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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
  • C12P19/44—Preparation of O-glycosides, e.g. glucosides
  • C12P19/58—Preparation of O-glycosides, e.g. glucosides having an oxygen atom of the saccharide radical directly bound through only acyclic carbon atoms to a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring, e.g. bleomycin, phleomycin
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D407/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00
  • C07D407/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00 containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H17/00—Compounds containing heterocyclic radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
  • C07H17/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only oxygen as ring hetero atoms
  • C07H17/08—Hetero rings containing eight or more ring members, e.g. erythromycins
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
  • C12N1/20—Bacteria; Culture media therefor
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
  • C12P19/44—Preparation of O-glycosides, e.g. glucosides
  • C12P19/60—Preparation of O-glycosides, e.g. glucosides having an oxygen of the saccharide radical directly bound to a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring or a condensed ring system containing a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring, e.g. coumermycin, novobiocin
  • C12P19/62—Preparation of O-glycosides, e.g. glucosides having an oxygen of the saccharide radical directly bound to a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring or a condensed ring system containing a non-saccharide heterocyclic ring, e.g. coumermycin, novobiocin the hetero ring having eight or more ring members and only oxygen as ring hetero atoms, e.g. erythromycin, spiramycin, nystatin

Definitions

• the present invention provides an improved process for the preparation of fidaxomicin.
• J. Antibiotics 28, 247, 1975 describes the production of lipiarmycins from Actinoplanes deccanensis nov. sp. A/10655. Structural study of lipiarmycin A3, A4, B3 and B4 is described in J. Antibiotics 36, 1312, 1983 and J. Antibiotics 41, 308, 1988. Another article J. Antibiotics 39, 1407, 1986 describes strain Micromonospora echinospora subsp. armeniaca subsp. nov. KMR-593 to produce five antibiotics compounds named as clostomicin A, B l, B2, C and D.
• tiacumicins Another complex of six antibiotic compounds, named as tiacumicins (A-F), is produced from Dactylosporangium aurantiacum subspecies hamdenensis as described in J. Antibiotics 40, 567, 1987.
• Lipiarmycin A3, Clostomicin B l and Tiacumicin B are the same compound, alternatively known as fidaxomicin, and have potent activity against Clostridium difficile.
• Tiacumicin A-F has different substituent at R, i and R 2 positions.
• US7507564 provides an improved process for the preparation of fidaxomicin which gives better yield of fidaxomicin as compared to process disclosed in US4918174.
• the process of US7507564 gives more than 50 mg/L broth yield of fidaxomicin.
• it is essential to use adsorbent resin in nutrient media during fermentation which leads to increased yield of fidaxomicin.
• An object of the present invention is to provide a culture medium for the production of fidaxomicin.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved process for the production of fidaxomicin comprising culturing fidaxomicin producing microorganism in the culture medium of the invention.
• Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a fermentation broth produced by culturing fidaxomicin producing microorganism wherein the broth provides fidaxomicin in a yield of greater than 500 mg/L broth.
• Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a fermentation broth produced by culturing fidaxomicin producing microorganism wherein the broth provides fidaxomicin in a yield of greater than 1000 mg/L broth.
• Further object of the present invention is to provide a process for a whole broth extraction of fidaxomicin.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide fidaxomicin having purity of greater than 97% area by HPLC.
• the present invention provides an improved process for preparation of fidaxomicin by culturing fidaxomicin producing microorganism, for example Actinoplanes deccanensis in a culture medium.
• the culture medium comprises of sorbitol as a carbon source and corn gluten as a nitrogen source.
• the fermentation broth thus produced, provides fidaxomicin in a yield of greater than 500 mg/L broth.
• Fidaxomicin is isolated from the fermentation broth by whole broth extraction process.
• the crude fidaxomicin is purified by one or more methods selected from chromatography and/or crystallization.
• the process of the present invention provides fidaxomicin having purity of greater than 97% area by HPLC.
• Fig 1 refers to HPLC chromatogram showing yield of fidaxomicin obtained in Example 1.
• Fig 2 refers to HPLC chromatogram showing yield of fidaxomicin obtained in Example 3.
• Fig 3 refers to HPLC chromatogram showing purity of fidaxomicin obtained in Example 3.
• culture medium refers to a liquid or gel media containing nutrients to support the growth of a microorganism.
• a culture medium comprises one or more carbon source, one or more nitrogen source, inorganic salt(s) and optionally other growth ingredients.
• broth refers to a fluid medium obtained due to fermentation. Broth comprises water, desired and/or undesired fermentation product(s), microorganism, unused nutrient and inorganic salts.
• fidaxomicin producing microorganism refers to a microorganism capable of producing fidaxomicin, for example Actinoplanes deccanensis or a mutant strain thereof.
• fidaxomicin containing whole broth refers to a whole broth produced by fermentation of the fidaxomicin producing microorganism.
• whole broth extraction or "extracting a whole broth” refers to a process of extraction of a broth wherein the broth is not processed for filtration/isolation of any broth ingredient.
• fidaxomicin containing whole broth is extracted one or more time with a water immiscible organic solvent and product is isolated from the water immiscible organic solvent layers.
• the product obtained at this stage is termed as "crude fidaxomicin”.
• the crude product is purified by chromatographic and/or crystallization techniques.
• the product obtained after purification is termed as "pure fidaxomicin”. Pure fidaxomicin is characterized by a purity of at least greater than 97% area by HPLC.
• yield refers to an amount of fidaxomicin in mg per liter of broth. The yield is calculated by HPLC method.
• lipiarmycin A3 The terms “lipiarmycin A3”, “clostomicin B l “, “tiacumicin B” and
• “fidaxomicin” relates to the same compound of structural formula II.
• US7507564 describes a culture medium comprising fish powder, glucose, inorganic salts and adsorbent resin which provides crude fidaxomicin in a yield of greater than 50mg/L broth.
• the said culture medium requires use of adsorbent resin.
• the present invention provides an improved culture medium for the production of fidaxomicin.
• the culture medium of the invention is used for culturing fidaxomicin producing microorganism to produce fidaxomicin in a yield of greater than 500 mg/L broth.
• the culture medium of the invention does not require use of any adsorbent resin, it provides fidaxomicin in a yield which is greater than reported in prior art.
• the culture medium comprises sorbitol as a carbon source, corn gluten as a nitrogen source and one or more inorganic salt to support the microorganism growth.
• sorbitol is present in the culture medium in an amount of about 0.1% to about 15% by weight. Most preferably sorbitol is present in an amount of about 1% to about 10% by weight.
• corn gluten is present in the culture medium in an amount of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight. Most preferably corn gluten is present in an amount of about 0.5% to about 5% by weight.
• the culture medium may also include additional one or more carbon and/or nitrogen source.
• Additional carbon sources added to the culture medium includes but are not limited to glucose, glycerol, cane sugar, soybean oil, starch and the like.
• Additional nitrogen sources added to the culture medium includes but are not limited to peptone, beef extract, yeast extract, hot soybean powder, corn steep liquor, dry yeast cell powder, casein and the like.
• Inorganic salts added to support the microorganism growth include but are not limited to CaC0 3 , MgS0 4 .7H 2 0, 2 HP0 , C1 and the like.
• the culture medium may include other growth ingredients.
• Antifoam agent is optionally added to the culture medium to avoid the foaming problems.
• the culture medium comprises sorbitol, corn gluten, cane sugar, glycerol, soybean oil, hot soybean powder, dry yeast cell powder, CaC0 3 , MgS0 4 .7H 2 0, KC1 and K 2 HP0 4 .
• the culture medium comprises about 0.1% to about 15% wt of sorbitol, about 0.1 % to about 10% wt of corn gluten, about 0.1% to about 15% wt of cane sugar, about 0.1% to about 5% wt of glycerol, about 0.1% to about 5% wt of soybean oil, about 0.1% to about 5% wt of hot soybean powder, about 0.1%.
• An embodiment of the invention provides an improved process for producing fidaxomicin which comprises culturing fidaxomicin producing microorganism in the culture medium of the invention.
• fidaxomicin producing microorganism is Actinoplanes deccanensis or a mutant strain thereof.
• Other microorganisms capable of producing fidaxomicin are also included within the scope of the invention, but Actinoplanes deccanensis is preferred.
• culturing step is performed at a temperature from about 20° C to 35° C. Most preferably, culturing step is performed at a temperature from about 25° C to about 30° C. pH of the culturing step is maintained between about 5 to about 9.
• pH is maintained between about 6 to about 8.
• Culturing of a microorganism is continued for about 4 to about 12 days.
• Culturing of microorganism can be carried out in vessel ranging from a small fermentation flask to a large batch fermentation tank.
• seed flask is inoculated with small amount of a microorganism.
• Vegetative growth produced is then transferred to a fermentation tank and incubated to produce a whole broth containing fidaxomicin.
• the process of the invention provides fidaxomicin in a yield of greater than 500 mg/L broth, preferably greater than 1000 mg/L broth.
• Improved culture medium and process of the invention provides high yield of the fidaxomicin as compared to prior art processes.
• the present invention provides a process for a whole broth extraction of fidaxomicin which comprises a) extracting fidaxomicin containing whole broth with a water immiscible organic solvent wherein fidaxomicin is extracted into the water immiscible organic solvent from the fidaxomicin containing whole broth;
• the water immiscible organic solvent comprises an ester, an aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbon or a C 4 -C 8 alcohol.
• the water immiscible organic solvent is selected from ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, toluene or isobutanol.
• whole broth extraction is performed at a pH in a range of about 5 to about 9 and at a temperature in a range of about 20° C to 35° C.
• the water immiscible organic solvent layer is separated and extraction process is repeated if required.
• the water immiscible organic solvent layers are combined and the solvent is evaporated to produce an oily residue.
• the oily residue is treated with an organic solvent to precipitate fidaxomicin which is filtered and dried to give crude fidaxomicin.
• the organic solvent is selected from alcohol, hydrocarbon and ether. Crude fidaxomicin is further purified by one or more methods selected from column chromatography, preparative HPLC and crystallization.
• the present invention provides a fermentation broth produced by culturing fidaxomicin producing microorganism wherein the broth provides crude fidaxomicin in a yield of greater than 500 mg/L broth, preferably greater than 1000 mg/L broth.
• the high yield of fidaxomicin as compared to prior art processes is obtained due to improved culture medium and production method of the invention.
• the present invention provides a process for producing fidaxomicin which comprises a) culturing fidaxomicin producing microorganism in a culture medium wherein the culture medium comprises sorbitol, corn gluten and one or more inorganic salts to produce a whole broth containing fidaxomicin;
• the production method of the invention advantageously produces fidaxomicin having high purity and reduced amount of related compounds.
• the present invention provides fidaxomicin having purity of greater than 97% area by HPLC.
• the present invention provides fidaxomicin having purity of greater than 98% area by HPLC.
• the present invention provides fidaxomicin having purity of greater than 99% area by HPLC.
• the seed flask 250ml containing medium M-1 NS2 (30 ml), as defined in Table 2, was inoculated with Actinoplanes deccanensis and incubated on rotary shaker (set at 220 rpm) at 28°C for 24-28 hrs.
• Fermentation flasks were incubated on a rotary shaker (set at 220 rpm) at 28°C for 4 to 10 days. The whole broth was harvested. Extraction was carried out with three times MeOH addition, the broth was then sonicated for 20 min. The sample was filtered with Whatman filter no-1. Filtrate was collected and analyze for activity by HPLC.
• HPLC Analysis was performed using Shimadzu LC2010HT system with UV detector at 266nm on a 250x4.6mm, C-18 column with a mobile phase consisting of 50% acetonitrile in water containing 0.1% phosphoric acid at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min.
• An HPLC chromatogram of a crude product (retention time ⁇ 28min) is shown in Fig 1. In this example the crude yield of fidaxomicin was about 1400 mg/L after 8 days.
• the seed flask (250ml) containing medium M-l NS2 (30 ml) was inoculated with Actinoplanes deccanensis and incubated on shaker (set at 220 rpm) at 28°C for 24-28 hrs.
• One percent vegetative growth from the first passage seed flask was then transferred aseptically to a seed flask containing the same ingredients as in medium M-l NS2 (200ml in 1000ml flask) and was incubated on rotary shaker (set at 220 rpm) at 28°C for 24-28 hrs.
• Five percent vegetative growth from the second passage seed flasks was then used to inoculate with Actinoplanes deccanensis in a 50 lit fermenter containing medium M-l NP1 (301it).
• Dissolve oxygen level should be maintained at around 40%.
• PMV packed mycelia volume
• Fermentation broth containing fidaxomicin as obtained in Example - 2 (30 liter) was taken in a reactor. pH was adjusted to about 7. Ethyl acetate (30 liter) was added to the broth at a room temperature. The mixture was stirred at a room temperature and then ethyl acetate layer containing fidaxomicin was separated. The extraction was repeated with (30 liter) of ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate layers were combined and washed with water (10 liter). Ethyl acetate was evaporated under vacuum to give oily residue. Ethyl acetate was added to the obtained residue and the solution was stirred for 30 min at 40° C. Petroleum ether was added to the solution and stirred for 2 hr. The precipitate was filtered and washed with petroleum ether. In this example the crude yield of fidaxomicin was about 1500 mg/L. ( Figure 2)

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