WO2014150047A1 - Produit alimentaire frit ayant une teneur en huile réduite - Google Patents

Produit alimentaire frit ayant une teneur en huile réduite Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014150047A1
WO2014150047A1 PCT/US2014/021992 US2014021992W WO2014150047A1 WO 2014150047 A1 WO2014150047 A1 WO 2014150047A1 US 2014021992 W US2014021992 W US 2014021992W WO 2014150047 A1 WO2014150047 A1 WO 2014150047A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
oil
par
fry
oil temperature
frying
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2014/021992
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Keith Alan Barber
Justin French
Girish GANJYAL
Christopher James Koh
Scott L. Sullivan
Original Assignee
Frito-Lay North America, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US13/836,230 external-priority patent/US20130202756A1/en
Application filed by Frito-Lay North America, Inc. filed Critical Frito-Lay North America, Inc.
Priority to CA2905757A priority Critical patent/CA2905757C/fr
Priority to CN201480028511.2A priority patent/CN105377053B/zh
Publication of WO2014150047A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014150047A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47J—KITCHEN EQUIPMENT; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; APPARATUS FOR MAKING BEVERAGES
    • A47J37/00—Baking; Roasting; Grilling; Frying
    • A47J37/12—Deep fat fryers, e.g. for frying fish or chips
    • A47J37/1214—Deep fat fryers, e.g. for frying fish or chips the food being transported through an oil-bath
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L19/00—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L19/10—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof of tuberous or like starch containing root crops
    • A23L19/12—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof of tuberous or like starch containing root crops of potatoes
    • A23L19/18—Roasted or fried products, e.g. snacks or chips
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
    • A23L5/10—General methods of cooking foods, e.g. by roasting or frying
    • A23L5/11—General methods of cooking foods, e.g. by roasting or frying using oil

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an improved method and system for the production of a fried snack food with reduced oil content.
  • Conventional potato chip products are prepared by the basic steps of slicing peeled, raw potatoes, water washing the slices to remove surface starch and frying the potato slices in hot oil until a moisture content of about 1% to 2% by weight is achieved. The fried slices are then salted or seasoned and packaged.
  • Raw potato slices normally have moisture contents from 75% to 85% by weight depending on the type of potato and the environmental growing conditions. When potato slices are fried in hot oil, the moisture present boils. This results in burst cell walls and the formation of holes and voids which allow for oil absorption into the potato slices yielding significant oil contents.
  • the oil content of potato chips is important for many reasons. Most important is its contribution to the overall organoleptic desirability of potato chips. Too high an oil content may render the chips greasy or oily and hence less desirable to consumers. On the other hand, it is possible to make chips so low in oil that they lack flavor and seem harsh in texture. Some nutritional guidelines also indicate it is desirable to maintain a diet low in oil or fat.
  • the proposed invention provides a method and system for producing fried food pieces.
  • food pieces are par- fried by immersion in hot oil at a first temperature, and then finish fried by contact with hot oil at a higher second temperature.
  • the finish frying step is accomplished by passing the par- fried food pieces through a hot oil curtain.
  • the fried food pieces produced according to the present invention contain less oil than conventionally fried food pieces, yet retain the desirable visual, taste, and textural qualities of the higher oil fried food pieces.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic representation of one embodiment of the method and system of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic representation of another embodiment of the method and system of the present invention.
  • the present invention is directed to a method and system for producing fried food products with reduced oil content.
  • food products are fried in hot oil, moisture leaves the food product as steam, and the food product absorbs some of the oil in which it is fried.
  • the embodiments described below are directed towards fried potato slices, but the invention in its broadest application applies to any food product that absorbs oil in the process of being fried and during subsequent cooling.
  • the invention is designed to reduce, but not eliminate, the overall oil content of the finished food product.
  • Whole potatoes stored in hopper 2 are dispensed into a slicing apparatus 4 which drops potato slices into a water wash 6.
  • the wash step is optional.
  • the frying oil entering the fryer is maintained at an initial temperature between about 320°F to about 380°F more preferably between about 335°F and about 370°F.
  • Any conventional frying medium can be used in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, including frying mediums with digestible and/or non-digestible oils.
  • the fryer is a continuous single flow or multizone fryer which utilizes devices such as paddle wheels, 14A and 14B, and a submergible conveyor belt 16 to control the flow of potato slices (not shown) through the fryer 10.
  • Food pieces can include whole or pieces of a variety of fruits and vegetables, as well as legumes, nuts and seeds.
  • Food pieces can also include fabricated chip products such as fabricated potato chips and tortilla chips.
  • Food pieces may also include extruded collets made from corn meal or other starchy ingredients, which may be direct expanded extruded products or non-expanded extruded products.
  • the potato slices or food pieces are par- fried to an intermediate moisture content and then removed from the fryer, preferably by a perforated endless belt conveyor 18 (sometimes referred to as a takeout conveyor).
  • a perforated endless belt conveyor 18 sometimes referred to as a takeout conveyor.
  • the frying oil comprises a final par- fry temperature of between about 290°F to about 330°F and more preferably between about 300°F to about 320°F.
  • the final par-fry oil temperature, as that term is used herein, of the first immersion frying step is the oil temperature at the location of the takeout means.
  • the takeout means will typically comprise a takeout conveyor 18, as depicted in Figure 1, and for a batch process the takeout means will typically be a perforated basket or takeout conveyor.
  • the final par- fry oil temperature is the temperature of the oil at the location of the food pieces as they are being removed from the oil by the takeout means.
  • the food pieces exit the fryer comprising an oil content of between about 30% and about 45% by weight, and an intermediate moisture content above 2% by weight, or in another embodiment above 3% by weight.
  • the intermediate moisture content is between about 1.5% and about 15% by weight, or in another embodiment, between about 3% and about 10% by weight, or combinations of the foregoing ranges.
  • the par-fried food pieces comprise an intermediate moisture content between about 2% and 10% by weight, and most preferably between about 3% and 6% by weight.
  • the final moisture content of the food pieces is less than about 10%, and more preferably less than about 5%, by weight of the food products below the intermediate moisture content of the food pieces.
  • the slices are then subjected to a hot oil finish frying step, which in a preferred embodiment, is accomplished by one or more hot oil curtains 46 disposed over the takeout conveyor 18.
  • a hot oil curtain 46 is a volume of oil flowing from an oil dispenser 44 above the takeout conveyor 18, through the food products on the takeout conveyor and the takeout conveyor.
  • the hot oil curtain 46 spans substantially the entire width of the takeout conveyor. Oil from the hot oil curtain 46 can be collected underneath the takeout conveyor in its own receptacle separate from the hot oil used for immersion frying, or can drain into the hot oil used for immersion frying.
  • the oil used for the hot oil curtain is fed from an oil source 40, optionally through a heat exchanger 42, and into the oil dispensers 44 above the takeout conveyor 18.
  • the oil source 40 is a source of fresh or reconditioned oil, and in another embodiment, the oil source 40 is the same oil used in the immersion fryer 10.
  • the temperature of the hot oil curtain is greater than the final par- fry oil temperature of the first immersion frying step.
  • Applicants have measured the vapor pressure of water inside a potato slice at different product temperatures and moisture contents. It was found that in order to maintain the vapor pressure inside the potato chip above 14.7 psia (or approximately atmospheric pressure), the product temperature must be above about 270°F to 310°F at moisture contents ranging from 1% to 2% moisture content. Therefore, Applicants theorize that the product temperature must be at least this high in order for water vapor inside the potato chip to resist the absorption of oil via capillary action. In fact, the product temperature must likely be even higher than these temperatures to overcome gravitational and capillary forces that may also favor absorption of oil, and will certainly need to be higher if water vapor is used to expel oil from the void spaces within the potato chip.
  • the oil temperature must be higher than the desired product temperature to account for the commercially needed high rates of heat transfer between the oil and the product.
  • an oil temperature of 340°F is used in the finish frying step, no oil is removed or absorbed in the final product as compared to products that are fried to their final moisture content in one frying step.
  • a finish frying oil temperature of 290°F causes more oil to be absorbed by the final product, and a finish frying oil temperature of 390°F causes less oil to be absorbed in the final product.
  • the temperature of the hot oil curtain is at least about 350°F, and in a preferred embodiment at least about 385°F. In a preferred embodiment, the temperature of the hot oil curtain is greater than 340°F and less than 415°F.
  • the difference between the final par- fry oil temperature in the first frying step and the initial finish-fry oil temperature in the finish frying step is at least 30°F. In a preferred embodiment, the difference is at least 50°F.
  • the system of the present invention is configured with the ability to feed oil at different temperatures to each oil dispenser 44 to allow for a highly controlled finish frying step.
  • the food pieces are subjected to a first frying step by immersion in oil at a first temperature, followed by a second frying step by passing the food products under at least one hot oil curtain at a second temperature, which is greater than the first temperature.
  • a known process for continuous immersion frying of potato slices uses an initial oil temperature of 350°F to 360°F, a final oil temperature of about 270°F to 320°F, and a residence time of about 190 seconds.
  • the final oil temperature for the first frying step can range from 250°F to 350°F, depending on the initial oil temperature and product load and throughput. If hot oil is not added to the system, the oil cools as the food pieces are fried.
  • potato slices exit this frying process at a moisture content of about 1.4% by weight.
  • potato slices are immersion fried at about the same initial oil temperature and on the same continuous frying equipment, but the residence time is reduced to about 80 seconds to 180 seconds, or in a preferred embodiment the residence time is reduced to about 80 seconds to 130 seconds.
  • the slices are removed from the hot oil, preferably as a product bed on a takeout conveyor, and subjected to finish frying by passing the product bed under at least one hot oil curtain.
  • the first immersion frying step is followed by a second, short time, high temperature immersion frying step.
  • the takeout conveyor from the first step can feed the par- fried food products into a second volume of oil maintained at a higher temperature than the oil temperature used for the first immersion frying step. More than one conveyor, or a different transfer means, may be used between the frying steps.
  • the residence time in the second immersion fryer is less than about 10 seconds, and more preferably less than about 5 seconds, to bring the moisture content of the potato slices to a final moisture content of less than 2% by weight for washed potato slices, and less than about 2.5% by weight for unwashed kettle- style potato chips.
  • the finish fried food products can be removed from the second volume of oil by any convenient means, such as a second takeout conveyor or a perforated basket.
  • the products being fried by immersion in hot oil can be subjected to a hot oil finish frying step by providing a submerged hot oil curtain inside the frying oil 10.
  • a submerged hot oil curtain is depicted by the shaded region 56 of Figure 2.
  • the submerged hot oil curtain 56 is provided by at least one hot oil dispenser 54 located above the product bed 50 as it passes under the submerger 16.
  • the submerged hot oil curtain 56 is supplemented by at least one oil dispenser 54 located below the product bed 50 as it moves from the submerger 16 to the takeout conveyor 18.
  • the oil dispensers 54 can be fed by a fresh oil source 40 which is heated by a heat exchanger 42, but may also be fed, in whole or in part, by oil recycled from the fryer.
  • the submerged hot oil curtain can represent a narrow band or region of oil between the submerger 16 and takeout conveyor 18.
  • the hot oil is restricted to the regions inside the fryer near the oil dispensers 54 because the recirculation system drain 62 is located near the product exit end of the fryer.
  • the recirculation system uses at least one pump 58 and heat exchanger 60 to recycle the oil to the product entrance end of the fryer. This maintains a well-defined region of hot oil in close proximity to the submerger 16 and takeout conveyor 18 that constitutes the submerged hot oil curtain 56.
  • Providing a submerged hot oil curtain may provide advantages over other embodiments with respect to oil quality and product coverage. Because the oil in the submerged hot oil curtain will be in contact with air for a shorter period of time than the hot oil curtain located above the takeout conveyor, the oil in the submerged oil curtain may not oxidize as quickly. Also, the fact that the products are already submerged in oil when they pass through the submerged oil curtain will also help provide more uniformly cooked food products. As can be seen in Figures 1 and 2, the hot oil curtain in either hot oil curtain embodiment is in close proximity to the takeout conveyor.
  • the fried food products that are produced by the invention comprise a lower oil content than food products subjected to known immersion frying processes.
  • potato slices produced by the inventive method comprise an oil content of about 30%
  • potato slices produced using only an immersion frying step would comprise an oil content of about 35%.
  • the hot oil finish frying step reduces oil content in several ways.
  • the viscosity of frying oil generally decreases with increasing temperature. Applicants believe that the hotter oil used in the finish frying step of the present invention drains more efficiently from the slices on the takeout conveyor.
  • the hot oil also likely causes a rapid increase in chip temperature which converts most of the water remaining inside the potato slices into steam, which exits the slices. Applicants believe that this steam also ejects a portion of the oil that had been absorbed into the slice during immersion frying. Applicants have observed that when typical potato slices are fried using previous immersion frying methods, after a residence time in the oil of between about 80 seconds and 130 seconds, the bubbling of potato slices inside the fryer slows substantially - a point referred to as the bubble end point. The bubble end point will vary according to potato slice (or generally food product) characteristics and oil temperature, but regardless of conditions the bubble end point is visually perceptible by a skilled artisan.
  • the potato slices are removed from the first frying step within about 10 seconds of (before or after) the bubble end point.
  • the potato slices are removed from the first frying step less than about 50 seconds after the bubble end point, and in a preferred embodiment less than about 30 seconds after the bubble end point.
  • the potato slices when the potato slices are then transferred to a hotter oil finish frying step, the potato slices bubble rapidly as the water remaining in the slices is converted to steam.
  • the fact that the hot oil is not continuously in contact with the food product during the final frying step is also thought to resist the absorption of oil.
  • water vapor present inside the potato chip will remain in the vapor state for a longer period of time and resist oil uptake that is believe to occur during cooling.
  • the equipment used to carry out the inventive method can be easily retrofitted onto existing frying equipment.
  • Equipment that can be retrofitted reduces the capital costs of implementing the inventive method.
  • the inventive method can dramatically increase the capacity and throughput of existing frying equipment.
  • the immersion frying time for potato chips can be reduced from about 190 seconds to between 80 and 130 seconds (preferably, between about 100-120 seconds). Such a reduced frying time could allow an existing fryer that has the capacity to produce 6,000 pounds of fried food pieces per hour, when modified according to the present invention, to produce about 10,000 pounds per hour of fried food pieces.
  • the quality of the oil will be consistently higher because of the lower duty cycle and potentially higher fresh oil replenishment rate.
  • the inventive method can also be coupled with a post-fry deoiling step.
  • the deoiling step uses a steam knife/steam sweep surrounding the takeout conveyor to actively remove oil from the surface of the fried food pieces.
  • the gas knife 20 passes a flow of an inert gas selected from one or more inert gases comprising superheated steam, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof, at a positive pressure fed by pump 29 above the fried food pieces and the gas sweep 34 provides a negative pressure provided by pump 39 below said fried food pieces.
  • An oil eliminator can be used to separate the oil collected in the sweep stream.
  • the inventive method can also be coupled with a post- fry dehydration step.
  • shelf-stable snack foods are dried to a moisture content below about 2% by weight, or below about 1.5% by weight.
  • the food pieces described above are finish fried to a moisture content above about 2% by weight, and then subjected to a drying step that dehydrates the food pieces to a moisture content below about 2% by weight, or below about 1.5% by weight.
  • the drying step can be one or a combination of hot air drying, microwave drying, infrared drying, or impingement drying. Other non-frying drying methods which are known in the art can be used.
  • Control samples of potato chips were made by washing, peeling and slicing potatoes as is known in the art.
  • the potato slices were then washed to remove surface starch.
  • the control slices were fried in a batch immersion frying process at an initial oil temperature of 353°F for about 190 seconds to a final moisture content below about 2% by weight.
  • the resulting control potato chips had an average oil content of about 43% by weight of potato chips.
  • a second set of similarly prepared potato slices was fried in a batch immersion fryer at an initial par-fry oil temperature of 353°F for about 190 seconds, then removed from the batch fryer and, in a second batch fryer, dipped in oil at an initial finish-fry oil temperature of about 190°F for about 30 seconds.
  • the resulting potato chips had an average oil content of about 62% by weight of potato chips, which was significantly higher than the control sample.
  • a third set of similarly prepared potato slices was fried in a batch immersion frying process at an initial par-fry oil temperature of 353°F for about 190 seconds, then removed from the batch fryer and dipped in oil at an initial finish- fry temperature of about 300°F for about 30 seconds.
  • the resulting potato chips had an average oil content of about 57% by weight of potato chips, higher than the control sample.
  • a fourth set of similarly prepared potato slices was fried in a batch immersion frying process at an initial par- fry oil temperature of 353°F for about 190 seconds, then removed from the batch fryer and dipped in oil at an initial finish-fry temperature of about 390°F for about 30 seconds.
  • the resulting potato chips had an average oil content of about 38% by weight of potato chips, or 5% less oil by weight of the potato chips than the control sample.
  • tortilla chip preforms were made by sheeting a masa dough and cutting the sheet into pieces.
  • One set of these preforms was a control set, and was fried in a batch fryer having an initial par-fry oil temperature of about 365°F for about 55 seconds, to a final moisture content of about 1.4% by weight, which fried tortilla chips exhibited an oil content of about 25.7% by weight.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Nutrition Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Fruits And Vegetables (AREA)
  • General Preparation And Processing Of Foods (AREA)
  • Frying-Pans Or Fryers (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un système pour produire des morceaux d'aliment frits ayant une teneur en huile réduite. Les morceaux d'aliment sont frits par immersion dans l'huile chaude à une première température à une teneur en humidité intermédiaire, et frits à une seconde température d'huile supérieure à une teneur en humidité finale. La présente invention concerne un procédé et un système améliorés pour la production d'un aliment d'encas frit ayant une teneur en huile réduite.
PCT/US2014/021992 2013-03-15 2014-03-07 Produit alimentaire frit ayant une teneur en huile réduite WO2014150047A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA2905757A CA2905757C (fr) 2013-03-15 2014-03-07 Produit alimentaire frit ayant une teneur en huile reduite
CN201480028511.2A CN105377053B (zh) 2013-03-15 2014-03-07 具有减少的油含量的油炸食品产品

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13/836,230 US20130202756A1 (en) 2011-11-30 2013-03-15 Fried food product with reduced oil content
US13/836,230 2013-03-15

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2014150047A1 true WO2014150047A1 (fr) 2014-09-25

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PCT/US2014/021992 WO2014150047A1 (fr) 2013-03-15 2014-03-07 Produit alimentaire frit ayant une teneur en huile réduite

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CN (1) CN105377053B (fr)
CA (1) CA2905757C (fr)
WO (1) WO2014150047A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2018089352A (ja) * 2016-12-06 2018-06-14 株式会社中西製作所 フライヤーの運転方法およびフライヤー

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106070400A (zh) * 2016-07-18 2016-11-09 张海军 一种新型薯条自动调味炸制装置
CN109770160B (zh) * 2019-02-25 2022-03-08 中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所 夹心脂肪脆产品加工设备及方法
CN112385673A (zh) * 2020-11-30 2021-02-23 张会玲 一种红薯片自动滤油空气油炸设备

Citations (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4325295A (en) * 1979-02-21 1982-04-20 Heat And Control, Inc. Apparatus for preparing french fried potatoes
US20060083831A1 (en) * 2004-10-14 2006-04-20 Caridis Andrew A Forming and cooking with controlled curtain spillage

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7303777B2 (en) * 2004-07-20 2007-12-04 Frito-Lay North America, Inc. Method for continuously making kettle style potato chips
US8808779B2 (en) * 2007-07-13 2014-08-19 Frito-Lay North America, Inc. Method for reducing the oil content of potato chips
CN101961096B (zh) * 2010-09-21 2012-07-04 福建省新润食品有限公司 一种降低油炸马铃薯饼脂肪含量的加工方法

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4325295A (en) * 1979-02-21 1982-04-20 Heat And Control, Inc. Apparatus for preparing french fried potatoes
US20060083831A1 (en) * 2004-10-14 2006-04-20 Caridis Andrew A Forming and cooking with controlled curtain spillage

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2018089352A (ja) * 2016-12-06 2018-06-14 株式会社中西製作所 フライヤーの運転方法およびフライヤー

Also Published As

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CA2905757A1 (fr) 2014-09-25
CA2905757C (fr) 2018-02-27
CN105377053A (zh) 2016-03-02
CN105377053B (zh) 2019-08-02

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