WO2014206426A1 - New use for jnk inhibitor molecules for treatment of various diseases - Google Patents

New use for jnk inhibitor molecules for treatment of various diseases Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014206426A1
WO2014206426A1 PCT/EP2013/001880 EP2013001880W WO2014206426A1 WO 2014206426 A1 WO2014206426 A1 WO 2014206426A1 EP 2013001880 W EP2013001880 W EP 2013001880W WO 2014206426 A1 WO2014206426 A1 WO 2014206426A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
seq
jnk inhibitor
sequence
jnk
treatment
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
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PCT/EP2013/001880
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jean-Marc Combette
Catherine Deloche
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Xigen Inflammation Ltd
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Xigen Inflammation Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Xigen Inflammation Ltd filed Critical Xigen Inflammation Ltd
Priority to PCT/EP2013/001880 priority Critical patent/WO2014206426A1/en
Priority to JP2016522322A priority patent/JP2016523275A/ja
Priority to PCT/EP2014/001737 priority patent/WO2014206564A1/en
Priority to US14/890,859 priority patent/US20160115200A1/en
Priority to EP14736292.5A priority patent/EP3013853A1/en
Publication of WO2014206426A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014206426A1/en
Priority to JP2016575150A priority patent/JP6843625B2/ja
Priority to US15/321,904 priority patent/US20170128516A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to US17/719,068 priority patent/US20220280591A1/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of enzyme inhibition, in particular to (poly-)peptide inhibitors of c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK).
  • JNK c-Jun amino terminal kinase
  • the present invention relates to using these JNK inhibitors in the treatment of various diseases.
  • JNK The c-Jun amino terminal kinase
  • MAP mitogen- activated protein
  • JNK signal transduction pathway is activated in response to environmental stress and by the engagement of several classes of cell surface receptors. These receptors can include cytokine receptors, serpentine receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases.
  • JNK has been implicated in biological processes such as oncogenic transformation and mediating adaptive responses to environmental stress.
  • JNK has also been associated with modulating immune responses, including maturation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as effecting programmed cell death in cells identified for destruction by the immune system. This unique property makes JNK signaling a promising target for developing pharmacological intervention. Among several neurological disorders, JNK signaling is particularly implicated in ischemic stroke and Parkinson's disease, but also in other diseases as mentioned further below. Furthermore, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38alpha was shown to negatively regulate the cell proliferation by antagonizing the JNK-c-Jun-pathway.
  • MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase
  • the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38alpha therefore appears to be active in suppression of normal and cancer cell proliferation and, as a further, demonstrates the involvement of JNK in cancer diseases (see e.g. Hui et al., Nature Genetics, Vol 39, No. 6, June 2007).
  • c-Jun N-terminal Kinase GNK is involved in neuropathic pain produced by spinal nerve ligation (SNL), wherein SNL induced a slow and persistent activation of JNK, in particular JNK1 , whereas p38 mitogen- activated protein kinase activation was found in spinal microglia after SNL, which had fallen to near basal level by 21 days (Zhuang et al., The Journal of Neuroscience, March 29, 2006, 26(1 3):3551 -3560)). In 2007 (Biochemica et Biophysica Acta, pp. 1341 -1348), Johnson et al.
  • JNK signalling in diseases such as the involvement in excitotoxicity of hippocampal neurons, liver ischemia, reperfusion, neurodegenerative diseases, hearing loss, deafness, neural tube birth defects, cancer, chronic inflammatory diseases, obesity, diabetes, in particular insulin-resistant diabetes, and proposed that it is likely that selective JNK inhibitors are needed for treatment of various diseases with a high degree of specificity and lack of toxicity.
  • Inhibition or interruption of the JNK signalling pathway is thus a promising approach in combating disorders strongly related to JNK signalling.
  • Inhibitors of the JNK signaling pathway include e.g. upstream kinase inhibitors (for example, CEP-1347), small chemical inhibitors of JNK (SP600125 and AS601245), which directly affect kinase activity e.g. by competing with the ATP-binding site of the protein kinase, and peptide inhibitors of the interaction between JNK and its substrates (see e.g.
  • WO 2007/031280 discloses small cell permeable fusion peptides, comprising a so-called TAT transporter sequence derived from the basic trafficking sequence of the HIV-TAT protein and an amino acid inhibitory sequence of IB1 .
  • WO 2007/031280 discloses in particular two specific sequences, L-TAT-IB1 (GRKKRRQRRRPPRPKRPTTLNLFPQVPRSQD, herein SEQ ID NO: 196) and D-TAT-IB1 (dqsrpvqpflnlttprkprpprrrqrrkkrg; herein SEQ ID NO: 197), the latter being the retro-inverso sequence of L-TAT-IB1 . Due to the HIV TAT derived transporter sequence, these fusion peptides are more efficiently transported into the target cells, where they remain effective until proteolytic degradation.
  • ATP independent peptide inhibitors of JNK are usually more specific inhibitors, they are frequently the first choice if it comes to inhibiting JNK.
  • peptide inhibitors disclosed in WO 2007/031280 are not optimal for all purposes.
  • compound L-TAT- IB1 (herein SEQ ID NO: 196) which consists of L amino acids only, is quickly proteolytically degraded.
  • D- TAT-IB1 (herein SEQ ID NO: 1 97), which comprises D amino acids.
  • D-TAT- IB1 exhibits the retro-inverso sequence of L-TAT-IB1 .
  • JNK inhibitors have been discussed, proposed and successfully tested in the art as treatment for a variety of disease states.
  • Dickens et al. described the c-Jun amino terminal kinase inhibitor JIP-1 and proposed JIP-1 as candidate compounds for therapeutic strategies for the treatment of for example chronic myeloid leukaemia, in particular, in the context of Bcr-Abl caused transformation of pre-B-cells (Science; 1997; 277(5326):693-696).
  • JIP-1 derived inhibitors of JNK signalling are proposed for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease; stroke and associated memory loss, autoimmune diseases such as arthritis; other conditions characterized by inflammation; malignancies, such as leukemias, e.g. chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML); oxidative damage to organs such as the liver and kidney; heart diseases; and transplant rejections.
  • neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease
  • stroke and associated memory loss autoimmune diseases such as arthritis
  • autoimmune diseases such as arthritis
  • malignancies such as leukemias, e.g. chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
  • CML chronic myelogenous leukemia
  • JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase
  • Pirvola et al. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2000, 20(1 ); 43 - 50 described the rescue of hearing, auditory hair cells and neurons by CEP-1347/KT7515, an inhibitor of c-Jun- N-terminal kinase activation.
  • the authors suggested in general that therapeutic intervention in the JNK signalling cascade may offer opportunities to treat inner ear injuries.
  • Treatment of hearing loss by means of administering JNK-inhibitory peptides is also disclosed for example in WO 03/103698.
  • Roduit et al. Apoptosis, 2008, 1 3(3), p.
  • JNK-inhibition has likewise suggested to use JNK-inhibition as therapeutic approach. Similar considerations relying on JNK-inhibition are disclosed for example in WO 2010/1 13753 for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, diabetic retinopathy, central exudative chorioretinopathy, angioid streaks, retinal pigment epithelium detachment, multifocal choroiditis, neovascular maculopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, retinitis pigmentosa, Leber's disease, retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, central serous chorioretinopathy, retinal macroaneurysm, retinal detachment, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, Stargardt's disease, choroidal sclerosis, chorioderemia, vitelliform macular dystrophy, Oguchi's disease, fundus albipunctatus,
  • JNK inhibitors for use in the treatment of human (and animal) diseases.
  • the problem to be solved by the present invention was to provide further (peptide) inhibitors of JNK for the treatment of specific diseases.
  • Fig. 1 Illustration of the inhibitory efficacy of several JNK inhibitors according to the present invention, which was investigated by in vitro AlphaScreen assay (Amplified Luminescence Proximity Homogeneous-Screen Assay).
  • Fig.1 A Inhibition of JNK1 by SEQ ID NOs: 1 93, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7.
  • Fig.1 B Inhibition of JNK2 by SEQ ID NOs: 1 93, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7.
  • Fig.l C Inhibition of JNK3 by SEQ ID NOs: 1 93, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7.
  • Fig. 2 Table illustrating the inhibitory efficacy of several JNK inhibitors (SEQ ID NOs: 1 93, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7) according to the present invention. Given are the IC50 values in the nM range, the respective standard error of the mean and the number of experiments performed (n).
  • Fig. 3 Illustration of the inhibitory efficacy of several JNK inhibitors according to the present invention, which are fusion proteins of a JNK inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence and a transporter sequence.
  • the inhibitory efficacy was determined by means of in vitro AlphaScreen assay (Amplified Luminescence Proximity Homogeneous-Screen Assay).
  • Fig.3A Inhibition of JNK1 by SEQ ID NOs: 1 94, 1 95, 1 72, 200, 46, 1 73, 1 74, 1 75, 1 76, 1 77, 1 78, 1 79, 1 80, 181 and 1 97.
  • Fig.3B Inhibition of JNK2 by SEQ ID NOs: 194, 195, 1 72, 200, 46, 1 73, 1 74, 1 75, 1 76,
  • Fig.3C Inhibition of JNK3 by SEQ ID NOs: 194, 1 95, 1 72, 200, 46, 1 73, 1 74, 1 75, 1 76,
  • Fig.3D Inhibition of J K1 by SEQ ID NOs: 194, 195, 1 72, 200, 46, 182, 183, 184, 185,
  • Fig.3E Inhibition of JNK2 by SEQ ID NOs: 194, 1 95, 1 72, 200, 46, 1 82, 183, 184, 1 85,
  • Fig.3F Inhibition of JNK3 by SEQ ID NOs: 94, 195, 1 72, 200, 46, 1 82, 183, 184, 1 85, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190 and 197.
  • Fig. 4 Table illustrating the inhibitory efficacy of several JNK inhibitors according to the present invention, which are fusion proteins of a JNK inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence and a transporter sequence. Given are the IC50 values in the nM range, the respective standard error of the mean (SEM) and the number of experiments performed (n).
  • Fig. 5 Stability of JNK inhibitors with SEQ ID NOs: 1 72, 196 and 197 in 50% human serum.
  • the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 196 was totally degraded into amino acids residues within 6 hours (A).
  • the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 1 72 was completely degraded only after 14 days (B).
  • the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 197 was stable at least up to 30 days (B).
  • Fig. 6 shows internalization experiments using TAT derived transporter constructs with D-amino acid/L-amino acid pattern as denoted in SEQ ID NO: 30.
  • the transporter sequences analyzed correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 52-94 plus SEQ ID NOs: 45, 47, 46, 43 and 99 (Fig 6a) and SEQ ID NOs: 100-147 (Fig. 6b).
  • SEQ ID NO: 31 all transporters with the consensus sequence rXXXrXXXr (SEQ ID NO: 31 ) showed a higher internalization capability than the L-TAT transporter (SEQ ID NO: 43).
  • Hela cells were incubated 24 hours in 96well plate with l OmM of the respective transporters.
  • the cells were then washed twice with an acidic buffer (0.2M Glycin, 0.15M NaCI, pH 3.0) and twice with PBS. Cells were broken by the addition of RIPA lysis buffer. The relative amount of internalized peptide was then determined by reading the fluorescence intensity (Fusion Alpha plate reader; PerkinElmer) of each extract followed by background subtraction.
  • Fig. 7 The JNK inhibitor with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 blocks LPS-induced cytokine and chemokine release in THP1 -PMA-differentiated macrophages.
  • Fig. 7A TNF release (THPI pma 6h 3ng/ml LPS);
  • Fig. 7B TNF-a release (THPl pma 6h 10ng/ml LPS);
  • Fig. 7C IL 6 release (THPI pma 6h 10ng/ml LPS);
  • Fig. 7D MCP1 release (THPl pma 6h 3ng ml LPS).
  • Fig. 8 The JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 blocks LPS-induced IL6 release in THP1 differentiated macrophages with higher potency than D-TAT-IB1 (SEQ ID NO: 1 97), dTAT
  • the JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 blocks LPS-induced TNFa release in THP1 differentiated macrophages with higher potency than D-TAT-IB1 (SEQ ID NO: 197), dTAT (SEQ ID NO: 45) and SP 600125. LPS was added for 6h (10 ng/ml).
  • Fig. 10 The JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 blocks LPS-induced IL-6 release in P A differentiated macrophages with higher potency than D-TAT-IB1 (SEQ ID NO: 197) and L- TAT-IB1 (SEQ ID NO: 196). LPS was added for 6h.
  • Fig. 1 1 The JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 blocks LPS-induced TNFa release in PMA differentiated macrophages with higher potency than D-TAT-IB1 (SEQ ID NO: 197) and L- TAT-IB1 (SEQ ID NO: 196).
  • Fig. 12 The JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 blocks LPS-induced TNFa release in Primary Rat Whole Blood Cells at 3 ng ml. Given are the results for the control, 1 ⁇ of SEQ ID NO: 172, 3 ⁇ of SEQ ID NO: 1 72, and 10 ⁇ of SEQ ID NO: 172 at different levels of LPS (ng/ml).
  • Fig. 13 The JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 blocks IL-2 secretion by primary human T-cells in response to PMA/lonomycin.
  • Fig. 14 The JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 blocks IL-2 secretion by primary human T-cells in response to CD3/CD28 stimulation.
  • the JNK inhibitors used are indicated by their SEQ ID NO: 1 72 and 197.
  • Fig. 15 Dose-dependent inhibition by JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 of CD3/CD28-induced IL-2 release in primary rat lymph-nodes purified T cells. Control rat were sacrificed and lymph-nodes were harvested. T cells further were purified (using magnetic negative selection) and plated into 96-well plates at 200.000 cells/well. Cells were treated with anti- rat CD3 and anti-rat CD28 antibodies (2 g/mL). JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 1 72 was added to the cultures 1 h before CD3/CD28 treatment and IL-2 release was assessed in supernatant 24h after treatment.
  • Fig. 16 Dose-dependent inhibition of CD3/CD28-induced IL-2 release in primary rat lymph nodes purified T cells: Comparison of several JNK inhibitors, namely SEQ ID NOs: 1 72, 197 and SP600125.
  • Fig. 1 7 Dose dependent inhibition of IL-2 release in rat whole blood stimulated with PMA + ionomycin.
  • JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 172 was added at three different concentrations, namely 1 , 3 and 10 ⁇ 1 h before stimulation with PMA + ionomycin.
  • Three doses of activators were added (25/500 ng/mL, 50/750 ng/mL and 50/1000 ng/mL) for 4h.
  • IL-2 release was assessed in supernatant.
  • JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 1 72 at 10 ⁇ did efficiently reduce PMA-iono-induced IL-2 release at the three tested activator concentrations.
  • the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 1 72 did reduce the LPS-induced IL-6 release in a dose-dependent manner.
  • Fig. 20 JNK inhibition and IFN- ⁇ release in human whole blood.
  • the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 1 72 was added at three different concentrations, namely 1 , 3 and 10 ⁇ 1 h before whole blood stimulation with PMA+ionomycin (25/700 ng/mL, 50/800 ng/mL and 50/1000 ng/mL) for 4 hours.
  • the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 1 72 did reduce the PMA+ionomycin-induced IFN- ⁇ release in a dose-dependent manner.
  • Fig. 21 JNK inhibition and TNF-cc release in human whole blood.
  • the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 1 72 was added at three different concentrations, namely 1 , 3 and 10 ⁇ 1 h before whole blood stimulation with PMA+ionomycin (25/700 ng/mL, 50/800 ng/ml and 50/1000 ng/mL) for 4 hours.
  • the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 1 72 did reduce the PMA+ionomycin -induced TNF-a release in a dose-dependent manner.
  • Fig. 22 JNK inhibition and TNF-a release in human whole blood.
  • the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 1 72 was added at three different concentrations, namely 1 , 3 and 10 ⁇ 1 h before whole blood stimulation with PHA-L (5 pg/mL) for 3 days.
  • the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 1 72 did reduce the PHA-L-induced TNF-a release in a dose-dependent manner.
  • JNK inhibition and IL-2 release in human whole blood The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO:
  • the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 1 72 did reduce the PHA-L-induced IL-2 release in a dose-dependent manner.
  • Fig. 24 JNK inhibition and TNF-a release in human whole blood.
  • the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 1 72 was added at three different concentrations, namely 1 , 3 and 10 pM 1 h before whole blood stimulation with CD3 +/- CD28 antibodies (2 pg/mL) for 3 days.
  • the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 1 72 did reduce the CD3/CD28-induced TNF-a release in a dose-dependent manner.
  • Fig. 25 Photograhic illustration of in vivo anti-inflammatory properties of the JNK inhibitors with SEQ ID NO: 197 (10 pg/kg) and SEQ ID NO: 1 72 (10 pg/kg) after CFA (complete Freund's adjuvant) induced paw swelling.
  • Fig. 27 Graphical representation of in vivo anti-inflammatory properties of the JNK inhibitors with SEQ ID NO: 197 (10 pg/kg) and SEQ ID NO: 1 72 (10 pg/kg) after CFA (complete Freund's adjuvant) induced paw swelling.
  • Fig. 28 Clinical evaluation of administration of different amounts of the JNK inhibitor according to SEQ ID NO: 1 72 in albino rats after intravenous administration (endotoxin-induced uveitis model, ElU).
  • Form left to right Vehicle, 0.01 5 mg kg (i.v.) of SEQ ID NO: 1 72; 0.18 mg/kg (i.v.) of SEQ ID NO: 1 72; 1 .8 mg/kg (i.v.) of SEQ ID NO: 1 72, 2 mg/kg (i.v.) of SEQ ID NO: 1 97 and 20 g dexamethasone (administered directly by subconjunctival injection to the eye). Indicated is the clinical score (mean and the SEM). Responsive effects of the JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 after daily intravenous administration in 14 day rat chronic established Type II collagen arthritis (RTTC/SOL-1 ). Shown is the body weight change from day 0 to day 14.
  • Fig. 34 Number of PMN cells per section quantified 24 hours after EIU induction and administration of JNK inhibitor according to SEQ ID NO: 1 72 (1 mg/kg i.v.) at different times prior to EIU induction. From left to right: Vehicle (0 hours); SEQ ID NO: 1 72 4 weeks prior to EIU induction; SEQ ID NO: 1 72 2 weeks prior to EIU induction; SEQ ID NO: 1 72 1 week prior to EIU induction; SEQ ID NO: 1 72 48 hours prior to EIU induction; SEQ ID NO: 1 72 24 hours prior to EIU induction; SEQ ID NO: 1 72 0 hours prior to EIU induction;
  • Fig. 35 shows the mean calculated TBUT AUC values for animals with scopolamine-induced dry eye syndrome. Shown are the results for animals treated with vehicle, 3 different concentrations of an all-D-retro-inverso JNK-inhibitor (poly-)peptide with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 197, 3 different concentrations of a JNK-inhibitor (poly-)peptide with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 72, and the results for animals treated with cyclosporine.
  • Fig. 36 shows the mean calculated PRTT AUCs for animals with scopolamine induced Dry Eye (Day 7-21 ).
  • Fig. 37 shows the mean histological Cornea Lesion Scores for animals with scopolamine induced dry eye syndrome. Shown are the results for animals treated with vehicle, 3 different concentrations of an all-D-retro-inverso JNK-inhibitor (poly-)peptide with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 197, 3 different concentrations of a JNK-inhibitor (poly-)peptide with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 72, and the results for animals treated with cyclosporine.
  • the present invention relates to a JNK inhibitor, which comprises an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence according to the following general formula: X1 -X2-X3-R-X4-X5-X6-L-X7-L-X8 (SEQ ID NO: 1 ),
  • X1 is an amino acid selected from amino acids R, P, Q and r
  • X2 is an amino acid selected from amino acids R, P, G and r
  • X3 is an amino acid selected from amino acids K, R, k and r
  • X4 is an amino acid selected from amino acids P and K
  • X5 is an amino acid selected from amino acids T, a, s, q, k or is absent
  • X6 is an amino acid selected from amino acids T, D and A
  • X7 is an amino acid selected from amino acids N, n, r and K
  • X8 is an amino acid selected from F, f and w, with the proviso that at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five or six of the amino acids selected from the group consisting of X1 , X2, X3, X5, X7 and X8 is/are a D-amino acid(s), preferably with the proviso that at least one, at least two, at least three or four of the amino acids selected from the group consisting of X3, X5, X7 and X8 is/are a D- amino acid(s), for use in a method for treatment of the human or animal body by therapy, in particular for the treatment of the diseases/disorders disclosed herein
  • the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence of the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention comprises L-amino acids and in most embodiments D-amino acids. Unless specified otherwise, L- amino acid residues are indicated herein in capital letters, while D amino acid residues are indicated in small letters. Glycine may be indicated in capital or smal l letters (since there is no D- or L-glycine).
  • the amino acid sequences disclosed herein are always given from N- to C-terminus (left to right) unless specified otherwise.
  • the given amino acid sequence may be modified or unmodified at the C- and/or N-terminus, e.g. acetylation at the C-terminus and/or amidation or modification with cysteamide at the N-terminus. Such conceivable, but optional modifications at the C- and/or N-terminus of the amino acid sequences disclosed herein are - for sake of clarity - not specifically indicated.
  • the JNK inhibitors of the present invention are (poly-)peptide inhibitors of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Said inhibitors inhibit the kinase activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), i .e. prevent or reduce the extent of phosphorylation of JNK substrates, such as c-Jun, ATF2 and/or Elk-1 by e.g. blocking the JNK activity.
  • JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase
  • the JNK inhibitory activity of the inhibitors of the present invention typically refers to compounds which bind in a competitive or noncompetitive manner to JNK.
  • the term "inhibiting JNK activity” as used herein refers to the inhibition of the kinase activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK).
  • a JNK inhibitor comprises at least one functional unit of a polymer of amino acids, i.e. a (poly-)peptide sequence. Moreover, this at least one functional polymer of amino acids provides for inhibition of JNK activity.
  • the amino acid monomers of said inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence are usually linked to each other via peptide bonds, but (chemical) modifications of said peptide bond(s) or of side chain residues may be tolerable, provided the inhibitory activity (inhibition of JNK activity) is not totally lost, i.e. the resulting chemical entity still qualifies as JNK inhibitor as functionally defined herein.
  • the term "(poly-)peptide” shall not be construed as limiting the length of the (poly-)peptide unit.
  • the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence of the JNK inhibitors of the present invention is less than 500, 490, 480, 470, 460, 450, 440, 430, 420, 410, 400, 390, 380, 370, 360, 350, 340, 330, 320, 310, 300, 290, 280, 270, 260, 250, 240, 230, 220, 210, 200, 1 90, 180, 1 70, 160, 150, 140, 130, 120, 1 10, 100, 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 49, 48, 47, 46, 45, 44, 43, 42, 41 , 40, 39, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31 , 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21 , 20, 19, 18, 1 7, 16, 15, 14, 13, or less than 12 amino acids long.
  • the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence does not have less than 10 amino acid residues, more preferably not
  • a "JNK inhibitor" of the present invention inhibits JNK activity, e.g. exhibits with regard to the inhibition of human JNK mediated phosphorylation of a c-Jun substrate (SEQ ID NO: 198) an IC 50 value of: a) less than 3000 nM, more preferably less than 2000 nM, even more preferably less than 1000 nM, even more preferably less than 500 nM, even more preferably less than 250 nM, even more preferably less than 200 nM, even more preferably less than 150 nM, most preferably less than 100 nM with regard to inhibition of human JNK1 ,
  • nM less than 3000 nM, more preferably less than 2000 nM, even more preferably less than 1000 nM, even more preferably less than 500 nM, even more preferably less than 250 nM, even more preferably less than 200 nM, even more preferably less than 150 nM, most preferably less than 100 nM with regard to inhibition of human JNK2, and/or
  • the inhibitor inhibits human JNK2 and/or human JNK3 according to the above definition, but not JNK1 according to the above definition.
  • JNK activity is inhibited or not, may easily be assessed by a person skilled in the art.
  • a radioactive kinase assay or a non- radioactive kinase assay e.g. Alpha screen test; see for example Guenat et al. J Biomol Screen, 2006; 1 1 : pages 101 5-1 026).
  • a JNK inhibitor according to the present invention may thus for example comprise an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 2 to 27 (see table 1 ).
  • the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention may also be a JNK inhibitor (variant) which comprises an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence sharing at least 50%, more preferably at least 55%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, most preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95% sequence identity with a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1 -27, in particular with SEQ ID NO: 8,
  • c) exhibits one, two, three, four, five or six D-amino acid(s) at the respective positions corresponding to the amino acids selected from the group consisting of X1 , X2, X3, X5, X7 and X8 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and respective positions in SEQ ID NOs: 2-27, more preferably exhibits one, two, three or four D-amino acid(s) at the positions corresponding to the amino acids selected from the group consisting of X3, X5, X7 and X8 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and respective positions in SEQ ID NOs: 2-27, and d) still inhibits JNK activity (i.e. is a JNK inhibitor as defined herein).
  • variants disclosed herein (in particular JNK inhibitor variants comprising an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence sharing - within the above definition - a certain degree of sequence identity with a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1 -27), share preferably less than 100% sequence identity with the respective reference sequence.
  • residues which may preferably not be altered variants of JNK inhibitors comprising SEQ ID NOs: 1 -27 are underlined in table 1 .
  • the non-identical amino acids are preferably the result of conservative amino acid substitutions.
  • Conservative amino acid substitutions may include amino acid residues within a group which have sufficiently similar physicochemical properties, so that a substitution between members of the group will preserve the biological activity of the molecule (see e.g. Grantham, R. (1974), Science 185, 862-864).
  • conservative amino acid substitutions are preferably substitutions in which the amino acids originate from the same class of amino acids (e.g. basic amino acids, acidic amino acids, polar amino acids, amino acids with aliphatic side chains, amino acids with positively or negatively charged side chains, amino acids with aromatic groups in the side chains, amino acids the side chains of which can enter into hydrogen bridges, e.g. side chains which have a hydroxyl function, etc.).
  • Conservative substitutions are in the present case for example substituting a basic amino acid residue (Lys, Arg, His) for another basic amino acid residue (Lys, Arg, His), substituting an aliphatic amino acid residue (Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, lie) for another aliphatic amino acid residue, substituting an aromatic amino acid residue (Phe, Tyr, Trp) for another aromatic amino acid residue, substituting threonine by serine or leucine by isoleucine. Further conservative amino acid exchanges will be known to the person skilled in the art.
  • the isomer form should preferably be maintained, e.g. K is preferably substituted for R or H, while k is preferably substituted for r and h.
  • JNK inhibitor variants are for example:
  • X5 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or the corresponding position within the respective sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 2-27 is E, Y, L, V, F or K;
  • X5 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or the corresponding position within the respective sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 2-27 is E, L, V, F or K; or e) one, two or three of XI , X2, X3 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or the corresponding positions within the respective sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 2-27 are neutral amino acids.
  • % sequence identity has to be understood as follows: Two sequences to be compared are aligned to give a maximum correlation between the sequences. This may include inserting "gaps" in either one or both sequences, to enhance the degree of alignment.
  • a % identity may then be determined over the whole length of each of the sequences being compared (so-called global alignment), that is particularly suitable for sequences of the same or similar length, or over shorter, defined lengths (so-called local alignment), that is more suitable for sequences of unequal length.
  • an amino acid sequence having a "sequence identity" of at least, for example, 95% to a query amino acid sequence is intended to mean that the sequence of the subject amino acid sequence is identical to the query sequence except that the subject amino acid sequence may include up to five amino acid alterations per each 100 amino acids of the query amino acid sequence.
  • amino acid sequence having a sequence of at least 95% identity to a query amino acid sequence up to 5% (5 of 100) of the amino acid residues in the subject sequence may be inserted or substituted with another amino acid or deleted.
  • sequence identity the substitution of an L-amino acid for a D-amino acid (and vice versa) is considered to yield a non-identical residue, even if it is merely the D- (or L-isomer) of the very same amino acid.
  • the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention may comprise - in addition to the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence mentioned above - additional sequences or sequence elements, domains, labels (e.g.
  • the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention may also comprise a transporter sequence.
  • a "transporter sequence” as used herein, is a (poly-)peptide sequence providing for translocation of the molecule it is attached to across biological membranes.
  • a JNK inhibitor according to the present invention comprising a transporter sequence is preferably capable of translocating (e.g. the conjugated cargo compound) across biological membranes.
  • Said transporter sequence may be joined for example (e.g. directly) N-terminally or (e.g. directly) C-terminally to the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence of the JNK inhibitor, preferably by a covalent linkage.
  • the transporter sequence and the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence may also be spaced apart, e.g. may be separated by intermediate or linker sequences.
  • the transporter sequence may be positioned entirely elsewhere in the JNK inhibitor molecule than the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence, in particular if the JNK inhibitor is a more complex molecule (e.g. comprising several domains, is a multimeric conjugate etc.).
  • the transporter sequence and the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence may overlap. However, the JNK inhibitory activity of the JNK inhibitory portion needs to be maintained. Examples for such overlapping instances are given further below.
  • Transporter sequences for use with the JNK inhibitor of the present invention may be selected from, without being limited thereto, transporter sequences derived from HIV TAT (HIV), e.g. native proteins such as e.g. the TAT protein (e.g. as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,804,604 and 5,674,980, each of these references being incorporated herein by reference), HSV VP22 ⁇ Herpes simple*) (described in e.g. WO 97/05265; Elliott and O' Hare, Cell 88 : 223-233 (1 997)), non-viral proteins (Jackson et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • HIV TAT HIV TAT
  • native proteins such as e.g. the TAT protein (e.g. as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,804,604 and 5,674,980, each of these references being incorporated herein by reference)
  • HSV VP22 ⁇ Herpes simple* described in
  • transporter sequences derived from Antennapedia, particularly from Drosophila antennapedia (e.g. the antennapedia carrier sequence thereof), FGF, lactoferrin, etc. or derived from basic peptides, e.g. peptides having a length of at least 5 or at least 10 or at least 1 5 amino acids, e.g. 5 to 15 amino acids, preferably 10 to 12 amino acids,
  • Such transporter sequences preferably comprise at least 50%, more preferably at least 80 %, more preferably 85 % or even 90 % basic amino acids, such as e.g. arginine, lysine and/or histidine, or may be selected from e.g.
  • arginine rich peptide sequences such as RRRRRRRRR (R 9 ; SEQ ID NO: 1 52), RRRRRRRR (R 8 ; SEQ ID NO: 1 53), RRRRRRR (R 7 ; SEQ ID NO: 154), RRRRRR (R 6 , SEQ ID NO: 155), RRRRR (R 5 , SEQ ID NO: 156) etc., from VP22, from PTD-4 proteins or peptides, from RGD-K 16 , from PEPT1 /2 or PEPT1 /2 proteins or peptides, from SynB3 or SynB3 proteins or peptides, from PC inhibitors, from P21 derived proteins or peptides, or from JNKI proteins or peptides.
  • transporter sequences for use in the JNK inhibitor of the present invention are in particular, without being limited thereto, basic transporter sequences derived from the HIV-1 TAT protein.
  • the basic transporter sequence of the HIV-1 TAT protein may include sequences from the human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 TAT protein, e.g. as described in, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,804,604 and 5,674,980, each incorporated herein by reference.
  • the full-length HIV-1 TAT protein has 86 amino acid residues encoded by two exons of the HIV TAT gene. TAT amino acids 1 -72 are encoded by exon 1 , whereas amino acids 73-86 are encoded by exon 2.
  • the full-length TAT protein is characterized by a basic region which contains two lysines and six arginines (amino acids 49-57) and a cysteine-rich region which contains seven cysteine residues (amino acids 22-37).
  • the basic region i.e., amino acids 49-57
  • the cysteine-rich region mediates the formation of metal-linked dimers in vitro (Frankel, A. D. et al, Science 240: 70-73 (1988); Frankel, A.
  • N-terminal region may be involved in protection against intracellular proteases (Bachmair, A. et al, Cell 56: 1019-1032 (1989)).
  • Preferred TAT transporter sequences for use in the JNK inhibitor of the present invention are preferably characterized by the presence of the TAT basic region amino acid sequence (amino acids 49-57 of naturally-occurring TAT protein); the absence of the TAT cysteine-rich region amino acid sequence (amino acids 22-36 of naturally- occurring TAT protein) and the absence of the TAT exon 2-encoded carboxy-terminal domain (amino acids 73-86 of naturally-occurring TAT protein). More preferably, the transporter sequence in the JNK inhibitor of the present invention may be selected from an amino acid sequence containing TAT residues 48-57 or 49 to 57 or variants thereof.
  • the transporter sequence in a given JNK inhibitor of the present invention also exhibits D-amino acids, for example in order to improve stability towards proteases.
  • Particularly preferred are transporter sequences which exhibit a specific order of alternating D- and L-amino acids.
  • Such order of alternating D- and L-amino acids may follow -without being limited thereto - the pattern of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 28-30: d,LLL x d m LLL y d n (SEQ ID NO: 28); dLLLd(LLLd), (SEQ ID NO: 29); and/or dLLLdLLLd (SEQ ID NO: 30); wherein: d is a D-amino acid;
  • L is a L-amino acid
  • a is 0 - 3, preferably 0-2, more preferably 0, 1 , 2 or 3, more preferably 0, 1 , or 2 and most preferably 1 ;
  • the transporter sequence of the JNK inhibitor of the present invention may comprise at least one sequence according to rXXXrXXr (SEQ ID NO: 31 ), wherein:
  • r represents an D-enantiomeric arginine
  • X is any L-amino acid (including glycine);
  • each X may be selected individually and independently of any other X within SEQ ID NO: 31 .
  • at least 4 out of said 6 X L-amino acids within SEQ ID NO: 31 are K or R.
  • the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention comprises the transporter sequence rX,X 2 X 3 rX 4 X 5 X 6 r (SEQ ID NO: 32), wherein X, is K, X 2 is K, X 3 is R and X 4 , X 5 , and X 6 are any L-amino acid (including glycine) selected independently from each other.
  • the transporter sequence of the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention may comprise the sequence rX,X 2 X 3 rX 4 X 5 X 6 r (SEQ ID NO: 33), wherein X 4 is Q, X 5 is R, X 6 is R and X tract X 2 , and X 3 are any L-amino acid (including glycine) selected independently from each other.
  • the inventive JNK inhibitor may also comprise the sequence rX,X 2 X 3 rX 4 X 5 X 6 r (SEQ ID NO: 34), wherein one, two, three, four, five or six X amino acid residues are chosen from the group consisting of: X, is K, X 2 is K, X 3 is R, X 4 is Q, X 5 is R, X 6 is R, while the remaining X amino acid residues not selected from above group may be any L-amino acid (including glycine) and are selected independently from each other.
  • X is then preferably Y and/or X 4 is preferably K or R.
  • transporter sequences for use in the inventive JNK inhibitor molecule may be selected, without being limited thereto, from sequences as given in table 2 below, (SEQ ID NOs: 31 -1 70) or from any fragment or variant or chemically modified derivative thereof (preferably it retains the function of translocating across a biological membrane).
  • PTD-4 (variant 2) 162 1 1 WARAQRAAARA
  • transporter sequences may also be selected from fragments or variants of the above sequences of table 2 (with the proviso that such fragment or variant retain preferably the function to provide for translocation across biological membranes).
  • variants and/or fragments of those transporter sequences preferably comprise a peptide sequence sharing at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80% or at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95% and most preferably at least 99% sequence identity over the whole length of the sequence with such a transporter sequence as defined in Table 2.
  • a "fragment" of a transporter sequence as defined in Table 2 is preferably to be understood as a truncated sequence thereof, i.e. an amino acid sequence, which is N-terminally, C-terminally and/or intrasequentially truncated compared to the amino acid sequence of the original sequence.
  • a "variant" of a transporter sequence or its fragment as defined above is preferably to be understood as a sequence wherein the amino acid sequence of the variant differs from the original transporter sequence or a fragment thereof as defined herein in one or more mutation(s), such as one or more substituted, (or, if necessary, inserted and/or deleted) amino acid(s).
  • variants of such a transporter sequence as defined above have the same biological function or specific activity compared to the respective original sequence, i.e. provide for transport, e.g. into cells or the nucleus.
  • a variant of such a transporter sequence as defined above may for example comprise about 1 to 50, 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 10 and most preferably 1 to 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino acid alterations.
  • Variants of such a transporter sequence as defined above may preferably comprise conservative amino acid substitutions.
  • the concept of conservative amino acid substitutions is known in the art and has already been set out above for the JNK inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence and applies here accordingly.
  • the length of a transporter sequence incorporated in the JNK inhibitor of the present invention may vary.
  • the transporter sequence of the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention is less than 1 50, less than 140, less than 130, less than 120, less than 1 10, less than 100, less than 90, less than 80, less than 70, less than 60, less than 50, less than 40, less than 30, less than 20, and/or less than 10 amino acids in length.
  • the JNK inhibitor comprising a transporter domain may be fused to a label, e.g. a fluorescent protein such as GFP, a radioactive label, an enzyme, a fluorophore, an epitope etc. which can be readily detected in a cell.
  • a label e.g. a fluorescent protein such as GFP, a radioactive label, an enzyme, a fluorophore, an epitope etc. which can be readily detected in a cell.
  • the JNK inhibitor comprising the transporter sequence and the label is transfected into a cell or added to a culture supernatant and permeation of cell membranes can be monitored by using biophysical and biochemical standard methods (for example flow cytometry, (immuno)fluorescence microscopy etc.).
  • JNK inhibitors according to the present invention comprising a transporter sequence are given in table 3:
  • JNK inhibitors comprising an inhibitory
  • the transporter sequence and the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence may overlap.
  • the N-terminus of the transporter sequence may overlap with the C-terminus of the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence or the C-terminus of the transporter sequence may overlap with the N-terminus of the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence.
  • the transporter sequence overlaps by one, two or three amino acid residues with the inhibitory (polypeptide sequence.
  • a given transporter sequence may overlap with SEQ ID NO:1 or the respective variants thereof at position 1 (X1 ), position 1 and 2 (X1, X2), positions 1 , 2 and 3 (X1 , X2, X3).
  • SEQ ID NOs: 174, 1 75, 178, 1 79, 180, 181 , 182, 183, 184, 188, 189 and 190 are examples for JNK inhibitors according to the present invention, wherein transporter sequence and the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence overlap, e.g. rKKRrQ ⁇ RRrRPTTLNLf (SEQ ID NO: 1 74) is an overlap of SEQ ID NO: 46 (underlined) and SEQ ID NO: 1 1 (italics).
  • the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention may also be selected from JNK inhibitors, which are a variant of any one of the JNK inhibitors according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 71 -190.
  • such variant shares at least 50%, more preferably at least 55%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% sequence identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 1 71 -190, in particular with SEQ ID NO: 1 72,
  • a) maintains the L-arginine (R) residue on position 4 within the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence
  • b) maintains the two L-leucine (L) residues at position 8 and 10 (positions 7 and 9 with regard to SEQ ID NOs: 25-27) within the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence
  • c) exhibits at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five or six D- amino acid(s) at the respective positions corresponding to the amino acids selected from the group consisting of X1 , X2, X3, X5, X7 and or X8 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and respective positions in SEQ ID NOs: 2-27, more preferably exhibits at least one, at least two, at least three or four D-amino acid(s) at the positions corresponding to the amino acids selected from the group consisting of X3, X5, X7 and X8 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and respective positions in SEQ ID NOs: 2-27
  • JNK activity i.e. is a JNK inhibitor as defined herein.
  • non-identical amino acids in the variants of JNK inhibitors comprising SEQ ID NOs: 1 71 -190 are preferably the result of conservative amino acid substitutions (see above).
  • substitutions mentioned above are also contemplated for variants of JNK inhibitors comprising SEQ ID NOs: 1 71 -1 90.
  • the present invention certainly also contemplates variants of any one of the JNK inhibitors according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 71 -190, which deviate from the original sequence not or not exclusively in the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence, but exhibits variant residues in the transporter sequence.
  • the respective disclosure herein is pertinent.
  • the transporter sequence and the JNK inhibitory (poly)-peptide sequence of the JNK inhibitors according to the present invention need not necessarily be directly linked to each other. They may also be linked by e.g. an intermediate or linking (poly-)peptide sequences.
  • Preferred intermediate or linking sequences separating the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequences and other (functional) sequences such as transporter sequences consist of short peptide sequences of less than 10 amino acids in length, like a hexamer, a pentamer, a tetramer, a tripeptide or a dipeptide or a single amino acid residue.
  • Particularly preferred intermediate sequence are one, two or more copies of di-proline, di-glycine, di-arginine and/or di-lysine, all either in L-amino acid form only, or in D-amino acid form only, or with mixed D- and L-amino acids.
  • other known peptide spacer or linker sequences may be employed as well.
  • a particularly preferred JNK inhibitor according to the present invention comprises SEQ ID NO: 8 (or a sequence sharing sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 8 with the scope and limitations defined further above) and a transporter sequence.
  • the transporter sequence is preferably selected from any one of SEQ ID Nos: 31 -1 70 or variants thereof as defined herein, even more preferably from any one of SEQ ID Nos: 31 -34 and 46-1 51 .
  • a particularly preferred embodiment of a JNK inhibitor according to the present invention is a JNK inhibitor comprising SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 46 (or sequences sharing respective sequence identity thereto within the scope and limitations defined above).
  • a preferred example is a JNK inhibitor comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 or respective variants thereof varying in the transporter sequence and/or the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence as defined herein.
  • the present invention relates to a JNK inhibitor comprising
  • an inhibitory (poly-)peptide comprising a sequence from the group of sequences consisting of RPTTLNLF (SEQ ID NO: 191 ), KRPTTLNLF (SEQ ID NO: 192), RRPTTLNLF and/or RPKRPTTLNLF (SEQ ID NO: 193), and
  • a transporter sequence preferably a transporter sequence selected from the transporter sequences disclosed in table 2 or variants/fragments thereof, even more preferably selected from SEQ ID NOs: 31 -34 and 46-151 or respective variants or fragments thereof.
  • transporter sequence and the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence may overlap.
  • Preferred transporter sequences for said embodiment of the invention are particularly the transporter sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46, preferably (covalently) linked (e.g. directly) to the N-terminus of the inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence.
  • a JNK inhibitor of the present invention may also be a JNK inhibitor comprising or consisting of the sequence GRKKRRQRRRPPKRPTTLNLFPQVPRSQD (SEQ ID NO: 194), or the sequence GRKKRRQRRRPTTLNLFPQVPRSQD (SEQ ID NO: 195).
  • the present invention relates to a (poly-)peptide comprising a transporter sequence selected from the group of sequences consisting of rKKRrQRr (SEQ ID NO: 148), rKKRrQRrK (SEQ ID NO: 149), and/or rKKRrQRrR (SEQ ID NO: 1 50).
  • a sequence or a given SEQ ID NO as disclosed herein usually implies that (at least) one copy of said sequence is present, e g. in the JNK inhibitor molecule.
  • one inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence will usually suffice to achieve sufficient inhibition of JNK activity.
  • two or more copies of the respective sequence e.g. two or more copies of an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence of different or same type and/or two or more copies of a transporter sequence of different or the same type
  • inventive (poly)peptide may also employed for the inventive (poly)peptide, as long as the overall abi lity of the resulting molecule to inhibit JNK activity is not abolished (i.e. the respective molecule is still a JNK inhibitor as defined herein).
  • inventive JNK inhibitors may be obtained or produced by methods well-known in the art, e.g. by chemical synthesis via solid-phase peptide synthesis using Fmoc (9- fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl) strategy, i.e. by successive rounds of Fmoc deprotection and Fmoc- amino acid coupling cycles.
  • Fmoc (9- fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl) strategy i.e. by successive rounds of Fmoc deprotection and Fmoc- amino acid coupling cycles.
  • a commercial service offering such peptide synthesis is provided by many companies, for example the company Polypeptide (Straftbourg, France).
  • JNK inhibitors for use according to the present invention may optionally be further modified, in particular at the amino acid residues of the inhibitory (poly-peptide) sequence. Possible modifications may for example be selected from one or more of items (i) to (xiii) of the group consisting of:
  • radioactive labels i.e. radioactive phosphorylation or a radioactive label with sulphur, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, etc.
  • colored dyes e.g. digoxygenin, etc.
  • fluorescent groups e.g. fluorescein, etc.
  • (v) groups for immobilization on a solid phase e.g. His-tag, biotin, strep-tag, flag-tag, antibodies, epitopes, etc.
  • a solid phase e.g. His-tag, biotin, strep-tag, flag-tag, antibodies, epitopes, etc.
  • the present invention relates in a further aspect to a JNK inhibitor as disclosed herein modified with modifications selected from (i) to (xi) or modified with a combination of two or more of the elements mentioned under (i) to (xi), and a pharmaceutical composition (see below) comprising such modified JNK inhibitor.
  • JNK inhibitors as defined according to the invention can be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition, which may be applied in the prevention or treatment of any of the diseases as defined herein.
  • a pharmaceutical composition used according to the present invention includes as an active component a JNK inhibitor as defined herein, in particular a JNK inhibitor comprising or consisting of an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 , as defined herein.
  • the active compound is a JNK inhibitor comprising or consisting of an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-27, optionally in (covalent) conjugation (via or without a linker sequence) with any suitable transporter sequence; if a transporter sequence is attached, any of the sequences according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 71 -190 may be selected.
  • a JNK inhibitor comprising or consisting of an inhibitory (poly-)peptide sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2-27, optionally in (covalent) conjugation (via or without a linker sequence) with any suitable transporter sequence; if a transporter sequence is attached, any of the sequences according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 71 -190 may be selected.
  • the inventors of the present invention additionally found that the JNK-inhibitors as defined herein, in particular if fused to a transporter sequence; exhibit a particularly pronounced uptake rate into cells involved in the diseases of the present invention. Therefore, the amount of a JNK-inhibitor inhibitor in the pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject, may - without being limited thereto - be employed on the basis of a low dose within that composition. Thus, the dose to be administered may be much lower than for peptide drugs known in the art, such as DTS-108 (Florence Meyer-Losic et al., Clin Cancer Res., 2008, 2145-53). Thereby, for example a reduction of potential side reactions and a reduction in costs is achieved by the inventive (poly)peptides.
  • the dose (per kg body weight), e.g. to be administered on a daily basis to the subject, is in the range of up to about 10 mmol/kg, preferably up to about 1 mmol/kg, more preferably up to about 100 pmol/kg, even more preferably up to about 10 pmol/kg, even more preferably up to about 1 pmol/kg, even more preferably up to about 100 nmol/kg, most preferably up to about 50 nmol/kg.
  • the dose range may preferably be from about 1 pmol/kg to about 1 mmol/kg, from about 10 pmol/kg to about 0,1 mmol/kg, from about 10 pmol/kg to about 0,01 mmol/kg, from about 50 pmol/kg to about 1 pmol/kg, from about 100 pmol/kg to about 500 nmol/kg, from about 200 pmol/kg to about 300 nmol/kg, from about 300 pmol/kg to about 100 nmol/kg, from about 500 pmol/kg to about 50 nmol/kg, from about 750 pmol/kg to about 30 nmol/kg, from about 250 pmol/kg to about 5 nmol/kg, from about 1 nmol/kg to about 10 nmol/kg, or a combination of any two of said values.
  • a "safe and effective amount" for components of the pharmaceutical compositions as used according to the present invention means an amount of each or all of these components, that is sufficient to significantly induce a positive modification of diseases or disorders strongly related to JNK signalling as defined herein.
  • a "safe and effective amount” is small enough to avoid serious side-effects, that is to say to permit a sensible relationship between advantage and risk. The determination of these limits typically lies within the scope of sensible medical judgment.
  • a "safe and effective amount” of such a component will vary in connection with the particular condition to be treated and also with the age and physical condition of the patient to be treated, the severity of the condition, the duration of the treatment, the nature of the accompanying therapy, of the particular pharmaceutically acceptable carrier used, and similar factors, within the knowledge and experience of the accompanying doctor.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention can be used according to the invention for human and also for veterinary medical purposes.
  • composition as used according to the present invention may furthermore comprise, in addition to one or more of the JNK inhibitors, a (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, buffer, stabilizer or other materials well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the expression "(compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” preferably includes the liquid or non-liquid basis of the composition.
  • compatible means that the constituents of the pharmaceutical composition as used herein are capable of being mixed with the pharmaceutically active component as defined above and with one another component in such a manner that no interaction occurs which would substantially reduce the pharmaceutical effectiveness of the composition under usual use conditions.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers must, of course, have sufficiently high purity and sufficiently low toxicity to make them suitable for administration to a person to be treated.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier will typically comprise one or more (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carriers.
  • the composition may comprise as (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carriers e.g. pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline or buffered (aqueous) solutions, e.g. phosphate, citrate etc. buffered solutions, vegetable oi ls, such as, for example, groundnut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and oil from theobroma; polyols, such as, for example, polypropylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; alginic acid, etc.
  • a buffer preferably an aqueous buffer, may be used.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier will typically comprise one or more (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable solid carriers.
  • the composition may comprise as (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable solid carriers e.g. one or more compatible solid or liquid fillers or diluents or encapsulating compounds may be used as well, which are suitable for administration to a person.
  • suitable pharmaceutically acceptable solid carriers are e.g.
  • sugars such as, for example, lactose, glucose and sucrose
  • starches such as, for example, corn starch or potato starch
  • cellulose and its derivatives such as, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, cellulose acetate
  • powdered tragacanth malt
  • gelatin gelatin
  • tallow solid glidants, such as, for example, stearic acid, magnesium stearate; calcium sulphate, etc.
  • the precise nature of the (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or other material may depend on the route of administration. The choice of a (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may thus be determined in principle by the manner in which the pharmaceutical composition as used according to the invention is administered.
  • the pharmaceutical composition as used according to the invention can be administered, for example, systemically.
  • Routes for administration include, for example, parenteral routes (e.g. via injection), such as intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, or transdermal routes, etc., enteral routes, such as oral, or rectal routes, etc., topical routes, such as nasal, or intranasal routes, etc., or other routes, such as epidermal routes or patch delivery.
  • parenteral routes e.g. via injection
  • enteral routes such as oral, or rectal routes, etc.
  • topical routes such as nasal, or intranasal routes, etc.
  • other routes such as epidermal routes or patch delivery.
  • epidermal routes or patch delivery such as epidermal routes or patch delivery.
  • instillation, intravitreal, and subconjunctival administration are also contemplated (in particular for eye related diseases) are instillation, intravitreal, and subconjunctival administration.
  • administration may occur intraty
  • Preferred unit dose forms for injection include sterile solutions of water, physiological saline or mixtures thereof. The pH of such solutions should be adjusted to about 7.4.
  • Suitable carriers for injection include hydrogels, devices for controlled or delayed release, polylactic acid and collagen matrices.
  • Suitable pharmaceutical ly acceptable carriers for topical application include those, which are suitable for use in lotions, creams, gels and the like. If the compound is to be administered per orally, tablets, capsules and the like are the preferred unit dose form.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for the preparation of unit dose forms, which can be used for oral administration are well known in the prior art.
  • compositions for oral administration may be in tablet, capsule, powder or liquid form.
  • a tablet may include a solid carrier as defined above, such as gelatin, and optionally an adjuvant.
  • Liquid pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration generally may include a liquid carrier as defined above, such as water, petroleum, animal or vegetable oils, mineral oil or synthetic oil. Physiological saline solution, dextrose or other saccharide solution or glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol may be included.
  • the active ingredient will be in the form of a parenterally acceptable aqueous solution which is pyrogen-free and has suitable pH, isotonicity and stabi lity.
  • a parenterally acceptable aqueous solution which is pyrogen-free and has suitable pH, isotonicity and stabi lity.
  • isotonic vehicles such as Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Injection, Lactated Ringer's Injection.
  • Preservatives, stabi lizers, buffers, antioxidants and/or other additives may be included, as required.
  • administration is preferably in a "prophylactically effective amount or a "therapeutically effective amount” (as the case may be), this being sufficient to show benefit to the individual.
  • a proliferatively effective amount or a "therapeutically effective amount” (as the case may be)
  • the actual amount administered, and rate and time-course of administration will depend on the nature and severity of what is being treated.
  • Treatment of a disease as defined herein typically includes administration of a pharmaceutical composition as defined above.
  • the JNK inhibitors of the present invention will modulate the JNK activity in the subject.
  • modulate includes in particular the suppression of phosphorylation of c-jun, ATF2 or NFAT4 in any of the above diseases, for example, by using at least one JNK inhibitor comprising or consisting of an inhibitory (poly)peptide sequence according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2 to 27, potentially comprising an additional transporter sequence, as a competitive inhibitor of the natural c-jun, ATF2 and NFAT4 binding site in a cell.
  • modulate also includes suppression of hetero- and homomeric complexes of transcription factors made up of, without being limited thereto, c-jun, ATF2, or NFAT4 and their related partners, such as for example the AP-1 complex that is made up of c-jun, AFT2 and c-fos.
  • Treatment of a subject with the pharmaceutical composition as disclosed above may be typically accomplished by administering (in vivo) an ("therapeutically effective") amount of said pharmaceutical composition to a subject, wherein the subject may be e.g. a human subject or an animal.
  • the animal is preferably a non-human mammal, e.g., a non-human primate, mouse, rat, dog, cat, cow, horse or pig.
  • therapeutically effective means that the active component of the pharmaceutical composition is of sufficient quantity to ameliorate the diseases and disorders as discussed herein.
  • the present invention is directed to specific uses (or methods of use) of the above disclosed JNK inhibitors or pharmaceutical compositions containing the same in a method for treatment of the human or animal body by therapy, in particular of the human body.
  • JNK signalling is involved in a multitude of diverse disease states and disorder and inhibition of said signalling has proposed and successfully tested for many of these.
  • the inventors of the present invention found that the JNK inhibitors disclosed herein are effective JNK inhibitors for the treatment of the diseases as disclosed in the following.
  • Treatment of a human or animal body by therapy refers to any kind of therapeutic treatment of a respective subject. It includes for example prevention of onset of the disease or symptoms (prophylaxis), i.e. typically prior to manifestation of the disease in the patient.
  • the term also includes the "mere" treatment of symptoms of a given disease, i.e. the treatment wil l ameliorate pathogenesis by reducing disease-associated symptoms, without necessarily curing the underlying cause of the disease and symptoms. Certainly, curing the underlying cause of the disease is also encompassed by the term.
  • the term also encompasses a treatment which delays or even stops progression of the respective disease.
  • the JNK inhibitors according to the present invention may be administered for example prophylactically prior to potential onset of a foreseeable disorder, e.g. prior to a planned surgical intervention or planned exposure to stressful stimuli.
  • a surgical intervention could for example bear the risk of inflammation of the respective wound or neighbouring tissue.
  • Exposure to stressful stimuli like radiation could lead to apoptosis of affected tissue and cells.
  • the JNK inhibitors according to the present invention may, for example, be administered at least once up to about 4 weeks in advance.
  • the JNK inhibitors may for example be administered at least 24 hours, at least 48 hours, at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks or 4 weeks in advance.
  • the diseases and disorders to be treated with the JNK inhibitors as disclosed herein may be acute or chronic.
  • JNK inhibitors of the present invention may be used in general for the treatment of diseases of various organs, such as diseases of the eye, diseases of the bone, neural diseases, neuronal diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diseases of the skin, immune and/or autoimmune diseases, diseases of the eye, diseases of the mouth, inflammatory diseases, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, proliferative diseases (in particular cancers and tumors), diseases of the ear, diseases of the intestine, diseases of the respiratory system (e.g. lung diseases), infectious diseases, and various other diseases, the present invention specifically refers to the following diseases:
  • skin diseases in particular inflammatory skin diseases, more specifically skin diseases selected from the group consisting of eczema, Psoriasis, dermatitis, acne, mouth ulcers, erythema, Lichen plan, sarcoidosis, vascularitis and adult linear IgA disease, are to be mentioned.
  • Dermatitis encompasses e.g. atopic dermatitis or contact dermatitis.
  • Anti-inflammatory treatment upon tissue or organ transplantation is treatable by the inventive molecules in particular upon heart, kidney, and skin (tissue), lung, pancreas, liver, blood cells (e.g. any kind of blood cell, such as platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells), bone marrow, cornea, accidental severed limbs (fingers, hand, foot, face, nose etc.), bones of whatever type, cardiac valve, blood vessels, segments of the intestine or the intestine as such.
  • blood cells e.g. any kind of blood cell, such as platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells
  • bone marrow cornea
  • accidental severed limbs fis, hand, foot, face, nose etc.
  • Such a treatment is e.g. considered appropriate whenever e.g. a graft vs. host or host vs graft reaction occurs upon organ/tissue transplantation.
  • the use of the inventive molecules may also be employed whenever transplantation surgery is carried,.
  • neurodegenerative diseases in particular those associated with chronic inflammation, tauopathies and amyloidoses and prion diseases are addressed by the inventive molecules.
  • Other such neurodegenerative disease refer to the various forms of dementia, e.g. frontotemporal dementia and dementia with lewy bodies, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, spinocerebellar ataxia, spinocerebellar atrophy, multiple system atrophy, motor neuron disease, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy or hereditary spastic paraparesis.
  • inventive molecules are used for the treatment of fibrotic diseases or fibrosis as well, in particular lung, heart, liver, bone marrow, mediastinum, retroperitoneum, skin, intestine, joint, and shoulder fibrosis.
  • inflammatory diseases of the mouth and the jaw/mandible are treatable in general by the inventive molecules, gingivitis, osteonecrosis (e.g. of the jaw bone), peri-implantitis, pulpitis, and periodontitis are particularly suitable for the use of these inventive molecules for therapeutic purposes.
  • polypes are effectively treatable by using the inventive molecules.
  • the disease is selected from the group consisting of glomerulonephritis in general, in particular membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangio- proliferative glomerulonephritis, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, nephrophathies in general, in particular membranous nephropathy or diabetic nephropathy, nephritis in general, in particular lupus nephritis, pyelonephritis, interstitial nephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, chronic nephritis or acute nephritis, and minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
  • glomerulonephritis in general, in particular membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangio- proliferative glomerulonephritis, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
  • a larger number of diseases or disorders may be linked to inflammatory processes, but do not necessarily have to be associated with such inflammatory processes.
  • the following diseases or disorders are specifically disclosed in this regard as being treatable by the use of the inventive molecules: Addison's disease, Agammaglobulinemia, Alopecia areata, Amytrophic lateral sclerosis, Antiphospholipid syndrome, Atopic allergy, Autoimmune aplastic anemia, Autoimmune cardiomyopathy, Autoimmune enteropathy, Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Autoimmune inner ear, disease, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis, Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Autoimmune urticaria, Balo concentric sclerosis, Bullous pemphigoid, Castleman's disease, Cicatricial pemphigoid, Cold agglutinin disease, Comp
  • any kind of inflammatory eye disease may be treated by the use of the inventive molecules, the following eye-related diseases are specifically dislosed: inflammation after corneal surgery, non-infective keratitis, chorioretinal inflammation, and sympathetic ophthalmia.
  • a further class of inflammatory-associated diseases to be treated by the use of the inventive molecules is the following: acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, antisynthetase syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, in particular autoimmune pancreatitis, Bickerstaff's encephalitis, Blau syndrome, Coeliac disease, Chagas disease, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, osteomyelitis, in particular chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Cogan syndrome, giant-cell arteritis, CREST syndrome, vasculitis, in particular cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis or urticarial vasculitis, dermatitis, in particular dermatitis herpetiformis, dermatomyositis, systemic scleroderma, Dressler's syndrome, drug-induced lupus erythematosus, discoid lupus erythe
  • neuromyelitis optica thyroiditis, in particular Ord's thyroiditis, rheumatism, in particular palindromic rheumatism, Parsonage-Turner syndrome, perivenous encephalomyelitis, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyalgia rheumatica, polymyositis, cirrhosis, in particular primary biliary cirrhosis, cholangitis, in particular primary sclerosing cholangitis, progressive inflammatory neuropathy, Rasmussen's encephalitis, chondritis, in particular polychondritis, e.g.
  • the inventive molecules are used for the treatment of the following diseases or disorders: psoriasis, dry eye disease, persistent or acute inflammatory diseases damaging the retina of the eye (retinopathy), in particular diabetic retinopathy or retinopathies caused by other diseases, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in particular the wet or the dry form of age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), persistent or acute inflammatory diseases of the mouth, in particular peri-implantitis, pulpitis, periodontitis, anti-inflammatory treatment upon tissue or organ transplantation, in particular upon heart, kidney, and skin (tissue) transplantation, graft rejection upon heart, kidney or skin (tissue) transplantation, inflammatory brain diseases, in particular for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, metabolic disorders, glomerulonephritis, and arthrosis/arthritis, in particular reactive arthritis, rheumatoid arthrosis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and p
  • the "dry” form of advanced AMD results from atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelial layer below the retina, which causes vision loss through loss of photoreceptors (rods and cones) in the central part of the eye.
  • Neovascular the "wet” form of advanced AMD, causes vision loss due to abnormal blood vessel growth (choroidal neovascularization) in the choriocapillaris, through Bruch's membrane, ultimately leading to blood and protein leakage below the macula. Bleeding, leaking, and scarring from these blood vessels eventually cause irreversible damage to the photoreceptors and rapid vision loss, if left untreated.
  • the inventive molecules are suitable for treating both forms of AMD.
  • Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), previously known as retrolental fibroplasia (RLF), is a disease of the eye affecting prematurely-born babies generally having received intensive neonatal care. It is thought to be caused by disorganized growth of retinal blood vessels which may result in scarring and retinal detachment. ROP can be mild and may resolve spontaneously, but it may lead to blindness in serious cases. As such, all preterm babies are at risk for ROP, and very low birth weight is an additional risk factor. Both oxygen toxicity and relative hypoxia can contribute to the development of ROP.
  • the inventive molecules are suitable for treating ROP.
  • inventive molecules are particularly suitable to treat all forms of retinopathy, in particular diabetes mellitus induced retinopathy, arterial hypertension induced hypertensive retinopathy, radiation induced retinopathy (due to exposure to ionizing radiation), sun-induced solar retinopathy (exposure to sunlight), trauma-induced retinopathy (e.g. Purtscher's retinopathy) and hyperviscosity-related retinopathy as seen in disorders which cause paraproteinemia).
  • retinopathy in particular diabetes mellitus induced retinopathy, arterial hypertension induced hypertensive retinopathy, radiation induced retinopathy (due to exposure to ionizing radiation), sun-induced solar retinopathy (exposure to sunlight), trauma-induced retinopathy (e.g. Purtscher's retinopathy) and hyperviscosity-related retinopathy as seen in disorders which cause paraproteinemia).
  • the JNK inhibitors of the present invention may also be used for the treatment of metabolic disorders, for example for the treatment of diabetes (type 1 or type 2, in particular type 1 ), Fabry disease, Gaucher disease, hypothermia, hyperthermia hypoxia, lipid histiocytosis, lipidoses, metachromatic leukodystrophy, mucopolysaccharidosis, Niemann-Pick disease, obesity, and Wolman's disease.
  • diabetes type 1 or type 2, in particular type 1
  • Fabry disease Gaucher disease
  • hypothermia hyperthermia hypoxia
  • lipid histiocytosis lipid histiocytosis
  • lipidoses metachromatic leukodystrophy
  • mucopolysaccharidosis Niemann-Pick disease
  • obesity obesity
  • Wolman's disease Fabry disease
  • metabolic disorders may be of hereditary form or may be acquired disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, e.g., glycogen storage disease, disorders of amino acid metabolism, e.g., phenylketonuria, maple syrup urine disease, glutaric acidemia type 1 , uUrea Cycle Disorder or Urea Cycle Defects, e.g., Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency, disorders of organic acid metabolism (organic acidurias), e.g., alcaptonuria, disorders of fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial metabolism, e.g., Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (often shortened to MCADD.), disorders of porphyrin metabolism, e.g.
  • disorders of purine or pyrimidine metabolism e.g., Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
  • disorders of steroid metabolism e.g., lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, or congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  • disorders of mitochondrial function e.g., Kearns-Sayre syndrome
  • disorders of peroxisomal function e.g., Zellweger syndrome
  • Lysosomal storage disorders e.g., Gaucher's disease or Niemann Pick disease.
  • bronchial carcinoma is certainly not only a proliferative disease but would also belong in the group of diseases of the respiratory system including lung diseases.
  • classification of individual diseases is not considered to be limiti ng or concluding but is considered to of exemplary nature only. It does not preclude that individual disease states recited in one class are factually also suitable examples for the application of the JNK inhibitors of the present invention as treatment in another class of disease states.
  • a person skilled in the art will readily be capable of assigning the different disease states and disorders to matching classifications.
  • the present invention contemplates the use of a JNK inhibitor as defined herein for the treatment of various diseases states and disorders.
  • the present invention does not contemplate to use the JNK inhibitors as defined herein for immunizing non-human animals, e.g. for the production of monoclonal antibodies. Such methods are herein not considered to be methods for treatment of the animal body by therapy.
  • synthesis of the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 1 72 is set out below. A person skilled in the art will know that said synthesis may also be used for and easily adapted to the synthesis of any other JNK inhibitor according to the present invention.
  • the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 1 72 was manufactured by solid-phase peptide synthesis using the Fmoc (9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl) strategy.
  • the linker between the peptide and the resin was the Rink amide linker (p-[Fmoc-2,3-dimethoxybenzyl]-phenoxyacetic acid).
  • the peptide was synthesized by successive Fmoc deprotection and Fmoc-amino acid coupling cycles.
  • the completed peptide was cleaved by trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) directly to yield the crude C-terminal amide, which was then purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC.
  • the purified fractions were pooled in a homogeneous batch that is treated by ion exchange chromatography to obtain its acetate salt.
  • the peptide was then freeze-dried.
  • the p-methylbenzhydrylamide resin (MBHA-resin) was first washed with dichloromethane/ dimethylformamide/diisoproplyethylamine under nitrogen. The washed resin was then coupled to the Rink amide linker (p-[Fmox-2,4-dimethoxybenzyl]-phenoxyacetic acid) in PyBOB(benzotriazole-1 -yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate)/ diisopropyl- ethylamine/1 -hydroxybenzotriazole to yield Fmoc-Rink amide-MBHA resin.
  • Rink amide linker p-[Fmox-2,4-dimethoxybenzyl]-phenoxyacetic acid
  • the Fmoc-Rink amide-MBHA resin was deprotected by washing it in 35% (v/v) piperidine/dimethylformamide, followed by dimethylformamide. The deprotection reaction took approximately 16 minutes.
  • Fmoc-protected amino acids e.g., 2 eq of amino acid and HOBt (1- hydroxybenzotriazole) in dimethylformamide/dichloromethane (50/50) were added to the resin followed by addition of 2 eq of the coupling agent diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC). The coupling reaction took from one hour to overnight depending upon the respective amino acid being added.
  • the peptide was cleaved from the resin in a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid/1 ,2-ethanedthiol/ thioanisole/water/phenol (88/2.2/4.4/4.4/7 v/v), also called TFA/K reagent, for 4 hours at room temperature.
  • the reaction volume was 1 ml7100mg of peptide resin.
  • the mixture temperature was regulated to stay below 30°C.
  • the crude peptide was then purified by reverse-phase HPLC to a purity of >95%.
  • the purified fractions were concentrated on a rotavaporator and freeze-dried.
  • the concentrated freeze-dried pools of purified peptide with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 was dissolved in water and purified by ion exchange chromatography on Dowex acetate, 50-100 mesh resin.
  • Fmoc-Rink amide linker 145069-56-3 p-[Fmoc-2,4-dimethoxybenzyl]- 539.6 phenoxyacetic acid
  • JNK inhibitors of the present invention may be prepared in similar manner.
  • Example 2 Inhibitory efficacy of selected INK inhibitors according to the present invention
  • the method allows to measure in vitro, in a non radioactive standardized assay, the ability of a candidate compound to decrease the phosphorylation of the c-Jun specific substrate by JNK. Moreover, it will be illustrated how to determine the inhibitory effect (IC50) and the Ki of a chosen compound for JNK. The method is suitable to verify whether a candidate compound does or does not inhibit JNK activity, and a person skilled in the art will certainly understand how to adapt the below methods for his specific purposes and needs.
  • His-JNK1 (ref 14-327, Upstate, 10 pg in 100 ⁇ : concentration: 2.2 ⁇ ) 5nM final
  • His-JNK3 (ref 14-501 , Upstate, 10 pg in 100 ⁇ : concentration: 1 .88 ⁇ ) 5nM final
  • Biotin-cjun 29-67: sequence: Biotin - SNPKILKQSMTLNLADPVGSLKPHLRAKNSDLLTSPDVG (SEQ ID NO: 198), lot 100509 (mw 4382.1 1 , P 99.28%) dissolved in H 2 O, concentration: 10 mM) 30nM final
  • AprotA beads (ref 676061 7M, PerkinElmer, lot 540-460-A, concentration 5mg/ml) 20 ⁇ g ml final
  • the bioluminescent energy transfer was read on the Fusion Alpha Plate reader (Perkin Elmer).
  • An electronic EDP3 pipette 20-300 (Ref 1 7007243; Rainin) was used to fill in the plate with the Enzme-Antibody mix, the Subtrate-ATP mix and the Beads.
  • a PIPETMAN® Ultra multichannel 8X20 (Ref 21040; Gilson) was used to fill in the plate with the inhibitory compounds.
  • JNK dilution Kinase buffer 50mM Tris-base pH 7.4, 150mM NaCl, 0.1 mM EGTA, 0.03% Brij-35, 270mM sucrose, 0.1 % ⁇ -mercaptoethanol. 2,2 Method
  • the mixes were added with the pipette in different corner of the well. After the filling in of the plate with each mix, the plate was tapped (Keep one side fix and let the opposite side tap the table) to let the mix go down the walls of the wells.
  • the bioluminescent energy transfer was read on the Fusion Alpha Plate reader (Perkin Elmer). All compounds should at least be tested in triplicate in 3 independent experiments for each isoform of JNK. Possibly concentrations of the compounds to be tested were 0, 0.03 nM, 0.1 nM, 0.3 nM, 1 nM, 3 nM, 10 nM, 30 nM, 100 nM, 300 nM, 1 ⁇ , 3 ⁇ , 10 ⁇ M, 30 ⁇ , and 100 ⁇ . Controls were samples either without JNK or without substrate (c-Jun). Mix preparation
  • Antibody [final] 10nM (anti Phospho cjun (S63))
  • Ki IC50 / (1 + ([Substrate] / Km of the substrate)) may be used to calculate the Ki values.
  • the cell line used for this experiment was HL-60 (Ref CCL-240, ATCC, Lot 1 1 6523) b) Culture medium and plates
  • Penicillin 100 unit/ml
  • Streptomycin 100 ⁇ g/ml
  • PBS 10X (Ref 7001 1, Invitrogen, Lot 8277): diluted to 1 X with sterile H 2 0
  • Trvpsine-0.05% EDTA (Ref L-1 1 660, PAA, Lot L66007-1 194)
  • Acidic wash buffer 0.2M Clycin, 0.15M NaCI, pH 3.0
  • Ripa Ivsis buffer 10mM NaH 2 P0 4 pH 7.2, 150mM NaCI, 1 % Triton X-100, I mM EDTA pH 8.0, 200 ⁇ Na 3 V0 2 , 0.1 % SDS, I X protease inhibitor cocktail (Ref 1 1 873580001 , Roche, Lot 13732700) d) Microscopy and fluorescence plate reader
  • FITC marked peptide internalization was studied on suspension cells.
  • Cells were plated into poly-DL-lysine coated dishes at a concentration of 1 x 10 6 cells/ml. Plates were then incubated for 24 h at 37 °C, 5 % C0 2 and 100% relative humidity prior to the addition of a known concentration of peptide. After peptide addition, the cells were incubated 30 min, 1 , 6 or 24 h at 37 °C, 5 % C0 2 and 100 % relative humidity.
  • fluorescence plate reader f Cell culture and peptide treatment
  • the 6 well culture plates are coated with 3 ml of Poly-D-Lys (Sigma P901 1 ; 25 pg/ml in PBS), the 24 well plates with 600 ⁇ and the 96 well plates with 125 ⁇ and incubated for 4 h at 37°C, C0 2 5 % and 100 % relative humidity.
  • the cells were plated into the dishes in 2.4 ml medium (PMI) at plating densities of 1 ⁇ 00 ⁇ 00 cells/ml for suspension cells. After inoculation, the plates were incubated at 37°C, 5 % C0 2 and 100 % relative humidity for 24 hours prior to the addition of the peptide.
  • Adherent cells should be at a density of 90-95% the day of treatment and were plated in DMEM :
  • the cells were treated with the desired concentration of FITC labeled peptide (stock solution at a concentration of 10 mM in H 2 0).
  • the cells were incubated 0 to 24 hours (e.g. 30 min, 1 , 6 or 24 hours) at 37 °C, C0 2 5 % and 100 % relative humidity.
  • the extracts were cooled on ice.
  • Suspension cells (or cells, which don attach well to the dish):
  • the lysed cells were then centrifuged 30 min at 10000 g at 4 °C to remove the cellular debris. Remove the supernatant and store it at -80 °C in a coated "Eppendorf tube" (coated with 1 ml of poly D-Lys for 4 hours and washed twice with 1 ml PBS).
  • each protein extract was determined by a standard BCA assay (Kit N°23225, Pierce), following the instructions of the manufacturer.
  • the relative fluorescence of each sample is determined after reading 10 ⁇ of each sample in a fluorescence plate reader (Fusion Alpha, Perkin Elmer), background subtraction and normalization by protein concentration.
  • TAT derived sequences as shown in Table 4 are preferred, which exhibit an Y in position 2, particularly when the sequence exhibits 9 aa and has the consensus sequence rXXXrXXXr (SEQ ID NO: 31 ).
  • Example 4 Measurement of cytokine and chemokine release
  • the technique used is a Sandwich ELISA, which allows measuring the amount of antigen between two layers of antibodies (i.e. capture and detection antibody).
  • the antigen to be measured must contain at least two antigenic sites capable of binding to antibody, since at least two antibodies act in the sandwich. Either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies can be used as the capture and detection antibodies in Sandwich ELISA systems.
  • Monoclonal antibodies recognize a single epitope that allows fine detection and quantification of small differences in antigen.
  • a polyclonal is often used as the capture antibody to pull down as much of the antigen as possible.
  • the advantage of Sandwich ELISA is that the sample does not have to be purified before analysis, and the assay can be very sensitive (up to 2 to 5 times more sensitive than direct or indirect).
  • the method may be used to determine the effect of the JNK inhibitors of the present invention in vitro/ cell culture. At non toxic doses, compound efficacy is indicated by the decrease of the cytokine levels (the variation of optical density (absorbance at 450 nm)) as compared to non- treated samples and is monitored by ELISA. Results are express in ng/ml.
  • TopSeal-A 96well microplate seals (Ref 600585, PerkinElmer).
  • Wash buffer ELISA PBS 1 X + 0.01 % Tween20. Prepare 1 litre PBS I X (PBS10X: ref 7001 1 , GIBCO) and add 100ul of Tween20 (ref P1379, Sigma) slowly while mixing with magnetic agitator)
  • IFN- ⁇ Human IFN- ELISA set, BD OptEIATM (ref 555142, DB).
  • IL-1 B Human IL-1 ELISA set II, BD OptEIATM (ref 557953, BD)
  • IL-10 Human IL-10 ELISA set II, BD OptEIATM (ref 555157, DB).
  • IL-12 Human IL-12 (p70) ELISA set, BD OptEIATM (ref 5551 83, DB).
  • IL-15 Human IL-1 5 ELISA Set, BD OptEIATM (ref 559268, DB).
  • IL-2 Human IL-2 ELISA set, BD OptEIATM (ref 555190, DB).
  • IL-4 Human IL-4 ELISA set, BD OptEIATM (ref 555194, DB).
  • IL-5 Human IL-5 ELISA set, BD OptEIATM (ref 555202, DB).
  • IL-6 Human IL-6 ELISA setl, BD OptEIATM (ref 555220, DB).
  • IL-8 Human IL-8 ELISA set, BD OptEIATM (ref 555244, DB).
  • MCP-1 Human MCP-1 ELISA set
  • BD OptEIATM (ref 5551 79, BD)
  • TNF-a Kit human TNF ELISA set
  • BD OptEIATM (ref 555212, DB).
  • the samples are culture medium supernatant from cultured human cells (typically whole blood, WBC, PBMC, Purified subtype of WBC, cancerous cell lines). Remove any particulate material by centrifugation (400g 5min 4°C) and assay immediately or store samples at -20°C. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • step 1 1 dilute the samples in assay diluent directly into the plate (add first assay diluent, then the samples and pipette up and down):
  • detector MIX detection antibody + Secondary Streptavidin-HRP antibody in assay diluent
  • Example 5 THP1 differentiation - stimulation for cytokine release
  • cytokine production from human PMA differentiated THP1 cells challenged by LPS for 6h was induced in order to test the ability of JNK inhibitors of the present invention, in particular of a JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 1 72, to reduce stimulation-induced cytokine release.
  • THP1 cells were stimulated ex-vivo by different ligands for the readout of cytokine release.
  • JNK inhibitor efficacy is indicated by the decrease of the cytokine levels as compared to non-treated samples and is monitored by ELISA.
  • the toxicity of the compound are evaluated by the reduction of a tretazolium salt (MTS) to formazan, giving a purple colour.
  • MTS tretazolium salt
  • THP-1 (Ref TIB-202, ATCC, lot 57731475)
  • Penicilline (1 OOunit/ml) / Streptomycine (100 g/ml) (Ref P4333, Sigma)
  • the RPMI medium is then filtrated with a 0.22 M filter (Ref SCGPU05RE, Millipore).
  • PBS 10X (Ref 7001 1 , Invitrogen): diluted to 1 X with sterile H 2 O
  • LPS ultrapure Lipopolysaccharide, Ref tlrl-eklps, Invivogen, concentration 5mg/ml
  • Stock solution of LPS 3 g/ml in PBS at 4°C.
  • Use directly to prepare a 4X concentrated solution of 40ng/ml in RPMI medium min 1800 I /plate; for 5 plates: 125 I of LPS 3 g/ml + 9250 I RPMI).
  • TNF- Kit human TNF ELISA set, BD OptEIA (ref 555212, DB).
  • Control compound SP600125 (ref ALX-270-339-M025, Alexis, concentration: 20mM DMSO)
  • Absorbance reading The absorbance was read on the Fusion Alpha Plate reader (Perkin Elmer).
  • TopSeal-A 96well microplate seals (Ref 600585, PerkinElmer). b. Method Well coating
  • the plates had been coated with 200 I of poly D-Lysine (1 x) and incubated 2 hours at 37°C, CO 2 5% and 100% relative humidity.
  • the wells were washed twice with 200 I PBS 1 X (use immediately or leave with 200 I of PBS 1 X at 37°C till use, but no more than 3 days).
  • the cells were counted.
  • the desired number of cells was taken and resuspended in the amount of media necessary to get a dilution of 1 ⁇ 00 ⁇ 00 cells/ml.
  • 100nM of PMA was added to induce the differentiation of the ⁇ from suspension monocytes to adherent macrophages.
  • the cells were plated into the wells in 100 I medium at plating densities of 100'000cells/well. After inoculation, the plates were incubated at 37°C, 5% C02 and 100% relative humidity 3 days to let them differentiate, prior to the addition of experimental drugs.
  • Experimental drug were prepared at the concentration of 10 mM in H 2 0 or DMSO and stored at - 80°C. Prior to each daily use, one aliquot of JNK inhibitor was defrost and diluted to reach a 4X concentrated solution (120 M) in RPMI medium and then to the desired concentration in RPMI. The SP600125 was diluted to reach a 4X concentrated solution (40 M) in RPMI medium and then to the desired concentration in RPMI containing 0.8% DMSO.
  • the plates were treated with 50 I of medium or a solution of 4X the final desired drug concentration (0, 100nM, 1 , 3, 10 or 30 M final for JNK compound or at 0, 10, 100nM, 1 , 3 or 10 M final for the SP600125 positive control). Following drug addition, the plates were incubated for an additional 1 h at 37°C, 5% CO 2 and 100% relative humidity.
  • cytotoxic effect of the compounds was evaluated by MTS absorbance (e.g. see example 4) and cells were observed using an inverted microscope (Axiovert 40 CFL; Zeiss; 10X).
  • Analyses of the data are performed as indicated in the ELISA (see example 4). Briefly, for ELISA: Average the triplicate readings for each standard control and each sample. Subtract the average zero standard optical density (O.D). Create a standard curve plotting the log of the cytokine concentration versus the log of the O.D and the best fit line can be determined by regression analysis. If samples have been diluted, the concentration read from the standard curve must be multiplied by the dilution factor. A standard curve should be generated for each set of samples assayed. The outliers data were avoid using Grugg's test. Then the data which weret in the interval of two times the SD, were discard. The independent experiments are taken into account if the positive control showed data as previously observed.
  • O.D optical density
  • the independent experiments are pooled (N > 3).
  • the average of the absorbance of the medium alone was considerate as the background and subtracted to each absorbance value.
  • the average of triplicate of the non treated cells of each compound was considerate as the 100% viability.
  • the average of triplicate of each compound was normalized by its 100%. The outliers data were avoid using Grugg's test. Then the data which did't in the interval of two times the SD, were discard.
  • the independent experiments are pooled (N > 3).
  • Example 6 INK inhibitor of SEP ID NO: 1 72 and TNFoc release in Primary Rat or human whole blood cells
  • Whole blood is collected from anesthetized rat or human healthy volunteers using a venipuncture connected to a pre-labeled vacuum tube containing sodium citrate. Tubes are gently mixed by inversion 7-8 times; and are then kept at RT until stimulation.
  • JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 1 72_ is prepared 6 times concentrated in PBS, and 30 ⁇ /well of mix is added into 96-well plate.
  • Whole blood is diluted by 1 :2 in PBS and 120 ⁇ of diluted blood is added in each well where either PBS alone or JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 has been previously added.
  • Whole blood is incubated at 37°C; 85 rpm (Stuart Orbital incubator SI500) for 60 min.
  • Activators are the prepared, 30pl/well of LPS, 6 times concentrated. After 60min incubation, LPS is added to the blood, blood is mixed by pipetting up and down, and then kept for 4h under agitation (85rpm), at 37°C. After the 4h incubation, the plates are centrifuged at about 770g, 4°c for 1 5 min in a pre-cooled centrifuge. Supernatants are finally collected and kept at -20°c until cytokine measurement. Cytokine (IL-6, IL-2, IFNy and TNFa) were then measured using standard Elisa kits (e.g.
  • Results are expressed as pg/ml of supernatant of the measured cytokine.
  • PMA+ionomycin instead of LPS as activator/stimulant.
  • Example 7 Half-life of specific INK inhibitors disclosed herein
  • the JNK inhibitors with the sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 1 96, 1 97, and 1 72 (0.1 mM final concentration) were digested in human serum (10 and 50% in PBS 1 x). The experiment was performed as described by Tugyi et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2005, 413-41 8). . The remaining intact peptide was quantified by UPLC-MS. Stability was assessed for SEQ ID NOs: 1 96, 1 97, and 1 72 identically but in two separate assays.
  • JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 196 was totally degraded into amino acids residues within 6 hours, the JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 1 72 was completely degraded only after 14 days. The JNK inhibitor with SEQ ID NO: 1 97 was still stable after 30 days.
  • Example 8 Dose-dependent inhibition by INK inhibitor with sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 of
  • lymph nodes were harvested and kept in complete RPMI medium. LN were smashed with complete RPMI on 70pm filter using a 5ml piston. A few drops of media were added to keep strainer wet. Cells were centrifuged for 7 min at 450g and 4°c. Pellet was resuspended in 5 ml fresh medium. Cells were passed again through cell strainer. An aliquot of cells was counted, while cells were centrifuged again 10min at 1400 rpm and 4°c. Cells were resupended in MACS buffer (80 ⁇ of MACS buffer per 10 7 cells).
  • Eluted T cells were centrifuges for 7 min at 700g and 4°C. Resuspended cells were counted and plated at density of 200000cel Is/well in 10 ⁇ of complete medium. Plates were pre- coated the day before experiment with 2pg/mL of CD3 antibody, and the day of experiment plates were washed three times with PBS. Cells were treated with 1 ⁇ of (poly-)peptide JNK inhibitor (SEQ ID NO: 1 72), two times concentrated for 1 h before ligand activation. After 1 h of pre- treatment with (poly-)peptide JNK inhibitor (SEQ ID NO: 1 72), cells were then stimulated with 2pg/mL of anti CD28 antibody for 24h. After 24h of stimulation, supernatant were collected and stored at -20°C until analysis. Cytokines were then measured using standard Elisa kits. Results are expressed as pg/ml of supernatant of the measured cytokine.
  • Example 9 INK inhibitor and TNFcx/IL-2 release in human whole blood:
  • the anti-inflammatory potency of the JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 was tested in albino rats following intravenous administration (EIU/LPS model).
  • the aim of this study was to determine the effects of single intravenous injections of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 (0.01 5, 0.1 8, and 1 .80 mg/kg) on the inflammatory response in an endotoxins-induced uveitis albino rat model and to compare these affects to those obtained with prior art JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 1 97 (2 mg/kg).
  • As a further control served phosphate sodic dexamethasone.
  • Sixty (60) male Lewis rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups of ten (1 0) animals each.
  • El U was induced by footpad injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg).
  • NaCl 0.8%
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 97 at 2 mg/kg
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 72 at three concentrations (1 .80 mg/kg, 0.1 8 mg/kg and 0.01 5 mg/kg) were administered by intravenous injection.
  • Phosphate sodic dexamethasone (20 pg/eye) was administered by sub-conjunctival injection in both eyes. 24 hours after LPS injection, inflammatory response was evaluated by clinical scoring.
  • the intensity of clinical ocular inflammation was scored on a scale from 0 to 4 for each eye:
  • the lower doses (0.18 and 0.01 5 mg/kg) reduced by 33% (mean score: 2.4 ⁇ 0.3, median: 2) and 36% (mean score: 2.3 ⁇ 0.3, median: 2) the inflammation, respectively.
  • the reduction was significant with p ⁇ 0.001 .
  • a sub-conjunctival treatment with dexamethasone (20 pg/eye), used as positive control drug also significantly reduced the clinical scores by 79% (mean score: 0.8 + 0.2, median: 0.5, p ⁇ 0.001 ).
  • Example 1 1 Dose-responsive effects after intravenous administration of INK inhibitor after 14 days in a rat model of chronic established type II collagen arthritis
  • Rat collagen arthritis is an experimental model of polyarthritis that has been widely used for preclinical testing of numerous anti-arthritic agents that are either under preclinical or clinical investigation or are currently used as therapeutics in this disease.
  • the hallmarks of this model are reliable onset and progression of robust, easily measurable polyarticular inflammation, marked carti lage destruction in association with pannus formation, and mild to moderate bone resorption and periosteal bone proliferation.
  • Itravenous (IV) efficacy of the JNK inhibitor of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 administered daily (QD) for 14 days (arthritis d1 -1 4) for inhibition of the inflammation (paw swelling), carti lage destruction, and bone resorption that occurs in established type II collagen arthritis in rats was determined in said experimental model.
  • Ankle Cartilage Damage (emphasis on small tarsals)
  • Mild mild loss of toluidine blue staining with focal mild (superficial) chondrocyte loss and/or collagen disruption
  • Moderate moderate loss of toluidine blue staining with multifocal moderate (depth to middle zone) chondrocyte loss and/or collagen disruption, smaller tarsals affected to 1/2 to 3/4 depth with rare areas of full thickness loss
  • Marked marked loss of toluidine blue staining with multifocal marked (depth to deep zone) chondrocyte loss and/or collagen disruption, 1 or 2 small tarsals surfaces have full thickness loss of cartilage
  • Severe severe diffuse loss of toluidine blue staining with multifocal severe (depth to tide mark) chondrocyte loss and/or collagen disruption affecting more than 2 cartilage surfaces
  • Mild mild loss of toluidine blue staining with focal mild (superficial) chondrocyte loss and/or collagen disruption, may have few small areas of 50% depth of cartilage affected
  • Moderate moderate loss of toluidine blue staining with multifocal to diffuse moderate (depth to middle zone) chondrocyte loss and/or collagen disruption, may have 1-2 small areas of full thickness loss affecting less than 1/4 of the total width of a surface and not more than 25% of the total width of all surfaces
  • Marked marked loss of toluidine blue staining with multifocal to diffuse marked (depth to deep zone) chondrocyte loss and/or collagen disruption or 1 surface with near total loss and partial loss on others, total overall loss less than 50% of width of all surfaces combined
  • Severe severe diffuse loss of toluidine blue staining with multifocal severe (depth to tide mark) chondrocyte loss and/or collagen disruption on both femurs and/or tibias, total overall loss greater than 50% of width of all surfaces combined
  • Moderate obvious resorption of medullary trabecular and cortical bone without full thickness defects in cortex, loss of some medullary trabeculae, lesion apparent on low magnification, osteoclasts more numerous, 1/4 to 1 /3 of tibia or tarsals affected at marginal zones
  • Body weight loss was observed in all disease groups whereas the normal control group had a weight increase. Body weight loss was significantly (25%, p ⁇ 0.05 by ANOVA) inhibited for rats treated with 5 mg/kg SEQ ID NO: 1 72 as compared to vehicle treated disease controls. When compared to disease controls using a Student's Mest, inhibition of body weight loss was also significant for rats treated with 1 mg/kg SEQ ID NO: 1 72 (21 %, p ⁇ 0.05) or Dex (21 %, p ⁇ 0.05). Results of treatment with SEQ ID NO: 1 72 were dose responsive for this parameter.
  • Ankle diameter AUC was significantly (p ⁇ 0.05 by ANOVA) reduced toward normal for rats treated with 5 mg/kg SEQ ID NO: 1 72 (43% reduction), 1 mg/kg SEQ ID NO: 1 72 (27%), or Dex (97%) as compared to disease controls. Results of treatment with SEQ ID NO: 1 72 were dose responsive for this parameter.
  • Spleen weights relative to body weight were significantly (p ⁇ 0.05 by ANOVA) reduced for rats treated with Dex as compared to disease controls. Relative spleen weights for Dex treated rats were also significantly reduced as compared to normal controls. Relative spleen weights were not significantly affected for rats treated with SEQ ID NO: 1 72.
  • Thymus weights relative to body weight were significantly (p ⁇ 0.05 by ANOVA) reduced for rats treated with Dex as compared to disease controls. Relative thymus weights for Dex treated rats were also significantly reduced as compared to normal controls. Relative thymus weights were not significantly affected for rats treated with SEQ ID NO: 1 72.
  • Example 12 Effect of the all-D-retro-in verso INK-inhibitor (poly-)peptide of SEP ID NO: 197 and the INK inhibitor (poly-)peptide of SEP ID NO: 1 72 at three doses in a Scopolamine-lnduced Model of Dry Eye in Mice Study concept
  • the objective of this study was to assess the effects of two different compounds, the all-D-retro- inverso JNK-inhibitor (poly-)peptide of SEP ID NP: 197 and the JNK inhibitor (poly-)peptide of SEP ID NP: 1 72, at three dose levels in a mouse model of scopolamine-induced dry eye.
  • the peptides of SEP ID NP: 197 and SEP ID NP: 1 72 were tested for efficacy in this murine model of dry eye. The peptides were both tested at a low, medium and a high dose.
  • the concentrations measured in the formulation samples for low, medium and high dose levels were 0.06% (w/v), 0.25% (w/v) and 0.6% (w/v), respectively
  • concentrations measured in the formulation samples for the low, medium and high dose levels were 0.05% (w/v), 0.2% (w/v) and 0.6% (w/v), respectively.
  • the study consisted of a total of 9 groups of female C57BL/6 mice, comprising 8 groups of 12 mice each and an additional group of 4 mice.
  • Bilateral short-term dry eye was induced by a combination of scopolamine hydrobromide (Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, MP) injection (subcutaneous (SC), four times daily, 0.5 mg/dose, Days 0-21 ) and by exposing mice to the drying environment of constant air draft.
  • scopolamine hydrobromide Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, MP
  • SC subcutaneous
  • mice of Groups 1-8 were treated three times daily (TID) for 21 days with bilateral topical ocular (oculus uterque; OU) administration (5 pL/eye/dose) of vehicle (0.9% sterile saline; negative control article); the peptide of SEQ ID NP: 197 (0.06%, 0.25% and 0.6%), the peptide of SEP ID NP: 1 72 (0.05%, 0.2% and 0.6%); or cyclospor ' me (0.05%; positive control, an immunosuppressant drug used to reduce the activity of the immune system).
  • Mice of Group 9 were maintained as un-induced, (no dry eye) untreated controls.
  • the (poly-)peptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 97 was obtained from Polypeptide Laboratories (France) as a 1 .5-mL clear plastic microfuge vial containing 300.65 mg of dry powder.
  • the (poly-)peptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 was obtained from Polypeptide Laboratories (France) as a 1 .5-mL clear plastic microfuge vial containing 302.7 mg of dry powder.
  • the (poly-)peptides of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 and of SEQ ID NO: 197 were formulated in sterile saline (vehicle). Dosing solutions at each concentration were sterilized using 0.2-pm filters, aliquoted to multiple pre-labeled vials, and frozen at -20 °C. The concentrations measured in the formulation samples for the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 197 were 0.058%, 0.25% and 0.624%, rounded to 0.06%, 0.25% and 0.6%. The concentrations measured in the formulation samples for the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 were 0.053%, 0.21 7% and 0.562%, rounded to 0.05, 0.2% and 0.6%.
  • each animal Prior to entry into the study, each animal underwent a SLE and indirect ophthalmic examination using topically-applied fluorescein. Ocular findings were recorded using the Draize scale ocular scoring. SLE and Draize scoring were repeated three times a week during the in-life period.
  • the TBUT test was conducted three times weekly by measuring the time elapsed in seconds between a complete blink after application of fluorescein to the cornea and the appearance of the first random dry spot in the tear film.
  • 0.1 % liquid sodium fluorescein was dropped into the conjunctival sac, the eyelids were manually closed three times and then held open revealing a continuous fluorescein-containing tear film covering the cornea, and the time (in seconds) required for the film to break (appearance of a dry spot or streak) was recorded.
  • corneal epithelial damage was graded using a slit-lamp with a cobalt blue filter after another drop of 0.1 % fluorescein was reapplied to the cornea; the cornea then was scored per the Draize ocular scale.
  • Tear production was measured three times a week in both eyes using PRTT test strips (Zone-Quick; Menicon, Nagoya, Japan). Prior to the first treatment of the day, a thread was applied to the lateral canthus of the conjunctival fornix of each eye for 30 seconds under slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Tear migration up the tread (i.e., the length of the wetted cotton thread) was measured using a millimeter scale. 5.
  • both eyes from each animal including the globes, lacrimal glands, eyelids, and conjunctivae, were excised.
  • the right eye and associated tissues were fixed by overnight submersion in modified Davidson's solution followed by transfer to 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF).
  • NBF neutral buffered formalin
  • the fixed tissues of the right eye were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 3 to 5- ⁇ thicknesses, and slide-mounted tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E). Stained slides were evaluated via light microscopy.
  • Detailed and complete histopathologic assessment was conducted on all parts of the eye, with at least two section levels being examined histopathologically for each right eye.
  • cornea epithelia (including goblet cells) of the conjunctiva and cornea, as well as the lacrimal gland.
  • These tissues were scored for injury based upon a 0-4 scale, with 0 being normal, 1 being minimal, 2 being mild, 3 being moderate, and 4 being severe.
  • scores were based on corneal epithelium thickness, and corneal inflammation.
  • Conjunctivae were scored for erosion and inflammation as well as presence or absence of goblet cells.
  • TBUTs tear break-up time tests were performed prior to the induction of dry eye, and again on Days 2, 4, 7, 9, 1 1 , 14, 16, 18 and 21 after dry eye induction.
  • TBUT mean values began to decrease in all animals, but appeared to decrease more slowly in Group 6 (mid-dose of SEQ ID NO: 1 72).
  • TBUT means of these groups increased to a peak on Day 9.
  • Groups 6 and 7 SEQ ID NO: 1 72 mid and high-dose groups
  • TBUT means rose to higher values (10.0 + 0.7 s and 9.9 ⁇ 0.8 s, respectively) than Group 8, the cyclosporine group (8.5 ⁇ 0.3 s), while the peak TBUT mean of Group 5, the low-dose of SEQ ID NO: 172 (8.0 ⁇ 0.4 s) was slightly below that of Group 8 (cyclosporine).
  • the low, medium and high-dose TBUT means of SEQ ID NO: 1 72 -treated animals (Groups 2, 3 and 4, respectively) were above the vehicle group and generally below the low, mid and high-dose group means of SEQ ID NO: 1 72- treated animals.
  • Groups treated with low, mid and high dose levels of the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 197 showed slight generally dose-dependent increases in TBUT which started to increase approximately two days later than animals treated with SEQ ID NO: 172 or cyclosporine.
  • PRTT tests were performed prior to the induction of dry eye, and again on Days 2, 4, 7, 9, 1 1 , 14, 1 6, 18 and 21 .
  • PRTT values from Day 0 to Day 4 decreased in all mice that had dry eye induced, indicating a decrease in tear production after the administration of scopolamine and exposure to a drying environment of increased air draft created by the blowers.
  • the nadir in PRTT in most groups occurred at approximately Day 7.
  • PRTT kept decreasing in the vehicle control group (Group 1 ) reaching a nadir on Day 14. After the nadir, there was an increase in all dry eye groups.
  • Groups treated with low, mid and high dose levels of the peptide of SEQ ID NO: 197 (0.06%, 0.25% and 0.6%, Groups 2, 3 and 4, respectively) showed generally dose-dependent increases in PRTT.
  • an inventive JNK inhibitor sequence for the (in vitro) treatment of a tissue or organ transplant prior its transplantation.
  • a transplant originating from brain-dead donors is typically not subjected to WIT has 8-12 hrs of CIT (time needed for transportation from the procurement hospital to the isolation lab. It was found that such transplants may be pre-treated by the JNK inhibitors according to the present invention in order improve their viability and functionality until transplanted to host.
  • the transplant is typically a kidney, heart, lung, pancreas, liver, blood cell, bone marrow, cornea, accidental severed limb, in particular fingers, hand, foot, face, nose, bone, cardiac valve, blood vessel or intestine transplant, preferably a kidney, heart, pancreas or skin transplant.

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