Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
  • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
  • F01D5/12—Blades
  • F01D5/14—Form or construction
  • F01D5/141—Shape, i.e. outer, aerodynamic form
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
  • F01D11/00—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages
  • F01D11/001—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between stator blade and rotor
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
  • F01D11/00—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages
  • F01D11/02—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages by non-contact sealings, e.g. of labyrinth type
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
  • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
  • F01D5/12—Blades
  • F01D5/14—Form or construction
  • F01D5/141—Shape, i.e. outer, aerodynamic form
  • F01D5/145—Means for influencing boundary layers or secondary circulations

Definitions

• the invention relates to improving an interaction of rotor cavity purge cooling air as it enters a flow of combustion gases.
• the invention relates to pumping features disposed in a turbine blade angel wing that impart a swirl to the flow of cooling air.
• Gas turbine engines conventionally include a rotor shaft and several rows of rotor blades, each row including multiple blades distributed circumferentially about the rotor shaft. In between the rows of blades are rows of stationary vanes. Combustion gases flow along the gas turbine engine longitudinal axis in an annular flow path defined by the blades and vanes.
• the rotor shaft lies radially inward of the annular flow path and a rotor cavity is formed between the rotor disk and a stator structure holding the stationary vanes. Cooling air, or rotor purge air is often directed into the rotor cavity.
• the purge air cools components within the rotor cavity that support the blades and vanes, after which the purge air typically exits the rotor cavity through a gap between the vanes and the blades on a radially inward end of the vanes and blades.
• Flow discouraging seals may be formed via an angel wing, which uses a platform that extends axially from a base of the blade, together with a radially raised lip extending radially outward from a tip of the axial platform, to form a restriction in the gap intended to limit the flow of purge air outward, and combustion gases inward.
• the radially raised tip is conventionally axially aligned with an opposing surface, such as a surface on the stationary vane, which forms the restriction that acts as the flow discouraging seal.
• the purge air has an aerodynamic impact on the flow of combustion gases where they interface, and various approaches have been taken to mitigate the impact.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a longitudinal cross section of a gas turbine engine showing one row of blades and adjacent vanes.
• FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a longitudinal cross section of a gas turbine engine of a different configuration than FIG. 1.
• FIG. 3 is a blade with an angel wing.
• FIG. 4 shows assembled blades and a direction of an unguided flow of purge air.
• FIG. 5 shows streamlines of purge air and combustion gas mixing.
• FIG. 6 shows assembled blades and a direction of a guided flow of purge air.
• FIG. 7 shows an exemplary embodiment of the pumping features.
• FIG. 8 shows a side view of an alternate exemplary embodiment of the pumping features.
• FIG. 9 shows a top view of the pumping features of FIG. 8.
• FIG. 10 shows another alternate exemplary embodiment of the pumping features. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• the present inventors have recognized that the aerodynamic impact of the merging of rotor purge air with the combustion gases creates vortices. These vortices tend to traverse along the suction side of the blades, from front to back and from base to tip. This causes aerodynamic losses and an associated reduction in the energy that can be extracted from the combustion gases.
• the rotor blades are rotating about the gas turbine engine longitudinal axis. Prior to entering the combustion gas flow, the axially flowing rotor purge air is flowing at a negative angle of incidence with respect to a leading edge of a blade.
• the inventors have discovered that these vortices are formed, at least in part, due to axially flowing cooling air encountering combustion gases that are flowing helically about a gas turbine engine longitudinal axis, creating a large angle of encounter.
• the inventors have developed pumping features integral to the angel wing that impart a swirl into the rotor purge air as the purge air traverses the angel wing.
• the rotor purge air ends up traveling in a helical manner about the gas turbine engine longitudinal axis.
• the vortices are reduced. This, in turn, increases the efficiency with which the blade can extract energy from the combustion gases.
• FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a longitudinal cross section of one configuration of a gas turbine engine showing one row of blades 10, upstream vanes 12, and downstream vanes 14, for which various pumping features have been developed.
• Combustion gas 16 flows through the upstream vanes 12 which direct the combustion gas 16 helically around a gas turbine engine longitudinal axis 18. The combustion gases encounter the blades 10, energy is extracted, and the combustion gas 16 then encounters the downstream vanes 14, which properly orient the
• combustion gas 16 for a subsequent row of blades 20.
• Some compressed air generated by a compressor (not shown) is redirected to a rotor cavity 22 where it follows a cooling fluid path 24 between the rotor cavity 22 and the combustion gas 16 in a hot gas path 26.
• Each forward angel wing 30, 32 includes a radially raised lip 38.
• Radially outward of (i.e. axially opposite) the radially raised lip 38 of the forward upper angel wing 32 is an opposing surface 40, and the radially raised lip 38 and the opposing surface 40 together form a narrowed gap of the cooling fluid path 24 known as a flow discourager seal clearance 42.
• a vertical wall 44 and an overhang 46 are disposed proximate an outlet 48 of the cooling fluid path 24.
• FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a longitudinal cross section of a gas turbine engine of a different configuration than FIG. 1.
• this configuration there exists a differently configured blade 60 with a differently configured, forward, upper angel wing 62, the rotor cavity 22, the cooling fluid path 24, a radially raised lip 64, the opposing surface 40, and the flow discourager seal clearance 42.
• the upper angel wing 62 instead of the vertical wall 44 and the overhang 46, in this embodiment the upper angel wing 62 has an angled transition surface 66 that blends into an upper surface 68 of a blade platform 70.
• FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the blade 60 that might be used in the gas turbine configuration of FIG. 2.
• the upper angel wing 62 has an axial platform 72 that extends axially from a vertical side surface 74 at a base 76 of the blade 60, the base 76 of the blade 60 being that part of the blade 60 not including an airfoil 78.
• the radially raised lip 64 extends radially outward with respect to the gas turbine engine longitudinal axis 18 from the axial platform 72 starting at a lowest level 80 of a valley 82 in a radially outer surface 84 of the angel wing 62, and ending at a sealing surface 86.
• the sealing surface 86 intersects an upstream surface 88 of the axial platform 72 at an upstream corner 90 of the radially raised lip 64.
• the sealing surface 86 intersects a downstream surface 92 of the radially raised lip 64 at a downstream corner 94 of the radially raised lip 64.
• the axial platform 72 has a radially inward side 96 that may or may not have a radially inward side upstream corner 98 that is chamfered.
• FIG. 4 shows two assembled blades 60 as if assembled in a gas turbine engine, looking radially inward.
• the angel wings 62 are visible on an upstream side with respect to the gas turbine engine longitudinal axis 18 and form an angel wing assembly 99 when assembled in an annular row of blades 60.
• the rotor purge air flows radially outward with respect to the gas turbine engine longitudinal axis 18, and also flows axially along the angled transition surface 66 in an axial direction 102.
• a first angle of encounter 104 between the direction 100 of flow of combustion gas 16 and the direction 102 of flow of rotor purge air is when uninfluenced by any pumping features.
• the mixing of the combustion gas 16 and the rotor purge air forms vortices that tend toward a suction side 106 of the blade 60. Vortices may also flow past a pressure side 108 and merge with the suction side vortices across the platform toward the suction side of the adjacent airfoil and then roll upwardly along the suction side wall toward the upper section at the blade trailing edge.
• FIG. 5 shows a side view of a suction side 106 one of the blades 60 of FIG. 4.
• the flow discourager 42 is on the right side
• the combustion gas 16 is flowing from right to left in direction 100
• the rotor purge air is traveling radially and axially in direction 102.
• streamlines 110 are formed, which travel from a blade leading edge 112 to a blade trailing edge 114, and from a blade base 116 to a blade tip 118, with respect to the gas turbine engine longitudinal axis 18.
• the turbulence of the vortices increases drag and as a result energy is lost due the drag slowing the flow. This reduces the operating efficiency of the engine.
• the inventors has discovered that if a swirl is imparted to the rotor purge fluid so that it is moving in a helical direction 120 about the gas turbine engine longitudinal axis, then as it merges with the combustion gas 16, a second angle of encounter 122 between the direction 100 of flow of combustion gas 16 and the direction 120 of flow of rotor purge air results.
• this second angle of encounter 122 is smaller than the first angle of encounter 104. Consequently, the attendant vortices are smaller, the aerodynamic losses are smaller, and engine efficiency is increased.
• FIG. 7 shows an exemplary embodiment of the pumping features 130.
• the pumping features 130 include a first pumping surface 132 disposed on within the angel wing 62, and in particular, within the radially raised lip 64 , between the upstream surface 88 of the axial platform 72 and the downstream surface 92 of the radially raised lip 64.
• the first pumping surface 132 may or may not extend radially inward into the axial platform 72.
• first pumping surfaces 132 Disposed circumferentially between the first pumping surfaces 132 are discrete sealing surfaces 86, (as compared to a continuous sealing surface of constant diameter if the first pumping surfaces 132 were not present.)
• the first pumping surface 132 is oriented radially outward, and tangentially forward with respect to a direction of rotation 134 of the blade 60.
• the angel wing 62 When assembled and rotating in the gas turbine engine, the angel wing 62 defines a sweep defined by space that axial platform 72 and the radially raised lip 64 occupy as they rotate. Given the rotation about the gas turbine engine longitudinal axis 18, the outer surfaces of the angel wing 62 define the sweep, and a cross section of the sweep, which has an annular shape, would resemble that a cross section of the angel wing 62 at the same location.
• the sealing surfaces 86 define a sealing surface sweep 136 of a constant diameter. (The amount of curvature in the figure has been exaggerated for sake of explanation.) Thus the outer most surfaces define the shape of the sweep.
• the pumping features 130 are disposed entirely within the sweep defined by the angel wing 62, as evidenced by the example sealing surface sweep 136. Stated another way, no material is added to the angel wing 62 of FIG. 3 to create the pumping features 130. This is true for all embodiments disclosed herein and this provides for a unique advantage of the pumping features disclosed: every embodiment can be formed from existing blades 60 having angel wings 62, because each can be formed by the removal of material from the angel wing 62.
• the pumping features 130 disclosed herein can be created as part of a retrofit process.
• the pumping features 130 can be formed during the casting process when the angel wing is cast.
• the opposing surface 40 that also defines the flow discourager seal clearance 42 prevents the purge air from moving radially outward as it passes over the first pumping surfaces. Consequently, due to the unique configuration, instead of simply passing over the pumping features 130, the rotor purge is forced to rotate with the first pumping surface 132. This imparts the swirl into the rotor purge air which, together with the existing axial movement of the rotor purge air, produces the desired helical movement within the rotor purge air as it merges with the combustion gas 16.
• the annular flow of rotor fluid that is moving in a helical direction is also characterized by an essentially uniform circumferential distribution of pressure as it exits the cooling fluid path 24.
• the flow of rotor purge air tends to remain more attached to the blade platform 70, which reduces the amount of radial rise of the vortices. This, in turn, prevents the vortices from migrating toward the upper span of the suction side 106, which increases aerodynamic efficiency of the blade 60.
• more purge flow adheres to the blade platform 70, and the adhering purge flow also penetrates axially farther down the blade platform 70, allowing the blade platform 70 to remain cooler, thereby extending a service life of the blade 60.
• the performance has been demonstrated to be effective through computational fluid dynamic analysis.
• FIG. 8 shows an alternate exemplary embodiment of the pumping features 130 as part of an angel wing assembly 99 at a base 76 of an annular row of blades 60.
• the pumping feature 130 resembles a scoop 148, with a concave shape.
• the scoop 148 defines a scoop flow path 150 having a scoop inlet end 152 disposed on the radially inward side 96 of the angel wing 62.
• the scoop inlet end 152 may act as a scoop in an exemplary embodiment where an extension 154 of the scoop extends radially inward and tangentially forward with respect to the direction of rotation 134 of the blade 60.
• the scoop flow path 150 also has a scoop outlet end 156 disposed at the sealing surface 86.
• the scoop flow path 150 includes a second pumping surface 160, and may further include a throat 162 that acts to accelerate rotor purge air flowing within the scoop flow path 150.
• the throat 162 may be disposed in the middle of the scoop flow path 150, or any other location as necessary.
• the scoop flow path 150 further includes a forward edge 166
• a portion of the rotor purge air enters (i.e. is scooped into) the scoop flow path 150 where it is accelerated and where circumferential motion is imparted.
• the scooped rotor purge air is ejected radially outward and tangentially forward with respect to the direction of rotation 134, where it meets with rotor purge air that bypassed the scoop 148.
• the merging of the scooped rotor purge air with the rotor purge air that bypassed the scoop 148 causes the merged rotor purge flow to flow in a helical movement about the gas turbine engine longitudinal axis 18.
• the sought after smaller second angle of encounter 122 is effected.
• FIG. 9 shows an optional feature for the scoop 148 of FIG. 8.
• pumping features 130 of three blades 60 form a portion of the angel wing assembly 99 as viewed looking radially inward.
• a scoop chamfer 164 may extend from a relatively upstream position 168 on the upstream surface 88 with respect to the direction of rotation 134 and taper downstream with respect to the gas turbine engine longitudinal axis 18 to end at the scoop flow path 150.
• an upstream side 170 of the scoop flow path 150 may not be enclosed, but may be open to the cooling fluid path 24.
• FIG. 10 shows an alternate exemplary embodiment of the scoop 148 of FIG. 8, where the throat 162 is disposed at an end of the scoop flow path 150.
• any geometry capable of imparting the swirl as disclosed and within the sweep of the angel wing is considered within the scope of the disclosure.
• This includes orienting the first pumping surface 132 more tangentially forward facing, less tangentially forward facing, or completely tangentially forward facing.
• This further includes moving the scoop inlet end 152 to any position on the angel wing 62 suited for receiving rotor purge air, reconfiguring the scoop flow path 150 as necessary, and locating the scoop outlet end 156 to any position and orientation suitable for ejecting the scooped rotor purge air with a tangential component.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
• Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
• Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)

Priority Applications (6)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

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ID=49766183

Family Applications (1)

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Citations (8)

Family Cites Families (14)

• 2012
  • 2012-11-29 US US13/688,411 patent/US8926283B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2013
  • 2013-11-26 WO PCT/US2013/072022 patent/WO2014085464A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2013-11-26 CN CN201380061064.6A patent/CN104903545B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2013-11-26 IN IN3859DEN2015 patent/IN2015DN03859A/en unknown
  • 2013-11-26 JP JP2015545188A patent/JP6254181B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2013-11-26 RU RU2015125465A patent/RU2628135C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2013-11-26 EP EP13806013.2A patent/EP2925969A1/en not_active Withdrawn
• 2015
  • 2015-05-24 SA SA515360472A patent/SA515360472B1/ar unknown

Patent Citations (8)

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