WO2014074082A1 - Ecological olive cake silage and roughage - Google Patents

Ecological olive cake silage and roughage Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014074082A1
WO2014074082A1 PCT/TR2013/000342 TR2013000342W WO2014074082A1 WO 2014074082 A1 WO2014074082 A1 WO 2014074082A1 TR 2013000342 W TR2013000342 W TR 2013000342W WO 2014074082 A1 WO2014074082 A1 WO 2014074082A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
olive
ecological
cake
olive cake
silage
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Application number
PCT/TR2013/000342
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Taylan Şenol Mehmet
Original Assignee
Şenol Gida Sanayi Ανονiμ Şirketi
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Publication of WO2014074082A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014074082A1/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F5/00—Fertilisers from distillery wastes, molasses, vinasses, sugar plant or similar wastes or residues, e.g. from waste originating from industrial processing of raw material of agricultural origin or derived products thereof
    • C05F5/004—Liquid waste from mechanical processing of material, e.g. wash-water, milling fluid, filtrate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K30/00—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K30/20—Dehydration
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
    • C11B13/00—Recovery of fats, fatty oils or fatty acids from waste materials
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/20—Fertilizers of biological origin, e.g. guano or fertilizers made from animal corpses
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
    • Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/74—Recovery of fats, fatty oils, fatty acids or other fatty substances, e.g. lanolin or waxes

Definitions

  • the invention is related to using the "ecological olive cake” taken from the olive oil production premises, which are working two-phase, by putting it through certain processes; using the water that is derived from the processing the olive cake as "ecological fertilizer” and getting lampante virgin olive oil in a way separating the olive oil remaining in the olive cast using no chemical materials.
  • Oily olive cake (oily prina), olive oil and glaucoma come out.
  • Oily olive cake (oily prina) originates by 28% dampness. It is possible to make use of the oil cake in its freshness as soon as it comes out; yet, in order to carry it, it is necessary to get oil cake in the amount that can fill the truck haulage to the place where it is to be used. Yet, within this method used by small manufacturers, a fast deterioration happens due to the oxidation and fermentation caused by the air holes that seldom emerge since the moisture of the oil cake is low during the collection.
  • the core in its oil cake contain 100% of cellulose, it difficult for the animal to digest it.
  • the energy provided to the animal by the oil cake is used for digesting the core, so it is no use for the animal.
  • As the separation process of the core is an expensive one, it is not carried out.
  • the glaucoma resulting from the oil cake causes environmental pollution and the sanctions for the environmental pollutions are strict.
  • the conventional method is no more preferred.
  • the olive is processed untouched by human hands in the machines.
  • olives are removed from their leaves and washed. Following this, crushing is applied.
  • the olive is sent to malaxator.
  • the lateral centrifugation (decantatiofi) is occurs in the decanter.
  • olive oil and oily olive cake (oily prina) is acquired from the olive paste.
  • Prina contains some oil and glaucoma.
  • the prina which is extracted in 40-55% dampness, is collected in drying premises.
  • the aim of drying the prina is getting more oil out of it. Since no solvent can instill damp prina, it is necessary that the oily prina must be absolutely dried for the combination of the solvent and oil molecules. Drying process happens at high temperatures like 600°C.
  • 3-phase method is also not to be preferred.
  • the olive is processed untouched by human hands in the machines.
  • olives are removed from their leaves and washed. Following this, crushing is applied.
  • the olive is sent to malaxator.
  • the lateral centrifugation is occurs in the decanter.
  • olive oil and watery oily olive cake is obtained from the olive paste.
  • the difference between the so called modern 3 -phase and 2-phase methods is that it is possible to make a production with much less process water in 2-phase method. Due to diminishing water sources, the diminution of usage water is both important for the economy and saving the natural sources.
  • 2-phase method it is provided that environment pollution is prevented.
  • the antioxidants and phenolic compounds in the glaucoma provide its usage by mixing into the oil cake. By this means, deterioration of the oil cake is avoided.
  • the "ecological olive cake” received from 2-phase system via the system according to the invention is processed; the useful and economical Olive Cake Silage (roughage) which is new and different product is obtained, and environment pollution is minimized; furthermore stockbreeding is supported and the efficacy of the soil gets better therefore.
  • FIG. 1 Schematic view of ecological olive cake silage - fodder production method
  • the parts in the figures are numbered individually and the corresponding numbers of these parts are given below:
  • the method according to the invention is about obtaining animal feed (silage) and fertilizer from watery oily olive cake coming from the promises that make 2-phase olive oil production.
  • the ecological (watery oily) olive cake that is not accepted by the prina factories since it is difficult to dry, is brought to hygienic tank untouched by human hands in 2-phase olive oil production premises and the following method is applied:
  • the olive cake is sent to malaxator (3).
  • the ecological (watery oily) olive cake dough is impasted, heated, matured and homogenized in the malaxator (3), and then sent to decanter (4).
  • Olive cake is separated in the decanter (4) as raw olive oil with 0-15% oleic acid ratio, ecological olive cake water and ecological olive cake.
  • This 3-phase working decanter (4) provides that 65 ⁇ 5% of the excess water and the contained oil in the damp coreless olive is separated.
  • the olive cake resulting from the decanter (4) is conveyed to the packaging-packing unit (5) in 55-75% of dampness, packed there and can be given to animals as roughage.
  • This damp olive cake can be dried in the drying unit (10) provided that its PAH (polyaromatic hydrocarbon) value is under the determined level, and the obtained olive cake can be given to animals as an alternative product in fodder ration by mixing with the fodders like barley, corn, clover etc.
  • PAH polyaromatic hydrocarbon
  • regulative materials which upgrade the smell, taste, life, flavor and feeding value of the watery oily ecological olive cake, can be added.
  • These materials can be any type of various additives like vegetal generative seed, fruit and vegetable or their paste, vegetative portion sweetener, smell regulator, acid base balancing products, mineral, vitamins etc.
  • dampness regulation unit (7) can be added.
  • the purpose of this act is to balance the dampness ratio for keeping the standard of the product.
  • water can be added, more water can be filtered, evaporated.
  • the cores separated in the core separation unit (2) are used as fuel, because their calorific value and efficiency is rather high. The number of the core separation units (2) can be increased; additional core separation unit (2) can be put following the malaxator (3).
  • Hygienic resting units (8) can be added for the ecological olive cake coming out of the decanter (4). In this way, the packaging by collecting or drying of the product can be done easily. By taking the liquid in the watery oily olive cake that is extracted from the decanter (4), organic liquid fertilizers can be obtained.
  • the ecological olive cake that does not contain any chemical material can be converted into a food that can be consumed by the animals as feed either as 55-75% silage (roughage) or being dried. Consuming these feeds makes the meat of the animals more in amount and delicious.
  • the watery oily olive cake that is derived from the 2-phase olive oil production without the hygiene pool (tank) (1) can be directly sent to the core separation unit (2).

Abstract

The invention is related to the method for obtaining raw olive oil of the ecological olive cake received from the 2-phase olive oil production premises by separating the olive oil, which is remaining the ecological olive cake water and ecological olive paste that are to be used as fertilizers, olive paste silage that is to be used as animal feed (silage) in a way going through certain processes, by using no chemical materials and without deterioration.

Description

DESCRIPTION
ECOLOGICAL OLIVE CAKE SILAGE AND ROUGHAGE
The invention is related to using the "ecological olive cake" taken from the olive oil production premises, which are working two-phase, by putting it through certain processes; using the water that is derived from the processing the olive cake as "ecological fertilizer" and getting lampante virgin olive oil in a way separating the olive oil remaining in the olive cast using no chemical materials.
Nowadays, olive oil productions are done in 3 methods: 1) Classical pressing method
Initially, milling of the olive in a stone mill and pulping of it is provided. After crushing them, olive paste is carried to the press for squeezing and put into the bags. Bagged olive paste is placed on the press tray one on the top of the other; during the placement, hot water is applied for providing the ripening of the paste and pressing starts. After pressing is complete, olive oil+glaucoma is obtained. This mixture is taken to resting in little ponds and after that the mixture is distilled for the centrifugation process. Finally, the pomace that is taken in a way pressing its oil and water remaining in the bags is collected in the most proximate place by pouring out of the bags. Insuring hygiene is difficult within this method and it is not economical. As a result of this method, oily olive cake (oily prina), olive oil and glaucoma come out. Oily olive cake (oily prina) originates by 28% dampness. It is possible to make use of the oil cake in its freshness as soon as it comes out; yet, in order to carry it, it is necessary to get oil cake in the amount that can fill the truck haulage to the place where it is to be used. Yet, within this method used by small manufacturers, a fast deterioration happens due to the oxidation and fermentation caused by the air holes that seldom emerge since the moisture of the oil cake is low during the collection.
Since the core in its oil cake contain 100% of cellulose, it difficult for the animal to digest it. The energy provided to the animal by the oil cake is used for digesting the core, so it is no use for the animal. As the separation process of the core is an expensive one, it is not carried out. The glaucoma resulting from the oil cake causes environmental pollution and the sanctions for the environmental pollutions are strict.
Due to the abovementioned disadvantages, the conventional method is no more preferred.
2) 3-phase olive oil production method
Within this method, the olive is processed untouched by human hands in the machines. First of all, olives are removed from their leaves and washed. Following this, crushing is applied. For kneading and heating processes, the olive is sent to malaxator. After kneading and heating processes, the lateral centrifugation (decantatiofi) is occurs in the decanter. In the decanter; glaucoma, olive oil and oily olive cake (oily prina) is acquired from the olive paste.
Prina contains some oil and glaucoma. The prina, which is extracted in 40-55% dampness, is collected in drying premises. The aim of drying the prina is getting more oil out of it. Since no solvent can instill damp prina, it is necessary that the oily prina must be absolutely dried for the combination of the solvent and oil molecules. Drying process happens at high temperatures like 600°C.
While the oily prina, which is brought to prina oil factories, is rested, the oil acid level increases; that is why, it is important to start drying process so soon as possible. As most of the oily prina to be dried is rested in the premises where they are collected, they go off due to oxidation and fermentation. When solvents are applied to the dried prina, the oil in the prina is got through the vaporish solvent. Although the oil extracted from olive fruits can be used for cooking, prina oil is not consumed without refining. Furthermore, these premises use petrol derivatives like hegzan for taking the oil out the oily prina. Hegzan provides that the prina oil combines and leaves prina. Here, the dry prina is heated using hegzan and distilled. As the pure oily prina is not used as a fodder and chemical (hegzan) is used for getting the oil, animals cannot eat it. Dried prinas are used as fuel, but as it contains hegzan, it has a foul smell and damages the environment. This low energy efficient dried core prina is not preferred and accordingly not sold.
Due to the abovementioned disadvantages, 3-phase method is also not to be preferred. 3) 2-phase olive oil production method
Within this method, the olive is processed untouched by human hands in the machines. First of all, olives are removed from their leaves and washed. Following this, crushing is applied. For kneading and heating processes, the olive is sent to malaxator. After kneading and heating processes, the lateral centrifugation (decantation) is occurs in the decanter. In the decanter, olive oil and watery oily olive cake (ecological oil cake) is obtained from the olive paste.
Yet, it is difficult to dry the olive cake that is extracted in 65-75% damp in prina factories, because the high amount of water causes it not be economical. For this reason, this product is not admitted by prina factories for drying.
Since the watery oily olive cake is extracted with 65-75% of dampness, oxidation and fermentation occurs so little for the air holes in between is filled it its very own water. By this means, the product can be kept without deterioration. For this reason, making use of this product is easier for the method according our invention. Within 3 -phase and 2-phase methods, hygienic rules can be applied. Yet, hygiene cannot be provided in conventional press method.
The difference between the so called modern 3 -phase and 2-phase methods is that it is possible to make a production with much less process water in 2-phase method. Due to diminishing water sources, the diminution of usage water is both important for the economy and saving the natural sources. By using 2-phase method, it is provided that environment pollution is prevented. The antioxidants and phenolic compounds in the glaucoma provide its usage by mixing into the oil cake. By this means, deterioration of the oil cake is avoided.
For making these methods more clear, the following diagram is provided. OLIVE
i
REMOVING AND WASHING THE LEAVES
i
CRUSHING
i
MALAXATION
CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM MODERN SYSTEM
Prina
Figure imgf000005_0001
Centrifiigatiort
Oil Oil + Glaucoma Oil Glaucoma Prina
Oil Glaucoma
In our country that works 97% percent with 3 -phase method compared to many countries working 95% percent with 2-phase method, it is, first of all, aimed that the production in premises is changed to 2-phase method and apply the following system according to the invention.
The "ecological olive cake" received from 2-phase system via the system according to the invention is processed; the useful and economical Olive Cake Silage (roughage) which is new and different product is obtained, and environment pollution is minimized; furthermore stockbreeding is supported and the efficacy of the soil gets better therefore.
The system, which is built in order to provide that the invention reaches its object, is described below with reference to the attached figure. These figures are;
Figure 1 - Schematic view of ecological olive cake silage - fodder production method The parts in the figures are numbered individually and the corresponding numbers of these parts are given below:
1 - Leakproof Hygiene Pool (Tank)
2 - Core Separation Unit 3- Malaxator
4- Decanter
5- Packaging - Packing Unit
6 - Sieving and Separation Unit
7 - Dampness Regulating Unit 8- Resting Unit
9- Pump
10- Drying Unit
The method according to the invention is about obtaining animal feed (silage) and fertilizer from watery oily olive cake coming from the promises that make 2-phase olive oil production. The ecological (watery oily) olive cake that is not accepted by the prina factories since it is difficult to dry, is brought to hygienic tank untouched by human hands in 2-phase olive oil production premises and the following method is applied:
- The foreign matter is led through the grading screen (6) poured into the leakproof hygiene pool (1) untouched by human hands. - The ecological (watery oily) olive cake is sent to the core separation unit (2) by means of the pump (9) from the leakproof pool (tank) (1) and the cores are separated in here. At this phase, 65-98% of the cores are separated.
- Following the core separation unit (2), the olive cake is sent to malaxator (3). The ecological (watery oily) olive cake dough is impasted, heated, matured and homogenized in the malaxator (3), and then sent to decanter (4). - Olive cake is separated in the decanter (4) as raw olive oil with 0-15% oleic acid ratio, ecological olive cake water and ecological olive cake. This 3-phase working decanter (4) provides that 65±5% of the excess water and the contained oil in the damp coreless olive is separated. - The olive cake resulting from the decanter (4) is conveyed to the packaging-packing unit (5) in 55-75% of dampness, packed there and can be given to animals as roughage. This damp olive cake can be dried in the drying unit (10) provided that its PAH (polyaromatic hydrocarbon) value is under the determined level, and the obtained olive cake can be given to animals as an alternative product in fodder ration by mixing with the fodders like barley, corn, clover etc.
After the decanter (4) process; regulative materials, which upgrade the smell, taste, life, flavor and feeding value of the watery oily ecological olive cake, can be added. These materials can be any type of various additives like vegetal generative seed, fruit and vegetable or their paste, vegetative portion sweetener, smell regulator, acid base balancing products, mineral, vitamins etc.
In the abovementioned method; following the sieving and separation unit (6) processes, dampness regulation unit (7) can be added. The purpose of this act is to balance the dampness ratio for keeping the standard of the product. When necessary; water can be added, more water can be filtered, evaporated. The cores separated in the core separation unit (2) are used as fuel, because their calorific value and efficiency is rather high.The number of the core separation units (2) can be increased; additional core separation unit (2) can be put following the malaxator (3).
Hygienic resting units (8) can be added for the ecological olive cake coming out of the decanter (4). In this way, the packaging by collecting or drying of the product can be done easily. By taking the liquid in the watery oily olive cake that is extracted from the decanter (4), organic liquid fertilizers can be obtained.
Thanks to the method according to the invention;
- Without using chemical materials, it is possible to get the raw oil in the watery oily olive cake. - The olive cake water that does not contain chemical materials can be used as an ecological liquid fertilizer. It may be necessary that this water is processed to be used as a liquid fertilizer.
- The ecological olive cake that does not contain any chemical material can be converted into a food that can be consumed by the animals as feed either as 55-75% silage (roughage) or being dried. Consuming these feeds makes the meat of the animals more in amount and delicious.
The method according to the invention cannot be limited to what here explained or the figures shown. Within the invention, changes can be made regarding the shape without being limited by the material or measure, the locations of the part used herein can be changed, number of the parts can be changed (increase-decrease), auxiliary equipments can be added. They are all included in the scope of the present invention.
For example;
- During the transfer of the product between the units, various devices and methods can be used in addition to the pump (9).
- Water can be added to keep the dampness value of the product standard at each phase; any excessive water can be drained, evaporated.
- In an integrated plant, the watery oily olive cake that is derived from the 2-phase olive oil production without the hygiene pool (tank) (1) can be directly sent to the core separation unit (2).
- Instead of separating the olive cake paste in 3 -phase decanter (4) as raw olive oil, ecological olive cake water and ecological olive cake, it is possible to separate the product as raw olive oil and ecological olive cake water + ecological olive cake by using a 2-phase decanter. In such a case, the ecological olive cake water + ecological olive cake are separated from each other for centrifugation.

Claims

1) The invention is the production method for olive cake silage (roughage), characterized in that it comprises the following steps: - Pouring the watery oily olive cake extracted from the 2-phase olive oil production untouched by human hands into the leakproof hygiene pool (tank) (1),
- Separation of the olive cakes' cores by sending it to the core separation unit (2) from the leakproof pool (tank) (1),
- Homogenization of the olive cake, the cores of which is separated, in the malaxator (3) by impasting, heating and maturing
- Separation of the olive cake paste in the 3-phase decanter (4) as raw olive oil, ecological olive cake water and ecological olive cake,
- Either packaging the ecological olive cake extracted from the decanter (4) as silage by sending with 55-65% dampness to the packaging-packing unit (5) or packing it as roughage by drying it in the drying unit (10).
2) Olive cake silage (roughage) production method according to claim 1 , characterized in that foreign materials in the olive cake is separated in sieving and separation unit (6) before it is transferred to the leakproof hygiene pool (1).
3) Ecological olive cake silage (roughage) production method according to one and/or more preceding claims, characterized in that the dampness ratio of the product is set in the dampness regulation unit (7) before the olive cake is transferred to the leakproof hygiene pool (1).
4) Ecological olive cake silage (roughage) production method according to one and/or more preceding claims, characterized in that the cores in the olive cake is separated in one or a few core separation unit(s) (2) before or after the malaxator (3) process. 5) Ecological olive cake silage (roughage) production method according to one and/or more preceding claims, characterized in that the olive cake extracted from the decanter (4) is stored in hygienic resting units (8). 6) Ecological olive cake silage (roughage) production method according to one and/or more preceding claims, characterized in that any type of vegetal generative seed, fruit, vegetable or their paste, vegetative portion sweetener, smell regulator, acid base balancing products, mineral, vitamins are added as additives that increase and regulate the smell, taste, life, flavor, feeding value of the ecological olive cake.
7) Ecological olive cake silage (roughage) production method according to one and/or more preceding claims, characterized in that the core, which is separated in the core separation unit (2) and has a high calorific value and efficiency, is used as fuel.
8) Ecological olive cake silage (roughage) production method according to one and/or more preceding claims, characterized in that the ecological olive cake water extracted from the decanter (4) is used as liquid fertilizer by processing.
Yusuf OZDAMAR
Patent and Trademark Attorney
07/11/2012
PCT/TR2013/000342 2012-11-07 2013-11-04 Ecological olive cake silage and roughage WO2014074082A1 (en)

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TR201212856 2012-11-07

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GB2574684A (en) * 2018-01-05 2019-12-18 The Olive Feed Corporation Ltd A feedstock, a process for making a feedstock, use of the feedstock and apparatus for producing feedstock

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WO2015099629A3 (en) * 2013-12-26 2016-09-01 YAĞCI GIDA ve MAKINĖ SAN. VE TİC.LTD. ŞTİ. Separation method of decanted olive paste and dry olive pate obtained
GB2569983A (en) * 2018-01-05 2019-07-10 The Olive Feed Corporation Ltd A feedstock, a process for making a feedstock, use of the feedstock and apparatus for producing feedstock
GB2574684A (en) * 2018-01-05 2019-12-18 The Olive Feed Corporation Ltd A feedstock, a process for making a feedstock, use of the feedstock and apparatus for producing feedstock
GB2574684B (en) * 2018-01-05 2021-01-27 The Olive Feed Corporation Ltd A feedstock, a process for making a feedstock, use of the feedstock and apparatus for producing feedstock

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