Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
  • B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
  • B01D53/48—Sulfur compounds
  • B01D53/50—Sulfur oxides
  • B01D53/508—Sulfur oxides by treating the gases with solids
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
  • B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
  • B01D53/64—Heavy metals or compounds thereof, e.g. mercury
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
  • B01J20/0203—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of metals not provided for in B01J20/04
  • B01J20/027—Compounds of F, Cl, Br, I
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
  • B01J20/04—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
  • B01J20/046—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium containing halogens, e.g. halides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
  • B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
  • B01J20/3085—Chemical treatments not covered by groups B01J20/3007 - B01J20/3078
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
  • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
  • B01J20/3202—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the carrier, support or substrate used for impregnation or coating
  • B01J20/3204—Inorganic carriers, supports or substrates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
  • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
  • B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
  • B01J20/3242—Layers with a functional group, e.g. an affinity material, a ligand, a reactant or a complexing group
  • B01J20/3244—Non-macromolecular compounds
  • B01J20/3246—Non-macromolecular compounds having a well defined chemical structure
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2251/00—Reactants
  • B01D2251/10—Oxidants
  • B01D2251/108—Halogens or halogen compounds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
  • B01D2253/10—Inorganic adsorbents
  • B01D2253/102—Carbon
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
  • B01D2253/25—Coated, impregnated or composite adsorbents
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
  • B01D2257/60—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
  • B01D2257/60—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
  • B01D2257/602—Mercury or mercury compounds

Definitions

• This invention relates to sorbents having superior performance characteristics especially when used as mercury sorbents in semi-dry (CDS), high moisture (SDA), and fully wet S0 2 scrubbers, as well as to methods for the production of such performance-enhanced sorbents, and to the use of such novel sorbents in the removal of mercury and possibly one or more other heavy metals from gaseous streams and aqueous solutions or streams.
• CDS semi-dry
• SDA high moisture
• S0 2 scrubbers fully wet S0 2 scrubbers
• Gas-phase brominated powdered activated carbons (e.g., B-PAC, produced by Albemarle Corporation) are effective sorbents for mercury emission control in gaseous streams containing mercury.
• B-PAC a powdered activated carbon sorbent for mercury.
• WL water leachable
• This leachable bromine negatively influences the performance of the brominated carbonaceous sorbents in semi-wet SO 2 scrubbers such as Circulation Absorber Scrubbers (CDS), high moisture scrubbers such as Spray Dryer Absorbers (SDA), and in fully-wet S0 2 scrubbers because the sorbent is recycled to the system.
• CDS Circulation Absorber Scrubbers
• SDA Spray Dryer Absorbers
• fully-wet S0 2 scrubbers because the sorbent is recycled to the system.
• the dissolved bromine species could have negative impacts on the discharged wastewaters from these S0 2 scrubbers.
• the olefinic treating agent is taken up by and becomes firmly associated or bonded somehow with the carbonaceous sorbent, whether the sorbent itself is brominated before, during, and/or after the treatment with the olefinic treating agent.
• such treatments before, during, and/or after bromination increase the amount of water-tolerant (resistant to extraction by water) bromine species on the surfaces of the brominated carbonaceous sorbent.
• the actual mechanism by which this advantageous result is achieved is presently unknown.
• a brominated carbonaceous sorbent composition having increased resistance to water leaching when exposed to water, water solutions, and/or water suspensions during handling or use, wherein said sorbent is contacted prior to, during, and/or after bromination (preferably gas-phase bromination) with an olefinic treating agent.
• bromination is preferably gas-phase bromination.
• Still another embodiment of this invention is a method for removing mercury and/or mercury-containing compounds and/or species from a mercury-containing gaseous stream, and/or for removing one or more other heavy metals or other contaminants from a gaseous stream, the method comprising the steps of:
• Yet another embodiment of this invention is a method for manufacturing a brominated carbonaceous sorbent having increased resistance to water leaching of bromine species, which method comprises contacting a carbonaceous substrate with a bromine-containing compound in gas or liquid form for a sufficient time to increase the ability of the carbonaceous substrate to adsorb mercury and/or mercury-containing compounds and/or species, and contacting said carbonaceous substrate with an olefinic treating agent in an amount sufficient to increase the resistance of the brominated sorbent to loss of bromine species due to water leaching.
• Another embodiment of this invention is a method for producing a brominated sorbent having increased resistance to water leaching of bromine species.
• the method comprises contacting a brominated carbonaceous sorbent with at least one olefinic treating agent.
• the total amount of the olefinic treating agent to be fed should be at least sufficient to improve the resistance of the brominated and olefin treated carbonaceous substrate to water leaching of bromine species. Accordingly, the rate of the respective feeds of bromine-containing compound and of the olefinic treating agent should be controlled so that the respective times of feeding are of sufficient duration to provide suitable targeted amounts of the respective substances within a suitable period of time. Thus the higher the rate of a feed, the shorter the time of the feed, and conversely, the lower the rate of a feed, the longer the time of the feed.
• Fig. 1 is a bar chart illustrating the extent of water leachable bromine, if any, in experiments in which four different brominated powdered activated carbon compositions (produced by Albemarle Corporation via gas-phase bromination) and four different bromide salt impregnated powdered activated carbon compositions one of which is a commercially available product from another producer, and three of which were prepared in the laboratory by the salt impregnation method. These results illustrate the state of the art prior to this invention.
• Fig. 2 is a graph illustrating the results of full scale mercury control tests comparing the mercury control characteristics of several types of brominated powdered activated carbon compositions in an SDA equipped with a fabric filter for capturing particulates.
• B-PAC produced by Albemarle Corporation via gas-phase bromination
• Brsalt PAC B and Brsalt PAC C both of which are commercially available.
• the better mercury reduction results obtained with B-PAC are attributed to the retention of some bromine in the B-PAC sorbent through its recycle and re-use.
• Fig. 4 is a bar chart comparing the extent of mercury adsorption of Examples 1, 2, 3, and 4 before and after water extraction. Fig. 4 also shows the extent of mercury absorption of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 after water extraction declined. The mercury removal of the sorbent in Comparative Example 2 decreased to about the level of plain PAC since almost no bromine remained on the surface. Comparative Example 1 had higher mercury adsorption than plain PAC, presumably because it retained approximately 30% of its bromine after water extraction. Again in this bar chart, Examples, 1, 2, 3, and 4 illustrate the results achieved pursuant to this invention. Comparative Examples 1 and 2 are the results achieved using brominated powdered activated carbon compositions not of this invention. The difference between Figs. 3 and 4 is that Fig. 4 shows mercury adsorption results obtained from samples before water extraction and after water extraction (after-water-extraction samples are the same samples as in Fig. 3). FURTHER DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• organic compound that contains one or more olefinic double bonds in the molecule is often referred to hereinafter as the "olefinic treating agent", whether or not this term is further modified with “of this invention”.
• olefinic treating agent whether or not so modified refers to a case where only a single organic compound that contains one or more olefinic double bonds in the molecule is being referred to and also to a case where a mixture (plurality) of organic compounds that contain one or more olefinic double bonds in the molecule is being referred to.
• brominated sorbent and “brominated sorbents” as used throughout this document refer to the brominated carbonaceous sorbents of this invention, unless otherwise noted.
• the carbonaceous substrate is a carbon-based adsorbent.
• This invention is deemed applicable to most, if not all, carbon-based adsorbent compositions produced from different feedstocks, although some differences in effectiveness are to be expected.
• the suitability of such a substrate can be determined by the simple expediency of performing a few laboratory experiments of water extractability of such compositions using techniques as those referred to hereinafter or elsewhere in the prior art.
• PAC Type 1 (PAC1) - PACs which are produced from various types of wood.
• PAC Type 2 (PAC2) - PACs which are produced from bituminous coal.
• PAC Type 3 (PAC3) - PACs which are produced from various types of coconut shells.
• PAC Type 4 (PAC4) - PACs produced from various anthracite coals.
• PAC Type 5 (PAC5) - PACs which are produced from lignite, a soft brown fuel with characteristics that place it somewhere between coal and peat.
• the above types of PAC were employed in the runs reported in the Figures and/or in the Examples.
• PACs can be enhanced pursuant to this invention by use of the combination of (i) bromination with bromine, and especially by gas-phase bromination, and (ii) treatment with an olefinic treating agent with the bromination occurring before, during, and/or after the treatment with the olefinic treating agent.
• the degree of enhancement from carbonaceous substrate to carbonaceous substrate will probably differ because of differences in the make-up, properties, and characteristics of the different carbonaceous substrates.
• the olefinic treating agent is at least one organic compound containing at least one olefinic double bond.
• olefinic treating agents there are five basic types of olefinic treating agents that are recommended for use in the practice of this invention. These are as follows:
• Type 1 An organic aliphatic or cycloaliphatic compound that contains an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic moiety containing a single olefinic double bond, which moiety is represented by the formula
• Type 2 An organic aliphatic or cycloaliphatic compound that contains an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic moiety containing a single olefinic double bond represented by the formula
• CR 1 CR 2 - where R 1 is a C 1-3 alkyl group and R 2 is independently a C 1-3 alkyl group or a hydrogen atom; or a mixture of two or more such compounds.
• Type 3 A non-cyclic aliphatic organic compound that contains a conjugated or non- conjugated pair of double bonds and that is represented by the formula
• Type 4 A cycloaliphatic organic compound that contains a conjugated pair of double bonds in an otherwise saturated aliphatic 5-membered ring or a conjugated or non-conjugated pair of double bonds in an otherwise saturated aliphatic 6 to 10- membered ring system.
• Type 5 An organic compound that contains one or two vinyl substituents directly bonded to an aromatic ring system which preferably is a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring.
• Non-limiting illustrative examples of the above Type 1) organic compounds include such linear aliphatic monounsaturated compounds as 1 -pentene; 2-pentene; a mixture of 1- pentene and 2-pentene; 1 -hexene; 2-hexene; 3 -hexene; a mixture any two of or all three of 1- hexene, 2-hexene, and 3-hexene; 1-heptene; 2-heptene; 3-heptene; a mixture any two of or all three of 1-heptene, 2-heptene, and 3-heptene; one or more liquid octene isomers such as 1- octene; one or more liquid nonene isomers such as 1-nonene; one or more liquid decene isomers such as 1-decene; and mixtures of any two or more of the foregoing linear aliphatic compounds such as a mixture of pentene and hexene isomers,
• Non-limiting illustrative examples of the above Type 1) organic compounds further include such remotely branched open chain aliphatic compounds non-limiting examples of which include 3-3-dimethyl-l-pentene; 3-methyl-l-pentene; 4-methyl-l-pentene; 4-methyl-l-hexene; 5-methyl-l-hexene; 5-methyl-2-hexene; and mixtures of two or more of the foregoing remotely branched open chain monounsaturated aliphatic compounds.
• cyclic monoolefins non-limiting examples of which include cyclopentene; cyclohexene; cycloheptene; and mixtures of any two or all three of cyclopentene, cyclohexene, and cycloheptene. Additionally, mixtures composed of one or more open chain monoolefins with one or more cyclic monoolefins satisfying the formula of above Type 1) organic compounds may be used, if desired.
• Non-limiting illustrative examples of the above Type 3) diene-containing organic compounds include 1,3-pentadiene (a representative conjugated liquid diene) and 1,4-pentadiene (a representative non-conjugated liquid diene).
• Non-limiting illustrative examples of the above Type 4) diene-containing cycloaliphatic organic compounds that contain a conjugated pair of double bonds in an otherwise saturated aliphatic 5-membered ring or a conjugated or non-conjugated pair of double bonds in an otherwise saturated aliphatic 6 to 10-membered ring system include 1,3-cyclopentadiene, cyclopentadiene dimer, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, and 1,4-cyclohexadiene.
• Non-limiting illustrative examples of the above Type 5) organic compounds include styrene, at least one Ci_4-monoalkyl-ring-substituted styrene, divinylbenzene, or a mixture of divinylbenzene and ethyl vinylbenzene isomers.
• One such mixture which is available from Sigma- Aldrich is comprised of 55% of a mixture of divinylbenzene isomers (CAS ® No. 1321-74-0) with the remainder being mainly 3- and 4-ethyl vinylbenzene.
• One or more compounds of Type 1) through Type 5) may contain functional substituents which do not interfere with their performance pursuant to this invention. Ether functionality (-0-) serves as a typical example. Taking into consideration costs and availability, hydrocarbon compounds of Type 1) through Type 5) are usually preferred.
• the olefinic treating agent can be used in liquid form or gaseous form; liquid form is preferred.
• Amounts of the olefinic treating agent relative to the total weight of the brominated carbonaceous sorbent are typically in the range of about 0.5 wt% to about 20 wt%, more preferably in the range of about 1 wt% to about 15 wt%, still more preferably in the range of about 1.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, and even more preferably about 2.5 wt% to about 7.5 wt% relative to the total weight of the brominated carbonaceous sorbent.
• all of the olefinic treating agent is incorporated into the brominated carbonaceous sorbent.
• liquid and gaseous is meant that the compound is in the liquid state and/or the gaseous state at the temperature to which the compound is being exposed under actual service conditions.
• the compound may be a solid at room temperature, provided that it is in the liquid state and/or gaseous state under temperatures encountered during the actual service or use conditions.
• One factor that may affect the reaction conditions selected is the flash point of the olefinic treating agent.
• the bromine-containing compound is elemental bromine (Br 2 ) and/or hydrogen bromide (HBr), which are usually used in gaseous form or liquid form. Elemental bromine and/or hydrogen bromide are normally and preferably used in gaseous form. Elemental bromine is a preferred bromine-containing compound. Typically elemental bromine, especially when used in gaseous form, is the preferred source of bromine for use in practicing the various embodiments of this invention. As noted in U.S. Pat. No. 6,953,494, gaseous hydrogen bromide may be used. Similarly, mixtures of gaseous bromine and gaseous hydrogen bromide may be used.
• Treatment of the carbonaceous substrate is preferably conducted such that the sorbent has a content in the range of about 0.1 to about 20 wt.% bromine, based on the weight of the brominated carbonaceous sorbent after contact with the bromine-containing compound (bromination).
• the brominated sorbent has about 0.5 wt% to about 15 wt% bromine, more preferably about 2 wt% to about 12 wt% bromine based on the weight of the brominated sorbent. Amounts of bromine greater than 20 wt% can be incorporated into the carbonaceous substrate if desired.
• brominated carbonaceous sorbents are brominated powdered activated carbons, especially those having about 2 wt% to about 12 wt% bromine; such sorbents are available commercially from Albemarle Corporation as B-PAC, C- PAC, and H-PAC.
• the bromination is typically a gas-phase bromination conducted at elevated temperatures by both batch and in-flight methods.
• the bromine should be heated and maintained above about 60°C. Temperatures in the range of about 60°C up to about 140°C are typical for use in the gas-phase bromination of the powdered activated carbon sorbent for mercury with gaseous elemental bromine. Treatment with gaseous bromine is advantageous because, in the gaseous state, the bromine more uniformly contacts the powdered activated carbon sorbent and in use in mercury-containing gaseous streams interacts readily with the mercury impurities normally present therein.
• a preferred method of converting the liquid bromine to a bromine-containing gas is to use a heated lance.
• Liquid bromine can be metered into such a heated-lance system at one end and be distributed as a gas to the substrate materials at the other end. See in this connection U.S. Pat. No. 6,953,494, for a further detailed description of gas -phase bromination.
• this invention involves separate feeding of a bromine-containing compound in liquid or gaseous form, and of an olefinic treating agent of this invention.
• the minimum number of separate feeds therefore, is two, one feed therefore providing a sufficient amount of the bromine-containing compound, and the other feed providing a sufficient amount of the olefinic treating agent of this invention.
• the desired total quantities of the bromine-containing compound and of the olefinic treating agent of this invention can be achieved through multiple feeds of either or both of these materials.
• this invention is not limited to any particular number of the respective feeds provided that the respective feeds provide in the finished product or resultant product quantities of the materials fed that are sufficient to provide the advantages of this invention, namely improved mercury removal effectiveness of the sorbent for mercury because of the bromination and increased resistance to water leaching of bromine species because of the treatment with an olefinic treating agent of this invention.
• Bromination of the carbonaceous substrate can be carried out before, during, and/or after the treatment with the olefinic treating agent.
• bromination is conducted before or after the treatment with an olefinic treating agent; more preferably, bromination is conducted after the treatment with an olefinic treating agent.
• An olefinic treating agent of this invention cyclohexene
• cyclohexene was transferred to two 3 mL vials, each of which was then placed individually in the bottom center of a glass bottle that contained a sample of pre-dried PAC3 sorbent or B-PAC3 sorbent.
• the sample bottles were then capped tightly and placed in an oven maintained at 80°C.
• the sample bottles were agitated after all the liquid cyclohexene had vaporized and then the samples were allowed to cool down to room temperature.
• Examples 1 and 2 consisted of PAC3 treated with cyclohexene and then brominated with gas-phase bromine.
• Examples 3 and 4 consisted of samples of PAC3 sorbent which had previously been subjected to gas-phase bromination with bromine and which were then individually treated in a bottle with a targeted quantity of cyclohexene.
• the gas-phase bromination followed the procedure disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,953,494.
• the individual treatment temperatures with the cyclohexene as the olefinic treating agent.
• the targeted values of cyclohexene for these four samples was 3 or 6 wt.% of cyclohexene on the finished sorbent.
• the total actual bromine content of Examples 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 5.32, 5.85, 6.62, and 6.86 wt.% of sorbent, respectively.
• the cyclohexene-treated samples were extracted with water following a standard solvent extraction method.
• these brominated sorbents of the invention are injected into a gaseous stream upstream of the scrubber device, and at least a portion of the brominated sorbent will circulate in the system numerous times.
• the brominated sorbents are typically injected at a rate of about 0.5 to about 15 lb/MMacf (8xl0 "6 to 240xl0 "6 kg/m 3 ).
• Preferred injection rates are about 1 to about 10 lb/MMacf (16xl0 ⁇ 6 to 160xl0 "6 kg/m 3 ); more preferred are injection rates of about 2 to about 5 lb/MMacf (32xl0 ⁇ 6 to 80xl0 "6 kg/m 3 ), though it is understood that the preferred injection rate varies with the kinetics of reaction for mercury species with the sorbent, the mercury capacity of the sorbent, the relevant mercury emission limit, and the particular system configuration.
• gaseous stream refers to a quantity of gas that is moving in a direction.
• gaseous streams include combustion gas and flue gas, both of which often contain mercury species and/or other contaminants.
• non-water-leachable brominated sorbents of this invention may be useful to remove contaminants other than or in addition to mercury, such as other heavy metals.
• the NWL brominated carbonaceous sorbents of this invention will typically be exposed to temperatures of less than 300°F (ca. 149°C).
• the NWL brominated carbonaceous sorbents are deemed thermally stable under these temperature conditions.
• the sorbent particles are carried by the gas stream to a particulate collection device, where the sorbent particles are collected.
• Typical particulate collection devices include electrostatic precipitators (ESP) and fabric filters (baghouse filters). For use in semi-dry, high moisture, and wet applications, fabric filters are a preferred collection device.
• the invention may comprise, consist, or consist essentially of the materials and/or procedures recited herein.

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