to be opposed to the other end of the rotating base 41.
- a fluid guide path 43 is formed in the rotary base 41 and communicated with the fluid suction port 42a and the fluid discharge port 42b at positions spaced outward in the rotational radius direction.
- the casing 42 is formed in a cylindrical shape, and in this example, includes a front casing 44, a center casing 45, and a rear casing 46 that are divided into three in the axial direction.
- Flange 44a, 45a, 46a is provided on the outer periphery of the end of these front casing 44, center casing 45, and rear casing 46, respectively, and these flanges 44a, 45a, 46a are connected by bolts,
- the cylindrical casing 42 is configured by bonding with an adhesive or the like. Note that these flange and bolt coupling means protrude from the outer peripheral surface of the casing 42 and increase the resistance of water during propulsion, so it is desirable to employ, for example, a welding coupling means or a screw fastening coupling means.
- the casing 42 may be constituted by an inner cylinder and an outer cylinder, and a structure in which they are coupled by welding or screwing may be employed.
- the rotary base 41 is rotatably accommodated in the center casing 45, and a drive shaft 47 for rotating the rotary base 41 is integrally attached to an end portion opposed to the fluid suction port 42a. On the other end, a rectifying protrusion 41a is formed which tapers toward the fluid discharge port 42b.
- a plurality of rectifying plates 48 are provided on the inner surface of the portion of the front casing 44 where the fluid discharge port 42b is formed so as to be substantially along the rotational axis of the rotating base 41.
- the rectifying plate 48 is arranged so as to be directed from the inner wall of the front casing 44 toward the center, and is provided in a slightly inclined state with respect to the central axis of the front casing 44.
- the inclination is such that the direction of water discharged from the rotating base 41 is a direction in which the axial direction and the rotating direction of the rotating base 41 are combined, and the direction is inclined with respect to the central axis of the front casing 44. Therefore, it is provided in order to keep the surface of each of the rectifying plates 48 along the flow direction of water as much as possible.
- the propulsion device 40 of the present embodiment configured as described above is fixed to a ship or the like via the casing 42, and a prime mover or the like is connected to the drive shaft 47.
- the water to which centrifugal force is applied is discharged from the rotating base 41 due to the inclination of the fluid guiding path 43, and the flow is adjusted by the rectifying plate 48 and jetted from the fluid discharge port 42b to the outside. Is done.
- the reaction force at the time of injection becomes the propulsive force of a ship or the like to which the propulsion device 40 is attached.
- the casing 42 can be fixed to a ship or the like. Therefore, the casing 42 itself can be used as a fixture for the propulsion device 40, and the propulsion device 40 can be securely fixed, and a stable operation can be obtained while suppressing unnecessary blurring and the like.
- a fixing stay 49 can be integrally provided in advance on the outer surface of the center casing 45 as shown by a chain line in FIG.
- water repellent paint may be applied to the inner and outer peripheral surfaces of the guide path of the rotating base 41, the inner wall of the casing, the inner wall of the casing and the current plate in FIG.
- water repellent paint When the water repellent paint is applied in this way, friction generated between water and the inner wall of the flow path is reduced, the negative pressure on the rotating base is lowered, and the fuel consumption of the power source of the rotating base is suppressed.
- the present invention realizes a propulsion device that does not have a screw, thereby suppressing the occurrence of cavitation during propulsion as much as possible and greatly improving the durability.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
Abstract
Description
そして、圧力が低い領域ではキャビテーションが発生しやすく、圧力の高い領域ではキャビテーションが消滅するといった現象が生じ、前記スクリューにかかる負荷が周期的に変化し、これによってスクリューが振動させられて破損することも想定される。 In addition, there is a pressure difference due to the difference in water depth immediately above and below the screw, and the rotating screw can be repeatedly passed through a region where the water depth is shallow and the pressure is low and a region where the water depth is deep and the pressure is high.
Cavitation is likely to occur in the low pressure region, and cavitation disappears in the high pressure region. The load on the screw changes periodically, which causes the screw to vibrate and break. Is also envisaged.
この状態で前記回転基体をその軸線回りに回転させると、流体加速部に位置する水が、遠心力によって前記回転基体の回転軸線から離れる方向に向けて移動させられて、前記流体誘導路を経て前記流体吐出口へ送り込まれるとともに、この流体吐出口から外部へ吐出される。 By setting it as such a structure, in the state which has a propulsion apparatus in water, the inside is filled with water.
When the rotating base is rotated around its axis in this state, water located in the fluid acceleration portion is moved in a direction away from the rotating axis of the rotating base by centrifugal force, and passes through the fluid guide path. While being sent to the fluid discharge port, it is discharged to the outside from this fluid discharge port.
したがって、推進装置の構成部材と水との接触面にキャビテーションを生じさせるような負圧が生じることが殆どない。 Here, since the water flowing in the rotating base flows along the flow path, the friction with the inner wall of the flow path only acts on the water, and the phenomenon in which the constituent members of the propulsion device shear the water. Does not occur.
Accordingly, there is almost no negative pressure that causes cavitation on the contact surface between the constituent members of the propulsion device and the water.
このような比率とすることにより、前記流体誘導路の入り口側と出口側との圧力差を有効に発生させて、吐出される水の流速を効率よく高めることができる。 The inclination of the fluid guiding path is such that the distance between the end of the fluid guiding path on the fluid suction port side and the rotation axis of the rotating base is L1, and the end of the fluid discharge port and the rotating base are rotated. When the distance from the axis is L2, it is preferable that L2 ≧ 1.1 × L1.
By setting such a ratio, it is possible to effectively generate a pressure difference between the inlet side and the outlet side of the fluid guide path and efficiently increase the flow rate of the discharged water.
このような構成とすることにより、流体誘導路を流れる水の質量を、前記回転基体の回転軸線に対して対称的に配置することができ、これによって、前記回転基体の回転の振れを抑制することができる。 Further, a plurality of the fluid guiding paths may be formed around the rotation axis of the rotating base.
With such a configuration, the mass of water flowing through the fluid guiding path can be arranged symmetrically with respect to the rotation axis of the rotating base, thereby suppressing the rotational shake of the rotating base. be able to.
このような構成とすることにより、前記流体誘導路内の水量を大きくして、前記流体吐出口から吐出される水量を増加させて、前記流体吐出口から吐出される水の運動エネルギーを増加させることができる。
この結果、得られる推進力も大きくすることができる。 A cross-sectional shape of the fluid guide path in a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis of the rotating base may be a substantially oval shape.
With this configuration, the amount of water in the fluid guide path is increased, the amount of water discharged from the fluid discharge port is increased, and the kinetic energy of water discharged from the fluid discharge port is increased. be able to.
As a result, the obtained driving force can be increased.
たとえば、前記回転基体の向きを船舶の長さ方向に対して交差するように位置させることにより、前記流体吐出口からの水の吐出方向を船舶の斜め後方へ向けて、船舶を左右に旋回させ、あるいは、前記水の吐出方向を舳先へ向けることにより、船舶を後進させることができる。 By setting it as such a structure, the direction of the said rotation base | substrate can be adjusted with the said propulsion direction adjustment mechanism, and a propulsion direction can be adjusted, and, thereby, the advancing direction of a ship can be adjusted.
For example, by turning the direction of the rotating base so as to cross the length direction of the ship, the water discharge direction from the fluid discharge port is directed diagonally rearward of the ship, and the ship is turned left and right. Alternatively, the watercraft can be moved backward by directing the water discharge direction toward the tip.
そして、その反力によって推進力が得られる。 With such a configuration, centrifugal force acts on the water in the fluid guiding path with the rotation of the rotating base, but the end of the fluid guiding path on the fluid discharge port side is the fluid. Since it is formed so as to be inclined with respect to the rotation axis of the rotary base so as to be located outward of the rotary base in the radial direction of rotation than the end on the suction port side, Water is sent toward the fluid discharge port, and further discharged through the fluid discharge port.
And the driving force is obtained by the reaction force.
したがって、前記ケーシングを固定した状態で推進装置を稼働させることができるから、このケーシングを支持体として前記回転基体の支持構造を構成することができる。 Here, only the rotating base body is given rotation, and no rotation is given to the casing.
Therefore, since the propulsion device can be operated in a state where the casing is fixed, the support structure for the rotating base body can be configured using the casing as a support.
ここで、吸い込まれた水は、吐出されるまで推進装置内をその構成部材とともに回転することから、前記構成部材と水との間にキャビテーションの発生の原因となる負圧が生じることが殆どなく、したがって、効率のよい推進力を発生させることができるとともに、構成部材の振動等を抑制して、これらの損傷を抑制することができる。 According to the present invention, it is possible to generate a propulsive force by a reaction obtained from the discharged water after sucking and accelerating the water.
Here, the sucked-in water rotates together with its constituent members in the propulsion device until discharged, so that there is almost no negative pressure that causes cavitation between the constituent members and the water. Therefore, efficient propulsive force can be generated, and vibrations of the constituent members can be suppressed to suppress these damages.
そして、この回転基体2の外周には、円筒状の外筒6が前記回転軸線方向に摺動可能に嵌着されており、この外筒6の両端部が内側へ向けて絞られており、一端部の絞り部6aによって、前記回転基体2の一端部に対向させられる前記流体吸引口3が形成され、他端部の絞り部6bによって、前記回転基体2の他端部に対向させられる前記流体吐出口4が形成されている。 More specifically, the
A cylindrical
これらの流体誘導路5は、本実施形態においては、図2および図3に示すように、前記回転軸線と直交する面内において略長円状の断面となるように形成されている。 The
In the present embodiment, these
船舶を前進させる場合には、前記作動油供給装置Zにより、前記一方の油圧室11に作動油を供給して、図4(a)及び図5に示すように、前記外筒6を前記回転基体2の他端部へ移動させておく。 The
When the marine vessel is advanced, hydraulic oil is supplied to the one
したがって、前記回転基体2の回転が継続している間、前記流体吐出口4からの水の吐出が継続して行なわれる。 When a speed is given to the water in the fluid acceleration section A, the internal pressure is reduced, and external water is continuously sucked into the
Therefore, while the rotation of the
その推進力は、前記回転基体2の回転の速さに依存する。 A reaction force when water is discharged from the
The propulsive force depends on the rotation speed of the
また、水が、形状が固定された流路内を流れることから、水流の近接する位置間の圧力変動が極めて少なく、この結果、キャビテーションの発生が抑制され、この点からも前記効率の低下を抑制することができるとともに、キャビテーションに起因した振動等による構成部材の破損を防止することができる。 On the other hand, since the water flow in the
In addition, since water flows in a flow path having a fixed shape, the pressure fluctuation between adjacent positions of the water flow is extremely small, and as a result, the occurrence of cavitation is suppressed, and the efficiency is reduced from this point as well. While being able to suppress, the breakage of the structural member by the vibration etc. resulting from cavitation can be prevented.
なお、主要部については前述した第1の実施形態と同様のため、同一符号を用いて説明を簡略化する。 Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
In addition, since it is the same as that of 1st Embodiment mentioned above about the principal part, description is simplified using the same code | symbol.
なお、図8及び図9に示す第3の実施形態と基本的に同一部分については、同一符号を用いて説明を簡略化する。 A fifth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
In addition, about the fundamentally same part as 3rd Embodiment shown in FIG.8 and FIG.9, description is simplified using the same code | symbol.
なお、図12に示す第5の実施形態と基本的に同一部分については、同一符号を用いて説明を簡略化する。 A sixth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
In addition, about the fundamentally same part as 5th Embodiment shown in FIG. 12, description is simplified using the same code | symbol.
この噴射時の反力が、この推進装置40が取り付けられている船舶等の推進力となる。 As described above, the water to which centrifugal force is applied is discharged from the rotating base 41 due to the inclination of the fluid guiding path 43, and the flow is adjusted by the rectifying
The reaction force at the time of injection becomes the propulsive force of a ship or the like to which the
したがって、前記ケーシング42自体を推進装置40の固定具として用いることができ、この推進装置40を確実に固定することができるとともに、不要なブレ等を抑制して安定した作動を得ることができる。 Further, since it is not necessary to rotate the
Therefore, the
2 回転基体
3 流体吸引口
4 流体吐出口
5 流体誘導路
6 外筒
6a 絞り部
6b 絞り部
7 流体導入板
8 整流用突起
9 環状突起
10 環状突起
11 油圧室
12 油圧室
13 駆動軸
14 作動油供給路
15 作動油供給路
16 回転継ぎ手
17 オイルパン
18 オイルポンプ
19 アキュムレーター
20 制御バルブ
21 傘歯車
22 入力軸
23 ケーシング
24 ドリブンギヤ
25 ドライブギヤ
26 リングギヤ
27 ケーシング
28 駆動軸
29 ピニオンギヤ
30 入力軸
31 傘歯車
40 推進装置
41 回転基体
41a 整流突起
42 ケーシング
42a 流体吸引口
42b 流体吐出口
43 流体誘導路
44 フロントケーシング
44a フランジ
45 センターケーシング
45a フランジ
46 リアケーシング
46a フランジ
47 駆動軸
48 整流板
49 ステー
A 流体加速部
B 流体集合路
X 推進方向調整機構
Z 作動油供給装置(推進方向反転機構)
DESCRIPTION OF
Claims (12)
- 水上を走行する船舶に装着されて、前記水を吸い込み、この吸い込んだ水を吐出する際に生じる反力により、前記船舶に推進力を付与する推進装置であって、回転駆動される回転基体を備え、この回転基体には、その回転軸線の一端部に設けられ、前記水を吸い込む流体吸引口と、前記回転軸線の他端部に設けられ、前記水を吐出する流体吐出口と、前記流体吸引口に吸い込まれた水を前記流体吐出口へ導く流体誘導路とが形成され、前記流体吸引口と前記流体吐出口とが前記回転基体の回転軸線上に位置させられ、前記流体誘導路が、前記回転基体の回転軸線に対して回転半径方向外方に離間して位置させられ、かつ、前記流体吸引口と前記流体誘導路との間に、前記回転基体の回転により前記流体吸引口に吸い込まれた水に遠心力を与えつつ前記流体誘導路へ送り込む流体加速部が形成されていることを特徴とする推進装置。 A propulsion device that is mounted on a ship traveling on water, sucks the water, and imparts a propulsive force to the ship by a reaction force generated when the sucked water is discharged. The rotary base body is provided at one end portion of the rotation axis thereof, the fluid suction port for sucking in the water, the fluid discharge port provided at the other end portion of the rotation axis and discharging the water, and the fluid A fluid guiding path for guiding water sucked into the suction port to the fluid discharge port is formed, the fluid suction port and the fluid discharge port are positioned on the rotation axis of the rotating base, and the fluid guiding path is , And spaced apart from the rotational axis of the rotary base in the radial direction of rotation, and between the fluid suction port and the fluid guide path, the rotation of the rotary base causes the fluid suction port to Apply centrifugal force to the sucked-in water While propulsion device, characterized in that the fluid accelerating portion is formed to feed to the fluid guide path.
- 前記流体誘導路の、前記流体吐出口側の端部が、前記流体吸引口側の端部よりも、前記回転基体の回転半径方向外方に位置するように、前記回転基体の回転軸線に対して傾斜して形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の推進装置。 The end of the fluid guide path on the fluid discharge port side is located on the rotational axis of the rotary base so that the end on the fluid suction port side is positioned outward of the rotary base in the rotational radius direction. The propulsion device according to claim 1, wherein the propulsion device is inclined.
- 前記流体誘導路の傾斜が、この流体誘導路の、前記流体吸引口側の端部と前記回転基体の回転軸線からの距離をL1とし、前記流体吐出口側の端部と前記回転基体の回転軸線からの距離をL2とした場合、L2≧1.1×L1であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の推進装置。 The inclination of the fluid guide path is such that the distance between the end of the fluid guide path on the fluid suction port side and the rotation axis of the rotary base is L1, and the end of the fluid discharge side and the rotation of the rotary base is rotated. The propulsion device according to claim 2, wherein L2 ≧ 1.1 × L1 when the distance from the axis is L2.
- 前記流体誘導路が、前記回転基体の回転軸線回りに複数形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項3の何れかに記載の推進装置。 The propulsion device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a plurality of the fluid guide paths are formed around a rotation axis of the rotating base.
- 前記回転体の他端部には、前記複数の流体誘導路から吐出される水を集合させて前記流体吐出口へ導く環状の集合路を形成する突出部が形成されていることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の推進装置。 The other end portion of the rotating body is formed with a protrusion that forms an annular collecting path that collects water discharged from the plurality of fluid guiding paths and guides it to the fluid discharge port. The propulsion device according to claim 4.
- 前記流体誘導路の、前記回転基体の回転軸線と直交する面内の断面形状が、略長円形状となされていることを特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項5の何れかに記載の推進装置。 The propulsion device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein a cross-sectional shape of the fluid guide path in a plane orthogonal to the rotation axis of the rotary base is substantially oval. .
- 前記回転基体に、その回転軸線に沿った駆動軸が一体に設けられて、この駆動軸によって前記回転基体が回転駆動させられるようになされていることを特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項6の何れかに記載の推進装置。 7. The rotating base according to claim 1, wherein a driving shaft along the rotation axis is integrally provided on the rotating base, and the rotating base is driven to rotate by the driving shaft. The propulsion device according to any one of the above.
- 前記駆動軸には、傘歯車を介して入力軸が直交して接続されており、これらの駆動軸、および、前記入力軸が単一のケーシング内に組み込まれており、前記ケーシングには、このケーシングを、前記入力軸まわりに回動させて、前記回転基体の回転軸線の向きを変更する推進方向調整機構が連設されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の推進装置。 Input shafts are orthogonally connected to the drive shafts via bevel gears, and these drive shafts and the input shafts are incorporated in a single casing. The propulsion device according to claim 1, further comprising a propulsion direction adjusting mechanism that rotates a casing around the input shaft to change the direction of the rotation axis of the rotating base.
- 前記回転基体の外周には、その回転軸線と同軸上にリングギヤが一体に取り付けられているとともに、前記回転基体がケーシング内に回転自在に収納され、前記リングギヤに、前記ケーシングに回転自在に支持された駆動軸に一体に取り付けられたピニオンギヤが噛合させられ、前記駆動軸に、前記ケーシングに回転自在に支持された入力軸が、傘歯車を介して連設され、かつ、前記ケーシングに、このケーシングを、前記入力軸まわりに回動させて、前記回転基体の回転軸線の向きを変更する推進方向調整機構が連設されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の推進装置。 A ring gear is integrally mounted on the outer periphery of the rotating base so as to be coaxial with the rotation axis thereof, and the rotating base is rotatably accommodated in the casing, and is rotatably supported by the ring gear on the casing. A pinion gear integrally attached to the drive shaft is meshed, an input shaft rotatably supported by the casing is connected to the drive shaft via a bevel gear, and the casing is connected to the casing. The propulsion device according to claim 1, further comprising a propulsion direction adjusting mechanism that rotates the rotation axis around the input shaft to change the direction of the rotation axis of the rotating base.
- 前記回転基体の外周には、前記流体吸引口および前記流体吐出口を形成する外筒が摺動可能に装着され、この外筒と前記回転基体との重畳部分に、前記外筒を前記回転基体の回転軸線方向に相対移動させることにより、前記流体吸引口および前記流体吐出口と前記流体誘導路との位置関係を反転させて、前記水の吸い込み方向および吐出方向を反転させる推進方向反転機構が設けられていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の推進装置。 An outer cylinder that forms the fluid suction port and the fluid discharge port is slidably mounted on the outer periphery of the rotating base, and the outer cylinder is placed on the rotating base on the overlapping portion of the outer cylinder and the rotating base. A propulsion direction reversing mechanism that reverses the positional relationship between the fluid suction port and the fluid discharge port and the fluid guide path by reversing the rotation direction of the water, and reverses the water suction direction and the discharge direction. The propulsion device according to claim 1, wherein the propulsion device is provided.
- 水上を走行する船舶に装着されて、前記水を吸い込み、この吸い込んだ水を吐出する際に生じる反力により、前記船舶に推進力を付与する推進装置であって、回転駆動される回転基体と、この回転基体を回転自在に収納するケーシングとを備え、前記ケーシングの一端部に、前記回転基体の一端部に対向させられる流体吸引口が設けられているとともに、他端部に前記回転基体の他端部に対向させられる流体吐出口が設けられ、前記回転基体に、その回転半径方向外方に離間した位置に、前記流体吸引口と前記流体吐出口とを連通する流体誘導路が形成され、この流体誘導路の、前記流体吐出口側の端部が、前記流体吸引口側の端部よりも、前記回転基体の回転半径方向外方に位置するように、前記回転基体の回転軸線に対して傾斜して形成されていることにより、この流体誘導路内の水に遠心力を与える流体加速部となされていることを特徴とする推進装置。 A propulsion device that is mounted on a ship traveling on water, sucks the water, and applies a propulsive force to the ship by a reaction force generated when the sucked water is discharged. A casing for rotatably storing the rotating base, and a fluid suction port is provided at one end of the casing so as to face one end of the rotating base, and at the other end of the rotating base. A fluid discharge port opposed to the other end is provided, and a fluid guide path is formed in the rotating base so as to communicate the fluid suction port and the fluid discharge port at a position spaced outward in the rotational radial direction. The end of the fluid guide path on the fluid discharge port side is positioned on the rotational axis of the rotary base so that the end of the fluid base is positioned outward of the rotary base in the radial direction of rotation. Inclined to shape By being, propulsion apparatus characterized by being made with the fluid accelerating section that gives a centrifugal force to the water of the fluid guide passage.
- 前記ケーシングの、前記流体吐出口が形成された部位の内面に、前記回転基体の回転軸線にほぼ沿うように、複数の整流板が設けられていることを特徴とする請求項11に記載の推進装置。
The propulsion according to claim 11, wherein a plurality of rectifying plates are provided on an inner surface of a portion of the casing where the fluid discharge port is formed so as to be substantially along a rotation axis of the rotating base. apparatus.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2015539983A JP6060418B2 (en) | 2014-01-10 | 2015-01-05 | Propulsion device |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2014003610 | 2014-01-10 | ||
JP2014-003610 | 2014-01-10 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2015105072A1 true WO2015105072A1 (en) | 2015-07-16 |
Family
ID=53523899
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2015/050052 WO2015105072A1 (en) | 2014-01-10 | 2015-01-05 | Propulsion device |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (2) | JP6060418B2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2015105072A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IT202100017450A1 (en) * | 2021-07-02 | 2023-01-02 | Tech Marin S R L A Socio Unico | Hydrojet with tubular propeller |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR102209851B1 (en) * | 2019-07-08 | 2021-02-01 | (주)서브테크 | Water jet for underwater vehicle and underwater vehicle having the same |
KR102209850B1 (en) * | 2019-07-08 | 2021-02-01 | (주)서브테크 | Vane structure for water jet and water jet having the same |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4902254A (en) * | 1985-09-05 | 1990-02-20 | Chas Jean Bernard | Propulsion device with conditioned inertia |
JPH0567598U (en) * | 1992-02-24 | 1993-09-07 | 川崎重工業株式会社 | Water jet propulsion device |
JPH06191482A (en) * | 1992-11-17 | 1994-07-12 | 正志 ▲土▼田 | Structure for water jet propulsion engine |
JP2009090961A (en) * | 2007-09-18 | 2009-04-30 | Kayseven Co Ltd | Pod type propeller and pod type pump device |
JP2013043629A (en) * | 2011-08-22 | 2013-03-04 | Ip Management Services Corp | Propelling machine for ship |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0444480Y2 (en) * | 1987-05-28 | 1992-10-20 | ||
JP2980378B2 (en) * | 1995-04-28 | 1999-11-22 | 株式会社石垣 | Ship water jet propulsion device |
-
2015
- 2015-01-05 WO PCT/JP2015/050052 patent/WO2015105072A1/en active Application Filing
- 2015-01-05 JP JP2015539983A patent/JP6060418B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2016
- 2016-10-04 JP JP2016196327A patent/JP6245458B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4902254A (en) * | 1985-09-05 | 1990-02-20 | Chas Jean Bernard | Propulsion device with conditioned inertia |
JPH0567598U (en) * | 1992-02-24 | 1993-09-07 | 川崎重工業株式会社 | Water jet propulsion device |
JPH06191482A (en) * | 1992-11-17 | 1994-07-12 | 正志 ▲土▼田 | Structure for water jet propulsion engine |
JP2009090961A (en) * | 2007-09-18 | 2009-04-30 | Kayseven Co Ltd | Pod type propeller and pod type pump device |
JP2013043629A (en) * | 2011-08-22 | 2013-03-04 | Ip Management Services Corp | Propelling machine for ship |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IT202100017450A1 (en) * | 2021-07-02 | 2023-01-02 | Tech Marin S R L A Socio Unico | Hydrojet with tubular propeller |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP6245458B2 (en) | 2017-12-13 |
JP2017061312A (en) | 2017-03-30 |
JPWO2015105072A1 (en) | 2017-03-23 |
JP6060418B2 (en) | 2017-01-18 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP6245458B2 (en) | Propulsion device | |
KR101258935B1 (en) | Propulsion apparatus and ship having thereof | |
JP2015515413A (en) | Hull propulsion and direction change device | |
CN110282108A (en) | A kind of hydraulic jet propulsion system of three-apexed rotor | |
JP6493826B2 (en) | Fluid machinery and propulsion device, water jet propulsion machine for fluid machinery. | |
JP2007198373A (en) | Fluid injection nozzle | |
US7422498B2 (en) | Ship with wave engulfing enhanced propulsors | |
KR20200114304A (en) | Propulsion apparatus for ship | |
KR101403243B1 (en) | Thrust increasing apparatus for ship | |
CN103287560B (en) | A kind of whirlpool oar reversion supercharging waterjet propulsor | |
US20200324865A1 (en) | Military submarine silent jet propulsion system | |
KR20160053026A (en) | Propulsion apparatus for ship | |
KR20070103524A (en) | Thrust fan | |
JP2014196099A (en) | Propulsion unit | |
US9540089B2 (en) | Marine propulsion device | |
CN114044117A (en) | Propulsion device for ship | |
KR20140054296A (en) | Water vessel propulsion apparatus | |
KR101335256B1 (en) | Tunnel thruster and ship having the same | |
JP2010076600A (en) | Vessel propulsion unit | |
JP6267173B2 (en) | Impeller | |
JP2021049874A (en) | Turbine for generation of propulsion force | |
KR102095421B1 (en) | Azimuth thruster | |
KR101661911B1 (en) | Propulsion apparatus | |
CN215851820U (en) | Propulsion device for ship | |
KR101976322B1 (en) | Clutch of water jet propulsion boat |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2015539983 Country of ref document: JP Kind code of ref document: A |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 15735271 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
32PN | Ep: public notification in the ep bulletin as address of the adressee cannot be established |
Free format text: NOTING OF LOSS OF RIGHTS PURSUANT TO RULE 112(1) EPC (EPO FORM 1205N DATED 16/09/2016) |
|
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 15735271 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |