Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
  • C04B41/0036—Laser treatment
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
  • B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
  • B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
  • B41M5/24—Ablative recording, e.g. by burning marks; Spark recording
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
  • C04B41/53—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone involving the removal of at least part of the materials of the treated article, e.g. etching, drying of hardened concrete
  • C04B41/5338—Etching
  • C04B41/5346—Dry etching
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
  • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
  • F01D5/12—Blades
  • F01D5/14—Form or construction
  • F01D5/147—Construction, i.e. structural features, e.g. of weight-saving hollow blades
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
  • B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
  • B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
  • B23K26/064—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by means of optical elements, e.g. lenses, mirrors or prisms
  • B23K26/066—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by means of optical elements, e.g. lenses, mirrors or prisms by using masks
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
  • B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
  • B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
  • B23K26/0665—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by beam condensation on the workpiece, e.g. for focusing
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
  • B23K26/352—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring for surface treatment
  • B23K26/356—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring for surface treatment by shock processing
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
  • B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
  • B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
  • B41M5/26—Thermography ; Marking by high energetic means, e.g. laser otherwise than by burning, and characterised by the material used
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
  • B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
  • B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
  • B41M5/26—Thermography ; Marking by high energetic means, e.g. laser otherwise than by burning, and characterised by the material used
  • B41M5/262—Thermography ; Marking by high energetic means, e.g. laser otherwise than by burning, and characterised by the material used recording or marking of inorganic surfaces or materials, e.g. glass, metal, or ceramics
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
  • B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
  • B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
  • B41M5/26—Thermography ; Marking by high energetic means, e.g. laser otherwise than by burning, and characterised by the material used
  • B41M5/267—Marking of plastic artifacts, e.g. with laser
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
  • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
  • F05D2230/00—Manufacture
  • F05D2230/10—Manufacture by removing material
  • F05D2230/13—Manufacture by removing material using lasers

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the general field of marking mechanical parts.
• a field of application of the invention is that of the marking of aeronautical parts, and in particular parts of aeronautical turbomachines with a view to ensuring their identification and authentication.
• Marking is particularly sought after for turbine blades and compressor blades of an aviation turbine engine. Indeed, the blades are critical spare parts whose exact origin is important to take into account the influence of the replacement of these parts on the life of the turbine or the compressor in question.
• Marking parts including turbine blades or compressor of an aviation turbine engine
• the marking is known by means of a laser coming to carry out in several passes an impression in the part to be marked by removal of material.
• the mechanical marking is also known by means of a hammer or a pneumatic piston which makes it possible, by successive impacts, to print on the part to be marked a serial number. We still know the marking achieved by means of a manual or automatic milling machine.
• Marking techniques which are based on the principle of removing material or deforming the part to be marked in order to affix the desired serial number have an obvious drawback on the health of the material of the part to be marked.
• the deformation or the removal of material may indeed lead to localized recrystallization or irreversible microstructure defect.
• the marking by these conventional techniques is generally performed at the blade root. Indeed, the marking at the part exposed to the gases of the vanes (namely the blade for example) is not possible: the sweeping of the gases on the surface of these zones may cause erasure of the serial number by erosion / oxidation, or even tearing of material. In addition, a crack initiation at the location of the marking may appear in vibration fatigue.
• the subject of the present invention is therefore a process which makes it possible to carry out in a simple and rapid manner a marking which does not have the abovementioned disadvantages.
• this object is achieved by means of a method of marking the surface of a mechanical part by a predefined graphic representation, comprising the application, by means of a laser source, of a single laser pulse on an outer surface of a part to be marked with interposition between the laser source and the outer surface of the part of a mask having a predefined graphic representation, the laser pulse having a pfd of at least 20 MW / cm 2 and a duration less than or equal to 100ns.
• the Applicant has found that the application of a laser pulse under the aforementioned conditions through a mask makes it possible to carry out a marking (possibly visible to the naked eye according to the impact diameter of the laser pulse) on a mechanical part, and in particular a gas turbine engine part, with a very low ablation of material and excellent resistance to oxidizing conditions and high temperature.
• a marking possibly visible to the naked eye according to the impact diameter of the laser pulse
• the impression left by the single laser pulse on the surface of the part to be marked is very shallow depth (less than a micrometer). It has also been found that the impression made by the laser pulse continues even when it is subjected to high temperature (of the order of 1100 ° C) in a highly oxidizing environment.
• the method according to the invention can be applied at the part of the blades which is exposed to the gases (ie at the blade), which avoids all the disadvantages of marking in a masked area of the blade.
• the identification of blades by marking is made possible even when the blades are mounted on the motor.
• the method according to the invention is just as effective (in terms of low ablation of material and good performance) that the part to be marked is made of metal (in particular Ni, Al, Ti, Fe, etc.), of composite material (in particular carbon fiber and epoxy matrix) or ceramic (especially zirconia).
• the method according to the invention is fast (a single laser pulse is necessary), simple to implement (no contribution of material is necessary) and offers the possibility of carrying out a marking with complex shapes (for example the logo of a company) according to the chosen mask.
• a focusing lens may be interposed between the laser source and the mask to change the size of the beam emitted by the laser source.
• This may be an Nd-YAG laser.
• the laser pulse can have an impact diameter of at least 0.5 mm, which makes the marking achieved visible to the naked eye.
• the laser pulse preferably has a pfd between 0.04 GW / cm 2 and 0.55 GW / cm 2 .
• the laser pulse preferably has a pfd between 0.15 GW / cm 2 and 2 GW / cm 2 .
• the laser pulse preferably has a pfd between 0.10 GW / cm 2 and 0.34 GW / cm 2 .
• the method further comprises the interposition between the laser source and the outer surface of the part of an opaque mask having a plurality of dyeing gradients so as to obtain a multi-contrast marking of the part.
• an opaque mask having a plurality of dyeing gradients so as to obtain a multi-contrast marking of the part.
• the invention also relates to the application of the method as defined above to the marking of a blade of a fan, a turbine or a compressor of an aerospace turbine engine.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an example of mounting for the implementation of the method
• FIGS. 2 to 4 are snapshots showing different examples of marking made using the method according to the invention.
• FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic view of an example of opaque mask for the implementation of an alternative embodiment of the invention.
• the invention applies to surface marking by a predefined graphical representation of any mechanical part, in particular to aeronautical parts, and more particularly to parts of a gas turbine engine.
• predefined graphic representation is meant any geometric shape or predetermined pattern, such as for example a logo, a serial number, a Datamatrix code, etc.
• An example of non-limiting application of the invention is that of the surface marking of fan blades, turbine or compressor of an aerospace turbine engine.
• the method according to the invention comprises the application of a single laser pulse on the outer surface of a part to be marked with interposition between the laser source and the outer surface of the part of a mask having the predefined graphic representation that one wishes to mark on the part.
• the laser pulse which is applied to the outer surface of the part has a power flux density of at least 20 MW / cm 2 and a duration less than or equal to 100 nanoseconds.
• FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an exemplary assembly that can be used for implementing the marking method according to the invention.
• a workpiece 10 (for example a turbine blade) having an outer surface 10a on which the marking is to be made is supported by a holding frame 12.
• a laser source 14 for example an Nd-YAG type laser producing frequency doubled wavelength radiation of 1,064 ⁇ m, is positioned above the holding frame 12 and is configured to deliver pulses having a power surface area of at least 20 MW / cm 2 and a duration less than or equal to 100 ns.
• a mask 16 having a predefined graphic representation is interposed between the laser source and the outer surface 10a of the part 10 to be marked.
• the laser 14 produces radiation which is focused by means of the focusing lens 18 into a beam passing through the mask 16 before illuminating a selected area of the outer surface of the piece.
• the laser pulse produced by the laser 14 generates at this zone a plasma whose expansion is accompanied by a significant release of energy (thermomechanical and acoustic) at the origin of a local modification to the surface of the laser. the piece to mark.
• the laser pulse produced by the laser is parameterized as specified above (namely with a power flux density of at least 20 MW / cm 2 and a duration less than or equal to 100 ns)
• this local modification to the surface of the part results in an imprint left on the surface of the room.
• the marking obtained by the process according to the invention is in the form of an impression left on the surface of the piece, this impression having a drawing corresponding to that of the mask used (this one plays the role of negative) -
• This imprint has dimensions, namely a diameter corresponding to the impact diameter of the laser pulse produced by the laser.
• the marking obtained has a diameter of at least 0.5 mm (which makes it visible to the naked eye).
• This diameter can be up to 150mm (if necessary by resorting to a focusing lens 18 which is divergent).
• a confinement medium that is transparent to the wavelength of the laser used (such as, for example, water or glass for an Nd-YAG type laser) to allow a better relaxation of the generated plasma. by the laser is not necessary to carry out a marking.
• the marking may be carried out under ambient atmosphere, provided that the power flux density of the laser pulse produced by the laser at 10 GW / cm 2 (which corresponds to the breakdown threshold of the air) is limited. For pfd values greater than 10 GW / cm 2 , the marking shall be carried out under vacuum.
• the marking method according to the invention can be applied to any type of material.
• it is perfectly adapted to marking of metal, ceramic or composite parts. It also applies to any surface coating material of a room.
• a marking piece made of metal it will apply a power per unit area preferably between 0.04 GW / cm 2 and 0.55 GW / cm 2 so as to obtain a perfectly intelligible impression.
• a pfd of between 0.10 GW / cm 2 and 0.52 GW / cm 2 will advantageously be applied.
• a pfd between 0,20 GW / cm 2 and 0,55 GW / cm 2 shall be applied, and in the case of a steel part, a pfd will be applied preferably between 0.10 GW / cm 2 and 0.50 GW / cm 2 .
• the laser pulse will preferably have a pfd between 0.15 GW / cm 2 and 2 GW / cm 2 of so as to obtain a perfectly intelligible impression.
• the laser pulse will preferably have a pfd between 0.10 GW / cm 2 and 0.34 GW / cm 2 so as to obtain a perfectly intelligible impression .
• FIG. 2 is a diagram (4: 1 scale) showing the result of the application of a laser pulse according to the method according to the invention on a carbon-carbon composite material substrate.
• the mark 20 visible to the naked eye in this figure and of circular shape was obtained by means of a single laser pulse of 8.7 mm impact diameter, pfd equal to 99 MW / cm 2 and lasting 5.2 ns.
• the mask used had no graphic representation.
• Figure 3 is a snapshot (4: 1 scale) showing the result of applying a laser pulse according to the method of the invention on a zirconium dioxide substrate (Zr0 2 Y 2 0 3 ).
• the marking 20 visible to the naked eye in this figure and circular in shape was obtained by means of a single laser pulse of 9.1 mm impact diameter, pfd equal to 135 MW / cm 2 and a duration of 5.2 ns.
• the mask used had no graphic representation.
• Figure 4 is a snapshot (4: 1 scale) showing the result of the application of a laser pulse according to the method according to the invention on an aluminum substrate.
• the marking 20 "visible to the naked eye in this figure and of circular shape was obtained by means of a single laser pulse of 13 mm impact diameter, pfd equal to 41 MW / cm 2 and 5.2 ns
• the mask used had no graphic representation.
• an additional mask called "opaque mask”.
• This opaque mask is added to the mask 16 having a predefined graphic representation and previously described (the opaque mask is indifferently positioned upstream or downstream of the mask 16 according to the direction of the laser beam path).
• the opaque mask is in the form of a mask comprising a medium (liquid or glassy for example) having a plurality of dye gradients so as to obtain a multi-contrast marking of the piece.
• FIG. 5 represents an example of an opaque mask 22 that can be used to obtain a gradient of contrasts for the marking.
• this opaque mask 22 comprises a weakly attenuated central zone 22a and a more attenuated peripheral zone 22b. The application of such an opaque mask thus makes it possible to obtain a graphical representation having a gradient of contrasts between the central zone and the peripheral zone of this representation.

Landscapes

• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Optics & Photonics (AREA)
• Architecture (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Laser Beam Processing (AREA)

Priority Applications (8)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=47295057

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (10)

Families Citing this family (4)

Citations (2)

Family Cites Families (16)

• 2012
  • 2012-10-08 FR FR1259546A patent/FR2996487B1/fr active Active
• 2013
  • 2013-10-07 JP JP2015536200A patent/JP6219962B2/ja active Active
  • 2013-10-07 CN CN201380052264.5A patent/CN104837636B/zh active Active
  • 2013-10-07 RU RU2015114977A patent/RU2640461C2/ru active
  • 2013-10-07 BR BR112015007776-5A patent/BR112015007776B1/pt active IP Right Grant
  • 2013-10-07 WO PCT/FR2013/052374 patent/WO2014057195A1/fr not_active Ceased
  • 2013-10-07 EP EP13782805.9A patent/EP2903834B1/fr active Active
  • 2013-10-07 CA CA2887103A patent/CA2887103C/fr active Active
  • 2013-10-07 US US14/434,221 patent/US10138170B2/en active Active
  • 2013-10-07 IN IN3000DEN2015 patent/IN2015DN03000A/en unknown

Patent Citations (2)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events