Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
  • G09B19/00—Teaching not covered by other main groups of this subclass
  • G09B19/24—Use of tools

Definitions

• the present disclosure is related to virtual reality simulation and, more particularly, to systems and methods for providing arc welding training in a simulated virtual reality environment or augmented reality environment.
• a virtual welding system includes a programmable processor based subsystem and a spatial tracker operatively connected to the programmable processor based subsystem.
• a mock welding tool is employed, which is capable of being spatially tracked by the spatial tracker.
• the mock welding tool includes one or more adapters, wherein each adapter emulates the real-world appearance of a particular weld type.
• a base is removably coupled to each of the one or more adapters.
• a mock welding tool is used within a virtual welding system.
• One or more adapters are employed, wherein each adapter emulates the physical characteristics of a particular weld type.
• a base is removably coupled to each of the one or more adapters, the base identifies a real time spatial location of the mock welding tool relative to a datum location.
• a method is employed to use a mock welding tool within a virtual welding system.
• a first adapter is removably connected to a base, the first adapter being associated with a first weld type.
• the first adapter is removed from the base wherein a second adapter is removably connected to the base, the second adapter being associated with a second weld type.
• the use of a plurality of adapter types with a common base facilitates use of a portable virtual welding system that can be employed in substantially any mobile location.
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a virtual welding system that includes an interchangeable mock welding tool with a base that can connect to each of a plurality of adapters;
• FIG. 2 is one implementation of the system set forth in FIG. 1;
• FIG. 3 is an exemplary side plan view of a GMAW adapter that removably couples to a base;
• FIG. 4 is an exemplary perspective view of a stick tool adapter that removably couples to a base
• FIG. 5 is an exemplary perspective view of an oxyfuel adapter that removably couples to a base
• FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a base that can interface with the adapters set forth in FIGS. 3, 4 and 5;
• FIG. 7 is a cut-away perspective view of the base depicted in FIG. 6;
• FIG. 8A is a perspective view of an assembled mock welding tool that includes the base and a stick tool adapter;
• FIG. 8B is a perspective view of an exploded mock welding tool that includes the base and a stick tool adapter;
• FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a stand utilized to hold a welding coupon and magnet in known spatial locations
• FIG. 10 is a perspective view illustrating the stand of FIG. 9 in an alternate, compactable position to hold the welding coupon and magnet in known spatial locations;
• FIG. 11 is an assembly view illustrating a kit that includes components to transport and operate a mobile virtual welding system;
• FIG. 2 is a front elevational view illustrating a user interface to communicate with a virtual welding system
• FIG. 13 is a front elevational view illustrating an alternate user interface to communicate with a virtual welding system
• FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a helmet that can be used by a user within a virtual welding system
• FIG. 15 is a rear perspective view of an FMDD mounted within a welding helmet that is used within a virtual welding system;
• FIG. 16 is a flow diagram of an example embodiment of a subsystem block diagram of a programmable processor-based subsystem (PPS) shown in FIG. 1 ;
• PPS programmable processor-based subsystem
• FIG. 17 is a flow diagram of an example embodiment of a block diagram of a graphics processing unit of the PPS of FIG. 16;
• FIG. 18 is a flow diagram of an example embodiment of a functional block diagram of the system of FIG. 1 ;
• FIG. 19 is a flowchart of an embodiment of a method of training using the virtual reality training system of FIG. 1 ;
• FIG. 20 is an elevation view showing a welding pixel (wexel) displacement map, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
• FIG. 21 is a perspective view of a coupon space and corresponding x-y weld space plot of a flat welding coupon simulated in the system of FIG. 1
• FIG. 22 is a perspective view of a corner and corresponding T-S weld space plot of a comer (tee joint) welding coupon simulated in the system of FIG. 1 ;
• FIG. 23 is a perspective view of a pipe coupon and corresponding T-S weld space plot of a pipe welding coupon simulated in the system of FIG. 1 ; and [0035] FIGS. 24A-24C are elevation views illustrating the concept of a dual displacement puddle of the system of FIG. 1.
• FIG. 1 A block diagram illustrating an exemplary computing environment in accordance with the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout.
• the present embodiments are directed to a virtual welding system that employs a mock welding tool that has a base to accommodate a plurality of adapters, wherein each adapter simulates a different weld type.
• the adapters can be have a common size to allow seamless removable coupling with the base when desired.
• the subject embodiments relate to a virtual reality welding system that includes a programmable processor-based subsystem, a spatial tracker operatively connected to the programmable processor-based subsystem, at least one mock welding tool capable of being spatially tracked by the spatial tracker, and at least one display device operatively connected to the programmable processor-based subsys- tern.
• the mock welding tool includes a base and a plurality of adapters, wherein each adapter is used to simulate a different welding type. For example, a first adapter can simulate GMAW welding, a second adapter can simulate SMAW welding, a third adapter can simulate oxyfuel welding, and so on.
• the tools can be used to simulate a cutting device, such as an oxyfuel or other cutting torch.
• the adapters can all have a standardized size to allow seamless switching as they are removed and connected to a common base.
• a compactable stand is employed to hold a welding coupon in space for use with the mock welding tool.
• the system is capable of simulating a plurality of weld types in virtual reality space, wherein a weld puddle has real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics that are commensurate with each weld type.
• the real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics of the simulated weld pud- die provide real-time visual feedback to a user of the mock welding tool when displayed, allowing the user to adjust or maintain a welding technique in real-time in response to the real-time visual feedback.
• the displayed weld puddle is representative of a weld puddle that would be formed in the real-world based on the user's welding technique and the selected welding process and parameters.
• a puddle e.g., shape, color, slag, size
• the shape of the puddle is responsive to the movement of the mock welding tool.
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a virtual welding system 100 that provides arc welding training in a real-time virtual reality environment.
• the virtual welding system 100 includes a programmable processor- based subsystem (PPS) 110.
• PPS programmable processor- based subsystem
• the virtual welding system 100 further includes a spatial tracker (ST) 120 opera- tively connected to the PPS 110.
• the virtual welding system 100 also includes a physical welding user interface (WUI) 130 operatively connected to the PPS 110 and a face-mounted display device (FMDD) 140 opera- tively connected to the PPS 110 and the ST 120.
• the virtual welding system 100 further includes an observer display device (ODD) 150 operatively connected to the PPS 110.
• the virtual welding system 100 also includes at least one mock welding tool (MWT) 160 operatively connected to the ST 120 and the PPS 110.
• the virtual welding system 100 further includes a stand 170 and at least one welding coupon (WC) 80 capable of being attached to the stand 170.
• the MWT 160 can include a base (not shown) that couples to one or more adapters (not shown) to simulate a plurality of different weld types.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a system 200 that illustrates one implementation of the system set forth in FIG. 1.
• the FMDD 140 is used to display a simulated virtual environment for a user to visually experience welding.
• the FMDD 140 is communication with the PPS 110 to receive and transmit data relative to the spatial location of the FMDD 140 in the system 200. Communication can be facilitated utilizing known hardwire and/or wireless technologies including Bluetooth, wireless Ethernet and the like.
• one or more sensors 142 are disposed within and/or proximate to FMDD 140. The sensors 142, in turn, evaluate spatial location relative to a particular da- turn within the system 200, such as a magnet 172.
• the magnet 172 can be located at a known datum point and disposed a predetermined distance 178 relative to the welding coupon 180. This predetermined distance 178 can be maintained by utilizing a form factor, template, or preconfigured structure in association with the stand 170. Thus, movement of the sensors 142 relative to the magnet 172 can inherently provide location data of the FMDD 140 relative to the welding coupon 180 within the stand 170. The sensors 142 can communicate wire- lessly to identify location relative to the magnet utilizing known communication protocols to update the FMDD 140 in real-time to coincide with the user's motion.
• the system 200 also includes the MWT 160, which includes an adapter 162 that is coupled to a base 166.
• the adapter 162 is merely representative of one of a plurality of adapters that each simulate a particular weld type.
• the adapter 162 is removably coupled to the base 166 to allow re- moval and replacement of one adapter as a substitute for another. Removable coupling can be accomplished utilizing tabs, dimples, sliders, push buttons, etc. to allow a user to depress, twist, or otherwise mechanically modify the adapter 162 and/or the base 166.
• each adapter 162 is sized to represent a real world equivalent that would be used to perform actual weld operations. Once a particular adapter is coupled to the base, the user can input the type of adapter in use, to allow the PPS to load and execute an appropriate instruction set associated therewith. In this manner, an accurate rendering is displayed on the FMDD 140 that is commensurate with each adapter type.
• One or more sensors 168 can be disposed within or proximate to the base 166. As with the FMDD 140, the sensors 68 can wirelessly determine spatial location relative to the magnet 172 on the stand 170. In this manner, the adapter 162 and base 166, in combination, inherently have a known location and space relative to the magnet 172 as the dimensions of both the adapter 162 and the base 166 are predetermined.
• a user may interface with the PPS 110 (e.g. via the WUI 130) to indicate that a particular adapter is currently in use. Once such an indication is made, the PPS 110 can retrieve a lookup table from the memory 112, which contains a rule set to properly render a simulated environment as experienced by the user through the FMDD 140.
• the PPS 10 is a computer operable to execute the disclosed architecture.
• the PPS 110 can employ computer-executable instructions that may run on one or more computers, implemented in combination with other program modules, and/or as a combination of hardware and software.
• program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types.
• such programs and computer-executable instructions can be processed via a robot using various machine control paradigms.
• inventive methods may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, mini- computers, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, and the like, each of which may be operatively coupled to one or more associated devices.
• inventive methods may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where certain tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network.
• program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.
• the PPS 110 can utilize an exemplary environment for implementing various aspects of the invention including a computer, wherein the computer includes a processor 114, a memory 112 and a system bus for communication purposes.
• the system bus couples system components including, but not limited to the memory 112 to the processor 114.
• the processor 114 may be any of various commercially available processors. Dual microprocessors and other multi-processor architectures also can be employed as the processor 114.
• the system bus can be any of several types of bus structure including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus and a local bus using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures.
• the memory 112 can include read only memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM).
• ROM read only memory
• RAM random access memory
• the PPS 110 can further include a hard disk drive, a magnetic disk drive, e.g., to read from or write to a removable disk, and an optical disk drive, e.g., for reading a CD-ROM disk or to read from or write to other optical media.
• the PPS 110 can include at least some form of computer readable media.
• Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by the computer.
• Computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media.
• Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data.
• Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by the PPS 110.
• Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media.
• modulated data signal means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal.
• communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.
• a number of program modules may be stored in the drives and RAM, including an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data.
• the operating system in the PPS 0 can be any of a number of commercially available operating systems.
• a user may enter commands and information into the computer through a keyboard and a pointing device, such as a mouse.
• Other input devices may include a microphone, an IR remote control, a track ball, a pen input device, a joystick, a game pad, a digitizing tablet, a satellite dish, a scanner, or the like.
• These and other input devices are often connected to the processor through a serial port interface that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, a game port, a universal serial bus (“USB”), an IR interface, and/or various wireless technologies.
• a monitor (not shown) or other type of display device, may also be connected to the system bus via an interface, such as a video adapter.
• Visual output may also be accomplished through a remote display network protocol such as Remote Desktop Protocol, VNC, X-Window System, etc.
• a computer typically includes other peripheral output devices, such as speakers, printers, etc.
• a display such as the ODD 150 and the WUI 130, can be employed with the PPS 110 to present data that is electronically received from the processor.
• the display can be an LCD, plasma, CRT, etc. monitor that presents data electronically.
• the display can present received data in a hard copy format such as a printer, facsimile, plotter etc.
• the display can present data in any color and can receive data from the PPS 110 via any wireless or hard wire protocol and/or standard.
• the WUI 130 is a touch-screen that allows a user to interface with the PPS 110 such as reviewing weld data from one or more previous simulations.
• a user can also navigate through various data paradigms to identify informa- tion relevant to a particular analysis (e.g., weld quality), wherein such data is evaluated against one or more benchmarks for scoring or other comparison.
• the computer can operate in a networked environment using logical and/or physical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computers).
• the remote computers can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, a personal computer, microprocessor based entertainment appliance, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer.
• the logical connections depicted include a local area network (LAN) and a wide area network (WAN).
• LAN local area network
• WAN wide area network
• Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet.
• the computer When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer is connected to the local network through a network interface or adapter.
• the computer When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer typically includes a modem, or is connected to a communications server on the LAN, or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN, such as the Internet.
• a communications server on the LAN or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN, such as the Internet.
• program modules depicted relative to the computer, or portions thereof may be stored in the remote memory storage device. It will be appreciated that network connections described herein are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.
• FIGS. 3-5 illustrate non-limiting example embodiments of the adapter 162, wherein FIG. 3 shows the adapter 162 as a GMAW welding gun 300; FIG. 4 shows the adapter 162 as a stick welding tool 400; and FIG. 5 shows the adapter 162 as an oxyfuel torch 500.
• the adapters are described herein as having a plurality of different components, it is to be appreciated that both unitary and multi-component embodiments of the adapter are contemplated within the scope of this invention.
• the GMAW welding gun 300 includes a nozzle 310 connected to an interface 318 via a tube 312.
• the welding gun 300 can have substantially the same weight and dimension as a GMAW gun as used in real-world applications.
• the dimen- sion of each component within the gun 300 can be a known value, which can be used to calibrate the gun in view of the welding coupon 180 and magnet 172.
• the interface 318 can include one or more mechanical features to allow removable coupling of the adapter 300 to a base.
• FIG. 4 illustrates the stick welding tool 400 for plate and pipe welding and includes a holder 422 and a simulated stick electrode 410.
• the simulated stick electrode 410 can include a tactilely resistive tip to simulate resistive feedback that occurs during, for example, a root pass welding procedure in real-world pipe welding or when welding a plate. If the user moves the simulated stick electrode 162 too far back out of the root, the user will be able to feel or sense the lower resistance, thereby deriving feedback for use in adjusting or maintaining the current welding process.
• An interface 418 allows removable coupling of the stick welding tool 400 to a base.
• the oxyfuel adapter 500 that includes a nozzle 510 and an interface 518 that allows removable coupling of the oxyfuel adapter 500 to a base.
• the interface 518 includes a collar 522 that can be secured around the diameter of the base.
• a push button 520 can include a protrusion or other feature to mechanically interface with a complimentary feature (e.g., dimple) on the base. In this manner, the adapter 500 can "lock" to the base dependent upon whether the push button is depressed or otherwise manipulated.
• the oxyfuel adapter can be used to represent and cutting torch that is used to cut metal objects. In this embodiment, the cutting torch is displayed within the virtual weld system as it would operate in a real-world application.
• the PPS 110 can load and execute code that is representative of a cutting torch application instead of a welding torch.
• a MWT that simulates a hand-held semi-automatic welding gun having a wire electrode fed through the gun
• a real welding tool could be used as the MWT 160 to better simulate the actual feel of the tool in the user's hands, even though, in the virtual welding system 100, the tool would not be used to actually create a real arc.
• a simulated grinding tool may be provided, for use in a simulated grinding mode of the virtual welding system 100.
• a simulated cutting tool may be provided, for use in a simulated cutting mode of the virtual welding system 100.
• a simulated gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) torch or filler material may be provided for use in the virtual welding system 100.
• GTAW gas tungsten arc welding
• FIG. 6 illustrates a base 600 that is employed to interface to one or more adapters such as the G AW gun 300, the stick-welding tool 400, and the oxyfuel adapter 500.
• the base 600 includes a body 620, which can house one or more electronic components, such as the sensors 168 described herein.
• the body 620 is comprised of two halves that are held together via fasteners 640 such as, for example, screws, bolts, rivets, etc.
• a hard-wire cable 630 extends from the body 620 to facilitate communication of the base 600 with the PPS 110.
• the interface 610 includes a landing 614 and a dimple 616 disposed therein on opposite sides of the interface 610.
• the landing and dimple combination can serve as a removable interlock for a complimentary component within the interface of the exemplary adapters 300, 400, 500.
• Substantially any mechanical interface, however, is contemplated to facilitate efficient removal and replacement of an adapter to the base 600.
• a push button 6 8 disposed within a protrusion 636 can be employed to indicate that a user is in an active welding mode when the push button 618 is depressed.
• a complimentary form factor can be included in the adapter to fit as a sleeve over the push button 618 wherein the user can depress the push button via a form factor feature on the adapter.
• the adapter form factor can simulate a real world trigger or a similar device to give the user a real world look and feel for weld operation.
• FIG. 7 is a cut-away perspective view of the base 600 to reveal a sensor 652 disposed therein.
• the sensor 652 communicates with one or more different components (e.g., PPS 110) via a cable 654 and is disposed within the base 600 in a pre-determined location and held in place via fasteners 658.
• Vanes 672 provides structural support for the base 600 throughout the body 620.
• the sensor 652 utilizes known non-contact technology such as capacitance sensors, piezoelectric, eddy current, inductive, ultrasonic, Hall effect, and/or infrared proximity sensor technologies. Such technologies can be used with other sensors described herein including sensors 142 and 168 used in the helmet 146 and base 166 respectively.
• FIG. 8 illustrates a mock welding tool 800 wherein the adapter 400 is removably coupled to the base 600 for use within the virtual welding system 100.
• FIG. 9 illustrates a stand 700 that is utilized to locate a welding coupon 758 in space at a known location relative to a magnet 710.
• the stand 700 includes an arm 714 and a base 724 which are coupled together via an upright 722.
• the upright 722 is removably engaged to the base 724 to allow the stand 700 to be broken down into individual components for packaging and shipping.
• the base 724 and upright 722 can have one or more structural features (e.g., vanes) that add structural support to such components that at the same time maintain a relatively low weight.
• a plunger 732 can be drawn away from the arm 7 4 to allow the removal and replacement of coupons onto the stand 700 in a repeatable spatial location.
• the dimensions of the arm 714 and the location of the welding coupon 758 relative to a magnet 710 disposed on a landing 738 are all known, a mock welding tool proximate to the welding coupon 758 will have a known and repeatable output thereby providing an appropriate real-time virtual welding environment to the user.
• Pins 762, 764 can be removed from the stand 700 to allow the arm 714 to pivot around the pin 764 as depicted in FIG. 10.
• the pin 762 is removed from hole 766, 768 thereby allowing the arm 714 to rotate around the pin 764 to a second location.
• a user can simulate welds in a multiple number of planes (e.g., horizontal and vertical) to learn the nuances associated with each.
• FIG. 11 illustrates a portable welding kit that can be easily transported from location to location.
• the kit can be set up in substantially any location proximate to a power source, which may include a battery, A/C, or other power.
• a container 810 can be substantially shaped as a welding machine housing wherein the interior includes a plurality of shells, platforms and other storage areas to accommodate the WUI 130, the stand 700, the mock welding tool 800, and a helmet 900.
• the container can further include wheels to facilitate effi- cient transport of the container 810.
• FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary user interface 830 that displays a plurality of metrics associated with a typical weld system.
• the interface 830 includes a selector 832 to identify the type of adapter utilized with the simulated weld system.
• a temperature gauge 836, a current gauge 838, and a voltage gauge 842 can provide real-time feedback to a user during weld operation.
• 854 and 856 display additional informa- tion and allow user input to modify the same.
• FIG. 13 shows an alternate user interface 860 that simulates a real world hardware weld system interface.
• a user is able to provide input to the display 860 using a touch screen or other peripheral input method as described herein.
• FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate a helmet 900 that is worn by the user when operating the virtual welding system.
• FIG. 14 shows a front perspective view of the helmet 900, which can be an actual welding helmet used in real-world application and retrofitted to include the F DD, as described above.
• FIG. 15 illustrates an example embodiment of the FMDD 140 of integrated into a welding helmet 900.
• the FMDD 140 operatively connects to the PPS 110 and the ST 120 either via wired means or wirelessly.
• a sensor 142 of the ST 120 may be attached to the FMDD 140 or to the welding helmet 900, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, allowing the FMDD 140 and/or welding helmet 900 to be tracked with respect to the 3D spatial frame of reference created by the ST 120.
• FIG. 16 illustrates an example embodiment of a subsystem block diagram of the programmable processor-based subsystem (PPS) 110 of the virtual welding system 100 of FIG. 1.
• the PPS 110 includes a central processing unit (CPU) 111 and one or more graphics processing units (GPU) 1 5, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• CPU central processing unit
• GPU graphics processing units
• one GPU 115 is used to provide monoscopic vision on the FMDD 140.
• two GPUs 115 are programmed to provide stereoscopic vision on the FMDD 140.
• a user views a virtual reality simulation of a weld puddle (a.k.a. a weld pool) having real-time molten metal fluidity and heat absorption and dissipation characteristics, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 17 illustrates an example embodiment of a block diagram of a graphics processing unit (GPU) 115 of the PPS 110 of FIG. 10.
• GPU graphics processing unit
• Each GPU 1 5 supports the implementation of data parallel algorithms.
• each GPU 115 provides two video outputs 118 and 1 9 capable of providing two virtual reality views. Two of the video outputs may be routed to the FMDD 140, rendering the welder's point of view, and a third video output may be routed to the ODD 150, for example, rendering either the welder's point of view or some other point of view. The remaining fourth video output may be routed to a projector, for example.
• Both GPUs 15 perform the same welding physics computations but may render the virtual reality environment from the same or different points of view.
• the GPU 115 includes a com- pute unified device architecture (CUDA) 116 and a shader 117.
• the CUDA 116 is the computing engine of the GPU 115 which is accessible to software developers through industry standard programming languages.
• the CUDA 116 includes parallel cores and is used to run the physics model of the weld puddle simulation described herein.
• the CPU 111 provides real-time welding input data to the CUDA 116 on the GPU 115.
• the shader 1 17 is responsible for drawing and applying all of the visuals of the simulation. Bead and puddle visuals are driven by the state of a wexel displacement map which is described later herein.
• the physics model runs and updates at a rate of about 30 times per second.
• FIG. 18 illustrates an example embodiment of a functional block diagram of the virtual welding system 100 of FIG. 1.
• the various functional blocks of the virtual welding system 100 as shown in FIG. 12 are implemented largely via software instructions and modules running on the PPS 110.
• the various functional blocks of the virtual welding system 100 include a physical interface 1201 , torch and clamp models 1202, environment models 1203, sound content functionality 1204, welding sounds 1205, stand/table model 1206, internal architecture functionality 1207, calibration functionality 1208, welding coupon models 1210, welding physics 1211 , internal physics adjustment tool (tweaker) 1212, graphical user interface functionality 1213, graphing functionality 1214, student reports functionality 1215, Tenderer 1216, bead rendering 1217, 3D textures 1218, visual cues functionality 1219, scoring and tolerance functionality 1220, tolerance editor 1221 , and spatial effects 1222.
• the internal architecture functionality 1207 provides the higher level software logistics of the processes of the virtual welding system 100 including, for example, loading files, holding information, managing threads, turning the physics model on, and triggering menus.
• the internal architecture functionality 1207 runs on the CPU 111 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• Certain real-time inputs to the PPS 110 include arc location, gun position, F DD or helmet position, gun on/off state, and contact made state (yes/no).
• the graphical user interface functionality 1213 allows a user, through the ODD 150 using the joystick 132 of the physical user interface 130, to set up a welding scenario.
• the set up of a welding scenario includes selecting a language, entering a user name, selecting a practice plate (i.e., a welding coupon), selecting a welding process (e.g., FCAW, GMAW, SMAW) and associated axial spray, pulse, or short arc methods, selecting a gas type and flow rate, selecting a type of stick electrode (e.g., 6010 or 7018), and selecting a type of flux cored wire (e.g., self-shielded, gas- shielded).
• the set up of a welding scenario also includes selecting a table height, an arm height, an arm posi- tion, and an arm rotation of the stand 170.
• the set up of a welding scenario further includes selecting an environment (e.g., a background environment in virtual reality space), setting a wire feed speed, setting a voltage level, setting an amperage, selecting a polarity, and turning particular visual cues on or off.
• an environment e.g., a background environment in virtual reality space
• setting a wire feed speed setting a voltage level
• setting an amperage selecting a polarity
• turning particular visual cues on or off e.g., a polarity
• the graphing functionality 1214 gathers user performance parameters and provides the user performance parameters to the graphical user interface functionality 1213 for display in a graphical format (e.g., on the ODD 150). Tracking information from the ST 120 feeds into the graphing functionality 1214.
• the graphing functionality 1214 includes a simple analysis module (SAM) and a whip/weave analysis module (WWAM).
• SAM analyzes user welding parameters including welding travel angle, travel speed, weld angle, position, and tip to work distance by comparing the welding parameters to data stored in bead tables.
• the WWAM analyzes user whipping parameters including dime spacing, whip time, and puddle time.
• the WWAM also analyzes user weaving parameters including width of weave, weave spacing, and weave timing.
• the SAM and WWAM interpret raw input data (e.g., position and orientation data) into functionally usable data for graphing.
• a tolerance window is defined by parameter limits around an optimum or ideal set point input into bead tables using the tolerance editor 1221 , and scoring and tolerance functionality 1220 is performed.
• the tolerance editor 1221 includes a weldometer which approximates material usage, electrical usage, and welding time. Furthermore, when certain parameters are out of tolerance, welding discontinuities (i.e., welding defects) may occur.
• the state of any welding discontinuities are processed by the graphing functionality 1214 and presented via the graphical user interface functionality 1213 in a graphical format.
• Such welding discontinuities include improper weld size, poor bead placement, concave bead, excessive convexity, undercut, porosity, incomplete fusion, slag entrapment, overfill, burnthrough, and excessive spatter.
• the level or amount of a discontinuity is dependent on how far away a particular user parameter is from the optimum or ideal set point.
• the scoring and tolerance functionality 1220 provide number scores depending on how close to optimum (ideal) a user is for a particular parameter and depending on the level of discontinuities or defects present in the weld. The optimum values are derived from real-world data. Information from the scoring and tolerance functionality 1220 and from the graphics functionality 1214 may be used by the student reports functionality 1215 to create a performance report for an instructor and/or a student.
• the virtual welding system 100 is capable of analyzing and displaying the results of virtual welding activity.
• virtual welding system 100 is capable of determining when during the welding pass and where along the weld joints, the user deviated from the acceptable limits of the welding process.
• a score may be attributed to the user's performance.
• the score may be a function of deviation in position, orientation and speed of the mock welding tool 160 through ranges of toler- ances, which may extend from an ideal welding pass to marginal or unacceptable welding activity. Any gradient of ranges may be incorporated into the virtual welding system 100 as chosen for scoring the user's performance. Scoring may be displayed numerically or alpha-numerically.
• the user's performance may be displayed graphically showing, in time and/or position along the weld joint, how closely the mock welding tool traversed the weld joint.
• Parameters such as travel angle, work angle, speed, and distance from the weld joint are examples of what may be measured, although any parameters may be analyzed for scoring purposes. The tolerance ranges of the parameters are taken from real-world welding data, thereby providing accurate feedback as to how the user will perform in the real world.
• analysis of the defects corresponding to the user's performance may also be incorporated and displayed on the ODD 150.
• a graph may be depicted indicating what type of discontinuity resulted from measuring the various pa- rameters monitored during the virtual welding activity. While occlusions may not be visible on the ODD 150, defects may still have occurred as a result of the user's performance, the results of which may still be correspondingly displayed, i.e. graphed.
• Visual cues functionality 1219 provide immediate feedback to the user by displaying overlaid colors and indicators on the FMDD 140 and/or the ODD 150.
• Visual cues are provided for each of the welding parameters 151 including position, tip to work distance, weld angle, travel angle, travel speed, and arc length (e.g., for stick welding) and visually indicate to the user if some aspect of the user's welding technique should be adjusted based on the predefined limits or tolerances.
• Visual cues may also be provided for whip/weave technique and weld bead "dime" spacing, for example. Visual cues may be set independently or in any desired combination.
• Calibration functionality 1208 provides the capability to match up physical components in real world space (3D frame of reference) with visual components in virtual reality space.
• Each different type of welding coupon (WC) is calibrated in the factory by mounting the WC to the arm 714 of the stand 170 and touching the WC at predefined points (indicated by, for example, three dimples on the WC) with a calibration stylus operatively connected to the ST 120.
• the ST 120 reads the magnetic field intensities at the predefined points, provides position information to the PPS 110, and the PPS 10 uses the position information to perform the calibration (i.e., the translation from real world space to virtual reality space).
• any particular type of WC fits into the arm 714 of the stand 170 in the. same repeatable way to within very tight tolerances.
• the distance between the coupon 758 and the magnet 710 on the arm 714 is a known distance 178 as set forth in FIG. 2 above. Therefore, once a particular WC type is cali- brated, that WC type does not have to be re-calibrated (i.e., calibration of a particular type of WC is a one-time event).
• WCs of the same type are interchangeable. Calibration ensures that physical feedback perceived by the user during a welding process matches up with what is displayed to the user in virtual reality space, making the simulation seem more real.
• the MWT 160 is placed in a pre-positioned jig and is calibrated as well, based on the known jig position.
• “smart” coupons are provided, having sensors on, for example, the corners of the coupons.
• the ST 120 is able to track the corners of a "smart” welding coupon such that the virtual welding system 100 continuously knows where the "smart" welding coupon is in real world 3D space.
• licensing keys are provided to "unlock" welding coupons. When a particular WC is purchased, a licensing key is provided allowing the user to enter the licensing key into the virtual welding system 100, unlocking the software associated with that WC.
• spatial nonstandard welding coupons may be provided based on real-world CAD drawings of parts. Users may be able to train on welding a CAD part even before the part is actually produced in the real world.
• Sound content functionality 1204 and welding sounds 1205 provide particular types of welding sounds that change depending on if certain welding parameters are within tolerance or out of tolerance. Sounds are tailored to the various welding processes and parameters. For example, in a MIG spray arc welding process, a crackling sound is provided when the user does not have the MWT 160 positioned correctly, and a hissing sound is provided when the MWT 160 is positioned correctly. In a short arc welding process, a steady crackling or frying sound is provided for proper welding technique, and a hissing sound may be provided when undercutting is occurring. These sounds mimic real world sounds corresponding to correct and incorrect welding technique.
• High fidelity sound content may be taken from real world recordings of actual welding using a variety of electronic and mechanical means, in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.
• the perceived volume and directionality of sound is modified depending on the position, orientation, and distance of the user's head (assuming the user is wearing a FMDD 140 that is tracked by the ST 120) with respect to the simulated arc between the MWT 160 and the WC 180.
• Sound may be provided to the user via ear bud speakers in the helmet 900 or via speakers configured in the console 35 or stand 170, for example.
• Environment models 1203 are provided to provide various background scenes (still and moving) in virtual reality space.
• Such background environments may include, for example, an indoor welding shop, an outdoor race track, a garage, etc. and may include moving cars, people, birds, clouds, and various environ- mental sounds.
• the background environment may be interactive, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. For example, a user may have to survey a background area, before starting welding, to ensure that the environment is appropriate (e.g., safe) for welding.
• Torch and clamp models 1202 are provided which model various MWTs 160 including, for example, guns, holders with stick electrodes, etc. in virtual reality space.
• Coupon models 1210 are provided which model various WCs 180 including, for example, flat plate coupons, T-joint coupons, butt-joint coupons, groove-weld coupons, and pipe coupons (e.g., 2-inch diameter pipe and 6-inch diameter pipe) in virtual reality space.
• welding coupon models can include multi-versions, wherein the coupons include one or more welding coupon types within a single form factor.
• an exemplary multi-welding coupon may include a T-joint, butt-joint, and groove-weld in a single component.
• a stand/table model 1206 is provided which models the various parts of the stand 700 including an adjustable arm 714, a base 724, and an upright 174 used to couple the adjustable arm to the base as used in virtual reality space.
• a physical interface model 1201 is provided which models the various parts of the welding user interface 130, console 135, and ODD 150 in virtual reality space.
• simulation of a weld puddle or pool in virtual reality space is accomplished where the simulated weld puddle has real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics.
• the welding physics functionality 1211 a.k.a., the physics model
• the welding physics functionality employs a double displacement layer technique to accurately model dynamic fluidity/viscosity, solidity, heat gradient (heat absorption and dissipation), puddle wake, and bead shape, and is described in more detail herein with respect to FIGS. 14A-14C.
• the welding physics functionality 1211 communicates with the bead rendering functionality 1217 to render a weld bead in all states from the heated molten state to the cooled solidified state.
• the bead rendering functionality 1217 uses information from the welding physics functionality 1211 (e.g., heat, fluidity, displacement, dime spacing) to accurately and realistically render a weld bead in virtual reality space in real-time.
• the 3D textures functionality 1218 provides texture maps to the bead rendering functionality 1217 to overlay additional textures (e.g., scorching, slag, grain) onto the simulated weld bead.
• slag may be shown rendered over a weld bead during and just after a welding process, and then removed to reveal the underlying weld bead.
• the Tenderer functionality 1216 is used to render various non-puddle specific characteristics using information from the spatial effects module 1222 including sparks, spatter; smoke, arc glow, fumes and gases, and certain discontinuities such as, for example, undercut and porosity.
• the internal physics adjustment tool 1212 is a tweaking tool that allows various welding physics parameters to be defined, updated, and modified for the various welding processes.
• the internal physics adjustment tool 1212 runs on the CPU 111 and the adjusted or updated parameters are downloaded to the GPUs 115.
• the types of parameters that may be adjusted via the internal physics adjustment tool 1212 include parameters related to welding coupons, process parameters that allow a process to be changed without having to reset a welding coupon (allows for doing a second pass), various global parameters that can be changed without resetting the entire simulation, and other various parameters.
• FIG. 19 is a flow chart of an embodiment of a method 1300 of training using the virtual welding system 100 of FIG. 1.
• step 1310 move a mock welding tool with respect to a welding coupon in accordance with a welding technique.
• step 1320 track position and orientation of the mock welding tool in three- dimensional space using a virtual reality system.
• step 1330 view a display of the virtual reality welding system showing a real-time virtual reality simulation of the mock welding tool and the welding coupon in a virtual reality space as the simulated mock welding tool deposits a simulated weld bead material onto at least one simulated surface of the simulated welding coupon by forming a simulated weld puddle in the vicinity of a simulated arc emitting from said simulated mock welding tool.
• step 1340 view on the display, real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics of the simulated weld puddle.
• step 1350 modify in realtime, at least one aspect of the welding technique in response to viewing the real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics of the simulated weld puddle.
• the method 300 illustrates how a user is able to view a weld puddle in virtual reality space and modify his welding technique in response to viewing various characteristics of the simulated weld puddle, including real-time molten metal fluidity (e.g., viscosity) and heat dissipation.
• the user may also view and respond to other characteristics including real-time puddle wake and dime spacing. Viewing and responding to characteristics of the weld puddle is how most welding operations are actually performed in the real world.
• the double displacement layer modeling of the welding physics functionality 1211 run on the GPUs 115 allows for such real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics to be accurately modeled and represented to the user.
• heat dissipation determines solidification time (i.e., how much time it takes for a wexel to completely solidify).
• solidification time i.e., how much time it takes for a wexel to completely solidify.
• a user may make a second pass over the weld bead material using the same or a different (e.g., a second) mock welding tool and/or welding process.
• the simulation shows the simulated mock welding tool, the welding coupon, and the original simulated weld bead material in virtual reality space as the simulated mock welding tool deposits a second simulated weld bead material merging with the first simulated weld bead material by forming a second simulated weld puddle in the vicinity of a simulated arc emitting from the simulated mock welding tool. Additional subsequent passes using the same or different welding tools or processes may be made in a similar manner.
• any second or subsequent pass the previous weld bead material is merged with the new weld bead material being deposited as a new weld puddle is formed in virtual reality space from the combination of any of the previous weld bead material, the new weld bead material, and possibly the underlying welding coupon material in accordance with certain em- bodiments of the present invention.
• Such subsequent passes may be needed to make a large fillet or groove weld, performed to repair a weld bead formed by a previous pass, for example, or may include a hot pass and one or more fill and cap passes after a root pass as is done in pipe welding.
• weld bead and base material may include mild steel, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel based alloys, or other materials.
• FIGS. 20A-20B illustrate the concept of a welding element (wexel) displacement map 1420, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 20A shows a side view of a flat welding coupon (WC) 1400 having a flat top surface 1410.
• the welding coupon 1400 exists in the real world as, for example, a plastic part, and also exists in virtual reality space as a simulated welding coupon.
• FIG 20B shows a representation of the top surface 1410 of the simulated WC 1400 broken up into a grid or array of welding elements (i.e., wexels) forming a wexel map 1420.
• Each wexel e.g., wexel 1421
• the wexel map defines the surface resolution.
• Changeable channel parameter values are assigned to each wexel, allowing values of each wexel to dynamically change in real-time in virtual reality weld space during a simulated welding process.
• the changeable channel parameter values correspond to the channels Puddle (molten metal fluidity/viscosity displacement), Heat (heat absorption/dissipation), Displace- ment (solid displacement), and Extra (various extra states, e.g., slag, grain, scorching, virgin metal).
• Puddle molten metal fluidity/viscosity displacement
• Heat heat absorption/dissipation
• Displace- ment solid displacement
• Extra variable extra states, e.g., slag, grain, scorching, virgin metal.
• FIG. 20 illustrates an example embodiment of a welding coupon space and a weld space of the flat welding coupon (WC) 1400 of FIG. 14 simulated in the virtual welding system 100 of FIG. 1.
• Points O, X, Y, and Z define the local 3D welding coupon space.
• each welding coupon type defines the mapping from 3D welding coupon space to 2D virtual reality weld space.
• the wexel map 1420 of FIG. 20 is a two- dimensional array of values that map to weld space in virtual reality.
• a user is to weld from point B to point E as shown in FIG. 20.
• a trajectory line from point B to point E is shown in both 3D welding coupon space and 2D weld space in FIG. 20.
• Each type of welding coupon defines the direction of displacement for each location in the wexel map.
• the direction of displacement is the same at all locations in the wexel map (i.e., in the Z-direction).
• the texture coordinates of the wexel map are shown as S, T (sometimes called U, V) in both 3D welding coupon space and 2D weld space, in order to clarify the mapping.
• the wexel map is mapped to and represents the rectangular surface 1410 of the welding coupon 1400.
• FIG. 22 illustrates an example embodiment of a welding coupon space and a weld space of a corner (tee joint) welding coupon (WC) 1600 simulated in the virtual welding system 100 of FIG. 1.
• the corner WC 1600 has two surfaces 1610 and 1620 in 3D welding coupon space that are mapped to 2D weld space as shown in FIG. 22. Again, points O, X, Y, and Z define the local 3D welding coupon space.
• the texture coordinates of the wexel map are shown as S, T in both 3D welding coupon space and 2D weld space, in order to clarify the mapping.
• a user is to weld from point B to point E as shown in FIG. 22.
• a trajectory line from point B to point E is shown in both 3D welding coupon space and 2D weld space in FIG. 22. However, the direction of displacement is towards the line X'-O' as shown in the 3D welding coupon space, towards the opposite corner as shown in FIG. 22.
• FIG. 23 illustrates an example embodiment of a welding coupon space and a weld space of a pipe welding coupon (WC) 1700 simulated in the virtual welding system 100 of FIG. 1.
• the pipe WC 1700 has a curved surface 1710 in 3D welding coupon space that is mapped to 2D weld space as shown in FIG. 23.
• points O, X, Y, and Z define the local 3D welding coupon space.
• the texture coordinates of the wexel map are shown as S, T in both 3D welding coupon space and 2D weld space, in order to clarify the mapping.
• a user is to weld from point B to point E along a curved trajectory as shown in FIG. 23.
• a trajectory curve and line from point B to point E is shown in 3D welding coupon space and 2D weld space, respectively, in FIG. 23.
• the direction of displacement is away from the line Y-0 (i.e., away from the center of the pipe).
• a weldable wexel map may be mapped to a rectangular surface of a welding coupon.
• Each element of the weldable map is termed a wexel in the same sense that each element of a picture is termed a pixel (a contraction of picture element).
• a pixel contains channels of information that define a color (e.g., red, green, blue, etc.).
• a wexel contains channels of information (e.g., P, H, E, D) that define a weldable surface in virtual reality space.
• the format of a wexel is summarized as channels PHED (Puddle, Heat, Extra, Displacement) which contains four floating point numbers.
• the Extra channel is treated as a set of bits which store logical information about the wexel such as, for example, whether or not there is any slag at the wexel location.
• the Puddle channel stores a displacement value for any liquefied metal at the wexel location.
• the Displacement channel stores a displacement value for the solidified metal at the wexel location.
• the Heat channel stores a value giving the magnitude of heat at the wexel location.
• the weldable part of the welding coupon can show displacement due to a welded bead, a shimmering surface "puddle” due to liquid metal, color due to heat, etc. All of these effects are achieved by the vertex and pixel shaders applied to the weldable surface.
• a displacement map and a particle system are used where the particles can interact with each other and collide with the displacement map.
• the particles are virtual dynamic fluid particles and provide the liquid behavior of the weld puddle but are not rendered directly (i.e., are not visually seen directly). Instead, only the particle effects on the displacement map are visually seen.
• Heat input to a wexel affects the movement of nearby particles.
• Puddle displacement is the liquid metal of the weld which changes rapidly (e.g., shimmers) and can be thought of as being "on top" of the Displacement.
• the particles overlay a portion of a virtual surface displacement map (i.e., a wexel map).
• the Displacement represents the permanent solid metal including both the initial base metal and the weld bead that has solidified.
• the simulated welding process in virtual reality space works as follows: Particles stream from the emitter (emitter of the simulated MWT 160) in a thin cone. The particles make first contact with the surface of the simulated welding coupon where the surface is defined by a wexel map. The particles interact with each other and the wexel map and build up in real-time. More heat is added the nearer a wexel is to the emitter. Heat is modeled in dependence on distance from the arc point and the amount of time that heat is input from the arc. Certain visuals (e.g., color, etc.) are driven by the heat.
• Certain visuals e.g., color, etc.
• a weld puddle is drawn or rendered in virtual reality space for wexels having enough heat. Wherever it is hot enough, the wexel map liquefies, causing the Puddle displacement to "raise up” for those wexel locations. Puddle displacement is determined by sampling the "highest" particles at each wexel location. As the emitter moves on along the weld trajectory, the wexel locations left behind cool. Heat is removed from a wexel location at a particular rate. When a cooling threshold is reached, the wexel map solidifies. As such, the Puddle displacement is gradually converted to Displacement (i.e., a solidified bead). Displacement added is equivalent to Puddle removed such that the overall height does not change. Particle lifetimes are tweaked or adjusted to persist until solidification is complete. Certain particle properties that are modeled in the virtual welding system 100 include attraction/repulsion, velocity (related to heat), dampening (related to heat dissipation), direction (related to gravity).
• FIGS. 24A-24C illustrate an example embodiment of the concept of a dual-displacement (dis- placement and particles) puddle model of the virtual welding system 100 of FIG. 1.
• Welding coupons are simulated in virtual reality space having at least one surface.
• the surfaces of the welding coupon are simulated in virtual reality space as a double displacement layer including a solid displacement layer and a puddle displacement layer.
• the puddle displacement layer is capable of modifying the solid displacement layer.
• FIGS. 24A-24C A section of a wexel map is shown having seven adjacent wexels.
• the current Displacement values are represented by un-shaded rectangular bars 1910 of a given height (i.e., a given displacement for each wexel).
• FIG. 24A the particles 1920 are shown as round un-shaded dots colliding with the current Displacement levels and are piled up.
• FIG. 24B the "highest" particle heights 1930 are sampled at each wexel location.
• FIG. 24A A section of a wexel map is shown having seven adjacent wexels.
• the current Displacement values are represented by un-shaded rectangular bars 1910 of a given height (i.e., a given displacement for each wexel).
• FIG. 24A the particles 1920 are shown as round un-shaded dots colliding with the current Displacement levels and are piled up.
• FIG. 24B the "highest" particle heights 1930 are sampled at each wexel location.
• the shaded rectangles 1940 show how much Puddle has been added on top of the Displacement as a result of the particles.
• the weld puddle height is not instantly set to the sampled values since Puddle is added at a particular liquification rate based on Heat.
• FIGS. 24A-24C it is possible to visualize the solidification process as the Puddle (shaded rectangles) gradually shrink and the Displacement (un-shaded rectangles) gradually grow from below to exactly take the place of the Puddle. In this manner, real-time molten metal fluidity characteristics are accurately simulated. As a user practices a particular welding process, the user is able to observe the molten metal fluidity characteristics and the heat dissipation characteristics of the weld puddle in real-time in virtual reality space and use this information to adjust or maintain his welding technique.
• the number of wexels representing the surface of a welding coupon is fixed. Furthermore, the puddle particles that are generated by the simulation to model fluidity are temporary, as described herein. Therefore, once an initial puddle is generated in virtual reality space during a simulated welding process using the virtual welding system 00, the number of wexels plus puddle particles tends to remain relatively constant. This is because the number of wexels that are being processed is fixed and the number of puddle particles that exist and are being processed during the welding process tend to remain relatively constant because puddle particles are being created and "destroyed" at a similar rate (i.e., the puddle particles are temporary). There- fore, the processing load of the PPS 110 remains relatively constant during a simulated welding session.
• puddle particles may be generated within or below the surface of the welding coupon.
• displacement may be modeled as being positive or negative with respect to the original surface displacement of a virgin (i.e., un- welded) welding coupon.
• puddle particles may not only build up on the surface of a welding coupon, but may also penetrate the welding coupon.
• the number of wexels is still fixed and the puddle particles being created and destroyed is still relatively constant.
• a wexel displacement map may be provided having more channels to model the fluidity of the puddle.
• a dense voxel map may be modeled.
• a voxel e.g., volumetric pixel
• volume element representing a value on a regular grid in three dimensional space.
• only particles may be modeled which are sampled and never go away. Such alternative embodiments may not provide a relatively constant processing load for the system, however.
• blowthrough or a keyhole is simulated by taking material away. For example, if a user keeps an arc in the same location for too long, in the real world, the material would burn away causing a hole.
• Such real-world burnthrough is simulated in the virtual welding system 100 by wexel decimation techniques. If the amount of heat absorbed by a wexel is determined to be too high by the virtual welding system 100, that wexel may be flagged or designated as being burned away and rendered as such (e.g., rendered as a hole).
• wexel re-constitution may occur for certain welding process (e.g., pipe welding) where material is added back after being initially burned away.
• the virtual welding system 100 simulates wexel decimation (taking material away) and wexel reconstitution (i.e., adding material back). Furthermore, removing material in root-pass welding is properly simulated in the virtual welding system 100.
• removing material in root-pass welding is properly simulated in the virtual welding system 00.
• grinding of the root pass may be performed prior to subsequent welding passes.
• virtual welding system 100 may simulate a grinding pass that removes material from the virtual weld joint. It will be appreciated that the material removed may be modeled as a negative displacement on the wexel map. That is to say that the grinding pass removes material that is modeled by the virtual welding system 100 resulting in an altered bead contour. Simulation of the grinding pass may be automatic, which is to say that the virtual welding system 100 removes a predetermined thickness of material, which may be respective to the surface of the root pass weld bead.
• an actual grinding tool may be simulated that turns on and off by activation of the mock welding tool 160 or another input device. It is noted that the grinding tool may be simulated to resemble a real world grinder. In this embodiment, the user maneuvers the grinding tool along the root pass to remove material responsive to the movement thereof. It will be understood that the user may be allowed to remove too much material. In a manner similar to that described above, holes or other defects (described above) may result if the user grinds away too much material. Still, hard limits or stops may be implemented, i.e. programmed, to prevent the user from removing too much material or indicate when too much material is being removed.
• the virtual welding system 100 also uses three other types of visible particles to represent Arc, Flame, and Spark effects, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. These types of particles do not interact with other particles of any type but interact only with the displacement map. While these particles do collide with the simulated weld surface, they do not interact with each other. Only Puddle particles interact with each other, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• the physics of the Spark particles is setup such that the Spark particles bounce around and are rendered as glowing dots in virtual reality space.
• the physics of the Arc particles is setup such that the Arc particles hit the surface of the simulated welding coupon or weld bead and stay for a while.
• the Arc particles are rendered as larger dim bluish-white spots in virtual reality space. It takes many such spots superimposed to form any sort of visual image. The end result is a white glowing nimbus with blue edges.
• the physics of the Flame particles is modeled to slowly raise upward.
• the Flame particles are rendered as medium sized dim red-yellow spots. It takes many such spots superimposed to form any sort of visual image. The end result is blobs of orange-red flames with red edges raising upward and fading out.
• Other types of non-puddle particles may be implemented in the virtual welding system 100, in accordance with other embodiments of the present invention.
• smoke particles may be modeled and simulated in a similar manner to flame particles.
• the final steps in the simulated visualization are handled by the vertex and pixel shaders provided by the shaders 117 of the GPUs 115.
• the vertex and pixel shaders apply Puddle and Displacement, as well as surface colors and reflectivity altered due to heat, etc.
• the Extra (E) channel of the PHED wexel format contains all of the extra information used per wexel.
• a slag bit an undercut value (amount of undercut at this wexel where zero equals no undercut)
• a porosity value amount of porosity at this wexel where zero equals no porosity
• bead wake value which encodes the time at which the bead solidifies.
• image maps associated with different welding coupon visuals including virgin steel, slag, bead, and porosity. These image maps are used both for bump mapping and texture mapping. The amount of blending of these image maps
• a bead wake effect is achieved using a 1D image map and a per wexel bead wake value that encodes the time at which a given bit of bead is solidified. Once a hot puddle wexel location is no longer hot enough to be called “puddle”, a time is saved at that location and is called “bead wake”. The end result is that the shader code is able to use the D texture map to draw the "ripples" that give a bead its unique appearance which portrays the direction in which the bead was laid down.
• the virtual welding system 100 is capable of simulating, in virtual reality space, and dis- playing a weld bead having a real-time weld bead wake characteristic resulting from a real-time fluidity-to- solidification transition of the simulated weld puddle, as the simulated weld puddle is moved along a weld trajectory.
• the virtual welding system 100 is capable of teaching a user how to troubleshoot a welding machine. For example, a troubleshooting mode of the system may train a user to make sure he sets up the system correctly (e.g., correct gas flow rate, correct power cord connected, etc.)
• the virtual welding system 100 is capable of recording and playing back a welding session (or at least a portion of a welding session, for example, N frames).
• a track ball may be provided to scroll through frames of video, allowing a user or instructor to critique a welding session. Playback may be provided at selectable speeds as well (e.g., full speed, half speed, quarter speed).
• a split-screen playback may be provided, allowing two welding sessions to be viewed side-by-side, for example, on the ODD 150. For example, a "good” welding session may be viewed next to a “poor” welding session for comparison purposes.
• a real-time virtual reality welding system including a programmable processor-based subsystem, a spatial tracker operatively connected to the programmable processor-based subsystem, at least one mock welding tool capable of being spatially tracked by the spatial tracker, and at least one display device operatively connected to the programmable processor-based subsystem.
• the virtual reality welding system is designed to accommodate portable use, wherein a compactable stand is employed to hold a welding coupon in space for use with the mock welding tool.
• the mock welding tool includes a common base that can couple to a plurality of adapters, wherein each adapter simulates a particular welding type.
• the system is capable of simulating, in virtual reality space, a weld puddle having real-time molten metal fluidity and heat dissipation characteristics.
• the system is further capable of displaying the simulated weld puddle on the display device in real-time.

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