Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
  • G06Q10/06—Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
  • G06Q10/063—Operations research, analysis or management
  • G06Q10/0639—Performance analysis of employees; Performance analysis of enterprise or organisation operations
  • G06Q10/06395—Quality analysis or management
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q50/00—Information and communication technology [ICT] specially adapted for implementation of business processes of specific business sectors, e.g. utilities or tourism
  • G06Q50/06—Energy or water supply
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
  • Y02P90/80—Management or planning
  • Y02P90/82—Energy audits or management systems therefor
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
  • Y02P90/80—Management or planning
  • Y02P90/84—Greenhouse gas [GHG] management systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to energy usage, and more particularly to tracking and reporting energy performance for businesses.
• An embodiment of the present invention provides a computer-implemented method of tracking resource performance for business customers.
• Operations of the method may be implemented by a processor.
• the method includes receiving, by a processor, usage data describing usage of a resource associated with a customer of a utility that provides the resource to the customer.
• the usage data includes information about usage of the resource for a plurality of contiguous periods of time. Each period of time is less than about six hours. For example, the time period may be about one hour.
• the usage data has been metered at a business premises of the customer.
• a processor receives operational data describing operation of the business premises.
• the operational data includes information describing times of day when the business premises is open to patrons. The times of day may be expressed in hours, minutes, portions of the day or any other suitable units.
• a processor determines resource performance data for the business premises using the received usage data and the received operational data.
• the resource performance data includes information about: (i) resource usage at the business premises during the times of day when open to patrons, and (ii) resource usage at the business premises during times of day when closed to patrons.
• a processor generates a report to the customer of the resource performance data.
• the resource performance data may further include a comparison of the resource usage at the business premises between the times of day when open to patrons and the times of day when closed to patrons.
• Receiving the operational data may include receiving the operational data from a local directory service provider, deriving the operational data from an electronic publication of the business, receiving the operational data from a source that has derived the operational data from a publication of the business, receiving the operational data from a third-party service provider who maintains a database of the hours of operation of the business premises, or determining the operational data, including the information describing the times of day of operations when the business premises is open to patrons, based on the received usage data.
• the method may also include receiving, by a processor, resource performance data for similar business premises.
• a processor causes a reporting to the customer of the resource performance data for the similar premises in conjunction with the resource performance data of the customer.
• the method may also include receiving, by a processor, pricing data for the resource.
• the pricing data may include: information about a first price of the resource, a first set of times of day associated with the first resource price, a second price of the resource that is higher than the first price, and a second set of times of day associated with the second resource price.
• a processor may determine an elevated pricing time based on the pricing data and the operational data. The elevated pricing time may be a time of day when the business premises is open to patrons overlaps with the times of day associated with the second resource price.
• a processor may estimate savings that may be realized if a predefined portion of the usage of the resource during the elevated pricing time were moved to a time of day when the premises is closed to patrons.
• a processor may generate a report to the customer of the estimated savings, in conjunction with the report to the customer of the resource performance data.
• the usage data may include electricity usage data, gas usage data, oil usage data, wood usage data, waste removal usage data, water usage data, sewer usage data, garbage removal usage data, recycling removal usage data, telephone usage data and/or broadband usage data.
• Each period of time may be no greater than about one hour.
• Another embodiment of the present invention provides a computerized method for reporting resource usage by a customer of a utility that provides the resource to the customer.
• the method includes receiving, by a processor, characteristic data describing a first business premises.
• the characteristic data includes at least one specialty classification of the first business premises.
• the method also includes receiving, by a processor, characteristic data describing a plurality of second business premises.
• the characteristic data includes at least one respective specialty classification of each business premises of the plurality of second business premises.
• the method also includes receiving, by a processor, usage data describing usage of the resource by at least some of the plurality of second business premises.
• the resource is provided by a utility.
• a processor selects, from the plurality of second business premises, a plurality of selected second business premises.
• Each selected second business premises has a first specialty classification equal to a first specialty classification of the first business premises. If a number of the plurality of selected second business premises is less than a predetermined value, a processor augments the plurality of selected second business premises with additional selected business premises. The additional selected business premises are selected from the plurality of second business premises.
• Each additional selected business premises has a second specialty classification equal to a second specialty classification of the first business premises. The second specialty classification is different than the first specialty classification.
• a processor generates a report that includes usage data describing usage of the resource by the first business premises and usage data describing usage of the resource by at least one business premises of the plurality of selected second business premises.
• the first specialty classification may correspond to a first market characteristic
• the second specialty classification may correspond to a second, different, market characteristic
• the first specialty classification may correspond to a first NAICS code
• the second specialty classification may correspond to a second, different, NAICS code.
• the first specialty classification may correspond to a first SIC code
• the second specialty classification may corresponds to a second, different, SIC code.
• the first specialty classification may correspond to a first sub-specialty classification
• the second specialty classification may correspond to a second, different, subspecialty classification.
• the first specialty classification may be hierarchically related to the first sub-specialty classification.
• a processor may select, from the plurality of second business premises, a plurality of selected second business premises, such that each selected second business premises is similar, according to at least one criterion, to the first business premises. Similarity may be defined, for each criterion of the at least one criterion, as: (i) a match between a characteristic of the selected second business premises and a characteristic of the first business premises and/or (i) match between a characteristic of the selected second business premises and a range, where the range is determined by a processor, based on at least one characteristic of the first business premises.
• a processor may relax at least one of the at least one criterion, such as by removing a criterion from the at least one criterion and/or increasing at least one range of the at least one criterion.
• the predetermined value may be 1.
• the usage data may include at least one of: electricity usage data, gas usage data, oil usage data, wood usage data, waste removal usage data, water usage data, sewer usage data, garbage removal usage data, recycling removal usage data, telephone usage data and broadband usage data.
• Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a report of resource performance for a first business premises.
• the report includes a first diagram element, a second diagram element and a third diagram element.
• the first diagram element is representative of a first resource usage at the first business premises during times of day when the first business premises is open to patrons.
• the second diagram element is representative of a second resource usage at the first business premises during times of day when the first business premises is closed to patrons.
• the third diagram element is representative of a comparison of the first resource usage to the second resource usage.
• the report may include a fourth diagram element, a fifth diagram element and a sixth diagram element.
• the fourth diagram element may be representative of a third resource usage by a plurality of second business premises during times of day when the second business premises are open to patrons.
• the fifth diagram element may be representative of a fourth resource usage by the plurality of second business premises during times of day when the second business premises are closed to patrons.
• the sixth diagram element may be representative of a comparison of the first resource usage to the third resource usage.
• the report may include a seventh diagram element representative of a comparison of the second resource usage to the fourth resource usage.
• An embodiment of the present invention provides at least one non-transitory computer readable medium.
• the medium is encoded with instructions which, when loaded on at least one computer, establish processes for tracking resource performance for business customers.
• the processes include a process configured to receive usage data describing usage of a resource associated with a customer of a utility that provides the resource to the customer.
• the usage data includes information about usage of the resource for a plurality of contiguous periods of time. Each period of time is less than about six hours.
• the usage data has been metered at a business premises of the customer.
• a process is configured to receive operational data describing operation of the business premises.
• the operational data includes information describing times of day when the business premises is open to patrons.
• a process is configured to determine resource performance data for the business premises using the received usage data and the received operational data.
• the resource performance data includes information about: (i) resource usage at the business premises during the times of day when open to patrons, and (ii) resource usage at the business premises during times of day when closed to patrons.
• a process is configured to generate a report to the customer of the resource performance data.
• Another embodiment of the present invention provides at least one non-transitory computer readable medium.
• the medium is encoded with instructions which, when loaded on at least one computer, establish processes for reporting resource usage of a customer of a utility that provides the resource to the customer.
• the processes include a process configured to receive characteristic data describing a first business premises.
• the characteristic data includes at least one specialty classification of the first business premises.
• a process is configured to receive characteristic data describing a plurality of second business premises.
• the characteristic data includes at least one respective specialty classification of each business premises of the plurality of second business premises.
• a process is configured to receive usage data describing usage of the resource by at least some of the plurality of second business premises.
• the resource is provided by a utility.
• a process is configured to select, from the plurality of second business premises, a plurality of selected second business premises. Each selected second business premises has a first specialty classification equal to a first specialty classification of the first business premises.
• a process is configured such that, if a number of the plurality of selected second business premises is less than a predetermined value, the process augments the plurality of selected second business premises with additional selected business premises. The additional selected business premises are selected from the plurality of second business premises.
• Each additional selected business premises has a second specialty classification equal to a second specialty classification of the first business premises.
• the second specialty classification is different than the first specialty classification.
• a process is configured to generate a report that includes usage data describing usage of the resource by the first business premises and usage data describing usage of the resource by at least one business premises of the plurality of selected second business premises.
• Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a system for tracking resource performance for business customers.
• the system includes a processor, a communication port and a memory storing instructions executable by the processor to perform processes.
• the processes include receiving, by the processor, usage data describing usage of a resource associated with a customer of a utility that provides the resource to the customer.
• the usage data includes information about usage of the resource for a plurality of contiguous periods of time. Each period of time is less than about six hours.
• the usage data has been metered at a business premises of the customer.
• the processor receives operational data describing operation of the business premises.
• the operational data includes information describing times of day when the business premises is open to patrons.
• the processor determines resource performance data for the business premises using the received usage data and the received operational data.
• the resource performance data includes information about: (i) resource usage at the business premises during the times of day when open to patrons, and (ii) resource usage at the business premises during times of day when closed to patrons.
• the processor generates a report to the customer of the resource performance data.
• the processor sends the report, via the communication port, to the customer.
• An embodiment of the present invention provides a system for reporting resource usage of a customer of a utility that provides the resource to the customer.
• the system includes a processor, a communication port and a memory storing instructions executable by the processor to perform processes.
• the processes include receiving, by a processor, characteristic data describing a first business premises.
• the characteristic data includes at least one specialty classification of the first business premises.
• a processor receives characteristic data describing a plurality of second business premises.
• the characteristic data includes at least one respective specialty classification of each business premises of the plurality of second business premises.
• a processor receives usage data describing usage of the resource by at least some of the plurality of second business premises.
• the resource is provided by a utility.
• a processor selects, from the plurality of second business premises, a plurality of selected second business premises.
• Each selected second business premises has a first specialty classification equal to a first specialty classification of the first business premises. If a number of the plurality of selected second business premises is less than a predetermined value, augmenting, a processor augments the plurality of selected second business premises with additional selected business premises.
• the additional selected business premises are selected from the plurality of second business premises.
• Each additional selected business premises has a second specialty classification equal to a second specialty classification of the first business premises.
• the second specialty classification is different than the first specialty classification.
• a processor generates a report that includes usage data describing usage of the resource by the first business premises and usage data describing usage of the resource by at least one business premises of the plurality of selected second business premises. The report is sent, via the communication port, to the first business premises.
• Figure 1 schematically illustrates a flowchart diagram of a method of tracking resource performance for business customers according to an embodiment.
• Figure 2 illustratively shows a system that utilizes methods according to various embodiments.
• Figure 3 A is a plot of an example of usage data of a utility meter reading.
• Figure 3B is an example of operational data, including the hours of operations when the business premises is open to patrons.
• Figure 3C is an example of the usage data of Figure 3A correlated with the operational data of Figure 3B.
• Figure 4 is a comparative plot of the open hours usage data and closed hours usage data o Figure 3C according to an embodiment.
• Figure 5A illustrates an electronic mail report according to an illustrative embodiment.
• Figure 5B illustrates an electronic mail report according to another embodiment.
• Figure 5C illustrates an electronic mail report according to another embodiment.
• Figure 5D illustrates an electronic mail report according to another embodiment.
• Figure 5E illustrates an electronic mail report according to an embodiment.
• Figure 5F illustrates a user interface for a customer to input business information according to an embodiment.
• Figure 5G illustrates a user interface to adjust a parameter to determine similar business premises according to an embodiment.
• Figures 6A-6C are plots of energy usage data of a customer's business premises and similar business premises.
• Figure 7 shows a computerized method for reporting a consumer's usage of a resource by determining similar business premises in accordance with an embodiment.
• Figure 8 shows an application of the computerized method in accordance with an embodiment.
• Figure 9 illustrates a portion of the North American Industry Classification System
• Figure 10 illustrates a computer system according to an illustrative embodiment.
• small and medium size businesses generally refers to a utility designation of a customer having a business account, in which the average resource draw (e.g., power draw) by the customer is within a predefined limit.
• Small and medium size businesses may include commercial (e.g., retail, services, construction, etc.), industrial (e.g., manufacturing), and government offices and functions (e.g., post office, administrative office, police station, etc.).
• a utility may designate a business as small if it has a peak demand-use of 300 kilowatts or less each month.
• other limits exist, which are based on a designation provided by the utility.
• a "local directory service provider” refers to third-party service that maintains records of characteristic information of a business, such as:
• specialty or sub-type e.g., for restaurant, a sub-type may include type of cuisine, availability of delivery services, on-premises only service, etc.
• premises information e.g., type of heating, age of the premises, presence of air
• Business premises refers to a building or land where a business is being operated.
• a "similar business premises” refers to a small and medium size business premises having a predefined number of common characteristics as the customer's business premises.
• the customer generally refers to a customer of the utility and is a person or entity for which the report is being prepared.
• Business premises refers to a building or land where a business is being operated.
• Resource refers to a commodity provided by a utility and may include electricity, water, and natural gas.
• the utility typically sends the same type of billing statements to a business customer as to a residential customer, though it maintains records of a customer account being for a small business.
• the present embodiment may allow a utility to leverage information and data from its advanced meter infrastructure (AMI) systems and its database to provide new services or energy efficient programs for small and medium sized business customers.
• AMI advanced meter infrastructure
• a utility may realize value on their investment of AMI projects and Smart Grid initiatives by providing an all-in-one tailored solution to business customers.
• Figure 1 schematically illustrates a flowchart diagram of a method of tracking resource performance for business customers according to an embodiment.
• Customer generally refers to an entity or person that receives services from a utility, including delivery of the resource.
• Figure 2 schematically illustrates a system that utilizes the methods according to various embodiments. Figures 1 and 2 are described in conjunction with each other.
• a computer system 202 may receive usage data 204 about a resource associated with a customer from a utility server 206 (step 102).
• a resource may be any types of commodity that the utility provides to the customer, including electricity, natural gas, water, etc.
• the usage data 204 may include hourly usage information of the resource metered at a customer's business premises 208 and stored at a data server 206a at the utility.
• the usage data 204 may be directly retrieved from meters at the business premises 208 by the computer system 202.
• the meter may be a communicating meter or an advanced meter infrastructure (AMI) meter.
• AMI advanced meter infrastructure
• the server 206 may receive the usage data 204 via a communications network (e.g., internet) through, for example, e-mails, downloaded FTP files, XML feeds, or metering feeds.
• a communications network e.g., internet
• the global communications network is not used. Instead, the resource usage data is sent by, for example, regular mail.
• the computer system 202 may receive operational data 210 associated with the business premises 208.
• the operational data 210 may include information associated with hours of operations when the business premises is open and closed to patrons. Patrons generally refer to customers of a business operating at the premises.
• the operational data 210 may be acquired from publicly available sources.
• a business typically publishes its hours of operations.
• hours of operations information for a business premises may be electronically published and maintained by a local service directory 212, such as Google, Yelp or Yahoo!, among others.
• a local service directory 212 may include application programming interfaces (API) within the electronic publication (ex., website), which may be used to retrieve the information within the electronic publication.
• API application programming interfaces
• a web API may include interfaces for request-response systems, such as those expressed in JSON or XML, as well as standardized Javascript bindings within a web browser (ex., client- side web APIs, such as service-oriented architecture (SOA) with SOAP-based web services).
• SOA service-oriented architecture
• “Local directory service provider” refers to third-party service providers that maintain records of characteristic information of a business, such as:
• Specialty or sub-type e.g., for restaurant, a sub-type may include types of cuisine, availability of delivery services, on-premises only services, etc.
• General business information e.g., hours of operations, business address, number of employees, size of business premises, etc.
• Premises information e.g., such as type of heating, age of the building, presence of air conditioning, premises size, presence of photovoltaic systems, etc.
• the computer system 202 may receive the operational data 210 from a third-party service 214 such as Dun & Bradstreet, Infogroup, or Factual.
• a third-party service 214 is typically a company that maintains a database of information relating to a business, including business type and hours of operation information.
• the operational data 210 may be procured by being purchased from the third-party service 214.
• the operational data 210 may alternatively be retrieved directly from a publication by the business.
• a business may publish the hours of operations of its business premises on the business website 216.
• An investigative service 218 may automatically or manually retrieve the hours of operations information directly from the business publication on its website 216.
• the operational data 210 may alternatively be retrieved from a web portal 220 operatively linked to the computer system 202.
• a business may volunteer additional information to allow for a more rigorous analysis. For example, a business may provide characteristic information relating to its type, specialty, sub-market, size, number of employees, annual revenue, customer demographics, work hours and schedule, etc. The business may also provide information relating to its establishment, including the size of building, the age of the building, the types of heating, the type of cooling, etc. The information may be used, for example, to identify other similar business premises for comparative analysis of various resource usages.
• consumer's business premises characteristic data may be received from third party sources, including the local service directory and the third-party service. Characteristic data may also be retrieved from various records, such as property tax assessment records, property sale records, aggregators of consumer data collected through surveys, warranty cards, customer loyalty programs, etc.
• the consumer characteristic data can be received from the third party sources via the communications network (e.g., e-mails, downloaded FTP files, and XML feeds). However, in other embodiments, the consumer characteristic data may be received by regular mail.
• the computer system 202 may determine usage performance of the resource by the business premises 208 based on the received usage data 204 and the received operational data 210.
• the usage performance may include information related to:
• Figure 3 A is a plot of hypothetical usage data 204 of a utility electric meter reading.
• the x-axis 302 indicates the time of the day and the y-axis indicates the corresponding metering reading 304.
• the meter reading may be expressed in kilowatt-hours (kWh) for electricity resources.
• the usage data may be an average of usage during a reporting period shown over the course of a day.
• Other types of meter reading may be employed, which may have readings expressed in gallons for water resources, British Thermal Units (BTU) or Therms for natural gas resources, etc.
• Figure 3B shows hypothetical operational data 210, including the hours of operations 306 when the business premises is open to patrons (12:00 PM, i.e., noon, to 9:00 PM Monday through Friday, and 4:00 AM to 9:00 PM Saturday). If only open hours are available from the operational data 210, the closed hours may be derived by assuming the business is closed all hours that it is not open.
• Figure 3C shows the usage data of Figure 3 A correlated with the operational data of
• FIG 3B The x-axis 308 indicates the time of the day, and the y-axis indicates the corresponding usage of the resource (referred to as hourly usage data 310).
• the operational data 210 is shown in relation to the corresponding usage data 310.
• Figure 3C shows data of the open hours of operations 306 and the derived closed hours of operations 312.
• Figure 4 is a comparative plot of the open hours usage data 402 and closed hours usage data 404 of Figure 3C according to an embodiment.
• Other performance metric may be derived from the open hours usage and the closed hour usage.
• the computer system 202 may calculate a ratio of the closed hour usage data 404 to open hour usage data 402.
• the computer system 202 may cause a reporting to the customer of the determined resource performance data (step 108).
• the report may be formed in different ways.
• the computer system 202 may generate, or direct another computer system to generate, an electronic message, which may be an electronic mail message.
• the report may be sent directly to the consumer via the electronic message.
• the report may also be sent to intermediaries, such as the utility companies or a service provider, and the intermediary may include the report in a utility bill, for example.
• the report may also be made available via web portal for the consumer.
• the report may be sent by paper mail using the described channels.
• the report may be part of a collection of reports sent to an intermediary.
• the intermediary may utilize the collection of reports for further analysis.
• the collection of reports may be segmented to identify a subset of business customers to target for promotions, efficiency programs, marketing analysis, and such.
• the collection of reports may be a structured data file (e.g., XML file), comma delimited text or spreadsheet, or binary data.
• the computer system 202 may employ APIs to communicate to a computer system of the intermediary.
• the APIs may be web-based, may be part of an enterprise API management or database system (e.g., Oracle, SQL server, DB2, Sybase, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Teradata, Informix, Ingres, SimpleDB, etc.), or may be a standalone application. Of course, other means of transmitting data between computer systems and networks may be employed.
• the computer system 202 may receive resource performance data for similar business premises.
• the computer system 202 may cause a reporting to the customer of the similar business premises resource performance data in conjunction with the customer's resource performance data.
• a similar business premises refers to at least one premises having a predefined number of characteristics in common with the business premises for which the report is being prepared.
• Figure 5 A illustrates a hypothetical electronic mail report according to an illustrative embodiment.
• the report 502 may include an introductory statement 504 (not shown - see, for example, Figure 5E), the utility name 505, an account number 506, resource performance information 508 including the open hour usage data 402 and closed hour usage data 404, comparative performance information 510 of similar businesses, including open hour usage 512 and closed hour usage 514, trend information 516, and text 518 suggesting one or more ways to help reduce usage.
• the resource performance information 508 is normalized to comparative performance information 510 in percentage, and expressed as a bar chart.
• the resource usage information 508 and comparative information 510 may allow a customer to compare its performance to performance of similar business premises.
• the open hour usage data 402 for the business premises is shown as 100%, while the open hour usage 512 for similar business premises is shown as 94%>.
• similar business premises use less, i.e., 94% as much, energy than the subject business premises during open hours.
• the customer may readily observe that energy usage at his or her business premises is slightly higher and that there should be opportunities to reduce the usage.
• the closed hour usage data 404 for the business premises is shown as 100%, while closed hour usage 514 for similar business premises is shown as 48%. This observation indicates to the customer that his or her operation of the business premises differs from the practice of his or her peers.
• the computer system 202 may generate suggestions or recommendations to include in the report 502 based on the comparative information 510 during opened hours and/or closed hours. For example, if the comparative information 510 shows that similar business premises use less than a threshold amount of energy (e.g., 50%>) during closed hours, the computer system 202 may generate a particular suggestion or set of suggestions. If the comparative information 510 shows that similar business premises use less than a threshold amount of energy (e.g., 80%>) during opened hours, the computer system 202 may generate another suggestion or set of suggestions. The suggestions may further be customized based on the business type or other information associated with the business.
• a threshold amount of energy e.g. 50%>
• the text 518 provides an explanation and/or a suggestion to reduce usage. Additionally, this observation provides the customer with objectively acquired data-driven information about the operations of the business premises that may elicit an action by the customer. The customer may investigate the operation of the business to, for example, determine that the thermostat of the business premises is not being properly set during closed hours, or that back office lighting or equipment are being left on. Additionally, it may suggest that there are opportunities to shift the time when employees perform certain business operation, such as to perform closing procedures during hours of the day when the business premises is open to patrons.
• the resource usage information 508 and comparative information 510 may be an average of data acquired over a monthly period. Of course, other durations may be employed, such as an average over a billing cycle, a fiscal quarter, a fiscal year, etc.
• Figure 5B illustrates a hypothetical electronic mail report 520 according to another embodiment.
• the report 520 may include a comparative analysis 522 of data between the business premises 524 and similar business premises 526, expressed as a bar chart.
• the comparative analysis 522 may include: • an average, range, maximum, minimum, and standard deviation of energy usage by the business premises when the premises is open to patrons (referred to as open hour energy usage 528);
• closed hour energy usage 530 • an average, range, maximum, minimum, and standard deviation of energy usage by the business premises when the premises is closed to patrons (referred to as closed hour energy usage 530);
• the energy usage 532, 534 may be expressed in units of usage, for example, kWh or BTU.
• data of the energy usage 528, 530, 532, 534 may be expressed in terms of cost (dollars).
• the energy usage may indicate the averaged expenditures during a given business open hours over a month period.
• the energy usage data 528, 530, 532, 534 may indicate to the customer potential actions to reduce energy and cost.
• data of the ratio of closed hour energy usage 528 may indicate to the customer that her business operations differ from operations of business premises of similar operational environment and patterns.
• similar business premises 538 may include competitors (i.e., business entities engaged in commercial activity for similar or the same set of patrons).
• data of the ratio 536 for the business premises is shown as 81% while data of the ratio of energy usage between closed and open business hours for similar business premises is shown as 32%. This information readily communicates to the customer that his or her operation is very inefficient compared to similar businesses, and that he or her should be able to substantially reduce his or her energy usage.
• FIG. 5C illustrates a hypothetical electronic mail report 540 according to another embodiment.
• the electronic mail report 540 allows for a direct comparison of data among energy usage during open hours 402, energy usage during closed hours 404, and energy usage during closed hours 514, expressed as a bar chart.
• the energy usage data may be normalized as a percentage of the energy usage during open hours 402.
• the report 540 may include a graphical illustration 542 of a difference between data of the energy usage during closed hours of the business premises 404 and similar business premises 514.
• the report 540 organizes the information to emphasize the closed hour operations.
• the energy usage data of the business premises during open hours 542 is normalized to 100%.
• the energy usage data during closed hours for the business premises 544 and for similar business premises 546 is shown in relation to the open hours.
• the report 540 may illustrate a difference 548 in energy usage between the business premises and similar business premises (including, for example, competitor) during closed hours.
• data of the open hour energy usage 542 may read as 100%, while the closed hour energy usage 544 may read as 72%, and the closed hour energy usage 546 for similar business premises may read as 50%.
• Data of the difference in energy usage 548 during closed hours may read as 22%.
• the owner of the business premises may observe the efficiency of his or her business operation during closed hours in relation to the open hours and may further observe that his or her efficiency is poor, in relation to other similar businesses (including, for example, competitors).
• the similar business premises may also be receiving similar customized reports and may be taking actions to reduce their energy usage.
• the reports provide a feedback loop for business owners or managers to modify their business operation to match those within his or her respective industry.
• the difference in energy usage 548 is an observable feedback to customers to reduce their energy usages to conform to other similar businesses.
• the customer may readily determine his or her performance in relations to the similar businesses, including, for example, competitors. Over a large population of businesses, this feedback loop may normalize the energy usage of businesses to a level that is specific to a respective industry and market.
• Figure 5D illustrates a hypothetical electronic mail report 550 according to another embodiment.
• the electronic mail report 550 allows for visual observations of data about energy usage between closed 552 and open hours 554, as a percentage of the total usage as compared to similar business premises (closed hours 556 and open hours 558), expressed as a pie chart.
• the report 550 may further provide indication 560 of the number of hours that a business is open to patrons, as compared to other similar businesses, including, for example, competitors.
• Figure 5E illustrates a hypothetical electronic mail report 562 according to an embodiment.
• the report 562 may provide a detail explanation 564 of factors used to determine a similar business premises.
• the explanation 564 may provide the criterion used in the similar business analysis.
• the explanation 564 may provide information related to the premises of the customer, which may be common with similar business premises used in the analysis. As such, the explanation 564 provides confidence to the customer that the analysis is relevant to his/her business operation. By showing the customer that the similar business premises in the report are in fact similarly situated, the report may motivate the customer to conserve energy. For example, assume the customer is a pizzeria.
• a set of common criteria is employed to determine similar business premises and may include: (1) whether the premises is located in an urban area, (2) whether it is pizzeria, a donut shop, or other take-out food service, (3) whether it has gas heating, (4) whether it has less than 10 employees, (5) whether it is located within 10 miles of the business, and (6) whether it is leased.
• the report 562 may include a map 566 to illustrate proximity of similar business premises employed in the analysis.
• the report 562 may include an input field 568 to allow the customer to provide information about the business.
• Figure 5F illustrates a user interface for a customer to input business information according to an embodiment. By showing the customer that the similar business premises in the report are in fact similarly situated, the report may motivate the customer to volunteer further information about his/her business to provide for a more refined search.
• the factors employed to determine similar business premises may be the same among different reports to provide a consistent tracking metric over time.
• the first report may be configured to provide at least a pre-specified number of business premises to ensure a sufficient population size for the comparison.
• the number of pre-specified number of business premises may be relaxed, within a pre-specified tolerance, and the factors are maintained.
• the population size of similar business premises may be, for example, at least 50. Of course, other numbers may be employed.
• the report 562 may provide an input 570 for the customer to modify the population size of similar businesses.
• the report may provide a range, including a minimum and maximum, to ensure that analysis has a sufficient population size.
• the explanation 564 may provide information available to the computer system 202 that may be considered in the analysis, though not used. As such, the explanation 564 provides opportunities for the customers to augment, confirm, correct, or remove information relating to his/her business operations.
• Figure 5G illustrates a user interface 570 to adjust a parameter to determine similar business premises according to an embodiment.
• the user interface 570 may be used by a user to select a number of similar businesses to be compared to the user's business or to select the number of closest matching businesses to be used in the comparison.
• the minimum number of businesses 572 may be limited to 25 to ensure a sufficiently large population size.
• the maximum number of businesses 574 may be specified by the number of available businesses that meet the criterion when not restricted by proximity. For example, if there are 532 pizzerias, in an urban area, having gas heating, having less than 10 employees, and in leased premises, the input may allow up to 532 for the analysis. The maximum may be rounded to 500 to simplify the interface. Alternatively, the best ranked results according to common criteria may be provided as the result.
• Figures 6A-6C are hypothetical plots of energy usage data of a customer's business premises and similar business premises. Specifically, Figure 6A shows data about the energy usage of the customer 602 over a 24-hour period, as well as the energy usage of the similar business premises 604 over the same time period. Figure 6B illustrates a comparison of the data of Figure 6A, between the customer and similar business premises during closed hours. In this example, the business premises of the customer is open to patrons between noon and 9pm and closed to patrons between 9pm and noon. Figure 6C illustrates an energy usage analysis of the data of Figure 6 A.
• each bar provides data about the energy usage of the customer during open hours 606 and closed hours 608, as well as the energy usage of similar business premises during open hours 610 and closed hours 612.
• data about the energy usage of the customer during open hours 606 is 13 kWh
• the energy usage during closed hours 608 is 9.5 kWh
• data of the energy usage of similar business premises during open hours 610 is 11.9 kWh
• the energy usage during closed hours 612 is 4.2 kWh.
• the text 518 may be tiered to emphasize key takeaways for the customer that are based on a general list.
• the general list may include ten actions that may help reduce energy usage.
• the text 518 may select key takeaways from the general list based, for example, on analysis of the usage data 310 and the operational data 312 of the customer business premises and similar business premises.
• the key takeaways may further motivate the customer to take energy reduction actions by providing a more tailored message and analysis.
• Figure 3C it is observed that the resource usage 310 begins to increase three hours prior to the business premises being open to patrons. This transition period may represent winding up time for the business premises, which may include enabling the climate control system, turning on the light, etc.
• the computer system may compare the customer's transition time to the transition times of similar business premises. Where the customer's transition time is longer (for example, where a similar business premises has a transition time of two hours while the customer's is three hours) and the total energy usage is higher (for example, the total energy usage is 10% higher during the transition period) than similar business premises, the report 502 may include a detail statement 518 to further help reduce energy usage during the transition time.
• the statement 518 may read, for example, "Your energy usage prior to the opening time appears to start one hour prior to other similar business premises. Have you considered delaying your programmable thermostat to start one hour later?"
• the report may include a statement 518 that may read, "Your energy usage during closing appears to be 2 hours longer than other similar business premises. Have you considered programming your thermostat to shut off one hour earlier?"
• the statement 518 may quantify the amount of savings (reduced cost) or environmental impact and concatenate such information to the statement. For example, the statement 518 may read, "Your energy usage prior to opening time appears to start one hour prior to other similar business premises. Have you considered delaying your programmable thermostat by one hour? You may save up to $100 per year with the change.” [0093] Alternatively, rather than in monetary units, the statement 518 may quantify the amount of savings in environmental impacts. For example, the statement 518 may read, "Your energy usage prior to opening time appears to start one hour prior to other similar business premises. Have you considered delaying your programmable thermostat by one hour?
• the saving is equivalent to planting a new tree this year.”
• the calculation to convert energy savings, including kWh, into different types of equivalent units, including carbon sequestration from trees, may be found on the Environment Protection Agency Clean Energy Calculations and References Web site (www. epa. ov/ cleanrgy/ energy-resources/refs.html) .
• the EPA Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator can be used to automatically perform these calculations online at www, epa. gov/ cleanrgy/ energy-resources/ calculator.html.
• a KW-hr may be equated to 7.0555 x 10-4 metric tons of C02; a therm of natural gas may be equated to 0.005 metric tons of C02; and one urban tree plant provides a saving of 0.039 metric ton of C02.
• 55KW- hr of electricity reduction is equated to one urban tree.
• a report may be an electronic or hard copy statement that includes resource usage information and results of the analysis using methods disclosed in this application. It may include billing information as well.
• Figure 7 contains a flowchart illustrating a computerized method for reporting a consumer's usage of a resource by determining similar business premises, in accordance with an embodiment.
• the method starts by retrieving characteristic data of a business premises for a consumer and a set of business premises (step 702).
• the characteristic data includes a plurality of characteristics related to each business premises.
• the characteristic data may include business type and classification, business-related characteristics, building data related to the physical characteristics of the premises (e.g., size of the physical property, heating system, and/or age of the property).
• the characteristic data may include characteristic data related to the physical properties of each business premises, as selected from the following non-limiting list of examples:
• a solar panel system e.g., photovoltaic
• the characteristic data may also include characteristic data related to the occupants themselves, as selected from the following non-limiting list of examples:
• the characteristic data may also include characteristic data related to the business operation, as selected from the following non-limiting list of examples:
• Business type and classification may include: type of service (e.g., agriculture, mining, construction, manufacturing, retail, transportation and warehousing, information, finance and insurance, real estate, professional services, management of companies, educational services, administrative, waste services, health care and social assistance, arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodations, food services, and public administration), type of customers (e.g., luxurious, standard, bargain), location for service (e.g., on-site, off-site).
• type of service e.g., agriculture, mining, construction, manufacturing, retail, transportation and warehousing, information, finance and insurance, real estate, professional services, management of companies, educational services, administrative, waste services, health care and social assistance, arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodations, food services, and public administration
• type of customers e.g., luxurious, standard, bargain
• location for service e.g., on-site, off-site.
• Type of services may include classification systems defined for the census, such as the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), which is provided in Appendix A and is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) as published by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which is also incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
• Type of services also includes industry generated classification. For example, companies such as Yelp and Zagat maintains categories of services, such as food, nightlife, shopping, bars, beauty & spa, health & medical, automotive, local services, etc.
• classification may include categories and sub-categories of business type.
• the business type information may be acquired from publicly available sources.
• business type, specialty, sub-specialty may be electronically published and maintained by a local service directory 212, such as Google, Yelp, Yahoo!, among numerous others.
• Local service directory 212 may include an application programming interface (API) within the electronic publication (e.g., website), which may be used to retrieve the information within the electronic publication.
• API application programming interface
• a web API may include interfaces for request-response systems, such as those expressed in JSON or XML, as well as standardized JavaScript bindings within a web browser (i.e., client- size web APIs, such as service-oriented architecture (SO A) with SOAP-based web services).
• SO A service-oriented architecture
• Local directory service provider refers to a third-party service that maintains records of characteristic information of a business, such as:
• Specialty or sub-type e.g., for restaurant, a sub-type may include type of cuisine, availability of delivery services, on-premises only service, etc.
• Premises information e.g., such as type of heating, age of the building, presence of air conditioning, premises size, presence of photovoltaic systems, etc.
• the customer may be any party associated with a building (e.g., business owners, leasers, or business manager).
• a building e.g., business owners, leasers, or business manager.
• Certain characteristic data relating to the physical properties of the premises may also be acquired from publicly available sources, including maps, street view images, and satellite imaging.
• common or differing building envelope and premises characteristics may include:
• Roof type e.g., flat or angled
• imaging data may be received, for example, from third-party services, such as mapping, street view, navigation, or satellite imaging services.
• the method also includes receiving resource usage data for the various customers
• the resource usage data may include electrical usage data reported in kilowatt-hours.
• the resource usage data may include natural gas reported in British Thermal Units (BTU), heating oil reported in gallons, and/or wood pellets reported in pounds.
• BTU British Thermal Units
• the resource usage data may include data related to any one or more of electrical usage data, gas usage data, waste usage data, water usage data, sewer usage data, garbage usage data, and recycling usage data.
• the computer system selects at least one business premises that is similar to the business premises of the customer from the set of business premises based upon at least five criteria that are common between the business premises characteristic data and the set of business premises characteristic data (step 706).
• a common criterion may be a match between a characteristic of the customer's characteristic data and a characteristic of other business premises characteristic data. For example, a common criterion exists when the customer's business and the other business premises are of the same type business (e.g., they both are pizzerias). In another example, a common criterion exists when the customer's business and the other business premises are food-services.
• a common criterion exists when the customer's business and the other business premises both use the same heating fuel. For example, both business premises use electricity to heat the premises. Thus, a business premise that uses gas for heating would not be not selected as a similar business premises to the customer's business premises.
• a common criterion exists when the customer's business and the other business premises both have the similar geographic location (e.g., both businesses are located in the same area type (i.e., urban or suburban), zip code, city, or state).
• the common criterion is a match between a range and another business premises' characteristic data.
• the common criterion is a match between a size of the other business premises and a range that is determined based upon a size for the customer's business premises.
• the range is plus/minus 8% of the size (in square feet) of the customer's business premises. If the size of other business premises (in square feet) falls within that range, then the size of the premises is a common criterion between the customer's business premises and the other business premises.
• a common criterion is a match between a distance between the other business premises and the customer's business premises and a distance range.
• the distance range might include all business premises within a 20 mile radius of the customer's business premises.
• the other business premises falls within the 20 mile radius, then it matches the premises location criterion with the customer's business premises.
• a business premises that falls outside the 20 mile radius is not selected as similar business premises.
• a customer business premises with less than 10 employees may be matched if the other business premises has a range of occupants, such as 1-9 employees.
• similar customers' business premises are selected on the basis of five common criteria. In other embodiments, however, similar business premises can be selected on the basis of other numbers of common criteria, such as 3, 5, 10, or 25 common criteria. In one particular embodiment, similar business premises are selected based upon: (1) a common urban/suburban location, (2) a common type of business, (3) a common size of business, (4) a common set of hours of operations, and (5) a common property ownership status, ex. owning or leasing the premises.
• the predetermined number is 50 and thus the goal is to select 50 similar business premises that are most similar to the customer's business premises.
• the criteria are altered by using another criterion in another selection process to find more or additional similar businesses.
• one of the common criteria may be expanded so that there are five common criteria for selecting similar consumers, but one of the criteria may include two categories. The categories may be based on a pre-defined classification system, such as NAICS code, SIC code, or other classification codes defined by a local service provider. In this way, a greater number of business premises will meet the common criteria.
• a full-service pizzeria may have a NAICS code no. 722511.
• the code 722511 includes other types of full-service restaurants, such as a bagel shops, diners, doughnut shops, family restaurant, fine dining restaurants, pizza parlors, and steak houses.
• a first search may include a common criterion of a pizzeria.
• a second search may be based on broader selection criteria, such as by including a common criterion of at least one other restaurant types in the same NAICS code, such as a bagel shops, diners, doughnut shops, family restaurant, fine dining restaurants, pizza parlors, and steak hours.
• the second search may entail moving up the classification code tree.
• Figure 9 illustrates a portion of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
• NAICS code 722511(902) is a sub-category of NAICS code 72251 (904), which includes NAICS code 722511 (i.e., full-service restaurants) (902), 722513 (i.e., limited- service restaurants) (906), 722514 (i.e., cafeterias, grill buffets, and buffets) (908), and 722515 (snack and nonalcoholic beverage bars) (910).
• the second search may include businesses having NAICS code 72251 (904), which includes 722511 (902), 722513 (906), 722514 (908), and 722515 (910).
• the second search may entail searching equivalent classification codes in other classification systems.
• a pizzeria may have a NAICS code no. 722511 (902).
• the NAICS code no. 722511 (902) has a crosswalk with SIC code no. 5812 (912) relating to "eating places.”
• the second search may include SIC code no. 5812 (912) as one of the common criterion.
• Appendix B provides a table of crosswalks between NAICS code and SIC code. The appendix is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• the criteria are abated by increasing at least one range for at least one of the common criteria. For example, in one illustrative embodiment, the range of 20 miles of the proximity of the business premises is increased to 50 miles business premises so that a greater number of other business premises fall into the range.
• the selection process is run again.
• the selection and abating process may be performed iteratively until the number of similar business premises is equal to or greater than the predetermined number of business premises (e.g., 50 similar business premises). For example, if four common criteria still do not generate 50 similar consumers, then the common criteria are further abated by, for example, removing another common criterion and/or by increasing a range for a least one of the common criteria.
• an electronic report is caused to be generated (step 712) using the list of similar business premises.
• the selection process 706 can be implemented in various ways. For example, in one embodiment, when the distance range is increased from a from 20 mile to 50 miles, the selection process 706 searches for similar consumers within a radius of 50 miles from the customer's business premises. In another embodiment, the selection process 706 avoids re-analyzing the geographic area within 20 mile of the customer's business premises and instead searches for similar business premises within the geographic area between 20 mile and 50 miles from the customer's business premises. In this manner, the selection process 706 saves computing time and effort because the geographic area within 20 mile of the customer's business premises had already been analyzed in the previous iteration.
• Figure 8 shows an application of the computerized method in accordance with an embodiment.
• the computerized method starts with five common criteria (802): (1) a rural location of the premises (selected between urban/suburban location); (2) a pizzeria business (selected as a type of business); (3) a business with less than 10 employees (selected as a size of business), (4) distance within 20 miles, and (5) the business premises being leased (selected between leased or owned).
• the predetermined number of similar business premises in this embodiment is 50.
• 25 similar business premises are found (806). Because 25 similar business premises is less than the predetermined 50 similar business premises, the five common criteria may be abated or augmented.
• the distance criterion is increased by 30 miles from 20 miles to 50 miles (808).
• an additional 3 similar business premises are selected (810).
• the total number of similar business premises found after two iterations is 28. Since 28 similar business premises is less than the predetermined 50 similar business premises, the common criteria are again abated or augmented.
• the type of business is augmented with a second category. Specifically, the "pizzeria" category is augment to include a "donut shop" (812).
• the selection process selects 10 more similar consumers (814). Since 35 similar business premises is less than the predetermined 50 similar business premises, the common criteria are again abated or augmented.
• the type of business is augmented with a third category, specifically, a "take-out food service" (816).
• a "take-out food service” 816.
• the selection process selects 19 more similar consumers (820). Accordingly, the total number of similar business premises at this point is 54 and the iterative process stops because the number of selected similar business premises is at least the predetermined number 50.
• the additional four business premises maybe ranked according to, for example, distance or square footage, and the best 15 business premises may be selected from the 19 matches as similar business premises for a total of 50 similar business premises.
• the computerized method may additionally be configured to be "adaptive" to the number of similar consumers selected in the iterative process. As explained above with respect to Figure 7, if a number of similar consumers selected is less than a predetermined number, then the common criteria are augmented to a degree. In the computerized method of Fig. 5, the degree to which those common criteria are augmented may depend on the number of similar consumers selected 706.
• the adaptive process may be applied to common criteria, such as distances between premises, ranges associated with the size of the home, the meter read cycle, and number of businesses in a premises can also be increased based upon both the number of similar business premises selected in the last iteration and/or the number of similar premises selected in all of the iterations.
• the "adaptive" process is applied so that the number of common criterion abated (e.g., removed) from the iterative process depends on the number of similar business premises selected.
• Certain common criteria may be more meaningful to analysis of resource usage than other common criteria.
• the inventors discovered that urban and suburban location is a meaningful criterion.
• Business premises in an urban location tend to be located within a certain type of business structure as compared to a suburban location. In urban location in particular, multiple businesses may reside in a single building structure.
• the type of business is also a very important criterion.
• the type of business category provides a common condition and pattern that the business is subjected to during the course of business operations at various hours of operations, including when the patrons are present and not present on the premises. The hours of operations (e.g., time-dependent market factors) also affect operations of a business.
• a restaurant business provides breakfast service
• the time when employees and staff would have to be on-site tends to be similar, as compared to a restaurant that provides only dinner services.
• Another important criterion is whether the business premises is owned or leased. A business that owns its premises tends to invest more in the structure, whereas a lessee may merely adjust available settings.
• Another criterion is the physical envelope of the business premises. A business premises that have south-facing windows, for example, may receive more sunlight for lighting, and heating during the winter. Such business premises may employ less resource for lighting and heating. On the other hand, south-facing windows may increase air conditioner load.
• the augmenting of common criteria for the search 706 may be based on a similarity index.
• the similarity index may have a form as shown in Equation 1.
• the coefficients a_l, a_2 and a n may denote weight values that range from 0 to 1, where n is the number of factors employed to generate the index.
• the factors may include a common description, common NAICS code, common SIC code, and common local service directory description.
• FIG. 10 schematically illustrates a computer system 202 according to an illustrative embodiment.
• the server 202 includes a processor 1002, a memory 1004, and a communication port 1006.
• the processor 1002 may be programmed with any one or more of the following software modules stored in memory 1004, including:
• a third party source communication module for receiving characteristic data of
• a storage module for storing characteristic data of business premises and resource usage data.
• a retrieval module for retrieving customer resource usage data and customer's
• An analysis module for determining the open hour and closed hour performance of a business premises.
• a disaggregation module for determining the climate and non-climate control load of a business premises.
• a report module for generating a report that displays the resource usage data for the consumer and other similar consumers.
• a customer communication module for communicating the report to the customer via, for example, the website or e-mail.
• the communication port 1006 may operative link to an external communication port
• the link may be part of a local area network, a wide-area network, or a combination thereof, and may include any of various standard protocols, such as IEEE-802, as well as proprietary protocols.
• the reports may be communicated to the customer in various ways.
• the reports are sent to the customer via electronic mail (email) to the customer's e-mail account.
• the customer receives the reports in hard copy form via regular mail.
• the customer can log into his or her profile on a website and view the reports in a web page.
• the reports are part of a resource usage bill.
• the reports are provided to the customer separately from the bill.
• a system may include, without limitation, a client, server, computer, appliance, or other type of device.
• Such devices typically include one or more network interfaces for communicating over a communication network and a processor (e.g., a microprocessor with memory and other peripherals and/or application-specific hardware) configured accordingly to perform device and/or system functions.
• a processor e.g., a microprocessor with memory and other peripherals and/or application-specific hardware
• Communication networks generally may include public and/or private networks; may include local-area, wide-area, metropolitan-area, storage, and/or other types of networks; and may employ communication technologies including, but in no way limited to, analog technologies, digital technologies, optical technologies, wireless technologies, networking technologies, and internetworking technologies.
• control program may be implemented individually or in combination.
• each component may be implemented or a dedicated server or a set of servers configured in a distributed manner.
• a communication message generally may include, without limitation, a frame, packet, datagram, user datagram, cell, or other type of communication message.
• references to specific communication protocols are exemplary, and it should be understood that alternative embodiments may, as appropriate, employ variations of such communication protocols (e.g., modifications or extensions of the protocol that may be made from time-to-time) or other protocols either known or developed in the future.
• logic flows may be described herein to demonstrate various aspects of the invention, and should not be construed to limit the present invention to any particular logic flow or logic implementation.
• the described logic may be partitioned into different logic blocks (e.g., programs, modules, interfaces, functions, or subroutines) without changing the overall results or otherwise departing from the true scope of the invention.
• logic elements may be added, modified, omitted, performed in a different order, or implemented using different logic constructs (e.g., logic gates, looping primitives, conditional logic, and other logic constructs) without changing the overall results or otherwise departing from the true scope of the invention.
• the present invention may be embodied in many different forms, including, but in no way limited to, computer program logic for use with a processor (e.g., a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, or general purpose computer), programmable logic for use with a programmable logic device (e.g., a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD)), discrete components, integrated circuitry (e.g., an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)), or any other means including any combination thereof.
• a processor e.g., a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, or general purpose computer
• programmable logic for use with a programmable logic device
• FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
• PLD programmable logic device
• discrete components e.g., an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)
• ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
• Source code may include a series of computer program instructions implemented in any of various programming languages (e.g., an object code, an assembly language, or a high-level language such as FORTRAN, C, C++, JAVA, or HTML) for use with various operating systems or operating environments.
• the source code may define and use various data structures and communication messages.
• the source code may be in a computer executable form (e.g., via an interpreter), or the source code may be converted (e.g., via a translator, assembler, or compiler) into a computer executable form.
• the computer program may be fixed in any form (e.g., source code form, computer executable form, or an intermediate form) either permanently or transitorily in a tangible storage medium, such as a semiconductor memory device (e.g., a RAM, ROM, PROM, EEPROM, or Flash-Programmable RAM), a magnetic memory device (e.g., a diskette or fixed disk), an optical memory device (e.g., a CD-ROM), a PC card (e.g., PCMCIA card), or other memory device.
• a semiconductor memory device e.g., a RAM, ROM, PROM, EEPROM, or Flash-Programmable RAM
• a magnetic memory device e.g., a diskette or fixed disk
• an optical memory device e.g., a CD-ROM
• PC card e.g., PCMCIA card
• the computer program may be fixed in any form in a signal that is transmittable to a computer using any of various communication technologies, including, but in no way limited to, analog technologies, digital technologies, optical technologies, wireless technologies, networking technologies, and internetworking technologies.
• the computer program may be distributed in any form as a removable storage medium with accompanying printed or electronic documentation (e.g., shrink wrapped software), preloaded with a computer system (e.g., on system ROM or fixed disk), or distributed from a server or electronic bulletin board over the communication system (e.g., the Internet or World Wide Web).
• Hardware logic including programmable logic for use with a programmable logic device
• implementing all or part of the functionality previously described herein may be designed using traditional manual methods, or may be designed, captured, simulated, or documented electronically using various tools, such as Computer Aided Design (CAD), a hardware description language (e.g., VHDL or AHDL), or a PLD programming language (e.g., PALASM, ABEL, or CUPL).
• CAD Computer Aided Design
• a hardware description language e.g., VHDL or AHDL
• PLD programming language e.g., PALASM, ABEL, or CUPL
• Programmable logic may be fixed either permanently or transitorily in a tangible storage medium, such as a semiconductor memory device (e.g., a RAM, ROM, PROM, EEPROM, or Flash-Programmable RAM), a magnetic memory device (e.g., a diskette or fixed disk), an optical memory device (e.g., a CD-ROM), or other memory device.
• a semiconductor memory device e.g., a RAM, ROM, PROM, EEPROM, or Flash-Programmable RAM
• a magnetic memory device e.g., a diskette or fixed disk
• an optical memory device e.g., a CD-ROM
• the programmable logic may be fixed in a signal that is transmittable to a computer using any of various communication technologies, including, but in no way limited to, analog technologies, digital technologies, optical technologies, wireless technologies (e.g., Bluetooth), networking technologies, and internetworking technologies.
• the programmable logic may be distributed as a removable storage medium with accompanying printed or electronic documentation (e.g., shrink wrapped software), preloaded with a computer system (e.g., on system ROM or fixed disk), or distributed from a server or electronic bulletin board over the communication system (e.g., the Internet or World Wide Web).
• a computer system e.g., on system ROM or fixed disk
• a server or electronic bulletin board over the communication system
• some embodiments of the invention may be implemented as a combination of both software (e.g., a computer program product) and hardware. Still other embodiments of the invention are implemented as entirely hardware, or entirely software.

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