WO2014100224A1 - Carburants composites carbone-gaz hydrocarboné - Google Patents

Carburants composites carbone-gaz hydrocarboné Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014100224A1
WO2014100224A1 PCT/US2013/076208 US2013076208W WO2014100224A1 WO 2014100224 A1 WO2014100224 A1 WO 2014100224A1 US 2013076208 W US2013076208 W US 2013076208W WO 2014100224 A1 WO2014100224 A1 WO 2014100224A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
hydrocarbon gas
composition
carbon
fuel
sealant
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PCT/US2013/076208
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English (en)
Inventor
Seyed Dastgheib
Massoud Rostam-Abadi
Chris SCHIMP
Ken Suslick
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The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois
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Publication of WO2014100224A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014100224A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
    • C10L5/02—Solid fuels such as briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral or non-mineral origin
    • C10L5/26—After-treatment of the shaped fuels, e.g. briquettes
    • C10L5/32—Coating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
    • C10L9/10—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by using additives

Definitions

  • This invention generally relates to fuels, and more particularly to fuels containing a carbon-hydrocarbon gas composite.
  • a composition including a porous carbon substrate; a hydrocarbon gas; and a sealant a sealant configured to retain the hydrocarbon gas with at least a portion of the porous carbon substrate.
  • the hydrocarbon gas includes a C 1-C5 hydrocarbon gas.
  • the sealant includes heavy tar, coal pitch, starch, sugar, or a mixture of any two or more such materials.
  • a portion of the hydrocarbon gas may be adsorbed on a surface of the porous carbon substrate.
  • the porous carbon substrate may be a microporous carbon substrate.
  • the porous carbon substrate may include graphite, graphene, mesoporous carbon, mesoporous microcarbon microbeads, amorphous carbon, coal, pulverized coal, biomass, plastic resins, polymers, or waste materials.
  • the composition may include up to 80 wt% of the hydrocarbon gas.
  • the composition may include up to 50 wt% of the hydrocarbon gas.
  • a process of preparing a carbon-hydrocarbon gas composite includes exposing a porous carbon substrate to a pressurized hydrocarbon gas to form a carbon-hydrocarbon gas material; and coating the carbon-hydrocarbon gas material with a sealant.
  • a composition in another aspect, includes a fuel; and a carbon- hydrocarbon gas composite including a porous carbon substrate; a hydrocarbon gas; a sealant configured to retain the hydrocarbon gas with at least a portion of the porous carbon substrate; wherein the composition is a fuel composite.
  • a process of preparing a composition includes mixing a fuel with a carbon-hydrocarbon gas composite; wherein the carbon-hydrocarbon gas composite includes a porous carbon substrate; a hydrocarbon gas; a sealant configured to retain the hydrocarbon gas with at least a portion of the porous carbon substrate; wherein the composition is a fuel composite.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the production of a composite fuel, according to one embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic, progression illustration of a hydrocarbon gas in a porous carbon substrate, according to one embodiment.
  • a reference to “a gas” includes one or more gases
  • a reference to “a molecule” is a reference to one or more molecules.
  • a carbon-hydrocarbon gas composite (CHGC) is provided.
  • the composites include a porous carbon substrate, a hydrocarbon gas adsorbed onto a surface of the carbon substrate, and a sealant. It is known that upon exposure of a porous carbon substrate to a hydrocarbon gas, the gas will adsorb onto the external and internal surfaces of the substrate. However, upon release of the pressure, the majority of the gas will desorb leaving only a residual amount of the gas. In the present composites, after adsorption of the gas onto the substrate, but before de-pressurization, the substrate-gas material is coated with a sealant, thereby preventing, or at least minimizing, desorption of the gas from the substrate upon de-pressurization.
  • a composition includes a porous carbon substrate, a hydrocarbon gas, and a sealant.
  • the sealant is configured to retain the hydrocarbon gas with at least a portion of the porous carbon substrate.
  • the sealant may plug a pore of the carbon substrate, thereby entrapping the gas within the pore, or the sealant may be applied over an outer surface of the carbon substrate, where a molecule of hydrocarbon gas is adsorbed, thereby trapping the adsorbed gas molecule to the outer surface of the substrate.
  • the CHGC is combined with a fuel to provide a fuel composite.
  • the surface of the substrate includes not only the outer surface, but also any surface within the porous structure.
  • FIG. 1 describes the general overall process for preparing the CHGC and a fuel composite containing the CHGC.
  • a porous carbon substrate is introduced to a pressurizable chamber.
  • the chamber also provides for introduction of a pressurized gas that includes, but is not necessarily limited to, a hydrocarbon gas, and optionally, pore-filling enhancers.
  • a pressurized gas that includes, but is not necessarily limited to, a hydrocarbon gas, and optionally, pore-filling enhancers.
  • the hydrocarbon gas adsorbs onto the surface of the carbon substrate and into the pores of the carbon substrate, along with any of the enhancers, if present.
  • the substrate is coated with a sealant to form the CHGC.
  • the CHGC may either be introduced to the fuel under pressure, or the CHGC is depressurized and then added to the fuel.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a CHGC 100 as it progresses from unfilled, porous carbon substrate to a CHGC suspended in a fuel.
  • An individual pore 110 of a carbon substrate is filled with hydrocarbon gas 140 under pressure.
  • pore- filling enhancers may also be deposited in the carbon pore 110 along with the
  • the CHGC 100 is then suspended in a fuel 160.
  • the fuel 160 contains the CHGC 100 and can be used at ambient temperature and/or pressure without loss of the hydrocarbon gas.
  • Suitable porous carbon substrates include those that have a high surface area, and, preferably a low ash content.
  • the surface area (N 2 -BET surface area) of the carbon may be greater than 150 m 2 /g, greater than 250 m 2 /g, greater than 500 m 2 /g, or greater than 1000 m 2 /g.
  • the surface area is from about 250 m 2 /g to about 500 m 2 /g, or from about 500 m 2 /g to about 2000 m 2 /g.
  • the ash content in some embodiments, it is less than 10 wt%, less than 5 wt%, less than 2 wt%, or less than 1 wt%.
  • the ash content of the porous carbon substrate is from 0 to about 5 wt%, or from 0 to about 2 wt%.
  • Suitable porous carbon substrates may be derived from biomass, coal or petroleum sources. Using carbon that originates from biomass is a "green" use of material that may otherwise be waste. Suitable porous carbon substrates include, but are not limited to, those that are predominantly microporous. As used herein, microporous refers to an activated carbon where the majority of its surface area and pore volume are from micropores (i.e., pores with diameters less than 2 nm). In some embodiments, the particles size of the carbon is macroscopic, on the mm scale. For example, in one embodiment, the particle size of the carbon is from 1-3 mm during the adsorption and coating process, however, the composite may then be pulverized to a size less than 20 ⁇ .
  • the pore sizes of the individual particles of the substrate have average sizes ranging from about 0.4 nm to about 100 nm, according to some embodiments. In other embodiments, the size of the pores is less than 2 nm. In yet other embodiments, the pores range in size from about 0.4 nm to about 2 nm. In some embodiments, the micropores have an average diameter of from about 0.6 nm to about 2 nm.
  • the carbon substrate may also be mesoporous. As used herein, mesoporous materials are those having pores with an average diameter of from about 2 nm to about 50 nm. In some embodiments, the mesoporous substrate has pores with an average diameter of from about 3 nm to about 30 nm.
  • Such sizes are well suited to adsorption of methane within the pores, with methane having a molecular diameter of about 0.382 nm.
  • Such size ranges of methane allow for more than a single layer of the adsorbing gas, e.g. methane, to adsorb to the pore surface.
  • methane e.g. methane
  • two layers of methane adsorb to the pore surface.
  • the pore size is designated.
  • the porous structure of the adsorbents determines the gas adsorption capacity.
  • the structure of the CH 4 molecule is highly symmetrical, and can be considered as a sphere.
  • CH 4 molecules have a negligible quadrupole moment. For those molecules with weak quadrupole interaction, a change in the oxygenated functionality of the adsorbent surface would not greatly affect the adsorption capacity. Therefore, the effect of hetero-atoms or functionality on CH 4 storage onto microporous carbon is not critical.
  • the porous structure is primarily responsible for trapping the gas within the pore, and not gas-carbon interactions binding the gas into the pore, other than weak van der Waal's interactions.
  • the gas adsorption capacity of a porous carbon substrate increases with increasing micropore volume of carbon.
  • the absorption capacity decreases with increasing temperature and increases with increasing pressure.
  • a gravimetric or a volumetric adsorption system may be used to measure methane adsorption isotherm of carbon by measuring the mass or pressure of a system before and after gas contact with the substrate.
  • An adsorption isotherm curve is prepared by plotting the adsorption capacity against the equilibrium methane pressure at a constant temperature. The reverse of the procedure will produce a desorption isotherm. If the adsorption and desorption isotherms are identical, the adsorption is reversible. If the desorption isotherm represent a hysteresis, then less gas is released from the substrate at a specific equilibrium pressure. The shape of pore, among other factors, is believed to impact such hysteresis.
  • a suitable porous carbon substrate will exhibit a hysteresis with respect to the gas that is to be adsorbed. This is because less of the gas will be potentially released when the substrate saturated with the gas at high pressure is depressurized to atmospheric pressure. Therefore, pore size distribution of the substrate will have both a large micropore volume and some mesoporosity to promote gas retention.
  • the porous carbon substrate is graphite, graphene, mesoporous carbon, mesoporous microcarbon microbeads, amorphous carbon, different types of activated carbons derived from coal, pulverized coal, biomass, plastic resins, polymers, waste materials, or other forms of porous carbon.
  • the porous carbon substrate may be a carbon material as prepared, or the carbon material may be pulverized.
  • coal may be used as a source for the carbon substrate, it may be pulverized coal. It may also be treated by heating to an elevated temperature and/or exposing the pulverized coal to a vacuum to remove low molecular weight gases and materials that would inhibit or reduce hydrocarbon gas adsorption.
  • Suitable hydrocarbon gas sources include, but are not limited to natural gas sources and purified gas sources.
  • the hydrocarbon gas may include any of the Ci to C 5 hydrocarbons, which are both unsubstituted and substituted.
  • the hydrocarbon gas may be an alkane such as, but not limited to, methane, ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, pentane, isopentane, or neopentane.
  • the hydrocarbon gas may also include, but is not limited to Ci to C 5 oxygenated hydrocarbon gases such as methylether or methylethylether.
  • the hydrocarbon gas may be, but is not limited to any such mixture of one or more alkanes, one or more oxygenated hydrocarbons, or one or more alkanes with one or more oxygenated hydrocarbons.
  • a C 1 -C5 gas is one in which there are from one to five carbon atoms.
  • the hydrocarbon gas includes methane.
  • the adsorption may also be performed with a wet hydrocarbon gas to form a gas-carbon hydrate material.
  • the hydrocarbon gas is pressurized when exposed to the porous carbon substrate.
  • the pressure of the hydrocarbon gas may be greater than 1 atm.
  • the pressure may be greater than 5 atm, greater than 10 atm, greater than 20 atm, greater than 50 atm, or greater than 100 atm.
  • the pressure may be from about 5 atm to about 50 atm.
  • the pressure will depend at least in part on the type of carbon substrate, with some carbon substrates requiring higher pressures for hydrocarbon gas adsorption than others. In other embodiments, the pressure is about from about 5 atm to about 200 atm.
  • the adsorption is conducted at any temperature at which the hydrocarbon gas will adsorb to a surface of the porous carbon substrate.
  • the temperature may be at ambient temperature. In other embodiments, the temperature may be below ambient temperature, or above ambient temperature.
  • the temperature may be from -196°C to about 200°C. In some embodiments, the temperature may be from about -40°C to about 100°C. In one embodiment the temperature is from about 23°C to about 35°C. In another embodiment the temperature is from about -20°C to about 20°C.
  • a pore-filling enhancer may be used to enhance the adsorption capacity of the gas onto the larger pores of a porous carbon substrate, where the gas is not efficiently trapped.
  • pore filling enhancers include hydrocarbons, or mixtures, to solubilize the gas and incorporate more gas into the substrate within the larger pores.
  • the substrate is first exposed to the pore-filling enhancer and the exposed to the pressurized gas.
  • the pore-filling enhancer is diesel fuel and the gas is methane.
  • the pores of the carbon substrate are first filled with the diesel fuel, then substrate is exposed to high pressure methane. With this approach, the methane is adsorbed into the small micropores (e.g., pore diameter ⁇ 2 nm) that are not accessible to larger hydrocarbon molecules.
  • the methane will dissolve in the hydrocarbon that has occupied the meso and macropores and trap the methane within these larger voids.
  • Other pore filling enchancers include the use of water to form a methane hydrate. Methane adsorption onto a wet activated carbon is higher compared to a dry activated carbon at pressures above 4 MPa. In addition to water, other molecules that can form cages for entrapping methane can be considered for enhancing methane adsorption at high pressures.
  • Illustrative pore-filling enhancers include, but are not limited to, water, alcohols, diesel fuel, hydrocarbons, and other organic/inorganic enhancers such as halogenated compounds that increase the retention and solubility of methane in the liquid phase or enhance methane adsorption onto the carbon.
  • Illustrative alcohols include, but are not limited to, methanol, ethanol, propanol, and iso-propanol.
  • Illustrative halogenated compounds include, but are not limited to, dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, freons, chlorofluorocarbons,
  • hydrofluorocarbons hydrofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and the like.
  • the sealant may be any material that is suitable for retaining the hydrocarbon gas within the pores of the porous carbon substrate.
  • CHGC carbon- hydrocarbon gas composite
  • the sealant is negligibly soluble in the fuel.
  • negligibly soluble it is meant that the sealant is insoluble in the fuel, or is so poorly soluble that the entrapped gas is not released from the porous carbon substrate when the fuel contacts the hydrocarbon gas-carbon composite.
  • illustrative sealants include, but are not limited to, heavy tar, coal pitch, starch, sugar, corn syrup, glucose, fructose, oligosaccharides, synthetic or natural polymers, or a mixture of any two or more such materials.
  • the sealant is a sugar
  • the sugar may include, but is not limited to, glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, corn syrup, or a mixture of any two or more thereof.
  • a composite fuel including a fuel and any of the CHGCs described above.
  • Such composite fuels may burn cleaner than the fuel alone and provide engine protection.
  • Such fuels may also increase the horsepower of an engine which burns the composite fuel, when compared to burning the fuel alone.
  • Such composite fuels may also increase the mileage of an engine when compared to the engine burning the fuel alone.
  • Suitable fuels may include gasoline, diesel, kerosene, jet fuel, fuel oil, ethanol supplemented fuels such as E15 and E85, bio fuels, vegetable oils, and the like.
  • the fuel is gasoline.
  • the fuel is diesel.
  • the fuel composite has a CHGC content such that the fuel composite has a comparable, or higher heating value than the fuel alone, and which generates fewer air pollutants per Btu (British Thermal Unit) than a engine burning the fuel alone.
  • the fuel composite may contain up to about 70 wt% CHGC.
  • the fuel composite contains up to about 60 wt% CHGC, up to about 50 wt% CHGC, up to about 40 wt% CHGC, or up to about 30 wt%, or up to about 20 wt%, or up to about 10 wt%.
  • the fuel composite contains from about 1 wt% to about 70 wt% CHGC.
  • the fuel composite contains from about 10 wt% to about 40 wt% CHGC. In some embodiments, the fuel composite contains about 10 wt% CHGC. In other embodiments, the fuel composite contains about 20 wt% CHGC. In some embodiments, the fuel composite contains about 30 wt% CHGC. In other embodiments, the fuel composite contains about 40 wt% CHGC. In some embodiments, the fuel composite contains about 50 wt% CHGC. In other embodiments, the fuel composite contains about 60 wt% CHGC.
  • the fuel composite may be prepared at any suitable temperature or pressure. However, because the hydrocarbon gas is trapped within the CHGC, the CHGC may either be added to the fuel at ambient temperature or pressure (i.e. about 25°C and about 1 atm), or the CHGC and fuel may be mixed at elevated pressures, and then de- pressurized to ambient conditions after mixing.
  • ambient temperature or pressure i.e. about 25°C and about 1 atm
  • the process includes exposing a porous carbon substrate to a pressurized hydrocarbon gas to form a carbon-hydrocarbon gas material, and coating the carbon- hydrocarbon gas material with a sealant.
  • the exposing is conducted at a pressure of greater than 1 atm. In other embodiments, the exposing is conducted at a pressure of greater than 5 atm. In yet other embodiments, the exposing is conducted at a pressure of from 10 atm to 500 atm.
  • the carbon substrate may have contaminants or other materials within the porous structure, those other materials may be removed by heating, applying a vacuum, or both.
  • the coating includes contacting the sealant in a liquid with the carbon-hydrocarbon gas material, and then solidifying the sealant (by cooling or solvent evaporation) to form a CHGC.
  • the liquid state of any of the sealants or coatings may be a molten state of the coating or sealant.
  • the sealant effectively sequesters the hydrocarbon gas within or on the carbon substrate such that at ambient temperatures and pressures, the hydrocarbon gas does not release from the CHGC.
  • the temperature at which the sealant and carbon-hydrocarbon gas material are introduced may be elevated to melt the sealant such that it is in a liquid state.
  • the temperature at which the sealant and carbon-hydrocarbon gas material are introduced may be from about 20°C to about 350°C. In some embodiments, the temperature at which the sealant and carbon-hydrocarbon gas material are introduced is from about 100°C to about 300°C. In other embodiments, the temperature at which the sealant and carbon-hydrocarbon gas material are introduced is from about 200°C to about 300°C.
  • the coating includes contacting the sealant as a solution in a solvent with the carbon-hydrocarbon gas material.
  • the solvent may either be absorbed into the carbon-hydrocarbon gas material and coating, or it may be evaporated from the composite.
  • a CHGC is formed.
  • the sealant effectively sequesters the hydrocarbon gas within or on the carbon substrate such that at ambient temperatures and pressures, the hydrocarbon gas does not release from the CHGC.
  • the solution of the sealant may be sprayed onto the surface of carbon-hydrocarbon gas material, and potentially, into a portion of the internal pores.
  • Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, water, an alcohol, an alkane, an alkene, aromatic hydrocarbon, or a halogenated hydrocarbon.
  • the solvent may include, but is not limited to, water, methanol, ethanol isopropanol, pentane, hexane, octane, benzene, toluene,
  • dichloromethane chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, freons, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and the like.
  • illustrative sealants include, but are not limited to, heavy tar, coal pitch, starch, sugar, or a mixture of any two or more such materials.
  • the sealant is a sugar
  • the sugar may include, but is not limited to, glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, corn syrup, oligosaccharides, synthetic or natural polymers, or a mixture of any two or more such materials.
  • the sealant is a sugar
  • the sugar is heated to a temperature sufficient to cause the sugar to be in a liquid state, whereupon the liquid sugar and the carbon-hydrocarbon gas material are introduced. Upon cooling to ambient temperature, the sugar solidifies and coats the material to form the CHGC composite.
  • a process for a fuel composite, as generally described, in part, by FIG. 1.
  • the process includes mixing a fuel with a carbon-hydrocarbon gas composite, where the carbon-hydrocarbon gas composite is as described above.
  • the process of mixing may be performed either at elevated pressure, or at ambient pressure.
  • the fuel may be added to the CHGC, or the CHGC added to the fuel, and then a controlled release of the pressure is performed until ambient pressure conditions are reached.
  • the pressure on the CHGC is released in a controlled manner and then the fuel is mixed with the CHGC at ambient pressure.
  • ambient pressure is about 1 atm, or as that pressure may fluctuate due to changes in elevation.
  • the mixing of the fuel and the CHGC, whether under pressure or at ambient pressure, may be conducted at any convenient temperature.
  • the mixing is conducted at ambient temperature.
  • ambient temperature is the environmental temperature in which the mixing chamber is located.
  • the mixing may be conducted at a temperature of from about 0°C to about 100°C. In some embodiments, the mixing is conducted at a temperature from about 20°C to about 35°C.
  • the coating should be negligibly soluble in the fuel.
  • a dispersant may be used.
  • Suitable dispersants may include, but are not limited to, lignosulfates, or synthetic/ natural polymeric dispersants. In some embodiments, a lignosulfate dispersant is used.
  • Example 1 Adsorption and trapping of methane onto and into porous carbon using a solvent soluble sealant.
  • a porous carbon material having a low ash content ( ⁇ 5 wt%) is to be used.
  • the initial size of the carbon particles may be on the order of several mm, however the material may be pulverized to a particle size of less than about 10 to 20 ⁇ .
  • a pre-weighed amount (1 to 100 g) of granular carbon (0.001 to 5 mm) will be placed inside a pressurizable chamber, at ambient temperature.
  • a pressurizable chamber is known as a Parr reactor, available from the Parr Instrument Company, Moline, IL.
  • the reactor is to be pressurized to a desired pressure with methane to achieve an acceptable adsorption capacity based on a pre-determined adsorption isotherm.
  • a sealant solution is sprayed into the pressurized reactor using a pump while the carbon is being stirred.
  • One illustrative pump that may be used is a pump as used for high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). It may be necessary to heat the solution to increase the solubility of the active compounds in the solution.
  • HPLC high performance liquid chromatograph
  • the solvent is then removed under methane pressure with heat or alternatively an anti-solvent for the sealant is added to precipitate the sealant over the carbon pores.
  • the pressure in the Parr reactor will then be released (to atmospheric pressure) and the composite samples collected.
  • Example 2 Adsorption and trapping of methane onto and into porous carbon using a polymerizable sealant.
  • a porous carbon material having a low ash content ( ⁇ 5 wt%) is to be used.
  • the initial size of the carbon particles may be on the order of several mm, however the material may be pulverized to a particle size of less than about 10 to 20 ⁇ .
  • a pre-weighed amount (1 to 100 g) of granular carbon (0.001 to 5 mm) will be placed inside a Parr reactor at ambient temperature.
  • the reactor is to be pressurized to a desired pressure with methane to achieve an acceptable adsorption capacity based on a pre-determined adsorption isotherm. After the pressure in the reactor has stabilized (i.e.
  • a polymerizable sealant solution such as sucrose
  • a HPLC pump while the carbon is being stirred.
  • the solution is heated while under pressure to polymerize the sealant and coat or precipitate the polymerized sealant over the carbon pores.
  • the pressure in the Parr reactor will then be released (to atmospheric pressure) and the composite samples collected.
  • Example 3 Adsorption and trapping of methane onto and into pulverized coal using a sealant. Pulverized coal of average particle size of less than about 10 to 20 ⁇ is to be placed inside a Parr reactor at ambient temperature. The reactor is to be pressurized to a desired pressure with methane to achieve an acceptable adsorption capacity based on a pre-determined adsorption isotherm. The sealing and depressurizing may be conducted as above in Examples 1 and 2.
  • Example 4 Adsorption and trapping of methane onto and into pulverized coal using a sealant.
  • Pulverized coal of average particle size of less than about 10 to 20 ⁇ is to be placed inside a Parr reactor at ambient temperature, and the reactor is evacuated, is heated to a temperature from about 200°C to about 350°C, or both evacuated and heated. This process degasses the coal, removing low molecular weight gases that are trapped inside the coal particles.
  • the reactor is to be pressurized to a desired pressure with methane to achieve an acceptable adsorption capacity based on a pre-determined adsorption isotherm.
  • the sealing and depressurizing may be conducted as above in Examples 1 and 2.
  • Example 5 Measuring Methane Content of the Coated Methane -Loaded
  • the methane content of composite of Example 1 may be measured by two methods. In the first method, the heat value of the methane-loaded carbon and a nitrogen-loaded carbon (same carbon treated exactly like the methane-loaded carbon but exposed to high pressure nitrogen instead of methane) are measured and the amount of loaded methane is calculated from the heat value difference. In the second method, methane content of samples can be directly measured by monitoring the carbon-hydrogen bond stretches or bends using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared). For example, the absorbances at and around 2900 to 3200 cm “1 and 1250 to 1400 cm “1 may be monitored. [0051] Example 6. Grinding Methane- Loaded Carbon Particles. The composite from Examples 1 , 2 and 3 will be pulverized in a low impact (low energy) mill to reduce particle size to about 0.1-10 ⁇ . The micronized carbon samples will also be
  • Example 7 Diesel-CGHC Fuel.
  • the fuel is prepared by mixing a fuel as described in Examples 1, 2, 3 or 4 with a diesel fuel.
  • An optional additive may also be included to prevent, or minimize, settling of the solid particles during long storage periods.
  • the heating values of the solid portion of various fuels are listed in the following table:
  • This example illustrates that a low ash, high volatile matter coal could potentially be an alternative and attractive fuel to be blended with diesel to prepare a composite fuel.
  • the heating value of such a fuel is comparable to a that of an adsorbed natural gas carbon containing 20 wt% methane.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne une composition qui comprend un substrat de carbone poreux ; un gaz hydrocarboné ; un matériau d'étanchéité conçu pour retenir le gaz hydrocarboné avec au moins une partie du substrat de carbone poreux. Cette composition est appelée composite carbone/gaz hydrocarboné. Une autre composition comprend le composite carbone-gaz hydrocarboné et le carburant. Ces carburants comprennent du diesel.
PCT/US2013/076208 2012-12-19 2013-12-18 Carburants composites carbone-gaz hydrocarboné WO2014100224A1 (fr)

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CN107779235A (zh) * 2017-09-11 2018-03-09 固始龙海新能源科技有限公司 一种复合生物质颗粒燃料

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