WO2014068944A1 - 光半導体電極、光電気化学セル及びエネルギーシステム - Google Patents
光半導体電極、光電気化学セル及びエネルギーシステム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014068944A1 WO2014068944A1 PCT/JP2013/006368 JP2013006368W WO2014068944A1 WO 2014068944 A1 WO2014068944 A1 WO 2014068944A1 JP 2013006368 W JP2013006368 W JP 2013006368W WO 2014068944 A1 WO2014068944 A1 WO 2014068944A1
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/50—Processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M16/00—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
- H01M16/003—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators of fuel cells with other electrochemical devices, e.g. capacitors, electrolysers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/0656—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants by electrochemical means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
- Y02P20/133—Renewable energy sources, e.g. sunlight
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photo semiconductor electrode, a photoelectrochemical cell including the photo semiconductor electrode, and an energy system including the photo electrochemical cell.
- Patent Document 1 an n-type semiconductor electrode and a counter electrode are arranged in an electrolyte, water is decomposed by irradiating light on the surface of the n-type semiconductor electrode, and hydrogen and oxygen are collected from the surfaces of both electrodes. It is disclosed. Specifically, it is described that a TiO 2 electrode, a ZnO electrode, a CdS electrode, or the like is used as the n-type semiconductor electrode.
- Patent Document 1 has a problem that the quantum efficiency of the water decomposition reaction by light irradiation is low. This is because electrons and holes generated by photoexcitation have a high probability of recombining and disappearing before being used in the water decomposition reaction.
- a multilayer thin-film photocatalyst in which a first compound semiconductor layer and a second compound semiconductor layer having a band gap different from that of the first compound semiconductor layer are sequentially arranged on a conductive substrate is produced by hydrogen sulfide.
- a technique for producing hydrogen by immersing the substrate in a solution containing hydrogen and irradiating the multilayer thin film photocatalyst with light (see Patent Document 3).
- Non-Patent Document 1 proposes that iridium oxide is supported as a promoter on the photocatalyst layer to improve the photocatalytic performance of the optical semiconductor electrode.
- Non-Patent Document 1 discloses that light is irradiated when iridium oxide is supported on a tantalum nitride (Ta 3 N 5 ) photo-semiconductor electrode by a photo-deposition method and is irradiated with light as compared with an unsupported iridium oxide. It has been reported that the current is increasing.
- Non-Patent Document 1 reports that iridium oxide is effective as a promoter for the oxidation reaction of water.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a photosemiconductor electrode exhibiting higher photocatalytic activity for water decomposition reaction.
- the optical semiconductor electrode of the present invention is A conductor; A first semiconductor layer provided on the conductor; With The first semiconductor layer includes an optical semiconductor and an oxide containing an iridium element, The Fermi level of the oxide containing the iridium element is more negative than the Fermi level of the optical semiconductor and more negative than ⁇ 4.44 eV on the basis of the vacuum level.
- an optical semiconductor electrode exhibiting high photocatalytic activity for water decomposition reaction.
- Figure The optical semiconductor electrode which concerns on the 7th aspect of this invention WHEREIN The model which shows the band structure after joining of the promoter of an optical semiconductor electrode provided with a 2nd semiconductor layer, an optical semiconductor, the semiconductor of a 2nd semiconductor layer, and a conductor.
- Figure Schematic which shows the structure of the optical semiconductor electrode of Embodiment 1 of this invention.
- Schematic which shows the structure of the photoelectrochemical cell of Embodiment 2 of this invention.
- the present inventors focused on the technology described in the “Background Art” section for improving the photocatalytic performance of a photo-semiconductor electrode using iridium oxide as a co-catalyst.
- the band bending by joining was investigated.
- the optical semiconductor layer 120 is disposed over the conductor 110, and the optical semiconductor layer 120 may be described as an oxide containing an optical semiconductor 121 and an iridium element (hereinafter referred to as “iridium oxide”). ) 122, the Fermi level (E Fc ) of the iridium oxide 122 is more negative on the vacuum level reference than the Fermi level (E F ) of the optical semiconductor 121.
- the band structure of the optical semiconductor 121, the iridium oxide 122 and the conductor 110 is shown.
- FIG. 2 shows band bending when the optical semiconductor 121, the iridium oxide 122, and the conductor 110 shown in FIG. 1 are joined.
- the junction interface between the iridium oxide 122 and the optical semiconductor 121 is a Schottky junction. Therefore, electrons generated in the optical semiconductor 121 move toward the conductor 110 along band bending.
- the holes generated in the optical semiconductor 121 can move smoothly along the band bending to the iridium oxide 122 side as a promoter. As a result, good charge separation is realized, and the function of the iridium oxide 122 as a co-catalyst for enhancing the photocatalytic performance of the optical semiconductor 121, for example, the function of activating the water oxidation reaction by holes is sufficiently exhibited. be able to.
- the optical semiconductor electrode 200 shown in FIG. 3 in which the Fermi level relationship between the iridium oxide and the optical semiconductor is opposite to that of the optical semiconductor electrode 100 will be considered.
- the optical semiconductor layer 220 is disposed on the conductor 210, and the optical semiconductor layer 220 includes the optical semiconductor 221 and the iridium oxide 222.
- the Fermi level (E Fc ) of the iridium oxide 222 is on the positive side with respect to the vacuum level with respect to the Fermi level (E F ) of the optical semiconductor 221.
- FIG. 4 shows band bending when the optical semiconductor 221, the iridium oxide 222 and the conductor 210 shown in FIG. 3 are joined.
- the junction interface between the iridium oxide 210 and the optical semiconductor 220 is an ohmic junction
- the excited electrons can move to both the iridium oxide 222 side of the promoter and the conductor 210 side.
- it becomes difficult for the hole to move to the iridium oxide 222 side of the promoter it is conceivable that the hole accumulates at the bonding interface and recombines with the electrons to prevent the reaction from proceeding.
- general iridium oxide has a Fermi level of ⁇ 4.26 eV on the basis of a vacuum level
- an optical semiconductor with a Fermi level on the negative side of ⁇ 4.26 eV is expected to have a promoter effect by iridium oxide. It became clear that it was not possible.
- optical semiconductors that can be suitably used in technologies for generating hydrogen by decomposing water, such as optical semiconductors that can absorb visible light, the Fermi level is lower than ⁇ 4.26 eV on the vacuum level basis. Some materials have Fermi levels.
- the present inventors have found that the Fermi level is more negative on a vacuum level basis than general iridium oxide, which can function as a promoter for an optical semiconductor having a Fermi level lower than -4.26 eV. It has been found that the production of iridium oxide located on the side is also important for enhancing the photocatalytic performance of the photo-semiconductor electrode.
- the present inventors have provided the following optical semiconductor electrode of the present invention with improved photocatalytic performance. Furthermore, the present inventors have also provided a photoelectrochemical cell and an energy system using the photo-semiconductor electrode of the present invention.
- the first aspect of the present invention is: A conductor; A first semiconductor layer provided on the conductor; With The first semiconductor layer includes an optical semiconductor and an oxide containing an iridium element, The Fermi level of the oxide containing the iridium element is more negative than the Fermi level of the optical semiconductor and more negative than ⁇ 4.44 eV on the vacuum level basis.
- An optical semiconductor electrode is provided.
- the first semiconductor layer of the photosemiconductor electrode according to the first aspect includes a photosemiconductor and an oxide containing an iridium element.
- the oxide containing iridium element means not only iridium oxide (IrO 2 or the like) but also a complex oxide containing iridium element. Since the iridium oxide functions as a promoter for the water oxidation reaction, the activity of the water decomposition reaction by the optical semiconductor is improved.
- the Fermi level of the optical semiconductor is on the negative side of the Fermi level of the iridium oxide (the Fermi level of the optical semiconductor and the Fermi level of the iridium oxide satisfy the relationship shown in FIG.
- the iridium oxide included in the optical semiconductor electrode according to the first aspect has a Fermi level located on the negative side of ⁇ 4.44 eV with respect to the vacuum level.
- an optical semiconductor used for water decomposition is an n-type semiconductor
- its conduction band level is more positive than the reduction potential of water ( ⁇ 4.44 eV on a vacuum level basis), and its valence band.
- the level must be more negative than the oxidation potential of water ( ⁇ 5.67 eV on the basis of the vacuum level).
- an n-type semiconductor having a conduction band level and a valence band level as described above is used, so that the Fermi level is the conduction band level.
- the Fermi level of iridium oxide is water It must be more negative than the reduction potential ( ⁇ 4.44 eV on a vacuum level basis). Therefore, the iridium oxide contained in the optical semiconductor electrode according to the first aspect can function as a promoter for a known n-type optical semiconductor used for water splitting.
- the photo-semiconductor electrode which concerns on a 1st aspect can show high photocatalytic activity with respect to the decomposition reaction of water, As a result, high quantum efficiency is realizable.
- the optical semiconductor is an n-type semiconductor containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of niobium, tantalum, zirconium, titanium, and gallium.
- An optical semiconductor electrode is provided.
- the optical semiconductor electrode according to the second aspect includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of niobium, tantalum, zirconium, titanium, and gallium as an optical semiconductor.
- niobium, tantalum, zirconium, titanium, and gallium As photocatalysts effective for water splitting, oxides, oxynitrides, nitrides and the like containing at least one of the above elements are known.
- niobium oxynitride (NbON), tantalum nitride (Ta 3 N 5 ), gallium nitride (GaN), TiO 2 (titanium oxide), and the like are known.
- an n-type optical semiconductor having a Fermi level of ⁇ 4.44 eV or more on the basis of the vacuum level and effective in water decomposition can be realized.
- the Fermi level of the oxide containing an iridium element with respect to the Fermi level of an optical semiconductor containing at least one kind of the element is more negative on the basis of the vacuum level than the Fermi level of the conventional iridium oxide. It becomes. Therefore, in the optical semiconductor electrode according to the second aspect, the energy difference between the Fermi level of the optical semiconductor and the Fermi level of the oxide containing the iridium element is increased, and band bending at the time of bonding is abrupt. As a result, charge separation becomes smoother and quantum efficiency improves.
- the optical semiconductor is at least one n-type semiconductor selected from the group consisting of oxynitrides containing niobium elements and nitrides containing niobium elements.
- An optical semiconductor electrode is provided.
- oxynitrides and nitrides are affected by the p-orbitals of nitrogen, and thus move more positively with respect to the vacuum level. Therefore, oxynitride and nitride semiconductors have a smaller band gap than oxide semiconductors.
- oxynitrides and nitride semiconductors containing niobium elements have niobium d-orbits at the bottom of the conduction band, and are more reduced in water (vacuum level) than oxynitrides and nitrides of other elements. The band gap becomes smaller. Therefore, oxynitrides and nitrides containing niobium elements are semiconductors with excellent visible light responsiveness.
- niobium oxynitride can absorb light of 600 nm or less
- niobium nitride Nb 3 N 5
- the optical semiconductor electrode according to the third aspect includes at least one n-type semiconductor selected from the group consisting of an oxynitride containing a niobium element and a nitride containing a niobium element as an optical semiconductor, It becomes an optical semiconductor electrode excellent in visible light responsiveness.
- the surface density of the oxide containing the iridium element in the first semiconductor layer is more than 0 and not more than 2.00 ⁇ gcm ⁇ 2 ;
- An optical semiconductor electrode is provided.
- the optical semiconductor electrode according to the fourth aspect has a function as a promoter of the oxide containing the iridium element by setting the surface density of the oxide containing the iridium element to more than 0 and not more than 2.00 ⁇ gcm ⁇ 2. It can be exhibited efficiently. Therefore, according to the fourth aspect of the present invention, it is possible to provide an optical semiconductor electrode in which the activity of water decomposition reaction is improved while suppressing an increase in cost due to the addition of an oxide containing an iridium element.
- the first semiconductor layer is formed of an optical semiconductor film including the optical semiconductor, and an oxide including the iridium element supported on the surface of the optical semiconductor film.
- An optical semiconductor electrode is provided.
- the optical semiconductor is formed in a film shape in the first semiconductor layer, and an oxide containing an iridium element is supported on the surface of the film. Charge separation occurs efficiently. Therefore, according to the fifth aspect of the present invention, an optical semiconductor electrode capable of realizing high quantum efficiency can be provided.
- the oxide containing the iridium element is included in the first semiconductor layer in the form of nanoparticles,
- the primary particle diameter of the nanoparticles is 100 nm or less,
- An optical semiconductor electrode is provided.
- the first semiconductor layer contains an oxide containing an iridium element in a state of nanoparticles having a primary particle size of 100 nm or less, the activity of water decomposition reaction is further improved.
- An optical semiconductor electrode can be provided.
- the primary particle diameter is a primary particle diameter obtained by observing particles with a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- the band edge levels of the conduction band and valence band of the optical semiconductor in the first semiconductor layer are the band edge levels of the conduction band and valence band of the semiconductor in the second semiconductor layer, respectively.
- the Fermi level of the semiconductor in the second semiconductor layer is greater than the Fermi level of the optical semiconductor in the first semiconductor layer
- (Iii) the Fermi level of the conductor is greater than the Fermi level of the semiconductor in the second semiconductor layer;
- An optical semiconductor electrode is provided.
- a light including a conductor 310, a first semiconductor layer 320, and a second semiconductor layer 330 disposed between the conductor 310 and the first semiconductor layer 320.
- a semiconductor electrode 300 is shown.
- the first semiconductor layer 320 includes an optical semiconductor 321 and iridium oxide 322.
- the Fermi level (E Fc ) of the iridium oxide 322 is more negative than the Fermi level (E F1 ) of the optical semiconductor 321 with respect to the vacuum level.
- the band edge levels (E C1 and E V1 ) of the conduction band and valence band of the optical semiconductor 321 in the first semiconductor layer 320 are the conduction band and valence electrons of the semiconductor in the second semiconductor layer 330, respectively.
- FIG. 6 shows band bending when the optical semiconductor 321, the iridium oxide 322, the semiconductor of the second semiconductor layer 330 and the conductor 310 shown in FIG. 5 are joined.
- the junction interface between the iridium oxide 322 and the optical semiconductor 321 is a Schottky junction. Further, the junction between the optical semiconductor 321 and the semiconductor of the second semiconductor layer 330 and the junction between the semiconductor of the second semiconductor layer 330 and the conductor 310 are ohmic junctions. Therefore, electrons generated in the optical semiconductor 321 move smoothly toward the conductor 310 along band bending. On the other hand, the holes generated in the optical semiconductor 321 can move smoothly along the band bending to the iridium oxide 322 side as a promoter.
- the second semiconductor layer is provided between the first semiconductor layer and the conductor as a charge separation film that forms an ohmic junction with each other. ing. Therefore, according to the seventh aspect, since electrons generated in the first semiconductor layer are smoothly charge separated, an optical semiconductor electrode capable of realizing higher quantum efficiency can be provided.
- the eighth aspect of the present invention is An optical semiconductor electrode according to any one of the first to seventh aspects; A counter electrode electrically connected to the conductor included in the optical semiconductor electrode; A container for housing the optical semiconductor electrode and the counter electrode; A photoelectrochemical cell comprising:
- the photoelectrochemical cell according to the eighth aspect includes the photo-semiconductor electrode according to any one of the first to seventh aspects, it efficiently charges and separates electrons and holes generated by photoexcitation. , Light utilization efficiency can be improved.
- hydrogen can be generated by water decomposition.
- the tenth aspect of the present invention provides A photoelectrochemical cell according to the eighth or ninth aspect; A hydrogen reservoir that is connected to the photoelectrochemical cell by a first pipe and stores hydrogen generated in the photoelectrochemical cell; A hydrogen reservoir that is connected to the hydrogen reservoir by a second pipe and that stores hydrogen produced in the photoelectrochemical cell; A fuel cell for converting the hydrogen stored in the hydrogen storage into electric power; Provide an energy system with
- the energy system according to the tenth aspect includes the photoelectrochemical cell using the photo-semiconductor electrode according to any one of the first to seventh aspects, the light use efficiency can be improved. .
- FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of the optical semiconductor electrode of the present invention.
- the optical semiconductor electrode 400 of this embodiment includes a conductor 410 and an optical semiconductor layer (first semiconductor layer) 420 provided on the conductor 410.
- the optical semiconductor layer 420 is formed of an optical semiconductor film 421 containing an optical semiconductor and a nanoparticulate iridium oxide 422 supported on the surface of the optical semiconductor film 421.
- the Fermi level of iridium oxide 422 is more negative than the Fermi level of the optical semiconductor film 421 and more negative than ⁇ 4.44 eV with respect to the vacuum level.
- a metal substrate may be used, or a substrate provided with a conductive film on the surface may be used.
- a metal such as Ti, Ni, Ta, Nb, Al, and Ag, or a conductive material such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) and FTO (Fluorine doped Tin Oxide) can be used.
- a region of the surface of the conductor 410 that is not covered with the optical semiconductor film 421 is preferably covered with an insulator such as a resin. According to such a configuration, it is possible to prevent the conductor 410 from being dissolved in the electrolytic solution when the optical semiconductor electrode 400 is installed in the electrolytic solution.
- a semiconductor that can function as a photocatalyst effective for water splitting and satisfies the relationship between the iridium oxide 422 and the above Fermi level can be used.
- a semiconductor that can function as a photocatalyst effective for water splitting and satisfies the relationship between the iridium oxide 422 and the above Fermi level can be used.
- an n-type semiconductor containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of niobium, tantalum, zirconium, titanium, and gallium, which is known as a photocatalyst effective for water splitting can be used.
- niobium oxynitride NbON
- tantalum nitride Ti 3 N 5
- gallium nitride GaN
- TiO 2 titanium oxide
- at least one n-type semiconductor selected from the group consisting of oxynitrides containing niobium elements and nitrides containing niobium elements is preferable.
- Oxynitrides and nitrides containing niobium elements are semiconductors with excellent visible light responsiveness.
- niobium oxynitride can absorb light of 600 nm or less, and niobium nitride (Nb 3 N 5 ) Can absorb light of 780 nm or less. Therefore, the optical semiconductor electrode 400 having excellent visible light responsiveness can be obtained.
- the optical semiconductor film 421 only needs to contain an optical semiconductor.
- the optical semiconductor film 421 preferably contains 90 mass% or more of the optical semiconductor.
- the optical semiconductor film 421 may be substantially made of an optical semiconductor (note that other components such as impurities inevitably mixed are included at, for example, 5 mass% or less, preferably 1 mass% or less. Or may be made of only an optical semiconductor.
- the optical semiconductor film 421 can sufficiently absorb light.
- the thickness of the optical semiconductor film 421 is desirably 100 nm to 20 ⁇ m. Note that the optimal thickness of the optical semiconductor film 421 is considered to depend on the optical semiconductor material used, crystal defects, and the like, and thus is preferably selected from the above range.
- the iridium oxide 422 supported on the surface of the optical semiconductor film 421 preferably contains IrO 2 that exhibits high catalytic activity in the water oxidation reaction, and more preferably contains a larger proportion of IrO 2 .
- Iridium oxide 422 may be made from IrO 2. Note that although an example using iridium oxide is described in this embodiment, the present invention is not limited to iridium oxide, and other oxides containing an iridium element such as a composite oxide containing an iridium element are used. It is also possible.
- the primary particle size of the supported iridium oxide 422 is preferably 100 nm or less, and more preferably 10 nm or less. This is because the smaller the particle size, the larger the surface area and the more the reaction field.
- the optical semiconductor electrode 400 of the present embodiment can be manufactured by the following method, for example.
- the conductor 410 is prepared, and an optical semiconductor material is formed on the conductor 410 by using a known film formation method such as an MOCVD method or a sputtering method, so that the optical semiconductor film 421 is manufactured.
- a known film formation method such as an MOCVD method or a sputtering method
- iridium oxide 422 is supported on the optical semiconductor film 421.
- an iridium supply source for example, Na 2 IrCl 6 .6H 2 O, H 2 IrCl 6 .nH 2 O, (NH 4 ) 2 IrCl 6, or the like can be used.
- the pH of this iridium supply source is adjusted by using a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and nitric acid to produce a colloidal solution containing iridium oxide.
- various known methods such as dip coating, coating method and dipping method can be used.
- the amount of iridium oxide supported varies depending on the concentration of the colloidal solution and the immersion time.
- the concentration of the colloidal solution can be, for example, 0.01 to 0.5 gL- 1 .
- the immersion time can be, for example, about 5 minutes to 24 hours.
- the amount of iridium oxide supported is the amount of iridium contained in the colloidal solution before and after the immersion, in which the photoconductor film 421 formed on the conductor 410 is immersed in a colloidal solution containing iridium oxide. The difference can be confirmed, for example, by measuring by ICP emission spectroscopy.
- the heat treatment temperature is, for example, less than 400 ° C., and preferably about 100 to 200 ° C.
- the iridium oxide 422 thus supported on the optical semiconductor film 421 as nanoparticles is annealed under an inert atmosphere (for example, under a nitrogen atmosphere).
- an inert atmosphere for example, under a nitrogen atmosphere.
- iridium oxide whose Fermi level is more negative than ⁇ 4.44 eV on the basis of the vacuum level can be manufactured.
- a Fermi that is more negative than ⁇ 4.44 eV on a vacuum level basis It becomes possible to produce iridium oxide having a level.
- iridium oxide whose Fermi level is more negative than ⁇ 4.44 eV on the vacuum level basis, iridium oxide helps the known n-type optical semiconductor that can be used for water decomposition.
- An optical semiconductor electrode 400 that functions effectively as a catalyst can be realized.
- the band structure before bonding of the conductor 410, the optical semiconductor film 421, and the iridium oxide 422 is the same as that shown in FIG.
- the band bending when the conductor 410, the optical semiconductor film 421, and the iridium oxide 422 are bonded to each other is the same as that shown in FIG. Therefore, in the optical semiconductor electrode 400, as described above, band bending caused by the junction between the optical semiconductor 421 and the iridium oxide 422 is easily separated. As a result, in the optical semiconductor electrode 400, recombination of holes and electrons in the optical semiconductor layer 420 is suppressed, and high quantum efficiency is realized.
- the iridium oxide contained in the optical semiconductor electrode 400 has a Fermi level located on the negative side of ⁇ 4.44 eV with respect to the vacuum level.
- an optical semiconductor used for water decomposition is an n-type semiconductor
- its conduction band level is more positive than the reduction potential of water ( ⁇ 4.44 eV on a vacuum level basis), and its valence band.
- the level must be more negative than the oxidation potential of water ( ⁇ 5.67 eV on the basis of the vacuum level).
- an n-type semiconductor having a conduction band level and a valence band level as described above is used, so that the Fermi level is the conduction band level.
- the Fermi level of iridium oxide is water It must be more negative than the reduction potential ( ⁇ 4.44 eV on a vacuum level basis). Therefore, the iridium oxide 421 included in the optical semiconductor electrode 400 can function as a promoter for a known n-type optical semiconductor used for water splitting.
- another semiconductor layer may be further disposed between the conductor 410 and the optical semiconductor layer 420.
- the semiconductor layer to be disposed is a layer that can function as a charge separation film that forms an ohmic junction with each of the optical semiconductor layer 420 and the conductor 410, that is, a layer that satisfies the band structure shown in FIGS. It is desirable. According to this configuration, higher quantum efficiency can be realized.
- the optical semiconductor electrode having a configuration in which an optical semiconductor is provided in a film shape on a conductor and iridium oxide is supported on the film surface has been described as an example.
- the optical semiconductor electrode of the present invention is not limited to this configuration.
- a mixture of an oxide containing an iridium element such as iridium oxide and an optical semiconductor is formed on the conductor as one semiconductor layer (first semiconductor layer).
- the photoelectrochemical cell of the present embodiment includes a photo semiconductor electrode of the present invention, a counter electrode electrically connected to a conductor constituting the photo semiconductor electrode, and a surface of the photo semiconductor electrode and the counter electrode.
- the photoelectrochemical cell 500 of the present embodiment includes a photo semiconductor electrode 400, a counter electrode 530 that is a pair of electrodes with the photo semiconductor electrode 400, an electrolytic solution 540 containing water, and a photo semiconductor An electrode 400, a counter electrode 530, and an electrolytic solution 540, and a container 510 having an opening.
- the optical semiconductor electrode 400 and the counter electrode 530 are arranged such that the surface of the optical semiconductor layer 420 of the optical semiconductor electrode 400 on which the iridium oxide 422 is supported and the surface of the counter electrode 530 are in contact with the electrolytic solution 540.
- the configuration of the optical semiconductor electrode 400 is as described in the first embodiment.
- a portion of the optical semiconductor electrode 400 disposed in the container 510 facing the surface on which the iridium oxide 422 is carried (hereinafter abbreviated as a light incident part 520) is light such as sunlight. It is made of a material that transmits light.
- the conductor 410 and the counter electrode 530 in the optical semiconductor electrode 400 are electrically connected by a conducting wire 550.
- the counter electrode means an electrode that exchanges electrons with an optical semiconductor electrode without using an electrolytic solution. Therefore, the counter electrode 530 in this embodiment may be electrically connected to the conductor 410 constituting the optical semiconductor electrode 400, and the positional relationship with the optical semiconductor electrode 400 is not particularly limited. Since the optical semiconductor film 421 constituting the optical semiconductor electrode 400 is an n-type semiconductor, the counter electrode 530 serves as an electrode that receives electrons from the optical semiconductor electrode 400 without passing through the electrolytic solution 540.
- the optical semiconductor constituting the optical semiconductor film 421 is an n-type semiconductor, the potential of the surface 421-S of the optical semiconductor film 421 becomes higher than the potential of the inside 421-B of the optical semiconductor film 421. Therefore, holes generated at this time, along the band edge E V of the valence band migrates to the surface 421-S of the optical semiconductor film 421. Thereby, on the surface of the optical semiconductor film 421, water is decomposed by the following reaction formula (1) to generate oxygen. On the other hand, electrons move from the surface vicinity region 421-NS of the optical semiconductor film 421 to the conductor 410 via the inside 420-B of the optical semiconductor film 421 along the band edge Ev of the valence band.
- the optical semiconductor electrode 400 has a low probability of recombination of holes and electrons.
- a photo-semiconductor electrode 400 for the photoelectrochemical cell 500 holes and electrons are efficiently separated by charge, so that not only the quantum efficiency of the hydrogen generation reaction by light irradiation is improved, but also hydrogen It is also possible to generate oxygen and oxygen separately.
- the counter electrode 530 is preferably made of a material having a small overvoltage.
- a metal catalyst such as Pt, Au, Ag, Fe and Ni as the counter electrode. By using such a metal catalyst, the activity of the water decomposition reaction can be further enhanced.
- the electrolytic solution 540 may be an electrolytic solution containing water.
- the electrolytic solution 540 may be acidic or alkaline.
- the electrolytic solution 540 that contacts the surfaces of the optical semiconductor electrode 400 and the counter electrode 530 can be replaced with pure water as electrolysis water.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the photoelectrochemical cell 600 of the present embodiment.
- the photoelectrochemical cell 600 of the present embodiment includes a housing (container) 610, a photo semiconductor electrode 400, a counter electrode 630, and a separator 660.
- the interior of the housing 610 is separated into two chambers, a first chamber 670 and a second chamber 680, by a separator 660.
- an electrolytic solution 640 containing water is accommodated in the first chamber 670 and the second chamber 680.
- the optical semiconductor electrode 400 is disposed at a position in contact with the electrolytic solution 640.
- the configuration of the optical semiconductor electrode 400 is as described in the first embodiment.
- the first chamber 670 includes a first exhaust port 671 for exhausting oxygen generated in the first chamber 670 and a water supply port 672 for supplying water into the first chamber 670.
- a portion of the housing 610 that faces the surface of the optical semiconductor layer 420 in the optical semiconductor electrode 400 disposed in the first chamber 670 (hereinafter referred to as a light incident portion 620) transmits light such as sunlight. It is made up of the material to be made.
- a counter electrode 630 is disposed in the second chamber 680 at a position in contact with the electrolytic solution 640.
- the second chamber 680 includes a second exhaust 681 for exhausting hydrogen generated in the second chamber 680.
- the conductor 410 and the counter electrode 630 in the optical semiconductor electrode 400 are electrically connected by a conducting wire 650.
- counter electrode 630 and the electrolytic solution 640 are the same as the counter electrode 530 and the electrolytic solution 540 in Embodiment 2, respectively.
- the separator 660 is made of a material having a function of allowing the electrolytic solution 640 to pass therethrough and blocking each gas generated in the first chamber 670 and the second chamber 680.
- the material of the separator 660 include a solid electrolyte such as a polymer solid electrolyte.
- the polymer solid electrolyte include an ion exchange membrane such as Nafion (registered trademark).
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the energy system of the present embodiment.
- the energy system 700 of the present embodiment includes a photoelectrochemical cell 600, a hydrogen reservoir 710, a fuel cell 720, and a storage battery 730.
- the photoelectrochemical cell 600 is the photoelectrochemical cell described in Embodiment 3, and its specific configuration is as shown in FIG. Therefore, detailed description is omitted here.
- the hydrogen reservoir 710 is connected to the second chamber 680 (see FIG. 10) of the photoelectrochemical cell 600 by the first pipe 741.
- the hydrogen reservoir 710 can be composed of, for example, a compressor that compresses hydrogen generated in the photoelectrochemical cell 600 and a high-pressure hydrogen cylinder that stores hydrogen compressed by the compressor.
- the fuel cell 720 includes a power generation unit 721 and a fuel cell control unit 722 for controlling the power generation unit 721.
- the fuel cell 720 is connected to the hydrogen reservoir 710 by a second pipe 742.
- the second pipe 742 is provided with a cutoff valve 743.
- a polymer solid oxide fuel cell can be used as the fuel cell 720.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the storage battery 730 are electrically connected to the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the power generation unit 721 in the fuel cell 720 by the first wiring 744 and the second wiring 745, respectively.
- the storage battery 730 is provided with a capacity measurement unit 746 for measuring the remaining capacity of the storage battery 730.
- a lithium ion battery can be used as the storage battery 730.
- the electrons move to the conductor 410 along the bending of the band edge of the conduction band at the interface between the optical semiconductor film 421 and the conductor 410.
- the electrons that have moved to the conductor 410 move to the counter electrode 630 side that is electrically connected to the conductor 410 via the conductive wire 650.
- hydrogen is generated on the surface of the counter electrode 630 according to the reaction formula (2).
- Oxygen generated in the first chamber 670 is exhausted from the first exhaust port 371 to the outside of the photoelectrochemical cell 600.
- hydrogen generated in the second chamber 680 is supplied into the hydrogen reservoir 710 through the second exhaust port 681 and the first pipe 641.
- the shut-off valve 743 is opened by a signal from the fuel cell control unit 722, and the hydrogen stored in the hydrogen storage 710 is supplied to the power generation unit 721 of the fuel cell 720 by the second pipe 742. Supplied.
- the electricity generated in the power generation unit 721 of the fuel cell 720 is stored in the storage battery 730 via the first wiring 744 and the second wiring 745. Electricity stored in the storage battery 730 is supplied to homes, businesses, and the like by the third wiring 747 and the fourth wiring 748.
- the quantum efficiency of the hydrogen generation reaction by light irradiation can be improved. Therefore, according to the energy system 700 of this embodiment provided with such a photoelectrochemical cell 600, electric power can be supplied efficiently.
- NbON film / ITO substrate ITO film (thickness 150 nm) / glass substrate) is put in a container, and 1.5 mL of a colloidal solution containing iridium oxide (iridium oxide concentration: 0.0019 to 0.22 gL ⁇ 1 ) is put there. It was.
- the colloidal solution containing iridium oxide used was confirmed to have absorption by IrO 2 appearing near 580 nm using a spectrophotometer (UV-vis) (see FIG. 13).
- the iridium oxide was supported on the NbON film by leaving the NbON film / ITO substrate immersed in the solution for 3 to 5 hours. Thereafter, heat treatment (annealing) was performed at 200 ° C.
- samples (Examples 1 to 5) of a plurality of optical semiconductor electrodes having different iridium oxide loadings were prepared by changing the concentration and the immersion time.
- a sample with an immersion time of 0 hour that is, a sample of an optical semiconductor electrode not carrying iridium oxide (Comparative Example 1) was produced.
- another comparative sample (Comparative Example 2) was also produced by the following method. First, the pH of the colloidal solution was intentionally lowered to near neutral using nitric acid, and the colloidal solution was allowed to stand at room temperature to precipitate iridium oxide. Next, by filtering these, the recovered material was baked in the air at 600 ° C. for 3 hours in a muffle furnace to obtain iridium oxide powder having a particle size of several tens of ⁇ m.
- a dispersion in which this powder was dispersed in a solvent (distilled water) was applied on the NbON film, and heat treated at 200 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere, thereby supporting iridium oxide on the NbON film. .
- the Fermi level between the iridium oxide and the NbON film produced in this example was confirmed.
- the Fermi level was measured using UPS (ultraviolet photophotoelectron spectroscopy).
- the iridium oxide for measurement was produced as follows. First, the metal plate was sufficiently loaded with iridium oxide by repeating the steps of immersing the metal plate in a colloidal solution containing iridium oxide (same as described above) and loading the metal plate with iridium oxide. Thereafter, the iridium oxide supported on the metal plate was heat-treated at 200 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere. Using the iridium oxide thus prepared, the Fermi level was measured. Moreover, the Fermi level of the iridium oxide used in the comparative example was measured in a powder state.
- ICP emission spectroscopy A calibration curve of luminescence intensity with respect to the concentration of iridium oxide in the colloidal solution was prepared.
- the amount of iridium oxide supported on the NbON film / ITO substrate was determined by comparing the amount of iridium contained in the colloidal solution before and after supporting iridium oxide by ICP emission spectroscopy. The same was done for the sapphire substrate only (the back side of the ITO substrate not provided with the NbON film), and the amount of iridium oxide supported on the NbON film was accurately defined.
- the surface density of iridium oxide in the optical semiconductor electrode of each sample was as shown in Table 1.
- Photocurrent measurement Photocurrent generated when white light irradiated from the Xe lamp of the light source is monochromatized by a spectroscope and irradiated to each sample (electrode area 1 cm 2 ) of the photo semiconductor electrode set in the photoelectrochemical cell.
- the photoelectrochemical cell used here had the same configuration as the photoelectrochemical cell 500 described in the second embodiment.
- As the electrolytic solution 540 a 0.1 M sulfuric acid aqueous solution was used.
- a platinum plate was used for the counter electrode 530.
- the optical semiconductor electrode and the counter electrode were electrically connected by a copper wire.
- the photocurrent measurement result of the optical semiconductor electrode (comparative sample) in which iridium oxide is not supported is shown in FIG.
- the photocurrent was obtained in the wavelength range of 600 nm or less, and the rise of current was confirmed from the same position as the reported absorption wavelength of NbON.
- Table 1 shows the measurement results of photocurrent for all samples (Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2).
- the photocurrent values shown in Table 1 were integrated values obtained by subtracting the dark current value at 700 nm from the photocurrent value obtained when light having a wavelength of 300 to 600 nm was irradiated.
- the photo-semiconductor electrode carrying iridium oxide of Examples 1 to 5 had a significantly higher photocurrent value than the photo-semiconductor electrode of Comparative Example 1 not carrying iridium oxide.
- the optical semiconductor electrode of Comparative Example 2 carries iridium oxide
- the relationship between the Fermi level of iridium oxide and the Fermi level of NbON, which is an optical semiconductor is the relationship specified in the present invention. Since it did not satisfy, the photocurrent value was very low.
- the optical semiconductor electrode of the present invention is useful in a hydrogen purification apparatus and an energy system by water splitting using sunlight.
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Abstract
Description
導電体と、
前記導電体上に設けられた第1の半導体層と、
を備え、
前記第1の半導体層は、光半導体と、イリジウム元素を含む酸化物とを含み、
前記イリジウム元素を含む酸化物のフェルミ準位は、真空準位基準で、前記光半導体のフェルミ準位よりも負であり、かつ、-4.44eVよりも負である。
導電体と、
前記導電体上に設けられた第1の半導体層と、
を備え、
前記第1の半導体層は、光半導体と、イリジウム元素を含む酸化物とを含み、
前記イリジウム元素を含む酸化物のフェルミ準位は、真空準位基準で、前記光半導体のフェルミ準位よりも負であり、かつ、-4.44eVよりも負である、
光半導体電極を提供する。
前記光半導体は、ニオブ、タンタル、ジルコニウム、チタン及びガリウムからなる群から選択される少なくとも何れか1種の元素を含むn型半導体である、
光半導体電極を提供する。
前記光半導体は、ニオブ元素を含む酸窒化物及びニオブ元素を含む窒化物からなる群から選択される少なくとも何れか1種のn型半導体である、
光半導体電極を提供する。
前記第1の半導体層における前記イリジウム元素を含む酸化物の面密度が、0を超え2.00μgcm-2以下である、
光半導体電極を提供する。
前記第1の半導体層は、前記光半導体を含む光半導体膜と、前記光半導体膜の表面上に担持された前記イリジウム元素を含む酸化物と、によって形成されている、
光半導体電極を提供する。
前記イリジウム元素を含む酸化物は、ナノ粒子の状態で前記第1の半導体層に含まれており、
前記ナノ粒子の一次粒子径は100nm以下である、
光半導体電極を提供する。
前記導電体と前記第1の半導体層との間に配置された、前記光半導体とは異なる半導体を含む第2の半導体層をさらに備え、
真空準位を基準として、
(i)前記第1の半導体層における前記光半導体の伝導帯及び価電子帯のバンドエッジ準位が、それぞれ、前記第2の半導体層における前記半導体の伝導帯及び価電子帯のバンドエッジ準位以上の大きさを有し、
(ii)前記第2の半導体層における前記半導体のフェルミ準位が、前記第1の半導体層における前記光半導体のフェルミ準位よりも大きく、かつ、
(iii)前記導電体のフェルミ準位が、前記第2の半導体層における前記半導体のフェルミ準位よりも大きい、
光半導体電極を提供する。
(i)第1の半導体層320における光半導体321の伝導帯及び価電子帯のバンドエッジ準位(EC1、EV1)が、それぞれ、第2の半導体層330における半導体の伝導帯及び価電子帯のバンドエッジ準位(EC2、EV2)以上の大きさを有し、
(ii)第2の半導体層330における半導体のフェルミ準位(EF2)が、第1の半導体層320における光半導体321のフェルミ準位(EF1)よりも大きく、かつ、
(iii)導電体310のフェルミ準位(EFt)が、第2の半導体層330における半導体のフェルミ準位(EF2)よりも大きい。また、図6は、図5で示した光半導体321、イリジウム酸化物322、第2の半導体層330の半導体及び導電体310が接合された際のバンドベンディングを示している。この場合、イリジウム酸化物322と光半導体321との接合界面はショットキー接合となる。さらに、光半導体321と第2の半導体層330の半導体との接合、及び、第2の半導体層330の半導体と導電体310との接合は、オーミック接合となる。したがって、光半導体321で発生した電子は、バンドベンディングに沿って導電体310側へスムーズに移動する。一方、光半導体321で発生したホールは、バンドベンディングに沿って助触媒であるイリジウム酸化物322側へスムーズに移動できる。
第1~第7の態様の何れかの態様に係る光半導体電極と、
前記光半導体電極に含まれる前記導電体と電気的に接続された対極と、
前記光半導体電極及び前記対極を収容する容器と、
を備えた光電気化学セルを提供する。
前記容器内に収容され、かつ前記光半導体電極及び前記対極の表面と接触する、水を含む電解液をさらに備えた、
光電気化学セルを提供する。
第8又は第9の態様に係る光電気化学セルと、
前記光電気化学セルと第1の配管によって接続されており、前記光電気化学セル内で生成した水素を貯蔵する水素貯蔵器と、
前記水素貯蔵器と第2の配管によって接続されており、前記光電気化学セル内で生成した水素を貯蔵する水素貯蔵器と、
前記水素貯蔵器に貯蔵された水素を電力に変換する燃料電池と、
を備えたエネルギーシステムを提供する。
図7は、本発明の光半導体電極の一実施形態を示す。本実施の形態の光半導体電極400は、導電体410と、導電体410上に設けられた光半導体層(第1の半導体層)420とを備えている。光半導体層420は、光半導体を含む光半導体膜421と、光半導体膜421の表面上に担持されたナノ粒子状の酸化イリジウム422と、によって形成されている。酸化イリジウム422のフェルミ準位は、真空準位基準で、光半導体膜421のフェルミ準位よりも負であり、かつ、-4.44eVよりも負である。
本発明の光半導体電極を備えた光電気化学セルの一実施形態について説明する。本実施の形態の光電気化学セルは、本発明の光半導体電極と、前記光半導体電極を構成している導電体と電気的に接続された対極と、前記光半導体電極及び前記対極の表面と接触する電解液と、前記光半導体電極、前記対極及び前記電解液を収容する容器と、を備えている。
4e-+4H+→2H2↑ (2)
本発明の光半導体電極を備えた光電気化学セルの別の実施形態について、図10を用いて説明する。図10は、本実施の形態の光電気化学セル600の構成を示す概略図である。
実施の形態3で説明した光電気化学セル600を備えたエネルギーシステムの実施の形態について、図11を参照しながら説明する。図11は、本実施の形態のエネルギーシステムの構成を示す概略図である。
原料として、Tertialy Buthylimino Tris (Ethyle Methylamino) Niobium(t-(CH3)3CN=Nb(N(CH3)C2H5)3)を用い、図12に示すMOCVD装置800を用いてNbON単相膜の合成を行った。気化器811内で、3.38×10-5Pa・m3/s(0.2sccm)の原料801のエチルシクロヘキサン溶液を、150℃で気化した。不活性ガスとして、窒素ガス802を用いた。原料ガス(気化した原料801)と窒素ガス802とを含む、1.69×10-1Pa・m3/s(1000sccm)の混合ガスに、1.69×10-4Pa・m3/s(1sccm)の酸素803を混合した。得られた混合ガスを、シャワーヘッド814から、サセプター815によって300℃に加熱した基板821(ITO膜(膜厚150nm)/ガラス基板)に6時間噴射して、膜厚160nmのNbON膜を得た。
NbON膜/ITO基板(ITO膜(膜厚150nm)/ガラス基板)を容器に入れ、そこに酸化イリジウムを含むコロイド溶液(酸化イリジウム濃度:0.0019~0.22gL-1)を1.5mL入れた。なお、用いた酸化イリジウムを含むコロイド溶液については、分光光度計(UV-vis)を用いて、580nm付近に現れるIrO2による吸収があることを確認した(図13参照)。NbON膜/ITO基板を前記溶液に浸漬させた状態で3~5時間静置することによって、NbON膜上に酸化イリジウムを担持させた。その後、窒素雰囲気下で200℃及び1時間の熱処理(アニール)を行った後、水洗浄をして、酸化イリジウムが表面に担持されたNbON膜/ITO基板、すなわち光半導体電極を得た。本実施例では、濃度と浸漬時間を変えて、酸化イリジウムの担持量が互いに異なる複数の光半導体電極のサンプル(実施例1~5)を作製した。
本実施例において作製された酸化イリジウムとNbON膜とのフェルミ準位を確認した。フェルミ準位はUPS(紫外光光電子分光法)を用いて測定した。測定用の酸化イリジウムは、次のように作製された。まず、金属板を、酸化イリジウムを含むコロイド溶液(上記と同様のもの)に浸漬して、金属板に酸化イリジウムを担持させる工程を繰り返すことで、金属板に酸化イリジウムを十分に担持させた。その後、金属板に担持された酸化イリジウムに対して、窒素雰囲気で200℃及び1時間の熱処理を施した。このようにして作製された酸化イリジウムを用いて、フェルミ準位を測定した。また、比較例で使用した酸化イリジウムのフェルミ準位は、粉末の状態で測定された。
コロイド溶液における酸化イリジウムの濃度に対する発光強度の検量線を作成した。NbON膜/ITO基板に担持された酸化イリジウム量は、酸化イリジウム担持前後のコロイド溶液中に含まれるイリジウム量をICP発光分光分析法で比較することによって決定した。サファイア基板のみ(NbON膜が設けられていないITO基板の裏面)でも同様のことを行い、NbON膜に担持された酸化イリジウム量を正確に規定した。各サンプルの光半導体電極における酸化イリジウムの面密度は、表1に示すとおりであった。
光源のXeランプから照射された白色光を分光器にて単色化し、これを光電気化学セル内にセットされた光半導体電極の各サンプル(電極面積1cm2)に照射したときに発生する光電流を波長ごとに測定した。ここで用いた光電気化学セルは、実施の形態2で説明した光電気化学セル500と同様の構成を有していた。電解液540には0.1Mの硫酸水溶液が用いられた。対極530には白金板が用いられた。光半導体電極と対極とは、銅線により電気的に接続されていた。酸化イリジウムが担持されていない光半導体電極(比較サンプル)の光電流測定結果を図14に示す。光電流は600nm以下の波長範囲で得られ、報告されているNbONの吸収波長と同じ位置から電流の立ち上がりが確認された。
Claims (10)
- 導電体と、
前記導電体上に設けられた第1の半導体層と、
を備え、
前記第1の半導体層は、光半導体と、イリジウム元素を含む酸化物とを含み、
前記イリジウム元素を含む酸化物のフェルミ準位は、真空準位基準で、前記光半導体のフェルミ準位よりも負であり、かつ、-4.44eVよりも負である、
光半導体電極。 - 前記光半導体は、ニオブ、タンタル、ジルコニウム、チタン及びガリウムからなる群から選択される少なくとも何れか1種の元素を含むn型半導体である、
請求項1に記載の光半導体電極。 - 前記光半導体は、ニオブ元素を含む酸窒化物及びニオブ元素を含む窒化物からなる群から選択される少なくとも何れか1種のn型半導体である、
請求項2に記載の光半導体電極。 - 前記第1の半導体層における前記イリジウム元素を含む酸化物の面密度が、0を超え2.00μgcm-2以下である、
請求項1に記載の光半導体電極。 - 前記第1の半導体層は、前記光半導体を含む光半導体膜と、前記光半導体膜の表面上に担持された前記イリジウム元素を含む酸化物と、によって形成されている、
請求項1に記載の光半導体電極。 - 前記イリジウム元素を含む酸化物は、ナノ粒子の状態で前記第1の半導体層に含まれており、
前記ナノ粒子の一次粒子径は100nm以下である、
請求項1に記載の光半導体電極。 - 前記導電体と前記第1の半導体層との間に配置された、前記光半導体とは異なる半導体を含む第2の半導体層をさらに備え、
真空準位を基準として、
(i)前記第1の半導体層における前記光半導体の伝導帯及び価電子帯のバンドエッジ準位が、それぞれ、前記第2の半導体層における前記半導体の伝導帯及び価電子帯のバンドエッジ準位以上の大きさを有し、
(ii)前記第2の半導体層における前記半導体のフェルミ準位が、前記第1の半導体層における前記光半導体のフェルミ準位よりも大きく、かつ、
(iii)前記導電体のフェルミ準位が、前記第2の半導体層における前記半導体のフェルミ準位よりも大きい、
請求項1に記載の光半導体電極。 - 請求項1に記載の光半導体電極と、
前記光半導体電極に含まれる前記導電体と電気的に接続された対極と、
前記光半導体電極及び前記対極を収容する容器と、
を備えた光電気化学セル。 - 前記容器内に収容され、かつ前記光半導体電極及び前記対極の表面と接触する、水を含む電解液をさらに備えた、
請求項8に記載の光電気化学セル。 - 請求項8に記載の光電気化学セルと、
前記光電気化学セルと第1の配管によって接続されており、前記光電気化学セル内で生成した水素を貯蔵する水素貯蔵器と、
前記水素貯蔵器と第2の配管によって接続されており、前記光電気化学セル内で生成した水素を貯蔵する水素貯蔵器と、
前記水素貯蔵器に貯蔵された水素を電力に変換する燃料電池と、
を備えたエネルギーシステム。
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CN104662204A (zh) | 2015-05-27 |
JP5677626B2 (ja) | 2015-02-25 |
EP2915907A1 (en) | 2015-09-09 |
EP2915907B1 (en) | 2018-07-18 |
US20150243443A1 (en) | 2015-08-27 |
EP2915907A4 (en) | 2015-11-11 |
CN104662204B (zh) | 2017-05-03 |
JPWO2014068944A1 (ja) | 2016-09-08 |
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