Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W76/00—Connection management
  • H04W76/10—Connection setup
  • H04W76/14—Direct-mode setup
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W72/00—Local resource management
  • H04W72/20—Control channels or signalling for resource management
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W76/00—Connection management
  • H04W76/10—Connection setup
  • H04W76/11—Allocation or use of connection identifiers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W72/00—Local resource management
  • H04W72/50—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources
  • H04W72/54—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on quality criteria
  • H04W72/541—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on quality criteria using the level of interference

Definitions

• Certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate generally to coimminication systems, and more particularly, to a direct device-to- device (D2D) communication integrated into a cellular network, such as a long-term evolution (LTE) or long-term evolution advanced (LTE-A) cellular network specified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP).
• D2D direct device-to- device
• LTE long-term evolution
• LTE-A long-term evolution advanced
• Wireless communication systems are under constant development and continuing efforts are made to increase the performance and efficiency within such systems.
• a promising feature of future wireless communication systems comprises direct communication between UEs in close proximity of each other, e.g., within a distance of a few tens or hundred meters.
• a UE may be in a direct D2D mode in addition to a cellular mode.
• the D2D mode enables a number of potential gains over the traditional cellular technique, for example, capacity gains, peak rate gains and latency gains.
• the D2D communication is set forth as an underlay to LTE cellular network operation, wherein both the cellular communication and the D2D communication use the same communication resources.
• the UE may communicate directly with another UE, and in the cellular mode, it may communicate with the other UE via a centralized controller in a conventional manner.
• the centralized controller is such as a BS, a Node B, or an eNB.
• Fig. 1 illustrates an example of a communication system 100 in which certain embodiments of the present invention can be practiced.
• the communication system 100 comprises two cells (Cell 1 and Cell 2) which respectively include BSs 101 and 106 and are depicted in circles. Although two cells are illustrated, as one of ordinary skill would readily appreciate, the system 100 can include any number of cells.
• Cell 1 and Cell 2 which respectively include BSs 101 and 106 and are depicted in circles.
• the system 100 can include any number of cells.
• Within the coverage areas of the BSs 101 and 106 are seen a plurality of UEs, including D2D and cellular types of UEs.
• D2D UEs 104 and 105 are communicating with each other in a D2D mode and cellular UEs 102 and 103 are communicating with or via the BS 101 in a cellular mode. The similar also occurs within the coverage area of the BS 106.
• D2D UEs in the D2D communication might confront with different interference from different sources.
• a pair of D2D UEs in the D2D communication may be subject to interference from other D2D UEs.
• the pair of D2D UEs at issue may be subject to interference from cellular UEs that are in cellular communication via the BS.
• the D2D UEs 104 and 105 Take the D2D UEs 104 and 105 as examples, if they are assigned (or reuse) the same radio resource as the cellular UE 102 or 103, they may be subject to interference from the cellular UE 102 or 103.
• the D2D UE 108 or 109 or cellular UE 107 in the neighboring cell i.e., Cell 2
• certain embodiments of the present invention would provide for an efficient way of performing the LA at the D2D UE and allocating the radio resources based upon a result of the LA, thereby achieving high quality communication links between D2D UEs and improving usage efficiency of radio resources.
• a method for link adaptation in a hybrid D2D and cellular network comprises receiving, by at least one of two D2D UEs in D2D communication, resource allocation information and assistance information from a BS, wherein the assistance information is used to divide resources conveyed by the resource allocation information into different types based upon correspondingly different interference sources.
• the method further comprises performing respective LA based upon the respective different types of resources.
• a method for link adaptation in a hybrid D2D and cellular network comprises transmitting, by a BS, resource allocation information and assistance information to at least one D2D UE in D2D communication, wherein the assistance information is used to divide resources conveyed by the resource allocation information into different types based upon correspondingly different interference sources.
• the method further comprises receiving, from the at least one D2D UE, at least one report resulted from respective LA performed by the at least one D2D UE, wherein the respective LA has been performed based upon the respective different types of resources.
• the method additionally comprises updating the resource allocation information based upon at least one report.
• a UE comprises a receiver, adapted to receive resource allocation information for D2D communication and assistance information from a BS, wherein the assistance information is used to divide resources conveyed by the resource allocation information into different types based upon correspondingly different interference sources.
• the UE further comprises a performing module, adapted to perform respective LA based upon the respective different types of resources.
• a BS comprises a transmitter, adapted to transmit, resource allocation information and assistance information to at least one D2D UE in D2D communication, wherein the assistance information is used to divide resources conveyed by the resource allocation information into different types based upon correspondingly different interference sources.
• the BS further comprises a receiver, adapted to receive, from the at least one D2D UE, at least one report resulted formed respective LA performed by the at least one D2D UE, wherein the respective link adaptation has been performed based upon the respective different types of resources.
• the BS additionally comprises an updating module, adapted to update the resource allocation information based upon at least one report.
• FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a communication system in which certain embodiments of the present invention can be practiced
• FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a method for LA in a hybrid D2D and cellular network according to an embodiment of the present invention
• FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a method for LA in a hybrid D2D and cellular network according to an embodiment of the present invention
• FIG. 4 schematically illustrates a signaling flow for a method for LA in a hybrid D2D and cellular network according to an embodiment of the present invention
• FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a simplified signaling flow for a method for
• LA in a hybrid D2D and cellular network according to one embodiment of the present invention
• FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a simplified signaling flow for a method for LA in a hybrid D2D and cellular network according to another embodiment of the present invention
• FIG. 7 is a simplified schematic block diagram illustrating a UE according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 8 is a simplified schematic block diagram illustrating a BS according to another embodiment of the present invention.
• Embodiments of the invention may be applied in various wireless networks, such as WCDMA, GSM, and 3GPP LTE etc. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type wireless communication technologies and systems with which the present invention may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the invention to only the aforementioned system.
• the term “base station” is exemplified with an eNB, it is not intended to limit the scope of the base station only to the eNB, but includes radio devices capable of implementing the similar function as employed according to the embodiments of the present invention.
• the term “D2D” generally refer to a direct device-to-device communication which allows direct communication between closely located UEs instead of conveying data from one device to the other via the radio and core network (e.g., BS).
• resources according to embodiments of the present invention may include but are not limited to a time domain, a frequency domain, a code domain, a spatial domain, or a combination of such domains.
• the embodiments of the present invention propose sending from an eNB to the at least one D2D UE D2D resource scheduling or allocation infontiation together with assistance information.
• the assistance information can be used to differentiate idle resources and resources interfered by different cellular UEs.
• the assistance information can be extended to differentiate resources with/without interference from the cellular/D2D UEs in the serving/neighboring cells.
• the D2D UE may accomplish the LA autonomously and additionally report the result of the LA to the eNB for its subsequent resource allocation. Based upon the updated resource allocation, the eNB may better the resource scheduling for served D2D UEs and cellular UEs.
• FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a communication system 100 in which certain embodiments of the present invention can be practiced. Details regarding the communication system 100 have been described previously and thus further description is omitted herein for a concise purpose.
• Fig. 2 schematically illustrates a method 200 for LA in a hybrid D2D and cellular network according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• the method 200 begins at step S201 and proceeds to step S202, at which the method 200 receives, by at least one of two D2D UEs (e.g., D2D UEs 104 and 105 in Fig. 1) in D2D communication, resource allocation information and assistance information from a BS (e.g., BS 101), wherein the assistance information is used to divide resources conveyed by the resource allocation information into different types based upon correspondingly different interference sources.
• the method 200 proceeds to step S203, at which the method 200 performs respective LA based upon the respective different types of resources.
• the method 200 ends at step S204.
• the different interference sources comprise at least one of the following: (1) different cellular UEs (e.g., the cellular UEs 102 and 103) in a same cell (e.g., the Cell 1) as the two D2D UEs (e.g., the D2D UEs 104 and 105); (2) different cellular UEs (e.g., the cellular UE 107) in a neighboring cell (e.g., the Cell 2) relative to a serving cell of the two D2D UEs; (3) different D2D UEs in other D2D communication in a same cell as the two D2D UEs; (4) different D2D UEs ((e.g., the D2D UEs 108 and 109) in a neighboring cell relative to the serving cell of the two D2D UEs.
• different cellular UEs e.g., the cellular UEs 102 and 103 in a same cell (e.g., the Cell 1) as the two D2D UE
• the method 200 performs the respective LA based upon respective channel quality information obtained from the respective D2D communication on the respective different types of resources.
• the respective channel quality information comprises information regarding a channel quality indicator and one of an ACK and a NACK (e.g., a HARQ ACK or NAC ) to receipt of the respective D2D communication on the respective different types of resources.
• the method 200 reports, subsequent to the respective LA, to the BS to indicate a mapping relationship between a physical resource and a data bit as a result of the respective LA.
• the mapping relationship may relate to the number of physical resources to be needed to clear a transmit buffer of the at least one D2D UE.
• the mapping relationship may relate to the number of physical resources occupied per bit or the number of data bits carried per physical resource. This mapping relationship can be advantageously applied by the BS to a finer resource allocation, thereby achieving a better resource allocation performance.
• the method 200 performs at least one of respective upstream and downstream LA by one of the two D2D UEs acting as a master device in the D2D communication.
• the D2D UE 104 may act as a master device in the D2D communication with the D2D UE 105.
• an interference source specific LA scheme can be implemented by D2D UEs in a distributed manner. Further, by reporting to the BS the results of the LA, good coordination between the resource allocation at the BS and the LA at the D2D UE can be realized.
• Fig. 3 schematically illustrates a method 300 for LA in a hybrid D2D and cellular network according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• the method 300 begins at step S301 and proceeds to step S302, at which the method 300 transmits, by a BS (e.g., BS 101 or 106 in Fig. 1), resource allocation information and assistance information to at least one D2D UE in D2D communication, wherein the assistance information is used to divide resources conveyed by the resource allocation information into different types based upon correspondingly different interference sources.
• a BS e.g., BS 101 or 106 in Fig. 1
• the assistance information is used to divide resources conveyed by the resource allocation information into different types based upon correspondingly different interference sources.
• step S303 the method 300 receives, from the at least one D2D UE, at least one report resulted from respective LA perfonned by the at least one D2D UE, wherein the respective LA has been performed based upon the respective different types of resources.
• the method 300 Upon receiving the at least one report, the method 300 updates the resource allocation information based upon at least one report at step S304. Finally, the method 300 ends at step S305.
• the different interference sources comprise at least one of the following: different cellular UEs in a same cell as the two D2D UEs or in a neighboring cell relative to a serving cell of the two D2D UEs; and different D2D UEs in other D2D communication in a same cell as the two D2D UEs or in a neighboring cell relative to the serving cell of the two D2D UEs.
• the at least one report indicates a mapping relationship between a physical resource and a data bit as a result of the respective LA.
• the mapping relationship may relate to the number of physical resources to be needed to clear a transmit buffer of the at least one D2D UE. In another embodiment, the mapping relationship may relate to the number of physical resources occupied per bit or the number of data bits carried per physical resource.
• the BS may properly and precisely determine how many resources are needed for the D2D communication and thus make appropriate resource allocation in the subsequent scheduling.
• Fig. 4 schematically illustrates a signaling flow for a method 400 for LA in a hybrid D2D and cellular network according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• a BS 101 schedules a D2D master UE 104 and a D2D slave UE 105 at steps S401 , S402, respectively.
• the BS 101 may collect D2D related radio resource channel information, which may include the information regarding D2D/cellular links, D2D-eNB links and D2D-cellular links, and decide, based upon the information, which cellular UE can share the resource with which D2D link without imposing harmful or unbearable interference on each other.
• the BS 101 may select cellular UEs 102 and 103 as candidates to reuse resources with the target D2D link, i.e., a link established between the D2D master UE 104 and the D2D slave UE 105.
• the scheduling as performed by the BS 101 may include scheduling the D2D master UE 104 and D2D slave UE 105 to perform the D2D communication on the radio resource shared by the cellular UEs 102 and 103. This scheduling would be carried out by transmitting to the D2D UEs resource allocation information in which usable resources and their positions in the various domains (e.g., time and frequency domains) are indicated.
• the D2D master UE 104 and the D2D slave UE 105 may be scheduled to communicate with each other on the allocated resources which are shared by the cellular UEs 102 and 103, as illustrated at steps S403, S404, and S405.
• the BS 101 may accomplish initial resource allocation for the D2D link.
• the embodiments of the present invention differentiate or divide resources conveyed by the resource allocation information into different types based upon correspondingly different interference sources.
• the interference sources may include cellular UEs (e.g., cellular UEs 102 and 103 in this example) in a same cell (e.g., the Cell 1) as the two D2D UEs 104 and 105 or cellular UEs (e.g., the cellular UE 107) in a neighboring cell (e.g., the Cell 2) relative to a serving cell (e.g., the Cell 1) of the two D2D UEs 104 and 105.
• cellular UEs e.g., cellular UEs 102 and 103 in this example
• the interference sources may include different D2D UEs in other D2D communication in a same cell as the two D2D UEs 104 and 105 or different D2D UEs (e.g., the D2D UEs 108 and 109 in the Cell 2) in a neighboring cell relative to the serving cell of the two D2D UEs 104 and 105.
• different D2D UEs e.g., the D2D UEs 108 and 109 in the Cell 2
• the assistance information may take one of the following formats or approaches to transmit or indicate to the D2D UE, as non-limiting examples.
• the assistance information can be extended to include information in regards to such kinds of different interference sources.
• each pairing may denote a fixed D2D link group for which the interference level would be relatively stable. This implementation would be helpful in a scenario where multiple D2D links are reusing the same resources.
• the assistance information may explicitly or implicitly indicate different interference sources.
• the assistance information may also comprise an index indicative of a type of resources which are idle in the network.
• the assistance information may comprise respective dedicated S CS information or respective semi-persistent resource scheduling information of the different interference sources so as to implicitly indicate the different interference sources.
• step S406 at which the D2D master UE 104 and D2D slave UE 105 have been engaged in the D2D communication and may send to each other corresponding ACKs or NACKs for indicating successful or unsuccessfully receipt of data transmissions in respective upstream and downstream directions via respective different types of resources indicated by different interference source.
• step S407 at which the D2D slave UE 105 transmits to the D2D master UE 104 a respective CQI formed from the respective type of resource.
• step S408 at which the D2D master UE 104 accomplishes the LA with respect to each kind of interference source based upon the assistance information and the respective channel quality information comprising information regarding the respective CQI, the respective ACK or the respective NACK to receipt of the respective D2D communication on the respective different types of resources. Details regarding how the D2D master UE 104 autonomously accomplishes the LA are discussed hereinafter by way of example.
• Step 1 an Rx estimates radio link quality to calculate and report a CQI to a Tx;
• Step 2 the received CQI is mapped to a specific MCS scheme by the Tx;
• Step 3 furthermore, based upon the received ACK/NACK feedbacks from the Rx, the Tx adjusts the MCS scheme as an outer loop adjustment.
• the use of the assistance information enables independent LA threads for different types of resources, e.g., the resources 1, 2, and 3.
• the CQI calculation, CQI mapping to the MCS, and ACK/NACK based outer-loop adjustment is done with respect to each resource type individually.
• the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the specific algorithms of the LA and any suitable LA procedures can be applied in the present invention as appropriate.
• step S409 Upon completion of the LA at step S408, the method 400 advances to step S409, at which the D2D master UE 104 sends an LA decision or result for the upstream transmission to the D2D slave UE 105. Based upon this LA decision, the D2D slave UE 105 can use an appropriate MCS scheme to conduct the forthcoming D2D communication.
• step S410 at which the D2D master UE 104 sends at least one report to the BS 101. Because the resource allocation and the LA are performed at the BS 101 and the D2D master UE 104, respectively, the BS has no knowledge of how many bits can be carried by one radio resource. Thus, it is necessary for the D2D master UE 104 to report, as the result of the LA, such information to the BS 101. According to the embodiments of the present invention, this report can take one of the following forms:
• a new BSR instead of the current BSR definition which is "the number of bits in the buffer," this new BSR is defined as "the amount of physical resources needed to clear the D2D buffer,” which can be used to include the LA-related information.
• this new type of BSR combines the conventional BSR with the LA-related information together and can thus be used by the BS 101 to allocate resources in the system directly.
• Additional resource-size per bit information this information may also relate to the amount of occupied resource-size per bit. In this way, the BSR information and LA-related information is separated so as to provide more flexibility in reporting pattern setting and provide more accuracy to quantify each item.
• CQI information it could be simply CQI information, but reported with a larger time scale than in the conventional network.
• the D2D master UE 104 may report, subsequent to the respective LA, to the BS 101 to indicate a mapping relationship between a physical resource and a data bit as a result of the respective LA.
• the report may comprise information regarding the number of physical resources to be needed to clear a transmit buffer of the at least one of the two D2D UEs.
• the report may comprise information regarding the number of physical resources occupied per bit or the number of data bits carried per physical resource.
• the report as discussed above may take different forms and could be fonned in any feasible manners.
• the assistance information from the BS 101 can be used by the D2D UEs to differentiate resources for different interference sources (due to different interfering cellular/D2D UEs in the serving/neighboring cells)
• the report may also be in multiple versions for the different interference sources.
• Filtering operations are needed to combat with it before the reporting. These filtering operations could be accomplished by some algorithms. These algorithms may include but are not limited to a conservative algorithm which is based upon "minimum SINR" and/or “maximum interference,” and a low-pass filter based algorithm similar to conventional RSRP reporting, which is roughly an averaging operation. In other words, according to the embodiments of the present invention, prior to the reporting, it is determined that how many resources are needed based upon at least one of a minimum SINR algorithm, a maximum interference algorithm, and a low-pass filter based algorithm.
• the BS 101 may adjust the resource allocation decision. For example, the BS 101 may detenxiine from the report that the D2D UEs 104 and 105 reusing the resources only with the cellular UE 103 can provide sufficient resources for D2D traffic QoS, and then decide to abandon scheduling the D2D UE to reuse the resource with the cellular UE 102. Thereafter, the BS 101 sends the adjusted scheduling command, implicitly denoting resources co-scheduled with the cellular UE 103 only, to the D2D master UE 104, D2D slave UE 105, and the cellular UE 103 at steps S411, S412, and S413, respectively. Thereby, at steps S414 and S415, the D2D master UE 104 and the D2D slave UE 105 may be engaged in the D2D communication on the radio resources reused by the cellular UE 103.
• FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a simplified signaling flow for a method
• the method 500 for LA in a hybrid D2D and cellular network according to one embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that the method 500 is merely a vaiiant of the method 400 and thus only the differences regarding performance of the LA are discussed below. The same or similar steps, such as the initial resource allocation, the reporting, the updating of the resource allocation, are not discussed herein for concise purposes.
• the D2D UE 104 and the D2D UE 105 may receive, at step S501 , the HARQ ACK/NAC feedback results transmitted from the D2D UE Rx (i.e., the respective receiving party in the D2D communication) and receive the CQI at step S502.
• the D2D UE Rx i.e., the respective receiving party in the D2D communication
• the CQI the information regarding different interference sources (e.g., index information with respect to each cellular UE) from the BS 101, the CQI and the ACK/NACK result feedbacks from the Rx, the D2D UE (104 and 105 in this example embodiment) Tx can accomplish the LA for each cellular UE (or other types of interference sources) separately.
• the D2D UE 104 is in charge of downstream LA at step S503 and D2D UE 105 would likewise be in charge of upstream LA at step S504.
• the D2D UEs 104 and 105 may send, at step S505, the respective LA decision to one another (i.e., to the D2D UE Rx in the D2D communication) before real data transmission such that the Rx can determine how to process (e.g., demodulate) the received D2D communication data due to an updated or adjusted MCS, if any.
• the D2D UE 104 and D2D UE 105 may report to the BS 101 the results of the LAs and thus the BS 101 may update the scheduling scheme based upon the results, as discussed in detail before in connection with Fig. 4.
• Fig- 6 schematically illustrates a simplified signaling flow for a method 600 for LA in a hybrid D2D and cellular network according to another embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that the method 600 is merely another variant of the method 400 and thus only the differences regarding performance of the LA are discussed below. The same or similar steps, such as the initial resource allocation, the reporting, the updating of the resource allocation, are not discussed herein for concise purposes.
• the D2D UE 104 and the D2D UE 105 may obtain from the D2D UE Tx the HARQ ACK/NACK feedback results at step S601.
• the D2D UE Rx can accomplish the LA for each cellular UE (or other types of interference sources) separately.
• the D2D UE 104 is in charge of upstream LA at step S602 and the D2D UE 105 would likewise be in charge of downstream LA at step S603.
• the LA decisions can be sent to the D2D UE Tx at step S604 before real data transmission, i.e., from the D2D UE 104 to the D2D UE 105 for D2D downstream transmission, and from the D2D UE 105 to the D2D UE 104 for D2D upstream transmission, similar to step S505 as illustrated in Fig. 5.
• the D2D UE 104 and the D2D UE 105 may report to the BS 101 the results of the LAs and thus the BS 101 may update the scheduling scheme based upon the results, as discussed in detail before in connection with Fig. 4.
• the LA in this embodiment is decided and performed by the Rx of the D2D UE and that the information regarding the channel quality is self-obtainable. Therefore, the step of obtaining the CQI is unnecessary in Fig. 6, which is different from Fig. 5.
• Fig. 7 is a simplified schematic block diagram illustrating a UE 700 for LA in the hybrid D2D and cellular network as shown in Fig. 1 , according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• the UE 700 may at least include a receiver 701 and a performing module 702, and optionally a reporting module 703.
• the receiver 701 is adapted to receive resource allocation information for D2D communication and assistance information from a BS (e.g., BS 101), wherein the assistance information is used to divide resources conveyed by the resource allocation information into different types based upon correspondingly different interference sources. It can be seen that the receiver 701 is able to perform the step S201 as recited in the method 200.
• the perfonriing module 702 is adapted to perform respective LA based upon the respective different types of resources. It can be seen that the perfonriing module 702 is able to perform the steps S203, S408, S503, S504, S603, and S604 as recited in the methods 200, 400, 500, and 600, respectively.
• the reporting module 703 is adapted to report, subsequent to the respective LA, to the BS to indicate a mapping relationship between a physical resource and a data bit as a result of the respective LA. It is to be understood that the reporting module 703 is able to perform the reporting steps as recited in the methods 200 and 400.
• Fig. 8 is a simplified schematic block diagram illustrating a B S 800 for LA in the hybrid D2D and cellular network as shown in Fig. 1 , according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• the BS 800 may at least include a transmitter 801 , a receiver 802 and an updating module 803.
• the transmitter 801 is adapted to transmit, resource allocation information and assistance information to at least one D2D UE in D2D communication, wherein the assistance information is used to divide resources conveyed by the resource allocation information into different types based upon correspondingly different interference sources. It can be seen that the transmitter 801 is able to perform the step S302 as recited in the method 300.
• the receiver 802 is adapted to receive, from the at least one D2D UE, at least one report resulted formed respective LA performed by the at least one D2D UE, wherein the respective LA has been performed based upon the respective different types of resources. It can be seen that the receiver 802 is able to perform the steps S303 as recited in the method 300.
• the updating module 803 is adapted to update the resource allocation information based upon at least one report. It is to be understood that the updating module 803 is able to perform the step S304 as recited in the methods 3.
• the invention may be implemented in any suitable form including hardware, software, firmware or any combination of these.
• the invention may optionally be implemented at least partly as computer software running on one or more data processors and/or digital signal processors.
• the elements and components of an embodiment of the invention may be physically, functionally and logically implemented in any suitable way. Indeed the functionality may be implemented in a single unit, in a plurality of units or as part of other functional units. As such, the invention may be implemented in a single unit or may be physically and functionally distributed between different units and processors.

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• 2012
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