WO2014027993A1 - Réalisations et modifications auxiliaires apportées à un homogénéisateur à plusieurs phases sous pression - Google Patents

Réalisations et modifications auxiliaires apportées à un homogénéisateur à plusieurs phases sous pression Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014027993A1
WO2014027993A1 PCT/US2012/050623 US2012050623W WO2014027993A1 WO 2014027993 A1 WO2014027993 A1 WO 2014027993A1 US 2012050623 W US2012050623 W US 2012050623W WO 2014027993 A1 WO2014027993 A1 WO 2014027993A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
stream
water
chamber
recited
ante
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PCT/US2012/050623
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English (en)
Inventor
John R. Pease
John F. BLATNICK
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Alchem Environmental Ip Llc
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Priority to PCT/US2012/050623 priority Critical patent/WO2014027993A1/fr
Publication of WO2014027993A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014027993A1/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/30—Injector mixers
    • B01F25/31—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows
    • B01F25/312—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows with Venturi elements; Details thereof
    • B01F25/3125—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows with Venturi elements; Details thereof characteristics of the Venturi parts
    • B01F25/31251—Throats
    • B01F25/312512—Profiled, grooved, ribbed throat, or being provided with baffles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/30—Injector mixers
    • B01F25/31—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows
    • B01F25/312—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows with Venturi elements; Details thereof
    • B01F25/3121—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows with Venturi elements; Details thereof with additional mixing means other than injector mixers, e.g. screens, baffles or rotating elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/30—Injector mixers
    • B01F25/31—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows
    • B01F25/312—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows with Venturi elements; Details thereof
    • B01F25/3124—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows with Venturi elements; Details thereof characterised by the place of introduction of the main flow
    • B01F25/31242—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows with Venturi elements; Details thereof characterised by the place of introduction of the main flow the main flow being injected in the central area of the venturi, creating an aspiration in the circumferential part of the conduit
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/40—Static mixers
    • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
    • B01F25/421—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions by moving the components in a convoluted or labyrinthine path
    • B01F25/423—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions by moving the components in a convoluted or labyrinthine path by means of elements placed in the receptacle for moving or guiding the components
    • B01F25/4231—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions by moving the components in a convoluted or labyrinthine path by means of elements placed in the receptacle for moving or guiding the components using baffles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/40—Static mixers
    • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
    • B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
    • B01F25/432—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction with means for dividing the material flow into separate sub-flows and for repositioning and recombining these sub-flows; Cross-mixing, e.g. conducting the outer layer of the material nearer to the axis of the tube or vice-versa
    • B01F25/4323—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction with means for dividing the material flow into separate sub-flows and for repositioning and recombining these sub-flows; Cross-mixing, e.g. conducting the outer layer of the material nearer to the axis of the tube or vice-versa using elements provided with a plurality of channels or using a plurality of tubes which can either be placed between common spaces or collectors
    • B01F25/43231—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction with means for dividing the material flow into separate sub-flows and for repositioning and recombining these sub-flows; Cross-mixing, e.g. conducting the outer layer of the material nearer to the axis of the tube or vice-versa using elements provided with a plurality of channels or using a plurality of tubes which can either be placed between common spaces or collectors the channels or tubes crossing each other several times
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/40—Static mixers
    • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
    • B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
    • B01F25/433—Mixing tubes wherein the shape of the tube influences the mixing, e.g. mixing tubes with varying cross-section or provided with inwardly extending profiles
    • B01F25/4331—Mixers with bended, curved, coiled, wounded mixing tubes or comprising elements for bending the flow
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/40—Static mixers
    • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
    • B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
    • B01F25/433—Mixing tubes wherein the shape of the tube influences the mixing, e.g. mixing tubes with varying cross-section or provided with inwardly extending profiles
    • B01F25/4338—Mixers with a succession of converging-diverging cross-sections, i.e. undulating cross-section

Definitions

  • the invention and the ancillary embodiments and modifications also have the ability to isolate, recombine, and cause reactions to occur between or among a wide variety of air-borne or liquid-borne gases, liquids, and particulates, either singly or in some combination. These reactions will immediately or eventually yield either commercially viable and/or environmentally neutral products and compounds.
  • the invention and ancillary embodiments also control heat by absorbing thermal energy into the aqueous or liquid phase of the various solvents used to further other reactions.
  • solvent is used broadly and does not require that the solvent actually solubilize the material.
  • the "solvent” may simply be a carrier in which the material to be removed is not soluble, but is simply carried in some fashion by the “solvent” so as to facilitate its removal.
  • This thermal energy may be from an outside source such as an exhaust stream, ambient air, or reaction heat (endothermic and exothermic heat production and absorption).
  • the ancillary device or devices serve to pre-mix a polluted stream or stream with a suitable gas or gases, solvent or solvents so as to have a uniform mixture thereby assuring that treatment of the now-mixed reactants have more uniform chemical behavior and characteristics than one encounters in a less homogeneous stream or streams.
  • Air cleansing by removing gaseous, liquid, or particulate pollutants, either singly or in some combination from an air or exhaust stream. Affecting and accelerating reactions between ionic and/or non-ionic compounds and/or elements within the confines of the homogenizer unit and/or within the ancillary devices attached to the homogenizer unit.
  • VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds
  • Enhancing the growth and metabolism of algae and other biota by circulating the culture or growth medium and/or relieving this medium of oxygen (which is toxic to most of the algae and higher plant species) while entraining carbon dioxide and ammonia as well as selected metabolites thereby allowing for the dissolution of these metabolites into the growth medium.
  • the homogenizer unit or units allow(s) for a variety of chemical reactions to occur between ionic compounds. Many such reactions, especially substitutions of one anion for another, are noted on the SOLUBILITY CHART (CHART 1).
  • SOLUBILITY CHART CHART 1
  • oxidation reactions are possible without dangerous effects occurring because the oxidations occur in an aqueous matrix.
  • Other reactions such as combining acids or bases with an aqueous matrix are done safely due to their being contained with the homogenizer unit while being buffered by water that both contains any out-gassing or heat generation. The heat common to these reactions was dispersed throughout the aqueous matrix (diluted), thus no overheating occurred.
  • introducing flammable or explosive reactants can be completed safely due to the fact that such reactions occur while being diluted and cooled with surrounding liquid and the vessel walls as well as the homogenizer unit or units.
  • a common solution related to increasing oxygen dissolution in water while purging ammonia and carbon dioxide is 'air-sparging'.
  • This practice requires a gas stream or streams to be forced downward through a conduit and are thence released at some depth into a liquid.
  • the released air forms bubbles that enlarge as they rise through the water column.
  • the intent is to have some portion of a selected gas dissolve at some rate in the liquid matrix.
  • Mixing by various means such as paddles, recycling via pumping, and shaking may require specially designed mixing vessels to prevent isolation and/or stagnation of the components being mixed within areas of the vessel that agitation does not affect to any significant degree.
  • Electrostatic precipitation deals with a limited range of air-borne particulates, specifically those that would be affected by rendering an electrical charge to the particle mass or surface so as to cause the particle to collect upon some type of surface or medium having an opposite electrical charge.
  • Catalysts are elements, agents, or compounds that accelerate or enhance chemical or physical reactions without being consumed in the process.
  • Pressurizing a vessel with the intent or 'forcing' a gas to dissolve in a liquid does work under very specific conditions, but the pressure must be continuously maintained and controlled in order to be safe for the end-users and the components must be able to withstand the pressure and potential corrosive reactions such pressure can enable.
  • Air-sparging is adequate to serve as a mixing device, but is very limited as to enhancing chemical substitutions or reactions. This is due to the fact that bubbles of gas have a decrease in their relative surface area to volume ratios as they rise to the surface and expand as they do so. The reverse phenomenon (the increase the ratio of surface area to volume or get much smaller) is desired since it serves the needs of the system and the principles.
  • Simple mixing by stirring can readily result in inadequate blending or long- term blending that expends equipment and funds due to the difficulty of achieving uniform mixing or homogenization. Since the mixing devices are constantly subjected to corrosive environments, breakage and system failures are frequent and require back-up or redundant tanks to hold the liquids being treated in order to recover 'lost' equipment and repair the system. Scrubbers introduce a variety of shortcomings as air cleansing devices.
  • One drawback is the tendency of hydrophobic particulates, liquids, or vapors (oily or greasy gas or gases) to resist wetting in varying degrees. Adding a surfactant may simply result in some portion of the pollutants becoming 'wet' while other components remain on the surface of the water droplets or film. Since the intent of such a scrubber is to merely entrain such pollutants in water, an auxiliary waste-water treatment plant or facility must be incorporated in the system in order to render such pollutants safe to be discharged to either a sewer or to be recycled.
  • Electrostatic precipitators have a variety of shortcomings as well as having certain merits.
  • the ESP 'collects' or deposits charged particles to a plate or medium having a charge opposite that of the targeted particles.
  • charges to the surface of these particles are brought about by having the particles receive a charge within an ionized zone.
  • negatively and positively- charged particles collect upon the surface of the precipitator plates having charges opposite that of the particles.
  • the power flow may be halted by such deposits building up at specific sites to the extant that 'bridging' of the mass extends to both plates, resulting in 'shorting' and loss of effectiveness.
  • Catalysts have a variety of shortcomings when applied to highly varied or polluted environments. While catalysts can be very effective in specific reactions, they may be 'poisoned' or inactivated by being coated with hydrocarbons or by the deposition of a film upon the surface of the catalyst (such as sulfur in some form). Other catalysts must be heated to a specific temperature to function and then be maintained within a specified temperature range in order to continue that function. This can be very difficult to maintain in very cold environments.
  • catalysts are very expensive, especially those using any of the platinum- group metals. Although such catalysts can be very effective, they are quite subject to poisoning or inactivation and must be replaced at intervals. Theft of the catalysts is always a problem and replacement can be problematic since the manufacturers of such products may be foreign and actually manufacture them in very small quantities.
  • the modified homogenizer unit includes an integrated unit having a much expanded housing (Fig. 1, 9) (as compared to the original invention) that is intended to contain a replaceable ante-mixing chamber containing various packings, baffles, and/or sorbents.
  • the housing, 9, also has top-mounted ports.
  • the central port, 1, is dedicated to the input of water or a similar solvent mixture.
  • One port or several ports, 2, is/are dedicated to entry of a gas, gases, liquid, liquids, any type of particle or mixture of particulates that will pass through the port, the ante-mixing chamber or mixing chamber, or any mixture of gas, liquid, or particulates into an ante-mixing chamber.
  • FIG. 2 Another configuration of the homogenizer unit is depicted by Figure 2.
  • This homogenizer has a uniformly cylindrical housing (9).
  • the entry port for water or a similar solvent is positioned laterally, 1. while two lateral ports are situated uppermost on opposite aspects, 2, of the housing, 8. These ports are for entry of a pollution stream or streams.
  • Figure la depicts a centra/vertical section through the modified homogenizer unit (with the expanded ante-mixing chamber) so as to illustrate the internal structure of this same homogenizer unit (except for the retention chamber and discharge tube.
  • the components are numerically identified as follows: 1. water or other solvent intake port and jet or nozzle
  • Figure 2a depicts a centro-vertical section through a second version of the modified cylindrical homogenizer.
  • the components have equivalent names and numbers, thus the above component list does not require duplication.
  • Headspace modifications or embodiments may include a mechanical mixer, 15, mounted on a shaft, 14, driven by an electric motors, 13. This allows for more thorough mixing of a pollutant stream and a reactive gas.
  • This reactive gas enters the headspace region by one or more ports (Fig. 4) by passing through a perforated bulkhead, 16, that is mounted within the homogenizer housing, 9.
  • a single transfer tube or line, 17, allows for passage of a reactive gas into the headspace of the homogenizer.
  • Mixing may be done by a mechanical mixer (Fig. 3, 15) or by casual mixing while flowing into the ante-mix chamber. This port(s) may be positioned on the homogenizer housing or one or all intake ports other than water (for this modification).
  • the ante-mix chamber as depicted in perspective vertical quarter section (Fig. la, 3 and vertical section depictions (Fig. 2a, 3) of the homogenizer units may be cylindrical in structure and fit tightly within the ante-mixing chamber and directly superior to the mixing chambers of the homogenizers.
  • the ante-mixing chambers depicted in Fig. la, 3 and 2a, 3, include the exterior housing (Fig. la, 5), the interior housing (Fig. 4, 16) the top and bottom support screens (Fig. la, 11 and Fig. 2a, 11).
  • This ante-mixing chamber for the homogenizer unit depicted by Fig. 1 and la has a central and cylindrical channel that allows for the water jet (Fig. la, 1) to pass centrally through this chamber.
  • the ante -mixing chambers are supported both laterally and centrally by circular ante-mixing chamber supports (Fig. la, 10 and Fig. 2a, 10).
  • the perforations in the upper and lower screens of the ante-mixing chambers may have a variety of designs ranging from hexagonal (Fig. 6a), circular (Fig 6b), square (Fig. 6c), to diamond-shaped (Fig. 6d). These perforations allow for circulation of gas through them while containing and supporting the various packings within the chambers.
  • 'packings' are varied in configuration and may be Bioballs® (Fig. 7a) or any other similar configuration, baffles (Fig. 7b) having any configuration, cross- section, and surface treatment.
  • a jet or jets Water and a solvent or solvents containing water and another reactive chemical is delivered to the mixing chamber by a jet or jets. Although four configurations are depicted (Fig. 8a, b, c, d), these are not to be misconstrued as the only configurations that are possible. Each jet could have a different reactive solution it could transfer to the mixing chamber of the homogenizer unit or all may transfer the same type of liquid.
  • the homogenizer unit mixing chamber (Fig. 9a, 4) and Figure 9b, 4 are positioned between the jet(s) and above the venturi(s) of the homogenizer unit(s). Although the boundaries of this mixing chamber are not well-defined, this region is the uppermost area wherein the pollutants encounter the reactive solvent(s) and begin mixing (Fig. 10a and 10b) before entering the throat (Fig 10a, 4 and Fig. 2a, 4) of the venturi (Fig. 1 la, 8 and Fig. 2a, 8).
  • a variety of surface treatments and modifications allow for more thorough mixing of the solvent and pollutants.
  • a smooth venturi surface (Fig. 11a) is one option, while a circularly ridged or grooved surface (Fig. 1 lb), a surface with vertical vanes (Fig. 11c) allows for furthering certain reactions, and a radially-grooved surface (Fig. l id can be used.
  • a series of gas or liquid ports can be machined into the venturi (Fig. l ie). Passing a gas-liquid mixture through the venturi results in having the reactive solvent and pollutants continue into the retention chamber or chambers (Fig. 9a, 18) where further mixing occurs. This region also allows for a slight delay in flows due to its larger diameter resulting in lowered pressure.
  • This retention chamber may have a series of spherical chambers (Fig. 12a), be baffled (Fig. 12b), have a centrally- located spiral conduit (Fig. 12c), or the serial spherical chambers may have a centrally-located spoiler 'ball' or bead (Fig. 12d).
  • Figure 9a, 18 depicts a straight, cylindrical retention chamber having a cone-shaped terminus.
  • Figure 13a depicts the extreme lower end of the retention chamber as having four, equi-spaced lateral discharge ports. These ports can be produced into tubular form as in Fig. 13b, or continued on to form a 'j-tube' as in Fig. 13c.
  • the liquid or liquids may contain a wide variety of chemical compounds that require modification by ion substitution to yield a desired end product.
  • a variety of configurations of the incoming and integrated ports and conduits and internal or in-line devices result in the chemical or physical modification or substitutions of the gas, gases, liquid, liquids, particles, or particulates, or any mixture of these entities.
  • the interior configuration of the mixing chamber of the homogenizer unit may have a variety of surface textures, or conduits and ports of entry for reactive gases and/or liquids.
  • the venturi surfaces may be smooth, textured, vaned, grooved, stepped, or have a surface configuration that enhances both mixing of the pollutant or reactant streams with additional reactants.
  • Other vaned or grooved surfaces located below the venturi or Venturis may cause the stream or streams to blend and swirl or tumble (as with stepped surfaces) so as to generate the maximum exposure and blending of the reactants to one another thereby prolonging reaction rates and times.
  • the retention chamber also serves as the discharge conduit for the homogenizer unit.
  • This chamber or these chambers also serve to increase the reaction time or times between ions and reactants by delaying or shunting the flow of the stream or streams over a variety of surfaces and through a variety of media.
  • the stream flow may be directed by a variety of devices to some point that is remote from the entry port of the recirculating pump. This is to prevent 'channeling' of the stream, thereby assuring better and thorough mixing of the reactants in the reservoirs.
  • Various chemical and physico-chemical reactions are also affected by the retention chamber.
  • the ancillary modifications or embodiments to the homogenizer unit result in more uniform mixing of incoming entities to the homogenizer unit. They also result in the increase of safety margins by containing the chemical and physical reactions within an aqueous medium, thereby both containing out-gassing and heat generation from exothermic reactions while also cooling any such reaction by rapidly diluting the reactants.
  • Chemical reactions can be more precisely controlled via elimination of atmospheric impingements, having control of the pressure and mixing of reactants within the homogenizer unit(s).
  • the following list does not include every type or kind of hardware or dry good manufacturing facility, food processor/manufacturer, mill operation, care and/or service provider, fabricator, agricultural operation, beverage manufacturer, recycler, or similar operations. Rather, the intent is to offer a much-simplified listing of some of the applications of the patented homogenizer unit and its ancillary improvements or modifications.
  • An application of one type, such as dust control, also may qualify the homogenizer for other industries having similar needs and requirements, thus what is listed as a single type or kind of industry will apply to all of the industries of a like nature.
  • Volatile Organic Compounds, NOx for nitrogen oxides, SOx for sulfur oxides, PM2.5 or PM10 are for particulate matter of 2.5 or 10 microns diameters, respectively.
  • Granular Activated Carbon is abbreviated to GAC and Metal recovery System is abbreviated to MRS.
  • Volatile acids are those organic acids that readily vaporize and are detected by their odors, such as butyric acids lending the smell of butter to the air. Free fatty acids are derived from plant and animal sources and are readily soluble or miscible in water. Potassium hydroxide or KOH is a compound that complexes with carbon dioxide to form potassium carbonate, thereby preventing the gaseous carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere.
  • One embodiment is directed to apparatus and methods that may be employed for introducing nutrients into a water stream to provide an aqueous nutrient solution for hydroponics plant growth.
  • a PPH apparatus may be any of those configurations described herein, and in one embodiment may further include an insulated jacket around such components as the inlets, the ante-chamber, the venturi, and the outlet to maintain the nutrient solution at a temperature below ambient temperature so as to increase dissolution of oxygen, nitrogen, or both into the aqueous nutrient solution.
  • a retention chamber is provided within the PPH, it of course may also be insulated.
  • a method for introducing nutrients into a water stream to provide an aqueous nutrient solution for hydroponics plant growth may comprise introducing a nutrient stream into a mixing zone through an inlet, introducing a water stream into the mixing zone through a separate water inlet such that the water stream is commingled with the nutrient stream upon both streams entering the mixing zone, passing the commingled streams through a venturi so as to homogenize the streams such that materials within the nutrient stream are homogenously dispersed within the water stream, and conveying the resulting aqueous nutrient solution stream exiting the venturi to roots of hydroponically grown plants to provide nutrients for the growth of the plants.
  • the streams may be cooled to provide and maintain the nutrient solution at a temperature below ambient temperature so as to increase dissolution of oxygen, nitrogen, or both into the aqueous nutrient solution.
  • Oxygen, nitrogen, or both may be injected into one or both of the streams so as to provide a relatively high level (e.g., 8 to 12 ppm) of such gases dissolved within the aqueous nutrient solution.
  • Woodshop sawdust yes yes water varies by holding & wood dust, shop classifier paint & systems primer
  • VOCs Power Generator VOCs, NOx, KOH zeolites treatment SOx, metal facility vapors,
  • Coal Crusher large yes no water + GAC + bleed to particulates, KOH zeolites treatment
  • Hog Farms ammonia yes yes water + zeolites bleed to dust, KOH (bio- treatment dandruff, char) facility for dirt, further free fatty & treatment volatile acids,
  • furnace reclaim vapors, solids for polishing precious dust, etching metals vapors recovery
  • Smokers/Dryers residue, KOH smoke volatile fatty recovery is acids, part of pyrenes, process, odor, rest of ammonia liquids to sewer
  • Well Heads sulfide, treatment sell clean halogens in gases, water, convert gaseous hydrogen hydrocarbon sulfide to vapors, sulfuric radioactive acid or agents, sulfur- volatile fatty based acids, compounds mercury
  • Print Facilities dust filter to solvents, solids sewer if ink dust for allowed disposal 83. Kennels, ammonia, yes no water none flush to
  • Micromicrobes yes yes water none dry and biology dust from incinerate media solids preparation
  • Pesticide varies with yes yes water + GAC, treat as
  • FIG. 1 is a lateral, external depiction of a homogenizer unit that is expanded in width to contain an ante-mix chamber Fig. la.
  • the pollutant entry ports, 2 (carrying the target material-containing stream), have been positioned to the top of the homogenizer. They are spaced equally apart to allow for uniformity of pollutant entry.
  • Figure la is a central, longitudinal section of the homogenizer depicted in Fig. 1.
  • the ante-mixing chamber, 3, is centrally perforated to allow for passage of the water/solvent jet, 1, into the mixing chamber, 4.
  • the pollutants traverse downward through the ante-mix chamber, 3, and enter the mixing chamber, 4.
  • Aqueous solvent or another suitable solvent is mixed with the pollutant(s) in the mixing chamber and proceed downward through the venturi, 8.
  • Figure 2 is a lateral view of the exterior of a cylindrical homogenizer unit having two lateral entry ports for pollutant stream entry and a single lateral port for solvent entry.
  • Figure 2a is a central, longitudinal section of the same cylindrical homogenizer unit.
  • the principal difference between la and 2a is the location of the water jet is lateral in 2a.
  • This embodiment does nor require the ante-mixing chamber to be perforated by the water jet, thus also allowing for lateral positioning of the pollutant stream port(s).
  • both homogenizer unit embodiments are equally effective related to activity and pre-mixing.
  • Figure 3 depicts a mechanical mixer having rotating paddles, 15. mounted on a central shaft, 14, that is turned by an electric motor, 13. All other numbers on the figure relate to the same numbers presented on Figures la and 2a, respectively.
  • Figure 4 depicts a portion of the homogenizer housing (Fig. la, 9 or Fig. 2a, 9) with a bulkhead, 16, and a single gas or reactive solution entry port, 17.
  • the transfer tube or line passes through the bulkhead, which itself passes through the homogenizer unit housing. This allows for introduction of an oxidizing agent in gas or liquid phase to enter the homogenizer headspace.
  • This port or ports may be located on a pollutant entry port or ports, a water jet or nozzle, or at any selected locus or loci on the homogenizer housing.
  • Figure 5 depicts an ante chamber unit in perspective quarter section view.
  • the screens, 11, are mounted on the top and bottom of the housing, 12. This ante-mixing chamber has the central channel, 16, as required for passage of the water jet, 1.
  • Figure 6a depicts a screen with hexagonal perforations.
  • Figure 6b depicts a screen with circular or round perforations.
  • Figure 6c depicts a screen with square perforations and
  • Figure 6d depicts a screen with diamond-shaped perforations.
  • Figure 7a depicts an ante-mixing chamber for the homogenizer design in Fig. 2 and 2a.
  • the numbers correspond to the same numbers on Fig. la, 2a, and Fig. 5.
  • This ante-mixing chamber is 'packed' with Bioballs ®, which are hollow plastic, perforated spheres, 21.
  • Figure 7b depicts an ante-mixing chamber 'packed' with baffles mounted vertically and solidly against the top and bottom screens, 11 , and chamber housing, 12.
  • Baffles of any of the following shapes, profiles, or surfaces may be employed: circular or round, elliptic or ellipitical, oval or ovoid, oblong, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, bilobed or bifoliar, trilobed or trifoliar, cruciform or cross-shaped, square, rectangular, rhomboid or rhombohedral, triangular, sagittate or arrow-shaped, delta or deltoid, palmate, stellate or star-like, pentagonal or any 5 -sided shape, hexagonal or any 6-sided shape, heptagonal or any 7-sided shape, octagonal or any 8- sided shape, any polygon, any diamond shape, any cardioid or heart shape, any reniform or kidney shape, any lobed form, any chevron-shaped form.
  • baffle having any of the following profiles or margins: lenticular (convexo-convex, plano-convex, convexo-concave, concavo-convex, plano-concave, concave-convex), bristled, linear, serrated, dentate, crenate, undulate, perforated, circular grooves-ridges, entire, lobed, notched, or any diminutive of the prior margins, profiles, or surfaces.
  • lenticular convexo-convex, plano-convex, convexo-concave, concavo-convex, plano-concave, concave-convex
  • bristled linear, serrated, dentate, crenate, undulate, perforated, circular grooves-ridges, entire, lobed, notched, or any diminutive of the prior margins, profiles, or surfaces.
  • Figure 8a depicts a single water or solvent jet within a tapered housing. This taper is advantageous to reduce spattering or lateral overspray.
  • Figures 8b, 8c, and 8d depicts nozzles or jets having 2, 3, or 4 jets, respectively.
  • Figure 9a depicts a vertical, longitudinal section of the upper portion of an homogenizer unit with the 'mixing chamber' encircled by a dashed circular line.
  • Figure 9b depicts a lateral view of an homogenizer unit. Both the external view on the left of the drawing and the internal view on the right of the drawing are presented. The retention chamber, 18, is depicted.
  • Figures 10a and 10b depict the direction of flow of solvent (by the broad arrows) and pollutant (by the narrow arrows) through the upper portion of the two versions of the homogenizer units.
  • Figure 11a depicts a vertical, longitudinal section through a much simplified schematic of an homogenizer unit venturi.
  • the venturi surface is smooth and largely featureless.
  • Figure 1 lb depicts a similar section through an homogenizer unit venturi.
  • the venturi surface has circular grooves and corresponding ridges.
  • a single or multiple spiral grooves may also be applied to the venturi external surfaces.
  • Figure 11c depicts a similar section through an homogenizer unit venturi.
  • This example has vanes that are elevated above the otherwise smooth venturi surface. Additional vanes may be applied to the venturi surface and may not extend into the venturi throat or may extend the width of the venturi.
  • Figure l id depicts a planar view of an homogenizer unit venturi.
  • This venturi has radially-oriented grooves. More grooves may be present in operational models and these grooves may or may not extend into the venturi throat to any degree, as desired.
  • Figure l ie depicts a longitudinal, vertical section of an homogenizer unit. Only the water jet, 1, the venturi, 8, the port openings, 22, and the gas-liquid transfer tubes, 17. or lines are pictured in this schematic.
  • Figure 12a depicts a longitudinal, vertical section through a portion of an homogenizer unit retention chamber.
  • a series of spherical, interconnected chambers allow for alternate expansion and contraction of the gas bubbles in the solvent stream.
  • the arrows indicate flow pathways for the solvent-gas stream.
  • Figure 12b depicts a longitudinal, vertical section through a portion of an homogenizer unit retention chamber.
  • a series of tilted or angled baffles are arranged in opposition so as to extend the flow pathway as indicated by the arrows.
  • Figure 12c depicts a longitudinal, vertical section through a portion of an homogenizer unit retention chamber.
  • the spiral achieves a similar and extended pathway as does a series of baffles.
  • the flow pathway is indicated by the arrows.
  • Figure 12d depicts a longitudinal, vertical section through a portion of an homogenizer unit retention chamber.
  • the spherical and interconnected chambers have a centrally mounted 'spoiler' bead or ball. This 'spoiler' results in a slower flow of liquid through the chambers and also creates a more tortuous pathway for the liquid. Some compression of gas bubbles will occur as they travel the circuit around each spoiler.
  • Figure 13a depicts a lateral view of the exterior surface of an homogenizer unit retention chamber near its center and lower extreme.
  • the ports are spaced equidistance apart so as to allow for uniform lateral discharge of the liquid into the receiving tank.
  • Figure 13b depicts a similar lateral view of the homogenizer unit retention chamber at its center and lower extreme.
  • tubes extend laterally so as purge liquid further from the unit.
  • Figure 13c depicts an embodiment to the extreme terminus of the homogenizer unit retention chamber.
  • One or more discharge tubes extend a distance from the homogenizer unit retention chamber. At some distance from this same unit, the tube(s) turn upward, then laterally, thence downward to form a 'j-tube'. This ensures sediment or precipitated solids are largely undisturbed and may even discharge into a separate holding or equalization tank, thereby ensuring 'spent' reactant is not intermixed with 'fresh' or unused reactant.
  • Figure 14 depicts an 'L-shaped' chamber that allows for entry of the pollutant stream at the uppermost angle. The pollutant stream then traverse downward and then laterally to exit, 2, whence this stream is then directed to the homogenizer unit.
  • Figure 15a depicts a vertical-central section through the same homogenizer unit. The numbered components conform to the numbers of the same or similar components as depicted on Fig la.
  • Figures 16a and b depicts respectively the exterior and interior lateral view of the retention chamber-discharge tube of the homogenizer unit.
  • the additional device at the lower terminus of the discharge portion of the tube is a CAM-LOK® fitting.
  • Figures 17 and 17a depict a PPH similar to that of Figures 1 and la, but including an insulative jacket.
  • Figure 18 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary hydroponics system.
  • the ante-mix chamber housing portion of the homogenizer unit (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) is enlarged as an embodiment to contain an ante-mix chamber as depicted.
  • This somewhat flattened cylindrical housing (of narrower depth than width) is of adequate width to house the ante-mix chamber and the water jet or jets.
  • Its upper surface is flat in profile and supports one or more pollution entry ports (Fig. la, 2 and Fig. 2a, 2) and their respective tubular fittings, a water jet tube or tubes (Fig. 1, 1 and Fig. 2, 1 and other figures), and, optionally one or more gas entry ports (Fig. 4, 16, 17).
  • the pollution entry ports may be circular or elliptic in outline and may penetrate the homogenizer unit housing either laterally or vertically as so deemed by required designs of an operating unit.
  • the expanded width version of an homogenizer unit is either mounted upon the homogenizer unit housing (Fig. 1, la) or is of the same diameter of the retention chamber housing (Fig. 2, 2a).
  • the modified homogenizer unit(s) contains the various integrated components. These include the water jet or jets (Fig. la, 1 or 2a, 1 & Fig. 8a-8d), the orifice or orifices (Fig. 1, la, 1 & 2, 2a, 1 & Fig. 8a-8b) or entry port or ports (Fig. 1, 2, la, 2 & 2, 2a, 2) for the pollutant stream(s), any bulkhead (Fig. 4, 16) and respective transfer line terminus (Fig. 4, 17) for gas or liquid entry, and any other mixing device.
  • the undefined space above the ante-mixing chamber (Fig. la, 3 & 2a, 3) is termed the 'headspace'.
  • cylindrical homogenizer unit is the use of an active mixing device having rotating paddles on a shaft (Fig. 4, 15 & 14) driven by an external electric motor (Fig. 4, 13).
  • the ante-mix chamber design embodiment (Fig. la, 3 & Fig. 2a, 3, and Fig. 5 & 7a, 7b) fits within the homogenizer unit housing (Fig. la, 12, 2a, 12, Fig. 5, 12 & Fig. 7a & b, 12).
  • This chamber is of a shape (dorso-ventrally flattened cylinder) that fits within engineering tolerances within the housing and presents the fiattened, screened upper and bottom sides to the headspace and mixing chamber, respectively.
  • This ante-mix chamber (Fig. la, 3 & 2a,3, Fig. 5, & 7a, 7b) consists of a section of tubular material (plastic, ceramic, metal, etc.) and an upper and lower screen (Fig.
  • a central, circular channel allows the water jet or jets (Fig. la, 1 & Fig. 5, 16) to pass vertically downward through the ante-mix chamber.
  • This channel is also a section of tubing (Fig. la, 5 & Fig. 5, 16) of a diameter that allows for unimpeded passage of the water jet or jet's tube or tubes, respectively, through the ante-mix chamber.
  • a screen support ring is located at the lower end of ante-mix chamber housing (Fig. la, 10). The bottom screen area nearest the water jet(s) is supported by another support ring that is integral to the jet (Fig. la, 10a).
  • top and bottom screens (Fig. la, 11 & 2a, 11 & Fig. 5, 11 & Fig. 7a, 7b, 11) rest upon these supports. In some instances, radial supports may or will be required, as well.
  • Each screen is circular in outline and of a diameter that fits within and upon the ante-mix chamber supports (at the bottom) or housing (on the upper side as depicted in Fig. la & 2a).
  • the screen embodiments are fabricated from a plastic material, series '300' stainless steel, or some other suitable material.
  • the openings may be hexagonal (Fig. 6a), circular (Fig. 6b), square (Fig. 6c), diamond-shaped (Fig. 6d), or any other opening. No restrictions to the opening or perforation shapes are implied.
  • Various devices may be stationed within this ante-mix chamber (Fig. 7a & 7b), including Bioballs ® (Fig. 7a), baffles (Fig. 7b), spiral mixers, or other 'packings'. These may include, but are not restricted to: vertical or horizontal tubes, saddles, hollow and perforated objects of various types, matting, woven or spun fabrics, spiral devices, or any other device that causes the pathway to be of a tortuous nature for passing pollutants and gases. Any such packing materials may be included within embodiments of the homogenizer unit.
  • One embodiment is the water jet or jets (Fig. 8a-8d). Although simple in configuration, the jet has functions beyond that of adding water or an aqueous matrix to the mixing chamber.
  • Each jet is advantageously directed at the venturi throat (Fig. la, 1 and 2a, 1) and have a flow equivalent to the flow of water through the venturi. Should two or more jets be used, their combined flows must be equal to that of the single jet.
  • Each jet terminus (Fig. 8a, 20) is advantageously perpendicular to its longitudinal axis and the surrounding taper (Fig. 8a, 21) is advantageously beveled so as to prevent spattering or side spray of the water or solvent.
  • the distance from the jet terminus to the venturi throat is advantageously configured such that no impediment to flow of either the pollutant stream or solvent stream occurs (Fig. la & 2a, Fig. 9a, 4 and 9b, 4).
  • FIG. 11a- l ie Various surface treatments of the venturi (Fig. 11 a- l ie) now have an effect upon this mixed stream.
  • Figure 11a, 7 depicts a venturi with a smooth surface.
  • Figure 1 lb depicts a lateral view of a venturi that has vanes (Fig. 1 lb, 22) on the venturi surface and throat. These vanes channel (force) the mixed stream downward through the venturi cone into the venturi throat.
  • the liquid is incompressible, the entrained gases start dissolving in the liquid as per Boyle's Gas Law.
  • the spaces between the vanes narrow as they extend into and down the venturi throat. This exerts steadily-increasing pressure upon the gas or gases, thereby forcing more gas into solution. Any such surface modification may be employed within the homogenizer unit.
  • Radial grooves in the venturi surface are also an embodiment (Fig. l id, 24) that also increases the pressure upon the entrained gas.
  • Fig. l id, 24 Radial grooves in the venturi surface are also an embodiment (Fig. l id, 24) that also increases the pressure upon the entrained gas.
  • Of concern is the tendency of grooves to become partially or completely plugged or blocked ('blinded') by entrained particulates, thereby rendering the grooves to be ineffective and possibly hindering flow.
  • venturi is the insertion of a gas or liquid port(s) on the cone and throat (Fig. l ie, 25 ).
  • a gas or liquid port(s) on the cone and throat Fig. l ie, 25 .
  • This allows for the entry of oxidizers or a concentrated reactive liquid to come in intimate contact with the mixed gas-liquid stream.
  • This area is a region of relatively high pressure upon the gas-liquid stream. This ensures contact of an oxidizer or other reactant with the entrained gas bubbles.
  • the reactions at the gas-liquid interface of these bubbles results in very rapid and efficient anion substitution.
  • the collision effect is at its ultimate level as is the dominant-ion effect.
  • the passage of gas or gases preferably is through individual transfer lines (Fig. l ie, 26) as depicted. Dividing a single transfer line by a manifold system at the venturi results in the less dense gas exiting only the uppermost port(s) instead of exiting all of the ports with equal flow volumes and rates. These transfer lines may all fit within a single larger tube so as to keep them grouped.
  • Injecting a single reactive solution or solutions through these ports is also an embodiment of the homogenizer unit.
  • Modifications to the retention chamber increase the time the liquid-gas mixture is contained with the homogenizer unit.
  • One such embodiment is the use of serial (interconnected) spherical chambers (Fig. 12a, 27) behaving as a series of Venturis.
  • Each such 'chamber' allows for a drop in pressure at the point of entry to the center of the chamber thereby allowing some portion of the entrained gas to expand in the liquid-gas mixture.
  • the venturi effects are again in force and the gas bubbles decrease in size. This occurs within each chamber. Mixing is quite thorough and testing has proven the concept to be valid.
  • An embodiment of the above serial chambering includes 'spoilers' (Fig. 12d,
  • baffles Fig. 12b, 29
  • FIG. 12b, 29 Another embodiment to the homogenizer unit retention chamber is the use of baffles (Fig. 12b, 29) of any type (as previously listed for the ante -mix chamber) within the retention chamber. These perform in the same manner as in the ante- mixing chamber, but includes a liquid as well.
  • the flow pathway is extended varying with the angle at which the baffles are mounted.
  • a 'weep' hole (Fig. 12b, 30-detail) is drilled through the upper end of each baffle so as to prevent 'free' gas buildup in the 'angle' between the baffle and retention chamber housing.
  • FIG. 12c, 31 Another embodiment to homogenizer retention chamber is the use of a spiral device (Fig. 12c, 31) to both mix the liquid-gas mixture even more thoroughly and to extend the reaction time(s) due to the increased length of the spiral as compared to the straight profile of the retention chamber.
  • baffles or other detention devices may be placed within the spiral or spirals, gas ports may be applied, and a tight or 'close' coiling of the flexible spiral may be used as against having an 'open' or loose spiral.
  • Discharge tube modifications may be included within embodiments of the homogenizer unit. Ports of various sizes and positioning are located at the lower terminus of the retention chamber (Fig. 13a, 32). The intent of these ports is to direct the flow of the liquid-gas mixture outward into the receiving vessel so as not to unduly disturb any sediment or precipitate(s) that lie on the vessel bottom interior. These ports may have simple extensions (Fig. 13b, 33) or secondary discharge tubes that force the liquid-gas mixture to flow laterally (or in some other preferred direction).
  • the discharge tube(s) is the use of extensions of this/these tube.
  • the discharge tube may empty into a second reservoir than the one from which the reactive solution was derived.
  • the tube may extend laterally, thence project upward to form a 'j-tube' (Fig. 13c, 34). This may empty into the reservoir from which the reactive solution was drawn or into a separate reservoir.
  • electro-magnet(s) and their respective chamber that is located upstream from the homogenizer unit can serve as a collection-shunting system.
  • This embodiment is an 'L-shaped' chamber that allows for entry (Fig. 14, 2) of the pollutant stream at the uppermost angle. The pollutant stream then traverse downward and then laterally to exit, 2, whence this stream is then directed to the homogenizer unit.
  • a series of shunts (Fig. 14, 37) encircled by electro-magnets (Fig. 14, 37) with hinged caps (Fig. 14b, detail 38) allows for magnetic particles to collect and then be removed as they reach a level at which they must be removed.
  • Figure 15 depicts the exterior lateral view of this version of the homogenizer unit.
  • the housing (9) is TEE-shaped as depicted.
  • the entry port for water (1) is mounted vertically while the inlet ports (2) are lateral.
  • Such ports do not have to be mounted perpendicular to the unit axis, but may be at any angle or even include further extensions with 'ells' that are mounted at any angle.
  • FIG 15a depicts a vertical section through this version of the homogenizer unit. All numbered components conform to the same numbers for Fig. la. Flow pathways and directions are indicated by the arrows.
  • the water inlet port and jet (1) project downward as in other similar units.
  • the lateral ports (2) serve the same purposes as in other homogenizer units as do the ante-mix chamber canisters (3).
  • each such port has a fitting or device at its outer extremity called a CAM-LOK® (39).
  • Figure 16a depicts a lateral view of the retention chamber (18) and discharge tube with a CAM-LOK® (39) fitting at its terminus. All other numbers conform to the same numbers of a similar device or embodiment as seen in Figs, la, 2a, 3, 9a, 9b, and other figures.
  • Figure 16b depicts a vertical section through the retention chamber (18), discharge tube (32, 33, 34 ), and CAM-LOK® (39).
  • Internal baffles (29) having an angled orientation are depicted but should not be considered as the sole modification or embodiment to this portion of the homogenizer. All other previously listed modifications are applicable in all manners.
  • the CAM-LOK® fittings allows for homogenizer units to be placed remotely from the ancillary reactant and spent solution tank or tanks and also ensures gas-tight junctions where and when required (as in explosion proof environments). This also allows a battery of homogenizers to be placed so as to take advantage of a single and larger inlet line for pollutant stream input and treated stream output. Although the solvent stream appears to be permanently attached to the homogenizer unit, a similar CAM-LOK® can be installed at some point forward on the water or solvent inlet port so as to allow the homogenizer unit to be removed and/or replaced as deemed necessary.
  • the homogenizer unit and ancillary embodiments lends itself to the safe and effective removal of both hazardous and non-hazardous particulates from the atmosphere and to their entrainment into an aqueous matrix, thereby rendering such particulates harmless and in a contained situation that is inherently safe.
  • the cooler, clean air is much less subject to static electricity buildup and discharge thereby significantly enhancing the safety levels in such situations.
  • the air is cleansed of allergens such as vermin hair, feces, and urine, mold spores, bacterial cells, pollens, plant fibrils, and other similar products as well as metal dust, dirt, smoke, saw dust, VOCs, acid vapors, oil vapors and smoke, and other products of manufacturing.
  • homogenizer units including the aforementioned ancillary embodiments may or will result in the segregation of a certain entrained gas or gases, pollutant or pollutants from internal combustion engines, furnaces other than electric units, smelter and metal crafting discharges, or other combustion sources while allowing that same gas or gases to pass into serially-arranged reaction vessels or vessels in parallel or having a variety of configuration or configurations.
  • a mixed stream of pollutants containing carbon dioxide (C0 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), particulates (PMs), ammonium ion (NH 3 ), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), plus non- metals, heavy metals, and metalloids is to be treated to render the stream harmless (by definition of law or code).
  • this stream When this stream is passed through a properly-designed (having the claimed embodiments and devices) homogenizer unit, the stream will be both physically and chemically 'scrubbed' so as to remove the particulates (of all dimensions of concern), the SOx and NOx will be converted by oxidation and hydration to form their respective sulfurous and sulfuric acids and nitrous and nitric acids. In many instances, the heavy metals and metalloids will dissolve in this acidic solution.
  • VOCs will either rise to the surface of the acid mixture or adhere to the vessel walls where it may be further treated by solvation (being miscible in a suitable solvent) or biodegradation after solvation.
  • the acidic solution in the foremost homogenizer unit or units results in the purging of both carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, rather than converting these gases to a solid precipitate.
  • Oxidation of the carbon monoxide by reacting with ozone or hydrogen peroxide converts this gas to carbon dioxide.
  • the singular gas, the 'original' carbon dioxide as well as the carbon dioxide formed by oxidation of the carbon monoxide may now be 'scrubbed' via an aqueous means (having undergone a substitution reaction with the anion of a suitable anion donor to form a solid carbonate) and dried prior to containerization or being converted to a solid carbonate.
  • the acidic solution (from the first homogenizer unit in the series) containing the particulates can now be filtered or passed over a magnetic drum separator if any particulates are magnetic so as to segregate these particulates for further chemical substitution and disposition. All rinse solutions and the acidic solutions containing the metalloids and metals in solution can now be recycled if too dilute to cause saturation of the acidic solvent allow for recovery of the metals and metalloids or be treated by known methods so as to selectively or collectively concentrate these entities.
  • a variety of chemical and/or physico-chemical reactions may or do occur during the mixing phase or phases (provided the proper solvent is in usage) while the gas-gas, gas-liquid, liquid-liquid, liquid-particulate, or gas-liquid particulate streams pass through the homogenizer unit.
  • These reactions are enhanced or accelerated due to the mixing and intimate contact under pressure of the reactants within the homogenizer unit or units in addition to the pressure upon the gas or gases as they pass through the venturi or Venturis in the homogenizer unit or units interior or interiors.
  • the pressure increase results from an ever-decreasing diameter of the venturi ogive and the vanes, grooves, or texturing of the surface or surfaces of the venturi or Venturis.
  • Iron oxide can be converted to iron chloride by adding hydrochloric acid to either dry iron oxide particles or to an aqueous slurry of iron oxide and water. Upon substituting a chlorine atom or several such atoms for the oxygen atom or atoms within the iron oxide molecule, iron chloride is generated. The oxygen that was bonded to the iron then bonds with some or all of the hydrogen atoms from the hydrochloric acid to yield water. As with all reactions of this type, varying amounts of heat is generated. The addition of acid to dry iron oxide particles may result in the generation of steam and hydrogen chloride as a vapor, thus presenting some hazards performing this reaction.
  • a natural or synthetic substrate has the ability to absorb selected compounds from an aqueous stream, thereby changing this liquid to meet some desired specification or specifications.
  • Regeneration of this desired substrate occurs when a saturated saline solution is forced into and flows through the substrate or molecular sieve. The absorbed compounds are then desorbed and pass into a liquid purging stream for discharge.
  • the saline solution was so 'dominant' or overwhelming relative to its ability to enact substitutions that reactions occurred that normally would not occur on or within these substrates in more dilute solutions. This 'Dominant Ion Effect' is commonly used in water ' so ftening ' .
  • a single negative ion can only collide with a single positive ion to yield an ion-pair.
  • Two pairs of each separately charged ions will yield two ion-pairs while three negative ions and three negative ions of equal or near-equal charges will yield three ion-pairs.
  • the numbers can be further calculated to an almost unlimited extent, so the prior example is suitable to offer an explanation of 'collision effect'.
  • a gas or gases entering into the homogenizer unit or units is/are forced under pressure to some depth within a liquid.
  • These bubbles become very small as a result of external pressure or pressures from both the diameter of the venturi or Venturis and also the depth of the liquid upon them (Pressure varies with the depth of the liquid, increasing as the bubble is forced downward into the solution and decreasing as the bubble ascends the liquid column.).
  • These bubbles are also subjected to agitation, thereby actively exposing all or most of their external surfaces to the reactive solvent or to reactive substances in that solvent.
  • the header bar or top X-Axis of the Chart lists the anions that contribute to the formation of the compounds listed in each row or space on that same chart.
  • these anions include the halogens, various non-metals, and a variety of mineral and organic acids.
  • radioactive elements or rare-earth element compounds are presented on the chart. This does not imply that chemical reactions or substitutions do not apply, rather, the radioactive compounds require special licensing and handling while the rare-earth elements have properties that require specific techniques related to their forming compounds.
  • Embodiments to the homogenizer unit comprising:
  • an ante-mixing chamber embodiment having one or more 'packings' that is contained within the homogenizer unit, a jet or battery of similar jets, each having the ability to conduct a single solvent or any combination of solvents to the venturi cone within the homogenizer unit,
  • venturi within the homogenizer unit having a variety of embodiments relating to its surface treatments that may or will enhance the reactions between the solvent or solvents and the targeted pollutants
  • detention chamber that is a continuous conduit with the homogenizer unit.
  • This chamber may have a variety of internal configurations or devices that further enhance reactions between the reactant(s) and the targeted pollutants,
  • a discharge tube or tubes or other devices as embodiments at the lower terminus of the retention chamber that control or direct the outflow of the reactant liquid and entrained matter to a specified location within the reservoir upon which the homogenizer unit is mounted or to some remote reservoir.
  • An air-purifying device utilizing the homogenizer unit and correlated embodiments in addition to an appropriate solvent and/or surfactant to remove and isolate airborne allergens, pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes and other microscopic life forms, amorphous particulates, morphous particles, radon, steam, flammable and non-flammable vapors, fumes, dust, dirt, odors, hair, dandruff, or any mixture of the aforementioned entities.
  • the prior list is a much-abridged list and should not be considered restrictive in any manner.
  • Air cleansing is achieved in a fashion similar to the applications in Example 1 , but may not require any solvent but water that contains soap, a detergent, a surfactant, or other agent that reduces surface tension and increase hydrophilicity of the targeted pollutants.
  • the discharged air may be returned to the point of origin or discharged to the atmosphere while the solvent and the entrained entities can be disposed of via the common waste sewer (where allowed).
  • Carbon combustion generates a variety of pollutants, among them carbon monoxide (CO) and its completely oxidized form, carbon dioxide (C0 2 ). Both gases can pass through the PPH following pretreatment to remove PMs, VOCs, NOx, SOx, ammonia, and metal vapors. At this stage, both gases are relatively pure even though they occur in a mixed gas form. This aspect may be of benefit should a need arise to recycle the carbon monoxide as a secondary fuel at large electrical generation facilities, whether gas, oil, or coal-fueled or at co- generation plants.
  • CO carbon monoxide
  • C0 2 carbon dioxide
  • Generating a highly-purified mixture of CO and C0 2 via the PPH allows for the ready conversion of the CO to methane (under the proper conditions!). Instead of converting the C0 2 to some carbonate species and thence converting the CO to C0 2 as can be achieved with the homogenizer, leaving these gases in their mixed form prevents ignition of CO due to the lack of adequate oxygen.
  • the C0 2 serves as a 'blanket' to prevent the ignition of the CO and behaves as an inert gas in the following process. Any excess C0 2 can be converted to a carbonate, thereby eliminating the storage of this gas in a pressurized vessel.
  • the remaining carbon monoxide (CO) may be passed into a pressurized chamber with hydrogen (H 2 ) and then through a platinum, nickel, or cobalt sponge or fine screen that is heated. This yields methane (CH 4 ) and water (H 2 0) as well as some heat and residual carbon dioxide. This reaction is depicted in a symbolic fashion below:
  • the heat will be absorbed into the water that forms, thereby preventing the overheating of the system.
  • This water can be re-circulated or decanted for other uses, while the C0 2 -CH 4 gas mixture passes through the homogenizer.
  • a carbonate is formed from the C0 2 reaction with any alkaline hydroxide in the aqueous solution while CH 4 is discharged to the refrigerated drier system.
  • This CH 4 can now be returned to the burners to serve as an auxiliary fuel or can be sold as a precursor chemical to the plastics industry.
  • the hydrogen gas can be readily derived by electrolysis. In this manner, the oxygen can be sent to the ozone generator system or to the furnace to serve as the oxidizer, or to the equalization tank(s) where oxidation of certain metal species will enhance metal recovery.
  • PM airborne particulate matter
  • PMs result from the combustion of many flammable products, ore crushing and dressing, construction, wood finishing, metal casting or smelting and finishing, and field crop rearing and harvesting.
  • Airborne PMs are drawn or forced through the inlet(s) of the homogenizer and thence through the homogenizer unit.
  • water is the solvent of choice, although a non-foaming surfactant or detergent may be used to 'wet' any PMs that are coated with hydrophobic films.
  • a solvent containing an acid of some type (or combined acids) may be circulated through the homogenizer. This dissolves the water and acid-soluble constituents from the PMs while leaving the silica and siliceous PMs as suspended particulates. Recirculation of the water-acid-PM solution allows for extended periods of operation while recovering valuable mineral constituents. The recirculation may continue until the solubility limits of the liquid are achieved to yield a saturated solution or 'pregnant liquor' .
  • the pregnant liquor and PMs are transferred to a holding or equalization tank for settling or further treatment while 'fresh' leachant is shunted to the same homogenizer or a parallel homogenizer. No shutdown is required nor are any filter bags or similar devices.
  • the clarified liquor Upon settling, the clarified liquor is treated to remove dissolved constituents and is 'recharged' for recirculation.
  • the settled siliceous matter is removed via sludge transfer pumps to a central collection system, settled, and compacted via a filter press or similar device to yield the 'rinsate' and clean siliceous matter for disposition.
  • Flammable dust microscopic and submicroscopic metal particles, wood dust or finely divided plant materials, sugar
  • PMs carbon monoxide
  • hydrocarbons are rendered non-flammable due to the use of water as the primary solvent.
  • a wetting agent enhances this entrainment of the PMs into the aqueous solvent thereby ensuring greater safety by reducing the risk of dust or solvent explosions.
  • PMs may include asbestos, silica, silica-based compounds, minerals of an enormous variety, fine ashes, and finishing dusts.
  • These PMs may be actively forced through one or more homogenizers with a suitable solvent. This solvent-PM mixture may be re-circulated until its density is such that shunting of this mixture to a holding tank is deemed necessary while another homogenizer or a bleed-and-feed system starts replenishing the solvent.
  • the 'pregnant liquor' or slurry is allowed to settle to remove the entrained solids, is decanted and re-circulated or is sent to a disposition facility. No shutdown occurs with this program and air pollution is negated.
  • alcohols are manufactured by either fermentation or synthesis. Most all of the liquid alcohols generate vapors during fermentation, storage, transfer, or production. Normally, these vapors are vented from the facility by discharging this product to the atmosphere or through an after-burner system.
  • the homogenizer is largely static electricity- free and may be rendered so by proper design parameters.
  • the use of explosion-proof pumps and ancillary cooling or refrigeration of product transfer lines reduces fire and explosion risks significantly.
  • the homogenizer can be utilized as the condenser for the distilling operations. This same homogenizer can readily remove alcohol vapors from the warehouse or storage facility and allow such vapors to be recovered for sale rather than simply be lost to the atmosphere by ventilation.
  • the engineering considerations should be based on explosion-proof pumps and electrical circuitry, static electricity abatement, and blanketing the incoming aerosol-vapor stream with an inert gas or gases.
  • the inert gas blanket is retained throughout the homogenizer since the device is an integrated unit that does not allow for entry of oxygen until the alcohol is exposed to air at some later stage in the production line or at the point of usage.
  • Passing the grain, nuts, or meals through an homogenizer equipped with a vibratory feeder allows for removal of the mycotoxins and related particulates by both dissolution of the toxins and washing of the food product with liquid alcohol.
  • the cleansed, dry product can now be packaged or stored under proper conditions while the contaminated alcohol can report to an evaporator for vaporization of the solvent and recovery of the mycotoxin.
  • the alcohol vapors from both the homogenizer, the drum dryer, and the evaporator can now report to the condenser-homogenizer that utilizes a chiller to initiate droplet formation and subsequent fluid formation of the alcohol. This liquid is now recycled to the 'washing homogenizer' for use as the mycotoxin removal agent.
  • the mycotoxin can be incinerated or be recovered for medical research or manufacture of mycotoxin derived drugs.
  • the PPH has the potential to alleviate many odor problems while also reducing sludge volumes at sewage treatment facilities (whether human or animal) by aerating or oxygenating the sludge in a very active mixing regimen.
  • the PPH By drawing the diluted sludge from a lagoon or digester, the PPH allows for rapid and pressurized mixing of ambient air into the sludge-water substrate. Odors are largely oxidized within a few seconds. The sludge passing through the PPH may be returned to the digester or lagoon. The oxygen not consumed by the oxidation of the odorants is then utilized to further oxidize the normally oxygen-poor sludge residues and allows for bacterial degradation to proceed more rapidly. The carbon- rich sludge is largely converted to carbon dioxide and naturally expelled in a gaseous form from the lagoon or digester.
  • this 'greenhouse gas' may be desirable in facilities that are able to utilize it as a source of heat energy or renewable cogeneration of electricity production; the 'sour' environment also tends to 'pickle' or preserve the organic compounds, which can later develop into very malodoriferous gases as they undergo anaerobic decay.
  • This sour, low pH condition can be prevented by judicious use of the PPH which allows for aerobic digestion of the residual sludge.
  • Aerobic decay of the secondary sludges is highly desirable because it reduces the overall solid waste output from the sewage facility. Reduction in the volume or mass of these solids reduces expenses related to hauling these materials (whether as a value added fertilizer product in which the fertilizer has become "concentrated” or as waste to a landfill after the material is dried or dewatered). Any need for incineration is reduced or eliminated as the volume of waste is greatly reduced, if not eliminated.
  • the Polyphasic Pressurized Homogenizer can be employed in introducing nutrients into water so as to provide an aqueous nutrient solution for growing plants hydroponically (i.e., without soil).
  • the nutrient blend can be introduced into the PPH in place of the target material-containing stream through inlet 2 of Fig. 1.
  • Water may be introduced through inlet 1 of Fig. 1.
  • Applying the capabilities of the PPH to the practice of hydroponics and other forms of water-based (e.g., without soil) culturing of plants may be optimized when certain limited modifications are optionally made to the antechamber. Similarly, one or more modifications can be made to the exterior of the post chamber.
  • the venturi or reaction chamber may be as described above.
  • the modifications to the antechamber and post chamber advantageously provide for improved absorption of injected oxygen, nitrogen, or any other atmospheric gases directly into the nutrient stream being injected into the hydroponics root chamber(s). This allows for purging of at least a portion of the gases already dissolved in this same nutrient solution.
  • absorbed carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) that is generated by the plants or has become entrained into the aqueous nutrient stream from air passing through the PPH. Any such introduced C0 2 , when dissolved in an aqueous solution, can depress the pH of the nutrient solution and also negatively impact certain metabolic processes within plant cells.
  • Figs. 17 and 17a show such a modification including an insulative jacket IJ around these components of the PPH.
  • the entire exterior housing housing these structures and components may be covered with an insulative jacket.
  • the transfer line connections (barbs, spigots, etc.) as well as all transfer lines leading to and from the PPH may be encased by insulation after they pass through a cooling system wherein the solution is cooled to the range wherein the temperature is amenable to plant root growth.
  • This temperature may generally be below ambient temperature (e.g., ambient temperature in a warehouse or greenhouse setting where the hydroponics system may be housed may typically be 70°F or more (e.g., 80°F)).
  • the solution may be cooled to a temperature in a range of 60°F to 75°F, or 60°F to about 70°F. When cooling, the resulting temperature of the nutrient solution will be cooler than the ambient temperature of the warehouse or greenhouse.
  • the nutrient solution may be maintained at a temperature less than 70°F (e.g., 60°F - 65°F).
  • the nutrient solution may be maintained at a temperature less than the ambient temperature (e.g., maintained at 60°F - 75°F). This cooling ensures that the now relatively cool nutrient solution has the ability to entrain oxygen, nitrogen, or other atmospheric gases or injected gas or gases at near maximum concentrations allowed at specific temperatures and pressure. These injected gases may be derived from an oxygen separation system or from commercially-available sources.
  • Oxygen or nitrogen or both can also be injected through a port or ports in the reaction chamber or the antechamber of the PPH (port 2 of Fig. 1) and thereby enhance the absorption of either or both gases in the nutrient solution.
  • concentration of oxygen within the cooled nutrient solution may be maintained at a value from about 8 ppm to about 12 ppm.
  • concentration of nitrogen within the cooled nutrient solution may be maintained at a value from about 8 ppm to about 12 ppm. Both oxygen and nitrogen may be provided in the nutrient solution. It may be important to cool the solution so as to prevent dissolved oxygen and nitrogen from leaving the system.
  • the ambient temperature of a greenhouse or warehouse may be so warm as to cause substantially all dissolved oxygen and nitrogen to leave the nutrient solution, were the solution allowed to warm to the ambient temperature.
  • maintaining the nutrient solution at a cooler than ambient temperature can be an important aspect of an embodiment of the invention.
  • gases such as oxygen and/or nitrogen can be injected into the PPH with the water stream, the nutrient stream, or both.
  • an additional inlet may be provided for such a purpose.
  • a separate PPH may be employed to dissolve the gases into one of the streams (e.g., the water stream) prior to mixing of the water stream with the nutrient stream.
  • Oxygen absorption by plant roots maintains or enhances the health of the plants and also counters the acidic conditions of the nutrient solution normally brought about when retained carbon dioxide gas is converted to carbonic acid (H 2 C0 3 ).
  • TURBO MY GARDEN available from Alchem Environmental LLC, located in Salt Lake City, UT. This proprietary nutrient blend includes naturally-occurring plant enhancing nutrients that are characterized as synergistic major macro, micro, sub-micro, organometallics and non-metallics compound nutrients, along with their respective trace elements.
  • TURBO MY GARDEN is a natural, non-toxic product, as opposed to more harsh chemical fertilizers.
  • ancillary modifications allow for the introduction of a variety of nutrient solutions (e.g., in liquid concentrate form, such as TURBO MY GARDEN), as well as gases or even finely-ground dried nutrients in powder form to the PPH so as to provide a much simplified program of monitoring and feeding of nutrients to the plants in the system.
  • a manifold provided with the PPH may measure and inject water as based on need as established by an operator or automated measuring-valving system, or it may dispense nutrient solutions, gas or gases, powders, etc. on demand based on either operator demand or automated system analysis demands.
  • Atmospheric nitrogen absorption by bacterial commensals e.g., symbiotic or parasitic bacteria such as Rhizobium spp., Bradyrhizobium spp., and Azorhizobium spp.
  • bacterial commensals e.g., symbiotic or parasitic bacteria such as Rhizobium spp., Bradyrhizobium spp., and Azorhizobium spp.
  • the nitrogen is converted by the enzyme nitrogenase to ammonium ions and then to ammonia (by its reaction with the water in plant cells) whence it is absorbed directly.
  • ammonium ion then reacts with water to form ammonia and an atom of hydrogen.
  • Proteins and other nitrogenous compounds are then manufactured biochemically in the plant's cells from the metabolic action of enzymes and ammonia in coordination with carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (if required).
  • Ammonium ion in concentrations exceeding the required limits by the leguminous plants are excreted into the nutrient solution and can be utilized by non- leguminous plants for the same metabolic processes, thus the ammonium ion is not readily released to the atmosphere as a pollutant.
  • Other plants and certain chlorobacteria also can 'fix' nitrogen by enzymatic means and can be cultured with the intent of producing ammonium ion for the same or similar purposes.
  • the purpose of using the legumes is to: 1. provide the ammonium ion that is to be converted to ammonium hydroxide by both the legumes and the higher produce plants as a source of metabolic nitrogen; 2. provide a harvestable crop of fruits (e.g., beans, peas, or other legumes) for consumption; 3. reduce the amount of nitrates one needs to buy and add to most nutrient solutions and thereby lower costs and hazards related to storage of nitrates on site; and/or 4. legumes of certain types are readily cultured by hydroponic means, while other plants have been suitable only for field (i.e., including soil) or experimental efforts.
  • FIG 18 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary hydroponics system where a PPH apparatus is employed to mix the water, nutrient, and gas streams to result in a nutrient solution that is provided to the hydroponic grown plants.
  • Spent nutrient solution may be recycled for reuse, either through the PPH, or directly to the plants (e.g., bypassing the PPH).
  • the recycling components may include monitoring structure for determining what and how much, of the inputs (water, nutrients, 0 2 , N 2 ) should be added.
  • the system may also include a cooling unit to cool the nutrient solution and/or the inputs to a desired temperature (e.g., 60°F to 75°F), as described above.
  • ammonia is not an element, its chemical reactivity and the formation of parallel compounds that are very similar to those of the alkali and alkali-earth compounds resulted in the compound being included on the table.
  • All of the compounds marked with an 'X' can be formed within the homogenizer unit as long as the proper precursor chemistries are suitable for the occurrence of such reactions.
  • Other parallel chemical reactions that are not listed on the table may also occur, especially with oils or fatty acids and mineral acids.
  • combinations of sodium and potassium with a single anion may result in dicationic molecules to yield a sodium-potassium salt or compound.
  • One such example would be sodium-potassium tartrate.
  • the listed compounds may form in an aqueous matrix or in air (This applies to ammonia, NH 3 .).
  • compound formation results from 'contact' of a gas (fluorine, chlorine) with an alkali earth or alkali-earth metal or their respective oxide or hydroxide.
  • Others form in an aqueous matrix by substitution.
  • CHART 1 COMPOUNDS OF THE ALKALI, ALKALI-EARTH METALS, AND AMMONIA THAT WILL FORM DURING PASSAGE THROUGH THE POLYPHASIC PRESSURIZED HOMOGENIZER.
  • the Solubility Chart as presented below lists the solubility or insolubility characteristics of certain compounds in water or acid. Since many compounds are only weakly soluble in water, two symbols are used to indicate whether or not the compound is very soluble in water or only weakly soluble in water. These are, respectively, 'W for the compounds that are very soluble in water and 'w' for compounds that are weakly soluble in water. No indication is offered for solubilities relating to hot or cold water or to the exact quantities of the compounds that are soluble. In a similar manner, acid solubility is marked by an ' ⁇ '. No lower case letter is used to specify the degree of solubility in a certain acid or acids. Likewise, no indication is offered for organic solvent or base solubility.
  • Insoluble compounds in acid or water are identified by an T, while compounds that 'decompose' to yield other compounds than the 'parent' compound are identified by 'D' .
  • the names for the compounds are derivatives of the anions, thus aluminum acetate is derived from the element, aluminum and acetic acid that is bonded as the anion to the aluminum.
  • a compound will form only if the element is in a finely divided or powder form or if it is already in another form.
  • certain alkali and alkali-earth elements dissolved in water to form their respective hydroxide compound. Once formed, these hydroxides readily undergo substitution reactions to yield carbonates, bicarbonates, and a variety of halogenated compounds or acidic salts. Attempts to dissolve the element is an acid may be quite dangerous and life- threatening. In other instances, especially when dealing with organic acids, the oxide or hydroxide of a compound may be first formed and then mixed with the appropriate acid with an extended mixing period to yield the proper acidic salt compound.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne des réalisations et des modifications auxiliaires apportées à une unité d'homogénéisateur (« PPH »), et des procédés d'utilisation destinés à la culture hydroponique. L'appareil comprend un corps d'homogénéisateur, une ou plusieurs entrées de flux d'éléments nutritifs, une ou plusieurs entrées d'eau, une zone de mélange où le jet d'eau est combiné avec le flux de nutriments, et un venturi dans le corps immédiatement en aval de la zone de mélange de telle manière que les flux combinés sont poussés dans le venturi ce qui entraîne l'homogénéisation. Les composants PPH sont isolés pour maintenir la solution nutritive aqueuse à une température refroidie, inférieure à la température ambiante. Étant donné que la solution aqueuse de nutriments préparée est refroidie, de l'oxygène et/ou de l'azote gazeux peut y être dissous (par exemple introduit dans l'un des flux dans le PPH). La solution nutritive aqueuse qui en résulte peut être transmise dans son état refroidi aux racines des plantes hydroponiques pour leur fournir des nutriments pour leur croissance.
PCT/US2012/050623 2012-08-13 2012-08-13 Réalisations et modifications auxiliaires apportées à un homogénéisateur à plusieurs phases sous pression WO2014027993A1 (fr)

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US9757683B1 (en) 2008-10-17 2017-09-12 Alchem Environmental Ip Llc Polyphasic pressurized homogenizer (PPH) and methods for methane purification
CN107213739A (zh) * 2017-07-20 2017-09-29 中国矿业大学(北京) 一种新型煤矿高效复合式湿式除尘器
CN107596841A (zh) * 2017-10-27 2018-01-19 榆林学院 一种利用微孔雾化作用净化烟气的分子筛除尘装置
CN109665606A (zh) * 2019-01-24 2019-04-23 环能科技股份有限公司 一种污水处理装置
WO2020188143A1 (fr) * 2019-03-15 2020-09-24 Hilla Consulting Oy Tube de mélange et de dissolution

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US10369513B2 (en) 2008-10-17 2019-08-06 Alchem Environmental Ip Llc Methods for methane purification
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CN107213739B (zh) * 2017-07-20 2023-08-25 中国矿业大学(北京) 一种新型煤矿高效复合式湿式除尘器
CN107596841A (zh) * 2017-10-27 2018-01-19 榆林学院 一种利用微孔雾化作用净化烟气的分子筛除尘装置
CN109665606A (zh) * 2019-01-24 2019-04-23 环能科技股份有限公司 一种污水处理装置
WO2020188143A1 (fr) * 2019-03-15 2020-09-24 Hilla Consulting Oy Tube de mélange et de dissolution

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