WO2013181731A1 - Composição e métodos de produção de materiais biopoliméricos de rápida biodegradaçâo, flexíveis e rígidos, com uso do bioplástico xantana compondo a matriz biopolimérica e opcionalmente cargas e/ou nanocargas ê outros constituintes; produtos obtidos e seus usos - Google Patents
Composição e métodos de produção de materiais biopoliméricos de rápida biodegradaçâo, flexíveis e rígidos, com uso do bioplástico xantana compondo a matriz biopolimérica e opcionalmente cargas e/ou nanocargas ê outros constituintes; produtos obtidos e seus usos Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L3/00—Compositions of starch, amylose or amylopectin or of their derivatives or degradation products
- C08L3/02—Starch; Degradation products thereof, e.g. dextrin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L29/20—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents
- A23L29/269—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents of microbial origin, e.g. xanthan or dextran
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
- A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
- A61P19/04—Drugs for skeletal disorders for non-specific disorders of the connective tissue
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0006—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid
- C08B37/0024—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid beta-D-Glucans; (beta-1,3)-D-Glucans, e.g. paramylon, coriolan, sclerotan, pachyman, callose, scleroglucan, schizophyllan, laminaran, lentinan or curdlan; (beta-1,6)-D-Glucans, e.g. pustulan; (beta-1,4)-D-Glucans; (beta-1,3)(beta-1,4)-D-Glucans, e.g. lichenan; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0033—Xanthan, i.e. D-glucose, D-mannose and D-glucuronic acid units, saubstituted with acetate and pyruvate, with a main chain of (beta-1,4)-D-glucose units; Derivatives thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L5/00—Compositions of polysaccharides or of their derivatives not provided for in groups C08L1/00 or C08L3/00
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for obtaining environmentally sound, biocompatible and biodegradable, rapidly degrading, when compared to conventional, edible or not, water-soluble, by combination of materials.
- biopolymer materials use xanthan. .,. macromolecular bloplastic complex polysaccharide produced by bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas, as a single biopolymeric material or composing a biopolymer matrix.
- the present invention also relates to the composition and attainment of the biopoietic combinations; methods of obtaining semi-finished and finished products. ⁇ Its possible applications and uses.
- compositions are blopoltmér ⁇ cas bsseiam-use- in pure xanthan or composing a matrix, biopotimérica which can be added plasticizers and additives such como ⁇ reinforcing inorganic fillers of organic e: renewable natural sources or not (alltiuffiecfántes, emulgentes-, defoamers. , ⁇ thermal stabilizer ,, and dimensional stabilizers nanofiller polymers or biopolymers Optionally auxiliaries and 'with- or without further addition salts, other additives such as flavoring agents, colorants and pigments or not edible "and farmacologicaniente substances .ativas .
- the biodegradation time may range from a few days to six months, while for other combinations it may range from six months to five years when disposed of and placed in an appropriate environment or even in common landfill sites; so that. If you use it on a large scale you will bring one. significant contribution to the preservation of the environment.
- the different compositions allow to obtain edible materials, water soluble or not, which is a significant differential.
- a great variety of visualization of biopolymer materials in the form of flexible films or semiftex ⁇ veis is given in Figures 1, 2, 3 »4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, an illustrative manner.
- the biopolymer materials in figure 1, B, D, E, G and H are 95% to 99% biodegradable. These are the biopolymer materials of the figure.
- C and F are 75% to 85%, N figure 2, A r D and H, biopolymer materials are 97% biodegradable, G, F, and G are 100% biodegradable, while biopolymer material B is 77% biodegradable. and material H is 80% biodegradable.
- D, F and ⁇ G are biopolymer materials -100% ' iodegradable, E is ⁇ 9% material : biodegradable ' ; A is 90% biodegradable biopolymeric material and C and H are 86.5% biodegradable biopolymer materials.
- BE FG and H the biopolymer materials are 99% biodegradable and C and D are 98%. biodegradable.
- biopoilmêrico 'material includes materials having mechanical physical behavior ⁇ ⁇ ,, etast ⁇ mero plastic or fiber that can be obtained from the composiç ⁇ es- object of the present invention.
- Rigid type btopolymeric materials can be produced with differentiated ceramics from the above in terms of their physical, chemical and physiotherapeutic properties and which are suitable for building. 'Different products for different uses when the composition is adjusted by the amount of his former constituents.
- semi-finished or semi-finished biopolymer materials can be obtained using different methods: casting (solvent evaporation method), extrusion or blow stretching, yielding partially or fully biodegradable flexible or rigid semi-finished, hydrossoluvet products. or not. in the form of films, wires, plates or plates, from which numerous finished products of various types, both flexible and rigid, may be produced for different uses.
- biopolymer compositions and the preparation of the products, finished or semi-finished may be performed in a single step or in two or more stages, depending on the method used to obtain the product, obtaining Peio casting method here "is performed in two steps wherein the composition preparation step is followed by product preparation based on solvent evaporation.
- xanthan in the preparation of the composition by solubilization, xanthan as well.
- they must be completely solubilized in water and / or saline and / or seawater.
- the preparation of the compositions may also be done by solid phase dispersion. and subsequent fusion.
- A. Mixing of components, including xanthan or other components, of the polymeric matrix, should start with the smallest components, respecting and circumventing possible incompatibilities between them.
- the material biopoimeric peto casfing method is still required a ; addition of specific conditions for solvent evaporation, preferably heat. Other forms of partial solvent removal may be used until the necessary removal of the solvent and other volatilizable components have been completed, for the formation of the film.
- compositions obtained by solubilization should be followed by preconcentration or dispersion in the liquid phase and subjected to temperatures below the melting point of xanthan or. das. combinations.
- obtaining the combinations of materials initially follows the same, but the addition of the constituents is redefined and / or the solvent content used is not . it is sufficient to totally suubifify xanthan; or the amount of solvent added for this purpose should be partially removed from the extrusion test at preconcentration.
- This bioppHmérieo equipment shown in Fig: 8, T B, CAF, G is -97.5% biodegradable, biopotimér ⁇ cos
- Certain combinations of these materials, under certain conditions, can be .submetidos to swelling, particularly at temperatures at 'melting point cie
- the semi-finished or finished products are obtained in the same step, when the melting is followed by molding, cooling and extraction, as in the thermoforming, rotational molding, Injection processes.
- compositions and processing methods With the appropriate combination of different possibilities for obtaining these compositions and processing methods, different semi-finished or finished products, edible or not, partially or fully biodegradable such as flexible or rigid films, wires and filaments, sheets and plates can be obtained .
- Films produced with; some of the different combinations before: -descrjtas:. and obtained by the siing method were evaluated by thermal analysis and mechanical tests.
- Samples were .ensaiadas' via caterimétrteas differential analysis (DSC) under the following conditions: temperature isotherm at 30 ° C in the heating track f " ⁇ temperature of 30 C and up to 220 ° C at a rate ld ° C min * 1 ( isotherm ria. Temperature 2222 ° C and cooling from 220 ° C to 30 ° C at 10'C.min "1.
- Biopolymeric materials were preliminarily evaluated for adhesion between films or layers of biopolymeric materials present invention is between these and different materials qualitatively.
- the results showed that from the obtained films, from these tested compositions and using the casting method, they were non-adherent, with and without fold marking, which can be observed in figures 1, 6, and 7 except 7F, but, depending on From the combinations, thin, flexible and adherent altarpieces are obtained, with and without fixation of the folds.
- the films obtained with the use of extrusion and blow stretching presented the same or similar behavior to those previously related.
- the diversity of qualitative characteristics of films produced as: color, brightness, transparency and homogeneity can be seen illustratively in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and more specifically in Figure 6, ⁇ . ' ⁇ , C, D, E, F. G and H where the different transparencies of these biopolsmérticos materials are observed.
- the writing paper EX 0 was positioned under the films, and all biopolymer materials allowed: their viewing.
- the possible degrees of transparency and brightness are, in part, the result of the different characteristics of the xaritanas, the most significant being the rheofogenic or thermal properties that influence the final characteristics of the films.
- the color of the xanthan, and therefore the color of the film, is basically dependent on the production medium used to obtain the xanthan.
- these xanthan color differences can be seen in figures 16 where three tf to xanthan colorations can be seen. obtained at the end of. processing before being powdered (cornercializóvéf form) at 16: A, B. D, G and H. a light yellow coloration, 18 C white xanthan and 1 E and F a cream-colored xanthan
- Figure 20 1% -xanthan prepared solutions showing the various xanthan colors can be seen.
- plastics derived from petroleum, non - biodegradable and non - renewable nature still widely used SSO having large application due mainly to the large-scale production, 'AIEM advantages. such as low weight, easy processing, design flexibility and 'printing flexibility.
- this type of plastic carries with it a significant disadvantage, the environmental pollution caused by its high resistance or slow degradation. Combined with improper disposal, pollution becomes virtually uncontrollable, causing a number of widely known environmental problems in cities, fields and even seas and oceans.
- xanthan is already a natural, biodegradable, biocompatible biopsy! and therefore their thermoplastic nature could be improved to obtain rigid flexible biopoietic materials.
- Xanthan is produced by fermentation. Using bacteria of the genus Xantoms, As produced by this research group, proposing this invention, they use Xanthi monm arbormot pv pruni.
- the major advantage of the biotopoietic materials of this invention is the compatibility of the polyether matrix.
- xanthan with the numerous materials cited, - which enables from the same biopolymeric matrix to obtain different materials, as shown previously in the field of the Invention and figures 1 to 15, Another advantage of these btopolymeric materials, - In relation to starch and cellulose-derived bioplastics, whether or not modified, it is independent of climate variations using a clean technology, performed in industrial plants, fermenting bioreactors, where various Operating parameters can be controlled to obtain xanthan. In addition, xanthan can be produced within less than seven days. Another big advantage is that a. xanthan is a molecule studied in. whole world for over fifty years.
- the second graph shows the velascoelastic behavior : .from three xanthans. the number 1 obtained from strain 106, the number 2 xanthan ⁇ from strain 58 and the number: 3 commercial xanthan
- figures 16 to 20 are shown the different results obtained in the production of xarttan which influence the obtaining of the biopoietic materials obtained with the . use of xanthan as a matrix.
- xanthan characteristics can. easily modulated in the production process overlaps those of most other materials, such as starches, which only : can be ' modified ' after they are obtained but not during their production.
- xanthan when properly produced, recovered and stored, is stable for periods of five years or more.
- the flexible or rigid btopolymeric materials obtained by the proposed combinations are easily degradable in short periods, which may be from a few days to five years, compared to conventional plastic materials, and most of them degrade to form C (3 ⁇ 4 and water.
- the flexible biopolymeric materials or rigid, derived from xanthan, and combinations with related materials are environmentally friendly, and technologically feasible, as they have equal and even superior thermal properties; plasticity, color, and tear strength similar to conventional plastics. Due to the similarity, one can make use of equipment and processes used in the production of conventional plastics, with only a few basic but important adjustments.
- fillers are able to promote 'several transformations, lai way QoE today many of these blopolimérteos materials, flexible or rigid, they are able to withstand higher processing temperatures, with temperatures lower than those .
- These majoritariamerrte lásticos of 'conventional In the last decade, relevant research has been carried out in the design and manufacture of composites and nanocoposites, polymeric composites.
- muticomponent materials consist of multiple phases, at least one of which is a continuous phase.
- Nanocomponents are composites in which one of the phases has at least one dimension in the order of nanoparticles (1 to 100 kidney).
- Figure 9.1 represents the composite material bipolimórico xanthan solely with a melting point of 180 ° C; in the figure. 9.2: the thio biophasic melting point with xanthan and plastiffffe is reduced to 140 ° C; while Fig. 9.3 represents the melting point of the bioplastic with nanoharga added xanthan t plawindcarrte. which has been increased to 200 ° C.
- nanocarbons enables the use of heteropolyaccharide biopolymers of microbial origin such as xanthan, or plant origin, in the production of bioplastics with properties similar to conventional plastics and with the same possibilities of use.
- the biopolymer thermal properties originate or are modified pure, giving the following: new material, unique characteristics, which make it similar to conventional plastics by the new thermal and mechanical properties. Modifications to the properties may be provided by the nanoscale physics. nanoearga which is incorporated biopolymer matrix, that the addition of nanofillers .. macroscale, for 'obtaining bidpól ⁇ mé.ricos materials may be used various kinds of additives in addition to Au ⁇ F i3 ⁇ 4res polymers; and all others previously tied.
- xanthan enabling high quality biopolymeric or bioplastic materials to be obtained, particularly the thermal properties, e.g. mechanical and- also those of; barre ⁇ ra.
- the biopolymeric materials object of this invention 3 ⁇ 4 for their broad compatibility with diverse materials and biocompatibility, can be used in various industrial segments, such as foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, textiles, agricultural inputs, medical, biomedical, dental, veterinary materials; and various packaging.
- xanthans produced by Xanthomorms artioricolâ pv pruri are seriously, hereinafter referred to as xanthan pruni.
- biomaterials that can generate biodegradable plastics. for the formation of flexible materials e. rigid materials. e for various uses, has focused mainly on ⁇ natural polymers produced by bacteria. Especially the intracellular ones, in particular them. polyhydroxyanoate (PH As) family, the main one being polythyroxybuttrate (PHB), which is one of the good raw materials for producing biodegradable plastics, which is the most resistant so far.
- PHB polythyroxybuttrate
- extracellular bacterial bfopolymers such as xanthan , produced by Xani omonas, is an excellent new alternative for the production of biopolymeric materials, including bioplastics, Xanthan.
- AISP xanthan is a direct consequence of their chemical composition and structure Ontca, is a high molecular weight anionic extracellularaf poitssacarideo, inter- to 12.10 2.10 to 8 g .mo ⁇ "1 , in some rare cases, arrives .0 0 ' 7 g.mo! ⁇ 4 ; formed by pentassaceous units that can be repeated from 2000 to 600 times. It is produced by bacteria of the genus Xanthomottas through the fermentation of carbohydrates. by pure cultures. This macro d ⁇ écufa.
- xanthan is still industrially produced by Xan ⁇ homoms campestris pv campestris causes black rot calling ⁇ ro black in crucifer such as cauliflower
- Xànthomo s are capable of producing xanthan more or less effectively, research on the production of this biopolymer has been developed using other patovars, such as phaseol ⁇ , malvacearurn, carotae, citr.ume.lo and jugiad ⁇ s.
- the xanthan is generally formed by the monosaccharides D ' mannose, D-icosikose and D-glcuronic acid, the internal unit of mannose is sugared and the terminal (external) mannose may contain residues of pfruvic acid to which contralons such as cations are attached. . sodium, potassium, calcium among others, this is what allows the use of various charges.
- xanthan expressive evil has been in; petroleum, mining, textiles, thermochemistry, industry. printing, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, agricultural products and. It is also used as a gel forming, stabilizing, thickening and suspending agent. It is also used for its phoculating, adhesive, lubricating and reducing properties. friction. These properties are determined by their molar mass, chemical compositions, arrangements and molecular bonds. The world-wide trend of continuous increase in the US dollar is also followed by Brazil. However, it is still totally imported and there is no industrial scale! 'Production of xanthan, despite the country having several bacteria have been confirmed as the production capacity of these biopoifmeros with production yields within the range recommended for a production on an industrial scale that is.
- rhamnose in presence of sticks composition having high yield and quality in both ways "as many Conventional means' alt such as waste from the rice processing industry, among others.
- Most countries use as main source of carbon the glucose that presents good yield.- Np.
- Brazil being the largest sucrose producer can make use of it as a carbon source for the production of this b.iopolymer, which has the highest yield and best quality for xanthan.
- Xanthans are an excellent matrix for the production of biopolymeric materials because xanthans with different characteristics and properties are obtained which will generate different btoplastics using the same equipment: and the same bacteria. The possible operational modifications in the processing as previously.
- xanthan can also be chemically modificada- in pocessos put fermentation "as by ion exchange. In this process, the molar mass remains the same, but the controlled conditions in the substitution and quantity of shades produce xanthans with new thermal properties, significantly altering the melting point and thus enabling new applications.
- a diversity xan ⁇ anas one may be- modulated in a 'same procedure IRJ modifying or controlling the operating conditions only, as mentioned above, are as follows xan ⁇ anas related to the different operating conditions obtained by using as Xanthomonas mbor ⁇ cofá patent (PIO400j5309- O and WO20060784S).
- This diversity provides that these xanthias, which are chemical compounds of. high molecular weight, may be used as different matrices, but will always be able to incorporate many compounds, and for this reason may be used to create new biodegradable materials.
- Xanthan These have the following characteristics and properties: stability over time and temperature, are highly soluble in water and in salt solutions' cold and hot; your solutions
- xanthan 'AISP composition compatible with different concentrations are made of metal, including heavy metals, acids and bases, salts and mono- and di ⁇ r ⁇ valerrtes, reducing agents, various solvents, enzymes, preservatives, coloring agents; different natural polymers such as starches; corn, potato, cassava, rice, pine nut, among others and other natural polymers and their chemically modified or unmodified derivatives, such as cellulose and cellulose nitrate, cfuitin and chitosan; in addition to polymers produced by bacteria such as PHBs. and synthetic polymers obtained from natural resources such as pol (lactic acid) ⁇ also synthetic polymers such as PP, EVA and others. They are even compatible with different proteins, E.
- these xanthans can be combined with various types of charges and nanocarbons with which they are compatible, among them the various phyllylicates. They are compatible with various plasticizers, bactericides, anesthetics, antibiotics and other drugs.
- the compatibility of these xanthans has varied the various materials related to the wide range of possible use. For each area or each type of application, we obtain adequate for the particular xanthan .fim 'simply controlling the operating conditions known and established JA. Xanthans, bioplastics: natural ,. Already possess thermoplastic properties " , but no or very low elasticity when in the form of plastic.
- xanthanes obtained by the strains gives Xanthomonas arhor ⁇ la p pruni, studied by the research group of Federal University of Pelotas, differs from commercial xanthans in that it specifically contains the rhamnose monosaccharide in its composition, which promotes a feature of interest for obtaining biopoymeric materials, which is the viscoelasticity and the ability to form gel at certain concentrations.
- the elucidation of the molecular structure of a polysaccharide may be the key to its functionality and application. Chemically, it is considered to be an anonymous monomer. a main cellulosic type bitch feared by two units. 1 ⁇ 4 ⁇ -D0 glucose, which lends rigidity to the molecule and to which many of its properties are related. Connected to the main chain are triscaridic side chains, consisting of two D-monanoeè units atternandas D-glycuronic acid which confer solubility in. aqueous xanthan rnio.
- the internal mannose unit is variably acetylated, and approximately half of the (external) mannose ends contain pluvic acid residues; the proportion of these sub.stituin.es ⁇ . It is dependent on the bacterial strain is fermentation conditions.
- the presence of gHcuronic acid and its addition to acetyl and pyruvate, in addition to increasing solubility, is also related to molecular conformation.
- the cationic buttresses such as Na * , K fc , Ca 2 * and Mg 2 *.
- anionic groups neutralized i to a larger or lesser extent, allows interaction with the loads xarttana / inorganic nanofiller and various salts.
- xanthans in liquid form may vary from . colorless and highly transparent to colored, which can range from dark yellow to brown, as shown by way of illustration in figure 20,
- the colored solutions are derived from xanthans obtained by using more economical means such as industrial waste.
- the color of .xarstana in some cases precludes its use in certain areas, but because of its high viscosity they can be used in other areas where color is not an important requirement.
- the color can also be modified by various post-fermentation treatments, the results of the same xanthan solution which was subjected to 'three different treatments can be illustratively seen in Figure 20 shown in figures 1, 2.e 3,
- the colorless and transparent color and still in some cases the white color or cream are required mainly for use in food, drugs, biomials, cosmetics, in general the color represents the purity of xan ⁇ ana, Nas, others Areas where transparency is not needed may be : used as.
- the color of xanthan is important for the production of Woplastics proposed in this patent.
- Raw materials, btopol, xanthan-based films * are mostly - very transparent, have optimum brightness, elasticity, are resistant to breakage.
- xanthans are strain dependent (ie all characteristics cited also depends on the strain used) which by the more than 1.00 strains tested by this research group, shows the numerous possibilities of viscoeiasticity and viscosity derived solely from strains.
- the viscosities of aqueous solutions vary with the concentration of xanthan in solution. Shown below are variations of solutions with concentrations of 0.5%, 1% and 3% xanthan, results obtained from Haak RS-160.
- the viscosity of aqueous solutions at 0.5% may vary between 200 and 3000 mPas at the rate of l * * and between.90 and SOOmPâs at the rate of 60s " ⁇
- concentrations of 1.0% may range between 400 and 6000 mPas at the rate of 10s " 1 ⁇ ⁇ between 200 and 1300 mPas at a rate of 60s " ⁇
- concentrations of 3.0% vary preferably between 1000 and 12,700 mPas at the rate of i-Os 1 e.
- the xanthan molar mass produced by Xanthomonas arboricoia is mostly around 2.2 x 10 6 k, but in some areas values of 1.0 were found. x 10 sec . However, for diversity : higher values of strains can still be found for strains and / or combinations of untested operating conditions. The higher the molar mass, the higher the viscosity.
- the degree of substitution of the azite and pyruvate groups in the xanthan molecule influences the stability of the (ordered) helix form and the temperature range in which the conformational transition occurs, the ability of the intermolecular and intramolecular association, the viscosity capacity. the biopolymer and the thermal properties horn melting point, and "crystallization.
- the Aceii content of xanthanes produced by Xm ⁇ homonas arboricdla mostly ranges from 2.76 to 5.5.
- Data from the literature show the xanthan range produced by Xantho onas campestri pv campestri varies on average from 3.5 to 5.4. The variation for other patovars X.
- carnpestris pv phaseoli can range from 1, 6 to 7.7, while X carnpestris pv oryzae PX061 can reach 14.3.
- the pyranthate for xanthan produced with arboric Xantimmonas varies between 0, 78 8 4.5. THE;
- the variation for xanthan produced by Xmthomo s pesir ⁇ pv campestri ranges on average from 0.7 to 4.4.
- the variation for other patovars X. carnpestris pv phaseoli poete ranges from 1.7 to 4.7, while X. camp stris p oryzae between 0.3 to 3.6,
- Amount of acetyl and pyruvate groups may or may not be sto-chlorometric, Acetyl and pyruvate are strain dependent.
- Xanthomonas alba may vary Ga 2 * .0.05 -.0.06; Mg . (0.2 - 12.0) Na + (0.1 to 5.4), K * (0.35 - 13.5), while: - commercial xanthan has a monovalent salt content of 3.6- 1.3% (w / w) and blvalent salts between 0.085 and 0.17% (w / w),
- the origin of these Na +, K +, Ca2 + and Mg2 + calculations are from the salts used in the production medium, the alkali used for maintenance of the pH of the alcohol used for recovery or may be added after fermentation or recovery to enhance its viscosity. Potassium and magnesium originate in the production medium, whereas sodium content is mainly related to the pH condition used.
- the ordered rigid conformation is partly responsible for the remarkable rheological properties of the molecule and the extraordinary stability of the polymer.
- the ordered conformation of xanthan is stabilized by salts. Therefore, the presence of salts is necessary for their functionality.
- Calions may: promote intra and tertiary associations.
- the order of effectiveness of counter-mm in promoting associations increases with the order Ma * «K * «Ga a + .
- the effectiveness of Ca 2 * - in increasing viscosity can be explained by the tone ligation sites between pairs of carboxyl and distinct helix groups; promoting irtermolecular crosslinking and gel network strengthening, 2 A7 ⁇ Diversity of thermal properties (Tm) of xanthan ' pruri)
- xanthan Another property of fundamental importance for obtaining this new material; biodegradable to toase. of xanthan is the melting point.
- the melting point of these xanthans can range from 90 ° C to .250 ° C, as natural xanthans have the radicals, acetonic and pyruvaio in their composition, this allows us through modifications chemicals, in particular by Ionic exchange and deacetation, to obtain xanthans -different, partially or wholly free of acetyl or modified with respect to the content of confraions or salts such as sodium, potassium and calcium, which may produce significant melting point changes.
- biopolymer or obtained by modification of specific fermentative (éowmtr & a) or post-fermentative (upstmam) processes, or by chemical modifications to the resulting xarttanes.
- biphosphates having the desired properties In order to obtain biphosphates having the desired properties, it is primarily necessary to know the characteristics of xanthans such as viscosity, viscosity, melting point, crystallization point, crystallization point, molar mass, acetii content, pyruvate and the contents of Ca, Na, K and Mg ions among others, as well as their color. In addition, it is important to know the composition and characteristics of the other constituents, as well as their behavior in the different combinations. The selection of constituents and their proportions for the formulation of bioplastics influence characteristics such as breaking strength, elasticity, permeability and transparency. Hence the importance of the correct choice of related parameters.
- Nanocharge charges exploits the advantages that nanometer-sized particles offer over macro- and microscopic charges.
- Polymeric composites are multichloroponenic materials and consist of multiple phases, one of them being at least one continuous phase.
- Nanocomposites are composites in which - One. of the phases has at least one nanometer dimension (1 to 100 nm).
- the types of nanocharges used as precursors in obtaining nanoeposites may present different dimensions in the nanometer scale, being the one of the most used one represented by layered silicates as mica ⁇ montmorillonite (MMT).
- MMT montmorillonite
- the mineral class of silicates - make up about 25% of the minerals cooheGidos ⁇ qyase 40% of the most common minerals, nanocomposites
- the potential precursors, those based on layered silicates "or ftossilicatos' have been widely investigated, .Diferentes polymeric matrices have been used would obtain nanocornpós ⁇ tos AIEM different techniques ,. inputs and compositions.
- Pv pruni is a (ii) polymere : whose. invention belongs to UFPel and CPAGT IS 8RAPA.
- nanocarbons- or nanoparticles added to this biopolymer have numerous advantages over mechanical and thermal properties also contribute to the increase of barrier properties and solvent resistance among others. These changes allow a lot of new use options. of xarttan biopolymers.
- Inorganic fillers include silicas, especially hydrophobic or aerosil fumed silica and eaolin, which also act as dimensional stabilizers, clays, talc, calcium, oyster and carbonate d: and calcium.
- pôlissâcárldlcos natural polymers such as corn starch, potato, tapioca, rice, pine, and others ⁇ natural materials and their derivatives pofiméricos - chemically modified, such as various cellulosic fibers, and cellulose nitrate ce ⁇ u ⁇ esô, chitin and can be .qu ⁇ tosana used in combinations for the production of biopolymer materials. However, they must be used in amounts equal to or less than bioplastic. xanthan, or until its effect contributes to improving these materials. However, the ones preferably used to improve the mechanical properties of biopolymeric roaterials are nanocellulbs or nanoffillers.
- nanocefufoses promote promoting an increase in mechanical properties, in particular, resistance. Dis sticks, so s may be combined with numerous poltméricas arrays' especially with hydrophilic biopolymers of plant or microbial origin. But they also have good compatibility with the fillers' MdroffSicas and hydrophobic matrices or vice versa.
- chitosan and preferably chittan may be used in the composition by contributing mechanical properties, in this case reducing flexibility or decreasing elongation when such reduction is desired.
- Auxiliary polymers in the production of partially or fully biodegradable flexible or rigid materials have the function of reducing the viscosity of the polymeric mass during processing by reducing internal and external friction, especially in extrusion processes. Decreases the adhesion of the molten material to the walls of the equipment and the thread. This can increase the productivity of the material and with less shear, less wear and less energy consumption.
- Auxiliary polymers very, used to. ⁇ process movies. base 'starch due to the mechanism. gelatinization of this polymer.
- Auxiliary polymers , or lubricants are generally Tm ⁇ 15G ' G organic compounds, either in the liquid state or in powder form and enter the formulation at a concentration of 0.3 to 3.0% w / w.
- auxiliary polymers are cellulosic ethers, which inhibit the adhesion of bioplastics. Although the extrusion process for production-. ⁇ biopoietic materials make use of lower temperatures than conventional plastics, yet even in some cases these auxiliary polymers may become interesting.
- Plasticizers improve the processability and flexibility of the finished product, even causing Tm to shift to lower temperatures.
- Plasticizers are commonly used to decrease the brittleness of films formed solely of polysaccharide type blopalamers. In addition to overcoming brittleness, plasticizers give films - and coatings - flexibility and extensibility - Among plasticizers, those that stand out most they are the polys, however most of them cause increased hydrophilicity and damage; the stability of the biofllrte, but this can be circumvented with altered hydrophilicity. The most used plasticizers are the polyols also water can have this plasticizing action.
- Glycerol and glycerin which are the most widely used plasticizers in the production of biodegradable films, are hydrophilic ⁇ interact with polymer chains such as xaotane, even interacting with other polymers as starch; increasing molecular mobility and, consequently, hydrophilicity and flexibility of plasticized films.
- polyols such as sorfoitol, polyethylene glycol, invert sugar, sucrose.
- oils derived from vegetables such as soybean oil, rice, corn, sunflower, canola, peanut »coconut oil, almond, grape seed and from eopa ⁇ ba, pine ,, among others, can be used for this purpose in the processing of biopolymeric, biodegradable materials.
- other substances such as various types of silicone oil, which are normally used in this process as antifoams, or liquid petroleum jelly, which by their compositions, and depending on the amount used, also have the function of plasticizer.
- silicones is: -a petrolatum reduces bfodegradabiltdade ..
- Other anti-caking agents may also exert .plastificante function.
- the critical humidity is the closing point of the constant drying rate when surface water migration cannot: supply more evaporated free water from the surface.
- the critical utility is generally influenced negatively by starch content and positively by temperature; this critical humidity behaves similarly and in film formation with other polymers that also have to be subtle like xanthan. Therefore, the The transition between the drying times of the photogenic solutions takes on greater values as the amount of tartar decreases in the formulation and drying is processed at higher temperatures.
- the irrteraçio smaller and larger percentages of amido "temperature provides an increase of the values of d ⁇ fusio coefficient.
- studies related to the biopoiomer have not been found because of some similarities between these polymers, such as the high : igation with water,. s believes that the Antana have the same behavior, the addition of emulsifiers like Tween 80 and Span 80 at concentrations of up to 10% does not give b ⁇ opfásticos without use of nanofillers ,. desired stability against changes in relative humidity.
- the formed material will have a homogeneous appearance and better quality.
- colloidal dispersions will be considered, the particles being 1 (one) to 100 ⁇ m, or suspensions, with larger particles.
- Water and / or saline and / or seawater when used in high concentrations, have a certain dispersant function, which is increased by the suspensive action of xanthan.
- other more efficient dispersants should be used.
- plasticizers such as glyceral, sorbitol, pofidextrose and other polytcools, or vegetable oils and silicones can cause particle diffusion through sliding mechanical action, which prevents the formation of agglomerates.
- Nonionic surfactants may also be employed. They are multifunctional additives, as they usually perform more than one function,
- the mixture of hydrophobic components and liquid lipofics in the compositions will also constitute dispersions, but they are. so. general, very unstable.
- the stability of the system can be achieved through the use of emulgen ⁇ es and stab ⁇ lizaotes, being in the object compositions .
- xanthan acts as a stabilizer; efflulcôes formed of, for ⁇
- plasticizers which can improve solubification of xanthan in water and / or saline and / or seawater, when using the process of preparing the composition which involves agitation - at atmospheric pressure, undesirable formation occurs. bubble, which is the dispersion of air in the continuous phase.
- antifouling agents such as silicafat oils ; and antWoam 204 (Sigma ⁇ ), in order to minimize bubble production during the solubilization process, may aid in the formation of biapotirtiomeric materials, also acting as plasticizers.
- This low stability can be circumvented or modified: by the addition of oils and other lipophilic substances mentioned above, such as. silicones, capable of promoting the change of hydrophilic / lipophysical balance, improving their stability by reducing their affinity with water. When this balance is found, the film becomes more stable.
- emulsifiers however, it is crucial to promote the . It is between the Mdrofca and Lipe ⁇ iiica phases.
- Salts may be part of the combinations for obtaining the btopolleric materials as aids in the solubilization of daxanfao. These, as well as some oxides, can play another important ⁇ role in the production of biopolymer materials - reinforcing action.
- mono- and divalent salts as the NaGf, Cl, CaCl, ACG '0, shit $ which are an bm strengthening solution or strengthening the resistance of the flexible and rigid biopolymer materials partially or fully biodegradable produced with the biopolymer xanthan .
- TK3 ⁇ 4 CaO is MgO- act as a bleach and anti-smudge and water repellent charge
- NaHG ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 can be used as an expanding agent, producing open cells which 'favor water absorption (; when the nature of the material produced so requires, Blopolymeric materials having these salts in their composition may be used in the medical, pharmaceutical as well as in the areas of food.
- these biphameric materials such as biophastics, may be used as packaging, edible or not, or coverings; Trivalent salts may also be used when stable, but for the most part, except for some specials such as Fe + â , they cannot be used for food and the other areas mentioned, their use being restricted to other areas that do not involve the use or direct consumption for humans.
- Thermal stabilizers are the chemical compounds which are used to inhibit any of the degradative processes which may occur during the process of obtaining the biopolymer material, which may be caused by heat, light, shear or even biodegradation.
- the stabilizer is limited to preventing the spread of process reactions, especially those provided by heat.
- the choice of stabilizer will depend on the degradations which are part of the process and which one wishes to delay. In this case, for the undesirable reactions which occur by heat, thermal stabilizers such as Ca and Zn are usually employed.
- the most commonly used substances for this purpose are tribasic calcium phosphate, or dibá-stco calcium phosphate, for the purpose of minimizing the reactions that occur in btopolfmores by heat.
- ⁇ For the formation of some types of biopolymer materials using xanthan as a matrix, it may be necessary to add a compatibilizer to improve the combination of the matrix (xàrttana) with the fibers or nanoflbras (nanofllter) which may be, for example, micro or nanocellulose.
- xàrttana the matrix
- nanoflbras nanoflbras
- ⁇ nanoce ⁇ u ⁇ Dse can be used along with xanthan because their degradation and pyrolysis processes the two steps are above the melting point of the xanthan, the first band ⁇ nanocelolose degradation occurs between 220 - SGG ° C and a second reaçi.o occur at: 33G » .5 ⁇ ° C» therefore: not interfering with the melting point of the new biopolymer material.
- compatibilizers are maleic anhydride (MAH) and maleic glycidyl (GMA).
- organic, natural coloring compositions such as chlorophylls, carolenoids, betalains and anthocyanins, or artificial, especially food grade, for their biodegradability.
- inorganic pigments such as titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, aluminum, silver or gold, iron oxides and food grade coal may also be used in the compositions as required.
- biopolymeric materials being obtained with the use of xanthan, a natural bioplastic, which is an ipolissâcaridi macromotecula, which although complex is biacompatible! and biodegradable è when in combination the other materials proposed from renewable sources or not, maintain their biodegradability.
- the use of these biopolymer materials which may be 100% biodegradable and have a reduced degradation time compared to conventional plastics, will provide a significant reduction in pollution compared to petroleum-derived plastics,
- the formation of bubbles can be circumvented with defoamers and proper solubilization process.
- Fragility can be bypassed with the use of fillers, nanocarbons and other natural or unmodified polymers that may have reinforcing function.
- the traitocompounds should be adjusted with the appropriate use of the plasticizer (s) and their proportions in the combinations or formulations, and shades of suitable color as shown in Figure 20.
- auxiliary polymers and / or antiumectants when necessary, as in many types of biopolymeric materials such as in the bioplastics this adhesiveness is related to excess water, that in some cases it is desired to remain so that it does not leave fragile (brittle) biopfases due to excessive removal of water.
- Another form of ⁇ Bypassing to have the optimal utility for certain biopiastics is that it can be restored by exposure to the controlled humidity atmosphere at appropriate levels.
- starch and its derivatives, talc and even modified (insoluble) xanthan can be used as a covering agent or auxiliary polymers for the purpose of sealing pores and creating smooth surface, desired for biopofimérieos materials, Modified xanthan ⁇ Other talc behave in the same way as starch when used as a passive charge particle. in an aqueous system which is not heated at a temperature sufficient to promote gelatinization, therefore function as an auxiliary polymer.
- biomedical Na5 irea has been used for many different types of prostheses, but it has never been used as a matrix for the production of both flexible and rigid biopofimeric materials, but the numerous knowledge generated in various parts of the world, including those from this group of researchers, proponents of this invention, have made it possible to use this knowledge to identify all compatibility with the numerous materials necessary for obtaining these biodegradable btoeompatible biopolymer materials:
- Biofilms are generally produced with macromolecules. as polysaccharides, proteins, lipids ⁇ derivatives.
- thermoforming rotoffloldagem * injection type carousel, Sprint-up or ⁇ spalmayem
- temperatures they may reach up to 280 ° C, but for the most part this temperature should preferably be below 100 ° C.
- the basic composition destes- bioplastic materials can be summarized as follows formal different materials were subdivided 'in dry and wet, according to its presentation; in this context. For example, plasticizers and antifoams are considered timid., And the formulations are based on two portions, dry portion and wet portion (except water and / or saline and / or seawater).
- the dry portion typically includes the syrup. and optionally fillers and / or nanocarbons, fibers and / or nanofibers, mids and / or auxiliary polymers, salts and mineral oxides, and additives such as preservatives, dyes and antifouling.
- the portion, moist. typically include plasticizers, dispersants, antifoams and emulsifiers.
- the dried portion may be dispersed in the wet portion and then added with water or saline solution . Even sea water may be used. Still the dry portion can be solubilized in water or saline or seawater and then added to the wet portion components. All percentages of the combinations or formulations are for the dry portion components of the wet portion, except water or saline solutions. In the dry portion the percentage of solid constituents on the total weight of the composition components (w / w), except for water and / or saline and / or seawater, thus varies: 1.0% xanthan 100.0%, combined or not, preferably 5.0%.
- Q s is 0% to 8.0%, preferably 0.01% to 5.0%; fibers, whether or not combined, from 0.0% to 60.0%, preferably from 5.0% to 50.0%, more preferably from 15.0% to 40.0%; nanofibers, combined or not, from 0.0% to 6.0%, preferably from 0.1 to 5.0%, more preferably from 0.01% to 5.0%; starches, combined or not, from 0,0% to 90,0%, preferably 0.0% to 70.0% and more preferably 0.0% to 50.0%; other natural polymers hidrassol ⁇ veis polysaccharide, combined or not »from 0.0% to 70.0%, preferably 0.0% to 80.0% and more preferably 0.0% to 40.0%; auxiliary polymer, singly or in combination, from 0.0% to 30% f 0; preferably 0.0% to 20.0%, more preferably 0.0 to 10.0%; mono-, di- or trivalent inorganic salts and inorganic oxides, combined or not, from 0.0% to 10.0-%, preferably 0.0% to 5.0%, more
- plasticizers and / or dispersants whether or not combined, from 0.0% to 75.0%, preferably from 0.5% to 85.0%, more preferably from 2.0% to ⁇ 0, ⁇ % ⁇ ; antifoam, whether or not combined. 0.0%; .a 5; 0% "preferably 0.5% '3.0%, more preferably. from 0.5% to 2.0%; Emulsions from 0.0% to 10.0%, preferably from 0.0% to 5.0%, more preferably from 0.0%. 3.0%.
- compositions are prepared by dissolving pure xaritan * or in combination with other water-soluble polysaccharides to complete water softening . and / or salt solutions and / or sea water, cold or 'preferably heated to a temperature' below 90 ° C by not excessive mechanical agitation * in atmospheric pressure conditions or, preferably negative, in order to avoid bubble formation.
- m- other constituents of the formulation apart 'or not h ⁇ drof ⁇ iic lipaf ⁇ l ⁇ ca phase or as the composition, the constitution of the composition, when used plasticizers lipofflicos compounds (different types of oils), these should be preferably previously mixed with -emulgences or with polyalkyl-type hydrophilic plasticizers.
- Insoluble solid constituents such as fiber, fiberglass, fillers and nanocharges, antifouling and others may be dispersed in the hydrophilic plasticizers.
- Water soluble constituents, salts, organic acids and the like, pure or in combination, may either be added in the solution of the xanthan or , previously, in the water which will be used for solubilization thereof, becoming, depending on the substances added, the same. which is called saline solution.
- the compositions may also be prepared by dispersing xanthan, pure or in combination with other water soluble polysaccharides in iipophilic or hydrophilic dispersants which may also have plasticizing, emulgent and defoaming action. pure or combined, respecting incompatibilities. Thereafter, solubilization in water and / or saline and / or seawater solutions is followed. Cold or preferably
- compositions 5 heated to temperatures below 90 ° C by non-excessive mechanical stirring under atmospheric or preferably negative pressure conditions. Afterwards the remaining constituents of the formulation, if any, are added.
- xanthan compatible materials that can be used in the compositions enables biopolymer materials with different characteristics to be obtained.
- the biopolymer matrix of the compositions greatly broadens the variability of the characteristics of the materials obtained, and enables the different compositions to suit different processing methods. This flexibility ensured that
- Xanthan for all reasons considered and shown arrteriorment® on modifiable properties, which significantly influence the production of bioplasics should be evaluated and considered. For each process to be used, including thermal properties . In addition to the xanthan matrix, the other constituents of the combinations must be considered for their desired main function as well as the influence that these and their concentrations or proportions cause on the final product.
- the xanthan matrix was reinforced with different nanoparticles which modified the thermal properties of the biofilms giving this material new thermal and mechanical characteristics.
- nanocarbons were used here and the results of the two that can be used in food are shown. It was found that the same amount of nanocarbons, but of different type, promoted differences in melting points of biofilms.
- Closit nanocharge biofilm showed 2 well-defined melting peaks at 188 ° C and 197 ° while closit 308 had a wide melting range with the maximum peak at ISO- Nanocarbons produced a strengthening effect, increasing the resistance of bioplastics, making them better and allowing the expansion of their uses.
- emulsifiers may be related to your Hydrophilic ⁇ Lipophilic Balance (EHL). When this balance is found the bioplastic becomes a. have greater stability.
- EHL Hydrophilic ⁇ Lipophilic Balance
- the addition of emulsif ⁇ eant ranges from 0.5 to ⁇ (50%) '100% w / powder in the dry mixture. Its fast biodegradability without leaving toxic residues in the environment makes it ecologically friendly, as well as technologically viable, as it has thermal and mechanical properties similar to conventional plastics.
- the preparation of these biopolymeric materials can be obtained using some conventional plastics production equipment, provided the necessary adjustments are made, as there are significant differences to manipulate the biopofimefos on an industrial scale! as the initial solubilization of xanthan, so the industry should have this adaptation.
- New films, with different characteristics: can be produced by lamination with different number of layers of materials. conventional or not, compatible with the films of the
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BR112014029845-9A BR112014029845B1 (pt) | 2012-06-06 | 2013-06-05 | composições à base de xantana para obtenção de bioplásticos biocompatíveis e biodegradáveis e bioplásticos biocompatíveis e biodegradáveis obtidos |
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EP4108718A4 (en) * | 2020-02-18 | 2024-03-06 | Biopolix Materiais Tecnológicos Ltda - ME | COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION FOR BIODEGRADABLE THERMOPLASTIC NANOSTRUCTURED BIORESIN, BIORESIN OBTAINED AND ARTICLE |
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EP4108718A4 (en) * | 2020-02-18 | 2024-03-06 | Biopolix Materiais Tecnológicos Ltda - ME | COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION FOR BIODEGRADABLE THERMOPLASTIC NANOSTRUCTURED BIORESIN, BIORESIN OBTAINED AND ARTICLE |
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