WO2013158387A1 - Dispositif de test de la résistance aux dommages de type pendule - Google Patents

Dispositif de test de la résistance aux dommages de type pendule Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013158387A1
WO2013158387A1 PCT/US2013/035545 US2013035545W WO2013158387A1 WO 2013158387 A1 WO2013158387 A1 WO 2013158387A1 US 2013035545 W US2013035545 W US 2013035545W WO 2013158387 A1 WO2013158387 A1 WO 2013158387A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
stylus
swing member
pivot
contact portion
arc
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2013/035545
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Kumar Nanjundiah
Jeff R. ANDERSON
Charles S. Kan
Original Assignee
Dow Global Technologies Llc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Dow Global Technologies Llc filed Critical Dow Global Technologies Llc
Publication of WO2013158387A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013158387A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/40—Investigating hardness or rebound hardness
    • G01N3/42—Investigating hardness or rebound hardness by performing impressions under a steady load by indentors, e.g. sphere, pyramid
    • G01N3/46—Investigating hardness or rebound hardness by performing impressions under a steady load by indentors, e.g. sphere, pyramid the indentors performing a scratching movement
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/40—Investigating hardness or rebound hardness
    • G01N3/48—Investigating hardness or rebound hardness by performing impressions under impulsive load by indentors, e.g. falling ball
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/026—Specifications of the specimen
    • G01N2203/0262—Shape of the specimen
    • G01N2203/0278—Thin specimens
    • G01N2203/0282—Two dimensional, e.g. tapes, webs, sheets, strips, disks or membranes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a pendulum-type mar testing device and a method for testing the mar characteristics of a coating using the pendulum mar testing device.
  • Evaluating mar characteristics of coatings has historically focused primarily on scratch characteristics of coatings.
  • marring is a broader phenomenon than just scratching.
  • a lesser studied mar characteristic of coatings is build-up marring.
  • Build-up marring results in a mar by building-up of material on a surface of a coating.
  • Build-up marring is fundamentally different from scratch marring, which corresponds primarily to creating an indentation into a coating.
  • the study of build-up marring is a lesser studied field than scratch marring.
  • Finger Nail Test Variables in the Finger Nail Test method include fingernail composition between people, speed at which the finger is flicked across the surface and the force with which the person allows their fingernail to impact the surface. All of these variables can affect the extent of marring a surface experiences during a Finger Nail Test. Therefore, the Finger Nail Test is a highly variable qualitative mar test. It would be desirable to develop a device and test method that can provide consistent, reproducible testing similar to the Finger Nail Test, particularly if it is able to be adjusted to introduce primarily build-up type marring.
  • the present invention provides a device capable of providing consistent and reproducible testing of a coating for build-up marring in a manner that is similar to the Finger Nail Test. Part of the challenge in developing the present device was determination of what testing characteristics of a Finger Nail Test were needed to achieve similar build-up marring and then determining how to develop a device that provided those testing characteristics in a reproducible manner.
  • the testing device of the present invention is capable of providing an impact onto a coating at speeds within the range of 0.4 to 2 meters per second, and even up to four meters per second, and at a speed that can be both selected and consistently reproduced.
  • the testing device of the present invention provides a shock-absorbing impact of a stylus that allows a relatively constant amount of force for a selected contact distance on a coating surface allows a user to select a specific amount of force and reproducibly apply that selected force in multiple tests.
  • the present invention surprisingly provides test results that have a tremendous resemblance to Finger Nail Test results. Moreover, the present invention provides a means for precisely selecting the speed, force and length along a surface that is tested and to consistently reproduce testing parameters in multiple tests. As a result, the present invention provides a means for conducting mar characterization similar to the Finger Nail Test on a coating but in a reproducible manner and in a way that allows a user to specifically select testing characteristics.
  • the present invention is a pendulum- type testing device comprising: (a) a swing member; (b) a pivot about which the swing member is free to move along an arc; and (c) a stylus that has a sample-contact portion extending from the swing member so that a sample-contact portion of the stylus engages a test sample positioned along the arc; wherein the swing member, pivot, stylus and any members connecting these members define a deformable linkage that permits at least the surface-contact portion of the stylus to deflect radially towards the pivot at least three millimeters when the stylus engages the test sample and wherein the dimensions and mass of the swing member and stylus are sample- contact portion of the stylus is capable of achieving a speed of at least 0.4 meters per second as it travels along the arc in an absence of a test sample.
  • the present invention is a method for testing mar resistance of a coating comprising placing a sample having the coating on its surface along the arc of the pendulum-type testing device of the first aspect, allowing the swing member to swing along an arc about the pivot so that the surface-contact portion of the stylus contacts the coating on the sample surface thereby deflecting the stylus reversibly radially towards the pivot, and evaluating the coating for a mar where the surface-contact portion of the stylus contacted the coating.
  • the device of the present invention is useful in the process of the present invention, which is useful for characterizing the mar characteristics of a coating.
  • Figure 1 illustrates one embodiment of a stylus suitable for use in the present invention.
  • Figure 1(a) illustrates the width dimension and
  • Figure 1(b) illustrates the thickness dimension.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a pendulum-type testing device of the present invention as viewed in the plane (Figure 2(a)) and perpendicular to the plane ( Figure 2(b)) of the arc the swing element makes about the pivot.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a pendulum-type testing device of the present invention viewed in the plane ( Figure 3(a)) and perpendicular to the plane ( Figure 3(b) and Figure 3(c)) of the arc the swing element makes about the pivot.
  • Figure 4 illustrates a pendulum-type testing device of the present invention viewed in the plane of the arc the swing element makes about the pivot.
  • Figure 5 illustrates a magnified cut-away view of a housing containing a spring and stylus as used in the pendulum-type testing device illustrated in Figure 4.
  • the mar testing device of the present invention is a "pendulum-type” testing device. That means that the device has a member (a “swing member”) that moves or swings in an arc about a pivot.
  • the pivot can be a pin, shaft, point, axle, or equivalent thereto.
  • the pivot can rotate with the swing member or remain stationary and allow the swing member to move apart from the pivot. Reference to swinging "about” the pivot refers to motion relative to the location of the pivot.
  • the shape of the pivot is not a limitation in the broadest scope of the invention.
  • the pivot can be a sphere such as a ball bearing about which a swing member moves.
  • the ball bearing can be mounted between support members with the swing member freely linked to the ball bearing.
  • pivots suitable for use in the present invention include a rod, bar, pole, shaft or dowel extending from a support or between supports.
  • the pivot can be free to move with respect to the supports or be fixed to the supports so as to preclude rotation with respect to the supports.
  • the swing member is desirably supportively linked to the pivot, meaning that the swing member is supported by the pivot in an absence of any other support.
  • the swing member can be freely linked to the pivot (that is, free to rotate distinct from the pivot) or fixedly linked to the pivot (that is, affixed to the pivot so that the pivot moves with the swing member).
  • Freely linked requires a free linkage between the pivot and swing member that allows the swing member to move with respect to the pivot.
  • a free linkage connects two elements in a freely linked manner.
  • a dowel loosely extending through a slot in a swing member creates a free linkage that freely links the dowel (pivot) with the swing member.
  • a dowel or other pivot may extend through a bearing housing attached to a swing member such that the swing member may move about the pivot as bearing in the housing rotate on the pivot.
  • the pivot extends through a one-way bearing housing attached to the swing member.
  • a one-way bearing housing allows for rotation in one direction but not in the other. Therefore, the swing member is allowed to move about the pivot in one direction but not the opposing direction.
  • Fixedly linked means that there is a fixed linkage between the pivot and swing member prevents the swing member from moving with respect to the pivot.
  • a fixed linkage connects to elements in a fixedly linked manner.
  • the pivot and swing member can be a single piece of material or distinct elements rigidly adhered to one another. When the pivot and swing member a fixedly linked the pivot is free to move in any support that holds the pivot.
  • the shape of the swing member is not a limitation in the broadest scope of the present invention.
  • the swing member can, for example, be a sphere or spheroid with the pivot extending through the diameter or through a chord offset from the diameter.
  • the swing member has an aspect ratio such that it has a length that is greater than at least one and typically both of its width and breadth.
  • Length, width and thickness refer to the magnitude of mutually perpendicular dimensions. Length is equal to or greater than the other dimensions. Width is equal to or greater than thickness.
  • the swing member can be a disk-like shape (for example, a plate) that is either circular or oblong.
  • the pivot can extend through thickness (smallest dimension) of the disk-like swing member either through the centroid of the swing member or, preferably, offset from the centroid of the swing member.
  • the swing member has a length that exceeds both the thickness and width dimensions and extends between the pivot and stylus along its length dimension.
  • the width generally lies in the plane in which the swing member moves in an arc about the pivot.
  • the swing member has a length that exceeds its width, its breadth or both its width and breadth by a factor of at least 2, preferably at least 3 and can be at least 4 or at least 5.
  • the swing member can be a single element or comprise multiple elements.
  • the swing member can be a single piece of metal, plastic, glass or other material.
  • the swing member can be multiple (two or more) elements either rigidly or movably connected to one another.
  • Elements rigidly connected to one another are not free to move with respect to one another.
  • two pieces of plastic glued to one another and two pieces of metal bolted firmly together are rigidly connected.
  • elements that are movably connected to one another can move at least a limited distance with respect to one another.
  • links of a chain are movably connected to one another.
  • the swing member can contain both elements that are rigidly connected to one another and elements that are movably connected to one another.
  • the swing member has at least two elements that are adjustably connected, which means they can be connected in different positions.
  • two elements can be connected by a bolt and one of the elements can have a slot through which the bolt extends.
  • the length of the swing member can be lengthened or shortened by adjusting where in the slot the bolt is tightened to connect the two elements.
  • a stylus extends from the swing member.
  • the stylus is a component that is meant to engage a sample surface during mar testing.
  • the stylus has a sample-contact portion that extends further from the pivot than any other portion of the stylus or swing member. As a result, the sample-contact portion engages a test sample positioned along the arc in which the swing member moves about the pivot.
  • the sample-contact portion of the stylus can be of any conceivable shape or size. It is desirably that the sample contact portion have a rounded profile in its thickness dimension (a rounded profile when viewed perpendicular to the arc of motion the swing member travels in about the pivot). A rounded profile in the thickness dimension is desirable to avoid gouging a sample surface upon impact with a square edge.
  • the sample contact portion also, or alternatively, desirably has a rounded profile in its width dimension
  • FIG. 1 illustrates one particularly desirable stylus (stylus 10) that has a rounded profile in both the thickness and width dimensions as viewed showing the width dimension ( Figure 1(a)) and the thickness dimension (( Figure 1(b)).
  • Stylus 10 comprises body 20 and wire 30.
  • Wire 30 is in a loop shape that has a rounded profile in the width dimension as seen in Figure 1(a).
  • Wire 30 itself is round resulting in a rounded profile in the thickness dimension as evident in Figure 1(b).
  • Wire 30 is the sample-contact portion of stylus 10, more specifically the bottom rounded portion 35 of wire 30 actually contact a test sample.
  • the stylus is desirably adjustably mounted to the swing member, which means the position of the stylus along the swing member can be changed.
  • the position of the stylus can be changed relative to the pivot so that the total length from the pivot to the sample-contact portion of the stylus can be changed at will, either by adjusting the position of the stylus with respect to the swing member, by adjusting the length of the swing member or by both adjusting the position of the stylus with respect to the swing member and adjusting the length of the swing member.
  • the stylus can be screwed into or onto the swing member and depending on how far the stylus is screwed into/onto the swing member will dictate the total length from the pivot to the sample-contact portion of the stylus.
  • the stylus can be a flexible material and/or can be connected to the swing member by means of a flexible material.
  • a flexible metal foil for example, spring steel
  • the swing member can be bolted to the swing member and either serve as the stylus or have a stylus mounted to it (in which case, the flexible material can be considered part of the swing member).
  • the stylus is desirably reversibly mounted to the swing member, which means that the stylus can be removed from the swing member and again mounted to the swing member at will.
  • a stylus that is reversibly mounted to a swing member is desirable so that the stylus can be replaced when worn or damaged or can be replaced with a stylus having a different type of sample-contact portion to explore different types of marring performance.
  • the sample-contact portion of the stylus can be of any conceivable material including metal (for example, copper, brass, steel, or lead), organic material (for example, keratin or polymer) or cloth (for example, any material used in clothing can be used).
  • metal for example, copper, brass, steel, or lead
  • organic material for example, keratin or polymer
  • cloth for example, any material used in clothing can be used.
  • the stylus or at least the sample-contact portion of the stylus is interchangeable in the device of the present invention.
  • the stylus may be removably mounted to the swing member allowing for different stylus elements to be mounted depending on the test parameters desired. That way, changing the shape or material of the stylus can be readily accomplished with a single testing device.
  • the swing member, pivot and stylus (as well as any member connecting these to one another that might be construed to be other than the swing member, pivot or stylus) form a "deformable linkage".
  • a deformable linkage can change shape and/or dimension.
  • the deformable linkage allows at least the surface-contact portion of the stylus to deflect (preferably, reversibly deflect) radially towards the pivot when the stylus engages a test sample positioned along the arc along which the swing member moves about the pivot. "Radially inwards” refers generally toward the pivot and away from the test sample positioned along the arc.
  • the distance between the pivot and the surface- contact portion of the stylus is shortened. It is desirable for the deformable linkage to allow the surface-contact portion for the stylus to deflect (preferably reversibly deflect) radially towards the pivot at least three millimeters, preferably at least 4 millimeters, still more preferably 5 millimeters or more.
  • the deformable linkage aspect of the present invention is a critical characteristic and one that distinguishes it from other pendulum- type mar testing devices. Penetration of the stylus into a test sample surface can be avoided by allowing the surface-contact portion of the stylus to deflect away from the test sample surface. This is similar to what occurs in a Finger Nail Test as the finger nail bends slightly upon impact with a surface and the knuckle absorbs some of the shock of impact. Use of a deformable linkage in the device of the present invention allows the test to more closely mimic a Finger Nail Test.
  • the deformable linkage aspect of the present invention allows marring of a coating without gouging (indentation marring). In order to achieve marring the stylus must contact the surface. However, unless the contact- surface of the stylus can deflect towards the pivot upon contact with a surface the stylus is destined to one or more of the following:
  • the deformable linkage allows the contact-portion o the stylus to contact a test sample surface for a measurable distance without gouging the surface or indenting into the surface.
  • measurable distance it is meant five millimeters (mm) or more, preferably 10 mm or more and desirably even 15 mm or more or 20 mm or more without gouging the coating or stopping the swing of the swing member about the pivot.
  • the deformable linkage aspect of the present device can be achieved from any one or combination of more than one characteristic of the pivot, swing element, stylus and/or their interconnectivity.
  • the connection between the swing element and the pivot can be such that the swing member can move radially with respect to the pivot.
  • Such a connection can comprise a pivot rod extending through a slot in the swing element such that the swing element can be displaced with respect to the pivot rod with the pivot rod moving in the slot of the swing element.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates pendulum-type testing device 50 comprising pivot 60, swing element 70, stylus 80 and base 90.
  • Swing element 70 has defined in it slot 75 through which pivot 60 extends. Pivot 60 is free to slide within slot 75. As a result, when stylus 80 impact a sample surface the stylus can deflect towards pivot 60 by displacing swing element 70 along slot 75 with respect to pivot 60.
  • a deformable swing member such as a flexible swing member (for example, a length of flexible metal sheet or a combination of movably connected elements such as chain links in a chain).
  • a deformable swing member such as a flexible swing member (for example, a length of flexible metal sheet or a combination of movably connected elements such as chain links in a chain).
  • Swing element 120 comprises rigid member 124 and flexible spring steel member 126 reversibly attached into a slot in rigid member 124 and stylus 130 with set screws 128.
  • Figure 3(a) illustrates the pendulum device viewed in the plane of the arc the swing element makes while figures 3(b) and 3(c) illustrate the pendulum as viewed perpendicular to the arc the swing element makes and along the pivot.
  • Figure 3(b) illustrates pendulum- type testing 100 at rest without a test sample present.
  • Figure 3(c) illustrates pendulum-type testing 100 as it swings across test sample 140 during which time flexible spring steel member 126 bends slightly deflecting stylus 130 towards pivot 110.
  • a characteristic that may be present to achieve the deformable linkage property is a flexible stylus (for example a length of flexible metal sheet).
  • the swing member and/or stylus can comprise a flexible piece of sheet metal or plastic that can be replaced with sheet metal or plastic having different flex strengths.
  • the stylus extends out from a housing and is held into a position with a spring within the housing.
  • a spring within the housing.
  • the spring can be replaced with a spring of any of various spring constants, which in turn changes the force needed to deflect the stylus away from a test surface.
  • the force applied by the stylus against a test sample can be changed by changing the spring to a spring of a different spring constant.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates one type of such an embodiment where pendulum-type testing device 200 comprising frame 205 supporting pivot 220.
  • Pivot 220 is a rigid rod extending between sides of support frame 205.
  • Swing member 210 which is a rigid arm having opposing first and second ends, is attached proximate to its first end to pivot 220 by means of one-way bearing assembly 215.
  • Attached to the second end of swing member 210 is housing 230 in which resides spring 240 holding stylus 250 in position with surface-contact portion 255 of stylus 250 extending out from housing 230 through a hole (not shown) in housing 230.
  • Stylus 250 is free to reversibly retract at least partially into housing 230 upon application of pressure on surface-contact portion 255 of the stylus by compressing spring 240.
  • Housing 230 in this embodiment has defined in it opening 235 that allows access to spring 240 to facilitate replacing spring 240 with a different spring (for example, one with a different spring constant) if so desired.
  • Figure 5 illustrates a magnified cut-away view of housing 230 showing spring 240, stylus 250 and surface-contact portion 255 of stylus 250.
  • the average speed of a finger nail traveling across a test surface in a Finger Nail Test has been measured to fall within a range of 0.4 to two meters per second (m/s). Therefore, in order to most accurately reproduce a Finger Nail Test, it is desirable for the combination of swing member and stylus to have sufficient length and sufficient weight so that the stylus achieves a speed of at least 0.4 m/s, preferably one m/s or more, still more preferably 1.5 m/s as it travels along the arc in an absence of a test sample.
  • the length and weight of the swing member and stylus can be such that the speed of the stylus along the arc is two m/s second or more in an absence of a test sample it is typical to achieve a speed in a range of 0.4 to two m/s and can achieve up to four m/s. It is further desirable for the length and weight of the swing member and stylus, as well as the resistance to deflection by the stylus, to be selected such that the average speed of the stylus across a test surface falls within these values mentioned in this paragraph.
  • the speed of the stylus across a test surface can influence whether the stylus indents into the coating of the test surface or not.
  • Coatings that are amorphous in character can demonstrate non-Newtonian characteristics that render them more flowable to the pressure of a slow moving stylus than to a fast moving stylus.
  • the Finger Nail Test primarily results in build-up marring rather than indentation marring (scratching) is that: (1) the speed of the finger nail across the sample surface is so fast that the coating is tested in a glassy state rendering it less likely to flow under the pressure of the finger nail; and (2) the finger nail and finger joint flex somewhat during contact with the sample surface thereby mitigating the initial impact of the nail against the coating and equalizing the pressure applied by the nail as it travels over the coating.
  • the pendulum-type testing device of the present invention is designed to mimic these two characteristics of the Finger Nail Test.
  • the speed of the stylus across a coating surface is desirably within the average range of that achieved by a finger nail across a coating in a Finger Nail Test.
  • the ability of the sample-contact portion of the stylus to deflect upon engaging a test sample mitigates the impact of the stylus against the coating and serves to allow the pressure of the stylus against the coating to be more equal over the entire distance of contact than if the sample-contact portion of the stylus did not deflect.
  • the combination of these features serve to distinguish the present invention from other pendulum- type mar testing devices.
  • the testing device of the present invention can further comprise components to facilitate use of the device.
  • the test device desirably includes a gauge that identifies height of the stylus above a test sample or angle of the swing member relative to some point along the arc of motion it makes about the pivot.
  • a gauge is desirable in order to reproducibly position the swing member at the start of a test or intentionally position the swing member at a quantifiably different starting position for different tests.
  • the testing device desirably has a support means to hold the swing member at a specific starting position along an arc about the pivot.
  • the support means is adjustable so that it can be positioned at desirable locations about the arc that the swing member travels about the pivot.
  • the testing device of the present invention can comprise a base holding the pivot in position and a gauge, support member, or both can be attached to that base.
  • a second aspect of the present invention is a method for testing mar resistance of a coating comprising placing a sample having the coating on its surface along the arc of the pendulum-type testing device of the present invention, allowing the swing member to swing along an arc about the pivot so that the surface-contact portion of the stylus contacts the coating on the sample surface thereby deflecting the stylus reversibly radially towards the pivot, and evaluating the coating for a mar where the surface-contact portion of the stylus contacted the coating.
  • the process can further include adjusting the composition of the surface-contact portion of the stylus and the force with which the surface-contact portion of the stylus contacts the sample surface so to achieve a mar that is primarily build-up marring rather than indentation marring.
  • steps to adjust the force with which the surface-contact portion of the stylus contacts the sample surface include any one or combination of more than one of the following: (a) adjusting the length of the combination of swing member and stylus; (b) adjusting the ease with which the surface-contact portion of the stylus deflects upon contact with the sample surface; (c) adjusting the height of the stylus above the sample surface at which the swing member begins moving in the arc about the pivot to initiate contact with the sample surface. Generally, reducing the force with which the surface-contact portion of the stylus contacts the sample surface will be more likely to produce build-up marring than indentation marring.
  • Evaluation of marring resulting from the present test method can be done using many different methods. For example, profilometry and/or atomic force microscopy is useful for characterizing the mar as primarily build-up marring or indentation marring. A profile that shows primarily an increase in profile height across a mar indicates the mar is a build-up mar. A profile that reveals primarily a decrease in profile height or a profile that illustrates an increase in profile height on either side of a decrease in profile height
  • the pendulum-type testing device of the present invention is particularly useful because the deflection of the stylus upon contact with a coating facilitates production of build-up marring.
  • the length of the swing member and stylus can be adjusted as can the force needed to deflect the sample-contact portion of the stylus so as to adjust how much force the stylus applies to a coating in order to achieve build-up marring when build-up marring is specifically desired. Generally, a lower force required to deflect the sample-contact portion of the stylus will tend to result build-up type marring than a greater force.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

Cette invention concerne un test de résistance aux dommages d'un revêtement faisant intervenir un dispositif de test de la résistance aux dommages de type pendule, ledit dispositif comprenant un élément oscillant ; un pivot autour duquel l'élément oscillant est libre de se déplacer sur un arc ; et un stylet ayant une partie en contact avec l'échantillon s'étendant à partir de l'élément oscillant qui entrent en contact avec le revêtement testé quand ils se trouvent sur l'arc. L'élément oscillant, le pivot le stylet et tous les organes reliant ces éléments définissent une liaison déformable qui permet au moins à la partie en contact avec la surface du stylet de dévier radialement en direction du pivot d'au moins trois millimètres quand le stylet est en contact avec l'échantillon d'essai et les dimensions et le poids desdits élément oscillant, stylet et partie en contact avec la surface du stylet permettent d'obtenir une vitesse d'au moins 0,4 mètre par seconde quand il se déplace sur l'arc en l'absence d'échantillon d'essai.
PCT/US2013/035545 2012-04-19 2013-04-08 Dispositif de test de la résistance aux dommages de type pendule WO2013158387A1 (fr)

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CN109142931A (zh) * 2018-09-03 2019-01-04 苏州华兴源创科技股份有限公司 一种用于压电陶瓷测试的系统及方法
CN109238894A (zh) * 2018-11-16 2019-01-18 湖南融灏实业有限公司 一种屏幕硬度检测装置
KR101926788B1 (ko) * 2018-01-18 2019-03-07 군산대학교산학협력단 콘크리트 경도 측정장치 및 이를 이용한 콘크리트 경도 측정방법
US20220397503A1 (en) * 2021-06-12 2022-12-15 University of the District of Columbia Scratch tester for adhesion testing of coatings on surfaces

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