WO2014161477A1 - 非接触式电位器 - Google Patents

非接触式电位器 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014161477A1
WO2014161477A1 PCT/CN2014/074557 CN2014074557W WO2014161477A1 WO 2014161477 A1 WO2014161477 A1 WO 2014161477A1 CN 2014074557 W CN2014074557 W CN 2014074557W WO 2014161477 A1 WO2014161477 A1 WO 2014161477A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
permanent magnet
contact potentiometer
potentiometer
rotating rod
rotating shaft
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2014/074557
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
王俊云
王峰
程晓峰
戴宇林
Original Assignee
江苏多维科技有限公司
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 江苏多维科技有限公司 filed Critical 江苏多维科技有限公司
Priority to EP14778632.1A priority Critical patent/EP2982937A4/en
Priority to JP2016505693A priority patent/JP6348571B2/ja
Priority to US14/781,504 priority patent/US9846058B2/en
Publication of WO2014161477A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014161477A1/zh

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/12—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means
    • G01D5/14—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage
    • G01D5/16—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying resistance
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/12—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means
    • G01D5/14—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage
    • G01D5/142—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage using Hall-effect devices
    • G01D5/145—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage using Hall-effect devices influenced by the relative movement between the Hall device and magnetic fields

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of potentiometers, and more particularly to a non-contact potentiometer capable of converting mechanical motion into an electrical signal.
  • a potentiometer typically includes three terminals, two of which are fixed and the other of which is movable.
  • the movable terminal of the potentiometer is often referred to as the third terminal.
  • the electrical signals output by the three terminals of the potentiometer are controlled by the range of values of the electrical signals input to the potentiometer.
  • the electrical signal to the input potentiometer is typically a typical voltage difference or current source.
  • the potentiometer comprises a cylinder, the side of the cylinder being neatly and evenly wound with a single layer of wire, and the top and bottom of the cylinder are provided with a terminal for The positive and negative terminals of the voltage source for inputting a voltage signal to the potentiometer are electrically connected to the terminals of the top and bottom of the cylinder, respectively.
  • the third terminal of the potentiometer is a metal stylus that can slide up and down along the cylinder and is in electrical contact with the wire wound on the side of the cylinder.
  • the voltage of the metal stylus depends on where the metal stylus slides along the cylinder.
  • the total resistance of such a potentiometer is proportional to the length of the wire and inversely proportional to the diameter of the wire.
  • This potentiometer is also often called 'Wire wound varistor'.
  • the potentiometer in another embodiment of the prior art potentiometer, includes a film plate having two terminals and a narrow band pattern.
  • the third terminal of the potentiometer is in direct electrical contact with the film plate, and the voltage at the third terminal is dependent on the position at which the third terminal is in electrical contact with the film plane plate.
  • This potentiometer can be used to detect linear motion and angular motion.
  • the above two potentiometers have some disadvantages.
  • the third terminal of the above two potentiometers must move along the conductive portion of the potentiometer, so that the third terminal needs to maintain a good electrical connection with the conductive portion of the potentiometer.
  • the electrical connection effect of the third terminal of the potentiometer and its conductive portion will be deteriorated due to corrosion of the contact body, physical wear of the wire, or loose mechanical parts.
  • a mechanical device is required to improve the electrical connection effect of the potentiometer by applying a mechanical external force.
  • the mechanical wear caused by such mechanical devices is unavoidable. Therefore, there is a need for a non-contact potentiometer that does not require direct contact of the third terminal with the conductive portion to determine the potentiometer for the electrical contact of the third terminal with the conductive portion.
  • a non-contact potentiometer includes a magnetic sensor and a magnet, and the magnetic sensor replaces the third terminal for detecting the relative motion and position of the magnet.
  • Magnetic sensors for non-contact potentiometers are usually Hall elements, anisotropic magnetoresistors ( AMR) component or giant magnetoresistance (GMR)
  • AMR anisotropic magnetoresistors
  • GMR giant magnetoresistance
  • the component is a sensor of the sensitive component.
  • the magnetic sensor for the non-contact potentiometer can also be an induction coil type magnetic sensor.
  • the inductive coil type magnetic sensor is capable of emitting and receiving electromagnetic signals of a given frequency, and then determining the position of the magnet by means of algorithms and calibration.
  • the above non-contact potentiometer is also referred to as a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT).
  • LVDT linear variable differential transformer
  • the prior art non-contact potentiometer still has the disadvantages of poor precision performance, high power loss, and high cost, and it takes a lot of time to construct a circuit that converts an analog sensing signal into a digital signal.
  • the non-contact potentiometer provided by the invention comprises:
  • a mechanical housing with a hole, a rotating rod comprising a top end and a magnet end fixed with a permanent magnet, the top end being capable of receiving an external moment to drive the rotating rod and the permanent magnet to rotate about the rotating shaft with respect to the outer casing;
  • a magnetoresistive sensor assembly fixed relative to the outer casing, comprising one or more sensor chips, the sensitivity axis of the sensor chip on the sensing plane being perpendicular to the rotating axis, and along the rotating axis direction, the sensor chip Separating from the permanent magnet by a predetermined distance, the sensor chip is configured to sense a change of a magnetic field when the permanent magnet rotates around the rotating shaft to generate an inductive signal;
  • 3 electrical connection terminals which are ground terminal, power terminal and signal output terminal.
  • the inner magnetization direction of the permanent magnet is perpendicular to the axial direction of the rotating shaft.
  • the magnetoresistive sensor assembly includes two sensors whose sensitivity axes are orthogonal to each other and perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
  • the angle at which the rotating shaft is rotated about the rotating shaft is limited to less than 360 ° by using a positioning pin.
  • the rotating lever includes a groove disposed perpendicular to the axial direction of the periphery of the rotating lever and a retaining spring disposed in the recess such that the movement of the rotating lever is only rotated about the rotating shaft.
  • the outer casing includes a cylindrical casing that limits the rotating rod and a bottom cover that fixes the magnetoresistive sensor assembly.
  • the non-contact potentiometer further includes a control circuit coupled to the magnetoresistive sensor component to output the sensing signal in a pulse width modulation waveform, the duty ratio and the rotation angle in the waveform It is proportional to.
  • control circuit includes a chip SP6201 for a power supply control circuit, and a chip for the microcontroller unit circuit C8051F912, chip LMV324 for preamplifier circuit, and chip MMA243 for sensor chip circuit.
  • the non-contact potentiometer provided by the invention has the advantages of good precision performance, small power loss and low cost, and can convert complex analog signals with magnetic field information into standard digital signals more quickly and easily.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a separated state of a non-contact potentiometer according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view showing the combined state of the non-contact potentiometer provided in Embodiment 1 of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a top plan view of a non-contact potentiometer according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing a positional relationship between a sensor chip and a permanent magnet of a non-contact potentiometer according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing the positional relationship between a sensor chip and a permanent magnet of a non-contact potentiometer according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing relationship between output voltage and rotation angle of a non-contact potentiometer according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • Figure 7 is a waveform diagram of a pulse width modulated output signal
  • Figure 8 is a graph showing the relationship between the duty cycle and the rotation angle ratio of the PWM waveform
  • FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram of a single-chip microcomputer of a non-contact potentiometer according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram of a clock circuit of a non-contact potentiometer according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram of a power regulator of a non-contact potentiometer according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram of a sensor chip circuit of a non-contact potentiometer according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 13 is a circuit diagram of a preamplifier unit of a non-contact potentiometer according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • FIG. 14 is a circuit diagram of a connector unit of a non-contact potentiometer according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • Figure 15 is a cross-sectional view showing a combined state of a non-contact potentiometer according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • the non-contact potentiometer provided in this embodiment includes a rotating rod 1 , a permanent magnet 2 , and a sensor chip 3 . , printed circuit board (PCB) 4, base 5, cover 6 and control circuit modules.
  • the base 5 has a convex shape and is hollow inside and has a bottom end open.
  • the top of the base 5 is provided with a through hole 7 .
  • Rotating lever 1 The middle portion is provided with a recess 8 and the bottom of the rotating rod 1 is provided with a cavity 9 .
  • the permanent magnet 2 is disposed in the cavity 9 at the bottom of the rotating rod 1, and the permanent magnet 2 can follow the rotating rod 1 Turn.
  • the permanent magnet 2 has a disk shape, for example.
  • the rotating rod 1 passes through the through hole 7 at the top of the base 5, and the groove 8 in the middle of the rotating rod 1 is snap-fitted to the through hole 7 so that the rotating rod 1 It is rotatable relative to the base 5.
  • the portion of the groove 8 of the rotating lever 1 to the cavity 9 is located in the base 5, and the remaining portion of the rotating lever 1 is located outside the base 5.
  • Base 5 A connecting post 10 is provided on the inner wall of the upper end surface.
  • the printed circuit board 4 is fixedly connected to the connecting post 10, and the printed circuit board 4 protrudes from a side wall of the base 5.
  • Sensor chip 3 is fixed to printed circuit board 4, and the position of the sensor chip 3 corresponds to the position of the permanent magnet 2 in the cavity 9.
  • the distance between the sensor chip 3 and the permanent magnet 2 is set such that the sensor chip 3 Work in its linear range.
  • the cover 6 is provided at the opening at the bottom end of the base 5 for closing the opening at the bottom end of the base 5.
  • the outer side wall of the rotating rod 1 is provided with a partition 11 on which a positioning pin 12 is provided.
  • the positioning pin 12 can block the shutter 11 so that the rotating lever 1 is opposite to the base 5
  • the angle of rotation is in the range of 0-360 °.
  • the printed circuit board 4 is provided with three pads, that is, a first pad 13, a second pad 14, and a third pad 15, and the first pad 13 and the second pad 14 are provided.
  • a third pad 15 is located outside the base 5, wherein the first pad 13 is for electrical connection with a power source (not shown); the second pad 14 is grounded; the third pad 15 It is a signal output that is used to output a digital signal of pulse width modulation (PWM).
  • PWM pulse width modulation
  • the recess 8 of the rotating lever 1 of the non-contact potentiometer of the embodiment is provided with O A ring, a snap spring or a plastic sliding disc is used to rotate the rotating lever 1 only relative to the base 5, and not in a direction parallel to the rotating shaft 101.
  • the sensor chip 3 comprises two independent magnetic sensors (not shown), the sensitive directions of which are perpendicular to the axis of rotation 101, and the sensitive directions of the two sensors are perpendicular to each other in the plane in which the sensor chip 3 is located.
  • the rotating shaft 101 is parallel to Z.
  • the sensitive directions of the two magnetic sensors of the sensor chip 3 are parallel to the X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively.
  • the magnetization direction of the permanent magnet 2 is shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4 for the N pole and S The pole is shown, that is, the magnetization direction of the permanent magnet 2 is perpendicular to the rotation axis 101.
  • FIG. 6 when the permanent magnet 2 is rotated about the rotation axis 101, the position of the sensor chip 3 along the X-axis and Y
  • the curve of the magnetic field in the axial direction with the rotation angle is sinusoidal 9 and cosine curve 10 respectively.
  • the two sensors of the sensor chip 3 are used to convert the amplitude variation of the magnetic field generated by the permanent magnet 2 into an analog voltage signal, and the analog voltage signals output by the two sensors of the sensor chip 3 are linearly proportional to the applied magnetic field.
  • the output voltage signals of the two sensors of the sensor chip 3 are linearly related to the applied magnetic fields along the X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively.
  • the analog voltage signal output from the two sensors of sensor chip 3 can be directly output, or it can be converted into a digital signal by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and output for use.
  • ADC analog-to-digital converter
  • the digital signal converted by the analog-to-digital converter is a digital signal of pulse width modulation (PWM), and the waveform thereof is as shown in FIG. 7.
  • the horizontal axis represents time and the waveform 30 has a fixed period.
  • the cycle function of 21T Cycle .
  • the voltage value of waveform 30 is V Low 24 or V High 25 .
  • the time of each cycle of waveform 30 at voltage V High 25 is T High 22 and the time at voltage V Low 24 is T Low 23 .
  • T High 22 and T Low 23 are 700 microseconds and 300 microseconds, respectively, and T Cycle 21 is 1000 microseconds.
  • the mathematical ratio of T High 22 to T Cycle 21 is called 'output duty cycle'.
  • the output duty of the waveform 30 shown in Fig. 7 is 70%.
  • the digital signal of PWM can realize the mutual conversion between high level and low level, and can reflect the time when the digital signal lasts at high level and low level.
  • the duty cycle of the waveform of the digital signal of the PWM is proportional to the angle of rotation of the permanent magnet 2.
  • the control circuit module of the non-contact potentiometer of this embodiment includes a single chip microcomputer 51, a clock circuit 52, and a power conditioner 61.
  • the control circuit module is configured to convert the magnetic field detected by the sensor chip 3 into an electrical signal output.
  • the microcontroller 51 and its peripheral circuit components, the first resistor R4, the second resistor R5, and the eighth capacitor C8 And the ninth capacitor C9 is fixed to the printed circuit board 4 in a conventional manner.
  • the microcontroller 51 In order to convert the amplified input signal 70-73 into the PWM output signal 75, the microcontroller 51 The role is as follows: First, the X-axis sensor and Y are passed through an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) The analog signal output by the axis sensor is converted into a digital signal; secondly, based on the converted digital signal, a digital circuit algorithm is used to calculate the angle corresponding to the suitable position of the rotating rod 1; third, generating a PWM The waveform has a duty ratio that is proportional to the angle of rotation of the permanent magnet 2. The PWM waveform generated by the microcontroller 51 is output to the node 75, and the node 75 and the third pad of the printed circuit board 4 Electrical connection.
  • ADC analog-to-digital converter
  • the clock circuit 52 is also fixed to the printed circuit board 4.
  • Connector for clock circuit 52 C2CK 53 It is electrically connected to the connector C2CK 54 of the MCU 51.
  • the connector for clock circuit 52, VDD3V3 56, is used to provide a 3.3 volt level.
  • Ground terminal of clock circuit 52 55 Grounded and electrically connected to the ground of other circuits.
  • the clock circuit 52 can generate an oscillating voltage signal at the cutoff frequency, and other circuits in the system can perform electronic timing based on the signal.
  • the power regulator 61 is used to reduce from VDD5V 57 5
  • the volt-level unsteady voltage is used to output a stable 3.3 volt to the connection VDD3V3 56 .
  • the peripheral component of the power regulator has a first capacitor C1, a second capacitor C2, and a third capacitor Both C3 and fourth capacitor C4 are attached to printed circuit board 4.
  • Power conditioner 61 provides a stable voltage for sensitive electronics.
  • the sensor chip 3 of the sensor chip circuit 62 is slave node VDD3V3 56 and ground terminal 55 Get the voltage between.
  • the output voltage of the sensor chip 3 is the measured voltage between the nodes X-_SENSOR66 and X+_SENSOR67 on the X-axis sensor and the node on the Y-axis sensor.
  • These voltage signals are the X-axis sensor and the Y-axis sensor, respectively, in Figure 6 by curve 9 and curve 10
  • Sensor chip circuit 62 The peripheral connector C5 is attached to the printed circuit board 4.
  • the sensor chip circuit 62 is used to convert the information of the applied magnetic field into an electronic voltage.
  • the preamplifier 63 unit slave node VDD3V3 56 and ground terminal 55 Get the voltage between.
  • the preamplifier unit includes four preamplifiers, each having an input signal from the sensor chip circuit 62.
  • the amplified signal outputs of the four preamplifiers are respectively at the nodes X+_MCU 70, X-_MCU71, Y+_MCU 72 and Y-_MCU 73.
  • Preamplifier 63 Peripheral connector C7 is electrically connected to the printed circuit board 4
  • the output signal 70-73 of the preamplifier 63 is electrically connected to the corresponding node of the microcontroller 51.
  • the preamplifier 63 increases the amplitude of the analog electronic signal near the sensor.
  • the connector unit 64 includes an external connector 641 and an internal connector 642. It combines the electronic input and output connection points to the appropriate position, as shown in the figure for a 4-wire connection.
  • the shape of the non-contact potentiometer is the same as that of the prior art cylindrical potentiometer. Therefore, in practical applications, the non-contact potentiometer of the present embodiment can be used as an alternative to the prior art cylindrical potentiometer.
  • the difference between the non-contact potentiometer provided in this embodiment and the non-contact potentiometer of the first embodiment is as follows: There are two connecting posts 10 on the upper side, and the printed circuit board 4 is fixedly connected to the connecting post 10; the rest is the same as in the first embodiment.

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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Transmission And Conversion Of Sensor Element Output (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种非接触式电位器。该非接触式电位器包括以下几个部分：带孔的机械外壳；转动杆，包括顶端和固定有永磁铁的磁铁端，顶端可接受外力矩作用，带动转动杆和永磁铁相对于外壳绕旋转轴旋转；相对于所述外壳固定的磁阻传感器组件，包括一个或多个传感器芯片，传感器芯片在感应平面上的灵敏度轴垂直于所述旋转轴，并沿旋转轴方向与永磁体之间相隔有一预定距离，用于感应永磁铁绕旋转轴旋转时的磁场变化产生感应信号；以及3个电连接端子，分别为接地端、电源端以及信号输出端。该非接触式电位器具有精密性能好、功率损耗小和成本低的优点，并且能更快、更容易将复杂的带有磁场信息的模拟信号转化为标准的数字信号。

Description

非接触式电位器
技术领域
本发明涉及电位器技术领域，特别涉及一种非接触式电位器，该非接触式电位器能够将机械运动转化为电信号。
背景技术
现有技术中，电位器通常包括三个接线端，其中两个接线端固定，另一个接线端可移动。电位器的可移动的接线端经常被称为第三接线端。电位器的三个接线端输出的电信号由输入电位器的电信号的数值范围控制。输入电位器的电信号通常是典型的电压差或者电流源。
在现有技术的电位器的一种实施方式中，电位器包括一圆柱体，该圆柱体的侧面整齐、均匀地缠绕有单层导线，该圆柱体的顶部和底部各设有一接线端，用于给电位器输入电压信号的电压源的正极和负极分别与该圆柱体的顶部和底部的接线端电连接。电位器的第三接线端为一金属触针，该金属触针可以沿着圆柱体上下滑动，且与缠绕在圆柱体侧面的导线电接触。金属触针的电压取决于金属触针沿圆柱体滑动的位置。这种电位器的总电阻与导线的长度成正比，与导线的直径成反比。这种电位器也经常被称为 ' 绕线式变阻器 ' 。
在现有技术的电位器的另一种实施方式中，电位器包括一薄膜平板，该薄膜平板上设有两个接线端和狭窄的导带图案。电位器的第三接线端与薄膜平板直接电接触，且第三接线端的电压取决于第三接线端与薄膜平面板电接触的位置。这种电位器可用于检测直线运动和角向运动。
在实际应用中，上述两种电位器都有一些缺点。上述两种电位器的第三接线端必须沿着电位器的导电部分移动，因此，第三接线端需要与电位器的导电部分保持良好的电连接。但是，如果电位器的使用时间较长时，由于接触体的腐蚀、导线的物理磨损或者机械部件的松散，电位器的第三接线端与其导电部分的电连接效果将变差。在这种情况下，需要一种机械装置通过施加机械外力的方式来改善电位器的电连接效果。但是，这种机械装置所造成的机械磨损是不可避免的。因此，需要一种非接触式的电位器，该非接触式电位器不需要第三接线端与导电部分直接接触即可确定第三接线端与导电部分电接触位置的电位器。
现有技术中，一种非接触式电位器包括一个磁传感器和一个磁铁，磁传感器代替上述第三接线端，用于检测磁铁的相对运动和位置。用于非接触式电位器的磁传感器通常是以霍尔元件、各向异性磁电阻（ AMR ）元件或巨磁电阻（ GMR ）元件为敏感元件的传感器。用于非接触式电位器的磁传感器也可以是感应线圈式磁传感器。感应线圈式磁传感器能够发出和接收给定频率的电磁信号，然后通过算法和校准的方式确定磁铁的位置。上述非接触式电位器也被称为线性可变差动变压器（ LVDT ）。总之，非接触式电位器解决了长时间使用时的磨损问题。
但是，现有技术的非接触式电位器仍然存在精密性能差、功率损耗大和成本高的缺点，并且需要花很多的时间来构建将模拟感应信号转化为数字信号的电路。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种非接触式电位器。
本发明提供的非接触式电位器包括：
带孔的机械外壳，转动杆，包括顶端和固定有永磁铁的磁铁端，所述顶端可接受外力矩作用，带动所述转动杆和所述永磁铁相对于所述外壳绕旋转轴旋转；
相对于所述外壳固定的磁阻传感器组件，包括一个或多个传感器芯片，所述传感器芯片在感应平面上的灵敏度轴垂直于所述旋转轴，并沿所述旋转轴方向，所述传感器芯片与所述永磁铁之间相隔有一预定距离，所述传感器芯片用于感应所述永磁铁绕所述旋转轴旋转时的磁场变化产生感应信号；
3 个电连接端子，分别为接地端、电源端以及信号输出端。
优选地，所述永磁铁的内部磁化方向与所述旋转轴的轴向垂直。
优选地，所述磁阻传感器组件包括两个传感器，该两个传感器的灵敏度轴彼此相互正交，并且垂直于旋转轴。
优选地，通过使用定位销，将所述转动杆绕旋转轴旋转的角度限制在小于 360 ° 范围内。
优选地，该转动杆包括沿转动杆周边垂直于其轴向设置的凹槽和设置在凹槽中的卡簧，以使所述转动杆的运动仅为绕旋转轴旋转。
优选地，所述外壳包括限制所述转动杆的柱形壳体和固定所述磁阻传感器组件的底部盖板。
优选地，所述非接触式电位器进一步包括与所述磁阻传感器组件耦合的控制电路，以使所述感应信号以脉冲宽度调制波形形式输出，所述波形中的占空比比例与旋转角度比成正比。
进一步地，所述控制电路包括用于电源控制电路的芯片 SP6201 ，用于所微控制器单元电路的芯片 C8051F912 ，用于前置放大电路的芯片 LMV324 ，以及用于传感器芯片电路的芯片 MMA243 。
本发明具有如下有益效果：
本发明提供的非接触式电位器具有精密性能好、功率损耗小和成本低的优点，并且能更快、更容易将复杂的带有磁场信息的模拟信号转化为标准的数字信号。
附图说明
图 1 为本发明实施例 1 提供的非接触式电位器的分离状态的剖面图；
图 2 为 本发明实施例 1 提供的非接触式电位器的组合状态的剖面图；
图 3 为 本发明实施例 1 提供的非接触式电位器的俯视图；
图 4 为本发明实施例 1 提供的非接触式电位器的传感器芯片与永磁铁的位置关系的立体示意图；
图 5 为本发明实施例 1 提供的非接触式电位器的传感器芯片与永磁铁的位置关系的剖面示意图；
图 6 为本发明实施例 1 提供的非接触式电位器的输出电压与旋转角度的关系曲线图；
图 7 为 脉冲宽度调制输出信号的波形图；
图 8 为 PWM 波形的占空比与旋转角度比的关系曲线图；
图 9 为 本发明实施例 1 提供的非接触式电位器的单片机的电路图；
图 10 为本发明实施例 1 提供的非接触式电位器的时钟电路的电路图；
图 11 为本发明实施例 1 提供的非接触式电位器的功率调节器的电路图；
图 12 为本发明实施例 1 提供的非接触式电位器的传感器芯片电路的电路图；
图 13 为本发明实施例 1 提供的非接触式电位器的前置放大器单元的电路图；
图 14 为本发明实施例 1 提供的非接触式电位器的连接器单元的电路图；
图 15 为本发明实施例 2 提供的非接触式电位器的 组合状态的剖面图 。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图及实施例对本发明的发明内容作进一步的描述。
实施例 1
如图 1 和图 2 所示，本实施例提供的非接触式电位器包括转动杆 1 、永磁铁 2 、传感器芯片 3 、印刷电路板 (PCB)4 、底座 5 、盖板 6 和控制电路模块。底座 5 呈凸字形，其内部中空，且底端开口。底座 5 的顶端设有通孔 7 。转动杆 1 的中部设有凹槽 8 ，且转动杆 1 的底部设有空腔 9 。永磁铁 2 设置于转动杆 1 底部的空腔 9 内，且永磁铁 2 能够随转动杆 1 转动。在本实施例中，永磁铁 2 呈例如圆盘形。转动杆 1 穿过底座 5 顶端的通孔 7 ，转动杆 1 中部的凹槽 8 卡合固定于通孔 7 处，使得转动杆 1 能够相对于底座 5 转动。转动杆 1 的凹槽 8 至空腔 9 的部分位于底座 5 内，转动杆 1 的其余部分位于底座 5 外。底座 5 的上端面的内壁上设有连接柱 10 。印刷电路板 4 与连接柱 10 固定连接，且印刷电路板 4 从底座 5 的一侧壁上伸出。传感器芯片 3 固定于印刷电路板 4 上，且传感器芯片 3 的位置与空腔 9 内的永磁铁 2 的位置对应。传感器芯片 3 与永磁铁 2 之间的距离被设置为使得传感器芯片 3 工作在其线性范围内。盖板 6 设于底座 5 底端的开口处，用于封闭底座 5 底端的开口。
如图 3 所示，优选地，转动杆 1 的外侧壁上设有隔档 11 ，在底座 5 上设有定位销 12 。当转动杆 1 相对于底座 5 转动，且隔档 11 旋转至定位销 12 所在位置处时，定位销 12 能够阻挡隔档 11 ，从而使转动杆 1 相对于底座 5 转动的角度范围为 0-360 ° 。印刷电路板 4 上设有三个焊盘，即第一焊盘 13 、第二焊盘 14 和第三焊盘 15 ，且第一焊盘 13 、第二焊盘 14 和第三焊盘 15 位于底座 5 的外部，其中第一焊盘 13 用于与电源 ( 图中未示出 ) 电连接；第二焊盘 14 接地；第三焊盘 15 为信号输出端，用于输出脉冲宽度调制（ PWM ）的数字信号。
优选地，本实施例的非接触式电位器的转动杆 1 的凹槽 8 内设有 O 型环、卡簧或者塑料滑动圆盘，用于使转动杆 1 仅能相对于底座 5 转动，而不能沿平行于旋转轴 101 的方向移动。
传感器芯片 3 包括两个独立的磁传感器 ( 图中未示出 ) ，该两个磁传感器的敏感方向都垂直于旋转轴 101 ，且该两个传感器的敏感方向在传感器芯片 3 所在的平面内互相垂直。如图 4 和图 5 所示，在本实施例中，旋转轴 101 平行于 Z 轴方向，传感器芯片 3 的两个磁传感器的敏感方向分别平行于 X 轴和 Y 轴方向。永磁铁 2 的磁化方向如图 3 和图 4 中的 N 极和 S 极所示，即永磁铁 2 的磁化方向垂直于旋转轴 101 。如图 6 所示，当永磁铁 2 绕旋转轴 101 旋转时，传感器芯片 3 所在位置的沿 X 轴和 Y 轴方向的磁场随旋转角度的变化曲线分别呈正弦曲线 9 和余弦曲线 10 。
传感器芯片 3 的两个传感器用于将永磁铁 2 产生的磁场的幅度变化转化为模拟电压信号，且传感器芯片 3 的两个传感器输出的模拟电压信号与外加磁场之间呈线性正比关系。当传感器芯片 3 工作在线性范围内时，传感器芯片 3 的两个传感器的输出电压信号分别与沿 X 轴和 Y 轴方向的外加磁场成线性关系。传感器芯片 3 的两个传感器输出的模拟电压信号可以直接输出，也可以用模拟数字转换器 (ADC) 将其转换成数字信号后输出供使用。在本实施例中，用模拟数字转换器转换后的数字信号为脉冲宽度调制 PWM （ Pulse width modulation ）的 数字信号，其波形如图 7 所示，横轴表示时间，波形 30 是一个有固定周期 21TCycle 的循环函数。波形 30 的电压值为 VLow 24 或 VHigh 25 。波形 30 的每一个周期在电压 VHigh25 处的时间为 THigh 22 ，在电压 VLow 24 处的时间为 TLow 23 。 THigh 22 和 TLow 23 分别为 700 微秒和 300 微秒， TCycle 21 为 1000 微秒。 THigh 22 与 TCycle 21 的数学比例称为 ' 输出占空比 ' 。在本实施例中，图 7 显示的波形 30 的输出占空比为 70% 。 PWM 的数字信号能够实现高电平与低电平之间的相互转换，并且能够体现数字信号在高电平和低电平持续的时间。 PWM 的数字信号的波形的占空比与永磁铁 2 的旋转角度成正比。
如图 8 所示，用一个自定义设计电路和程序将图 6 中的曲线 9 和 10 上的两个正余弦波形输入转化为曲线 29 ，这个图是输出占空比与旋转角度比（转动杆 1 旋转的角度与其所能旋转的最大角度之间的比值）之间的关系图，这个示意图称为脉冲宽度调制（ PWM ）。因此， PWM 是一种将任意振幅和形状的无规则模拟信号改变为有标准特性的规则的数字波形的方法。
本实施例的非接触式电位器的控制电路模块包括单片机 51 、时钟电路 52 、功率调节器 61 、传感器芯片电路 62 、前置放大器单元 63 和连接器单元 64 。该控制电路模块用于将传感器芯片 3 检测的磁场转化为电信号输出。
如图 9 所示，单片机 51 以及其外围电路部件第一电阻 R4 、第二电阻 R5 、第八电容 C8 和第九电容 C9 以常规的方式固定在印刷电路板 4 上。
为了将放大输入信号 70-73 转化为 PWM 的输出信号 75 ，单片机 51 的作用如下：第一，通过模拟数字转换器 (ADC) 将 X 轴传感器和 Y 轴传感器输出的模拟信号转化为数字信号；第二，基于所转化成的数字信号，采用数字电路算法计算转动杆 1 的适合位置所对应的角度；第三，产生 PWM 波形，该波形的占空比与永磁铁 2 的旋转角度成正比。单片机 51 产生的 PWM 波形向节点 75 输出，节点 75 与印刷电路板 4 的第三焊盘 15 电连接。
如图 10 所示，时钟电路 52 也固定在印刷电路板 4 上。时钟电路 52 的连接件 C2CK 53 与单片机 51 的连接件 C2CK 54 电连接。时钟电路 52 的连接件 VDD3V3 56 用于提供 3.3 伏特级的电压。时钟电路 52 的接地端 55 接地，且与其他电路的接地端电连接。时钟电路 52 在截止频率处能产生震荡的电压信号，系统中其他电路可根据该信号来进行电子计时。
如图 11 所示，功率调节器 61 用于从 VDD5V 57 中减少 5 伏特级的非稳态电压，并用于输出一个稳定的 3.3 伏特的电压到连接件 VDD3V3 56 。功率调节器的外围部件第一电容 C1 、第二电容 C2 、第三电容 C3 和第四电容 C4 都固定于印刷电路板 4 上。功率调节器 61 可为敏感电子器件提供一稳定的电压。
如图 12 所示，传感器芯片电路 62 的传感器芯片 3 从节点 VDD3V3 56 与接地端 55 之间获取电压。传感器芯片 3 的输出电压为所测得的 X 轴传感器上节点 X-_SENSOR66 和 X+_SENSOR67 之间的电压以及 Y 轴传感器上节点 Y-_SENSOR68 和 Y+_SENSOR69 之间的电压。这些电压信号分别是 X 轴传感器和 Y 轴传感器在图 6 中由曲线 9 和曲线 10 所示的电压信号。 传感器芯片电路 62 外围的连接器 C5 固定于印刷电路板 4 上。传感器芯片电路 62 用于将外加磁场的信息转化为电子电压。
如图 13 所示，前置放大器 63 单元从节点 VDD3V3 56 与接地端 55 之间获取电压。前置放大器单元包括 4 个前置放大器，该四个前置放大器各有一个来自于传感器芯片电路 62 的输入信号。该四个前置放大器的放大信号输出端分别在节点 X+_MCU 70 、 X-_MCU71 、 Y+_MCU 72 和 Y-_MCU 73 处。前置放大器 63 外围的连接器 C7 电连接到 印刷电路板 4 上，前置放大器 63 的输出信号 70-73 电连接到单片机 51 的相应节点处。前置放大器 63 可增大传感器附近的模拟电子信号的幅度。
如图 14 所示，连接器单元 64 包括外部连接器 641 和内部连接器 642 ，其可将电子输入和输出连接点集合到合适的位置，图中所示的为 4- 线连接。
在本实施例中，非接触式电位器的外形与现有技术的圆柱体形电位器相同。因此，在实际应用中，本实施例的非接触式电位器能够用于现有技术的圆柱形的电位器的替代品。
实施例 2
如图 15 所示，本实施提供的非接触式电位器与实施例 1 的非接触式电位器的区别为： 盖板 6 上设有两个连接柱 10 ， 印刷电路板 4 与连接柱 10 固定连接；其余与实施例 1 相同。
应当理解，以上借助优选实施例对本发明的技术方案进行的详细说明是示意性的而非限制性的。本领域的普通技术人员在阅读本发明说明书的基础上可以对各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改，或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换；而这些修改或者替换，并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的精神和范围。

Claims (8)

1 ．一种非接触式电位器，其特征在于，包括以下几个部分：
带孔的机械外壳；
转动杆，包括顶端和固定有永磁铁的磁铁端，所述顶端能够接受外力矩作用，带动所述转动杆和所述永磁铁相对于所述外壳绕一旋转轴旋转；
相对于所述外壳固定的磁阻传感器组件，包括一个或多个传感器芯片，所述传感器芯片在感应平面上的灵敏度轴垂直于所述旋转轴，并且沿 所述旋转轴方向，所述传感器芯片与所述永磁铁之间相隔有一预定距离 ，所述传感器芯片用于感应所述永磁铁绕所述旋转轴旋转时的磁场变化产生感应信号；以及
3 个电连接端子，分别为接地端、电源端以及信号输出端。
2 ．根据权利要求 1 所述的非接触式电位器，其特征在于： 所述永磁铁的内部磁化方向与所述旋转轴的轴向垂直。
3 ．根据权利要求 1 所述的非接触式电位器，其特征在于：所述磁阻传感器组件包括两个传感器，该两个传感器的灵敏度轴彼此相互正交，并且垂直于旋转轴。
4 ．根据权利要求 1 所述的非接触式电位器，其特征在于：通过使用定位销，将所述转动杆绕旋转轴旋转的角度限制在小于 360 ° 范围内。
5 ．根据权利要求 1 所述的非接触式电位器，其特征在于：转动杆包括沿转动杆周边垂直于转动杆的轴向设置的凹槽和设置在凹槽中的卡簧以使所述转动杆的运动仅为绕旋转轴旋转。
6 ．根据权利要求 1 所述的非接触式电位器，其特征在于：所述外壳包括限制所述转动杆的柱形壳体和固定所述磁阻传感器组件的底部盖板。
7 ．根据权利要求 1 所述的非接触式电位器，其特征在于：所述非接触式电位器进一步包括与所述磁阻传感器组件耦合的控制电路，以使所述感应信号以脉冲宽度调制波形形式输出，所述波形中的占空比比例与旋转角度比成正比。
8 ．根据权利要求 7 所述的非接触式电位器，其特征在于：所述控制电路包括用于电源控制电路的芯片 SP6201 ，用于微控制器单元电路的芯片 C8051F912 ，用于前置放大电路的芯片 LMV324 ，以及用于传感器芯片电路的芯片 MMA243 。
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