WO2013091276A1 - 一种检测dmd基因外显子缺失和/或重复的方法 - Google Patents
一种检测dmd基因外显子缺失和/或重复的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- the present invention relates to the field of gene detection, and more particularly to the analysis of DMD genes and methods thereof.
- the DMD gene is the largest human gene ever discovered, and this gene sometimes mutates, such as in newborn boys.
- DMD Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- the onset of approximately 60% of DMD cases is associated with deletion of large fragments of one or more exons in the gene, involving both proximal and intermediate hotspots (exons 3-7 and exons 44-55) .
- Approximately 6% of DMD cases have genetic variants associated with large intra-gene fragments. The remaining cases are due to point mutations in the gene, deletions and insertions of small fragments.
- the invention relates to a method for detecting exon deletion and/or repetition of a DMD gene, which uses the sequence information of the current DMD gene to design a probe, and sequenced the DNA fragment obtained by capture enrichment, and obtains the DMD gene by analysis. Sub-missing information.
- the invention provides a method for detecting exon deletion and/or duplication of a DMD gene, comprising the steps of:
- genomic DNA extracted from the sample to be tested and the normal control sample are respectively broken into double-stranded DNA fragments, and a linker sequence is added at both ends of the double-stranded DNA fragment;
- the invention also provides a method for detecting Duchenne muscular dystrophy in a subject, comprising:
- the subject has Duchenne muscular dystrophy or is susceptible to Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
- DMD is an X-linked sex disorder
- her DMD gene mutations can be homozygous or heterozygous, so female subjects can be diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, or Duchenne nutrition.
- a susceptible person or a DMD mutation carrier It is understood that the probability of developing Duchenne muscular dystrophy in male offspring of female subjects with heterozygous DMD gene mutations is 50%.
- Bayer 1J can diagnose it as Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
- the method of the invention combines sequence capture technology, high throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis to detect DMD genes.
- the combination of these three techniques is a very effective detection strategy for DMD gene deletion and/or duplication.
- Figure 1 shows a normal distribution map for determining the cutoff value of the present invention.
- target region capture technology the use of exon capture chip to sequence the exon of human DMD gene, and then carry out research on DMD gene exon deletion and repeated mutation, is still a new technology.
- the basic principle of this technique is to use a set of oligonucleotide probes to capture the target sequence on the genome, and then use these primers designed according to the DMD gene gene region sequence and/or the linker sequence to perform PCR amplification on these captured sequences.
- the high-throughput sequencing of these amplified products is performed to identify the base sequence in the DNA sample, and the sequence information obtained by the sequencing is analyzed by the biological information analysis method, thereby finding the variation information of the target sequence, including the single nucleotide. Variations, insertions/deletions, repeats, exon copy number changes, etc.
- the invention provides a method for detecting exon deletion and/or duplication of a DMD gene, comprising the steps of:
- genomic DNA extracted from the sample to be tested and the normal control sample are respectively broken into double-stranded DNA fragments, and Adding a linker sequence to both ends of the double-stranded DNA fragment;
- determining whether there is a duplication and/or deletion of the exon of the DMD gene of the sample to be tested by comparing the comparison between the sample to be tested and the normal control sample, that is, if the alignment on the exon reference sequence of the gene is aligned
- the sequencing sequence of the sample to be tested is significantly more or less than the sequencing sequence of the normal control sample, indicating whether there is a duplication and/or deletion of the exon of the gene.
- the double-stranded DNA after disruption is preferably from 100 to 1000 bp, more preferably
- 150-500 bp most preferably 200-300 bp, especially 200-250 bp, the above length is expressed as the main band position of double-stranded DNA electrophoresis.
- the double-stranded DNA preferably has a blunt end after being interrupted, for example by end-repairing.
- the method further comprises the steps of: adding "A" to the 3' end of the blunt-ended double-stranded DNA fragment, and adding a "T" to the 3'-end double-stranded DNA fragment with "A”
- the linker is ligated to form a double-stranded DNA fragment mixture with a linker at both ends.
- the linker sequence length is preferably from 20 to 150 nt, especially from 50 to 100 nt.
- One skilled in the art can select a suitable linker sequence based on the sequence, or a sequence commonly used in commercially available kits as a linker sequence.
- step 1) of the method of the invention it is preferred that both ends of the double-stranded DNA fragment are ligated to the linker sequence via a linker ligation sequence.
- the linker joining sequence is poly(N) n , wherein each N is independently selected from A, T, G or C, and n is any positive integer selected from 1-20.
- the linker joining complementary region sequence is poly(N') m , wherein each N' is independently selected from A, T, G or C, m is a positive integer of 1-20, and Poly(N) honor and poly(N′) m are complementary sequences.
- m is any positive integer selected from 1-3.
- the linker joins the complementary region
- the length of the linker is the same as the length of the linker sequence, that is, poly(N; ⁇ P poly(N') m is a completely complementary sequence.
- a person skilled in the art can select a suitable linker sequence according to the sequence, or a sequence commonly used in a commercially available kit as a linker sequence.
- the first primer and the second primer are designed according to the gene region sequence of the DMD gene and/or the linker sequence.
- the first primer and the second primer have a linker binding region corresponding to a primer binding region of the linker, and a sequencing probe binding region located outside the linker binding region.
- the first primer and the second primer are oligonucleotides having a length of 30-80 nt.
- the first primer and the second primer are 55-65 nt in length.
- the first primer and the second primer are different.
- the chip used in the present invention can be designed in the following manner: by using a microarray technique, the high-density DNA fragment array is attached to a solid phase such as a glass sheet in a certain order or arrangement. Surface, fluorescently labeled DNA probes, through the principle of base-complementary hybridization, perform a large number of gene expression and monitoring to capture target sequences.
- the chip can be designed and synthesized by Roche NimbleGen, USA.
- the nucleic acid chip is immobilized with 5-200,000 specific probes corresponding to the DMD gene.
- the type of the specific probe on the chip is 50-150,000, more preferably 500-100,000, and most preferably 5000-80,000.
- the sequence of the probe corresponds to the following region of the DMD gene: preferably 50-500 nt, more preferably 100-300 nt, and most preferably 200 nt in front and rear of the exon and/or exon.
- the specific probe has a length of 20 to 120 nt, preferably 50 to 100 nt, more preferably 60 to 80 nt.
- the specific probe is a fully synthetic or in vitro clone synthesis.
- step 3) of the method of the present invention preferably comprising the steps of: blocking a region corresponding to the first primer and the second primer at both ends of the amplification product with a blocking molecule, thereby obtaining single-strand amplification in which both ends are blocked.
- a mixture of products is subjected to the subsequent step 4) using a mixture of said blocked single-stranded amplification products.
- the blocking molecule blocks a 70%-100% region of the first PCR amplification product corresponding to the first primer and the second primer.
- the blocking molecule blocks a 100% region of the first PCR amplification product corresponding to the first and second analytes.
- the third primer and the fourth primer are designed according to the gene region sequence of the DMD gene and/or the linker sequence.
- the third primer and the fourth primer specifically correspond to or bind to the first primer and the second primer, respectively.
- the third primer and the fourth primer are specifically bound to the outside of the first primer and the second primer, respectively, and have a length smaller than the first primer and the second primer.
- the third primer and the fourth primer are 15-40 nt in length, preferably 20-25 nt.
- the third bow and the fourth bow are different.
- the sequencing preferably employs a second generation sequencing technique, such as illumina sol exa , Hiseq 2000 ABI S0 LiD, Roche 454 sequencing platform, and Ion torrent.
- a second generation sequencing technique such as illumina sol exa , Hiseq 2000 ABI S0 LiD, Roche 454 sequencing platform, and Ion torrent.
- the mixture of the second amplification product is hybridized with a sequencing probe immobilized on a solid phase carrier, and subjected to solid phase bridge PCR amplification to form a sequencing cluster;
- the clusters are sequenced by the "Synthesis-Side Sequencing" method to obtain the nucleotide sequence of the disease-associated nucleic acid molecule in the sample.
- aligning the sequencing sequence to the exon of the reference DMD gene and flanking the exon can be performed by software known in the art, such as a short oligonucleotide analysis package.
- SOAP Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package
- BWA Backrows-Wheeler Aligner
- the flanking length is preferably from 50 to 500 nt, more preferably from 100 to 300 nt, and most preferably 200 nt.
- the original sequencing sequence of the sequencing result can be quality-controlled to remove the unqualified sequencing sequence, wherein the items included in the original read quality control are shown in the following table; Quality control index quality control standard
- the base error rate distribution on Read is not more than 5% at the tail.
- step 7) of the method of the present invention it is possible to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the exon of the DMD gene mutation and the normal person by performing bioinformatics analysis on the sequencing result.
- depth calculations can be performed in a suitable computer language, such as java, C++ or Perl.
- the steps of comparing the test sample to the normal control sample are as follows:
- the first step is a first step:
- the number of sequencing sequences aligned to the exon is compared to the number of sequencing sequences aligned to all exons, and the ratio of the number of sequencing sequences of the sample to be tested is obtained.
- the ratio of the number of sequencing sequences of the standardized sample to be tested is smaller than the ratio of the number of sequencing sequences of the standardized control samples, the ratio of the number of sequencing sequences of the standardized sample to be tested is multiplied by 2 and compared with the ratio of the number of sequencing sequences of the standardized control samples. If they are statistically significantly different, indicating that the exon has no heterozygous deletion,
- the ratio of the number of sequencing sequences of the standardized sample to be tested is greater than the ratio of the number of sequencing sequences of the standardized control samples, the ratio of the number of sequencing sequences of the standardized sample to be tested is divided by 2 and compared with the ratio of the number of sequencing sequences of the standardized control samples. If they are statistically significantly different, it indicates that there is no heterozygous deletion in the exon.
- the change in the exon copy number of the DMD gene can be determined to determine whether a duplication and/or a deletion has occurred.
- the steps of comparing the test sample with the normal control sample are as follows:
- exonN—Z - score for test sample I %exonN - mean%exonN(normal)
- SD%exonN (normal) wherein, for the exon, the sequencing depth of the sequencing sequence on the exon is aligned with the control sample and the average sequencing depth of the sequencing sequence on all exons is aligned, according to Equation 1 calculates %exo «N or a/ , mean %exo «Nhor a/ is the average of all control samples % ⁇ 0« ⁇ 70 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ , SD %exo «Nhor a/ is all control samples %exo « The standard deviation of Nhor a/; if the Z-score is greater than the first predetermined cutoff value, the sequencing depth of the exon of the DMD gene is significantly different between the sample to be tested and the normal sample, and further screening is performed;
- the change in the exon copy number of the DMD gene can be determined to determine whether a duplication and/or a deletion has occurred.
- the first preset cutoff value, the second preset cutoff value, and the third preset cutoff value in the above steps a and b are the same or different.
- the selection of the cutoff value is determined by the inventor based on statistical theory after conducting a large number of experiments, as follows:
- First step of determining whether the exon of the DMD gene of the sample to be tested has a repeat and/or a deletion when the Z value is 3.0, there is 99.9% credibility.
- a - DMD female carrier is in a normal person.
- the copy number of the same exon is different.
- second step in order to exclude the false positive in the first step, if the female carrier lacks the copy, then her double should be no significant difference from the normal person (normal person should be twice), so multiply by 2 Detection. In the same way, the same is true for duplicate copies.
- the cutoff value may be greater than 3.0 or less than 3.0.
- the field generally uses a reliability of more than 90%, that is, the cutoff value must be at least 1.64 or more.
- gene mutations include copy number variation (CNV).
- the method of the present invention is particularly suitable for women who have a heterozygous deletion of the exon of the DMD gene.
- mutation detection methods of the present invention can be used to detect mutations based on the DMD gene.
- the probes and primers used for PCR can be designed based on current solid phase chip hybridization techniques, or can be performed by a biotechnology service company.
- Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the DMD gene region is captured with high specificity and high coverage on the same chip.
- Roche MmbleGen's 2.1 M human exon sequence capture chip captures approximately 180,000 exons and approximately 550 miRNAs.
- the DMD gene exon deletion and repetitive information obtained by the method of the present invention can be used, for example, to genotype a population.
- the DMD gene of the DNA sample is detected by the method of the combined sequence capture technique, high-throughput sequencing and biological information analysis of the present invention, and the mutation information of the DMD gene in the sample is obtained.
- the sequencing sequence, the sequencing sequence fragment, and the read segment all refer to a data DNA sequence ( re ad) generated by the sequencer.
- the depth of sequencing refers to the number of reads.
- the term "primer” refers to a generic term for an oligonucleotide which is complementary to a template and which synthesizes a DNA strand complementary to a template in the action of a DNA polymerase.
- the primer may be natural RNA, DNA, or any form of natural nucleotide, and the primer may even be a non-natural nucleotide such as LNA or ZNA.
- the primer is “substantially” (or “substantially") complementary to a particular sequence on a strand on the template. The bow must be fully complementary to a strand on the template to begin extension, but the sequence of the primer does not have to be fully complementary to the sequence of the template.
- a sequence that is not complementary to the template is added to the 5' end of the primer complementary to the template at a 3' end, such primers are still substantially complementary to the template.
- the non-fully complementary primers can also form a primer-template complex with the template for amplification.
- the first primer (SEQ ID NO: 1) and the second panel (SEQ ID NO: 2) amplify the DNA double-stranded nucleic acid fragment carrying the linker to obtain a first PCR amplification product
- the first primer And the second primer has a linker binding region corresponding to the primer binding region of the linker, and a sequencing probe binding region located outside the linker binding region.
- Blocking molecule 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and blocking molecule 2 (SEQ ID NO : 4) function to complement the linker when sequence capture is performed, avoiding the capture of non-specific sequences.
- the role of the third primer (SEQ ID NO: 5) and the fourth primer (SEQ ID NO: 6) is to amplify a large amount of the captured specific DNA fragment for subsequent sequencing.
- the study recruited 1 DMD female carrier and 4 female normals and signed a written informed consent form.
- Chip preparation and hybridization were performed according to the instructions of Roche MmbleGen and sequenced according to Illumina's instructions. The procedure is as follows.
- the reference sequence was NCBI build 37/hgl9 (available from http: ⁇ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and the DMD gene exon sequence and 200 bp before and after exon were designed and synthesized by Roche mbleGen, USA.
- Human peripheral blood was taken and genomic DNA was extracted to obtain 3 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ .
- the obtained human genomic DNA sample was extracted and fragmented on a Covaris S2 instrument (purchased from Covaris, USA), and finally a mixture of DNA double-stranded fragments having a main band of 200 bp was disrupted.
- the above fragment was purified by Ampure Beads method according to Agencourt AMPure protocol (Beckman, USA). Briefly: the DNA fragment is end-repaired into a mixture of fragments with blunt ends, and an "A" is added to the 3' end of each single strand; then the reagent is used in the linker ligation reaction system (PE library). The instructions in the box are connected, and the DNA fragment is ligated with a "T" link; after the connection, purification is continued according to Agencourt AMPure protocol (Beckman, USA), and excess reagents such as buffer, enzyme, ⁇ , etc., finally get the DNA with the linker.
- Agencourt AMPure protocol (Beckman, USA).
- 50 PCR amplification reaction system contains: 34 Nuclease-Free water, 10 10 pfe Amplification Buffer, 4 L d TP (10 mM), 4 L MgS04 (50 mM), 2 L Platimum P& DN A polymerase, 8 ⁇ L first primer (SEQ ID NO: 1) (10 ⁇ ), 8 ⁇ L of the second primer (SEQ ID NO: 2) (10 ⁇ ), 23 sample DNA after ligation of the linker (buffer and enzyme purchased from INTITROGEN Platinum® Pfe DNA) Polymerase kit).
- the amplified DNA was ligated with a linker, and the PCR product was purified using the Ampure beads method according to the procedure of Agencourt AMPure protocol (Beckman, USA).
- the purified product after completion of the reaction can be stored at 4 ° C for several days, or stored at -20 ° C for several weeks, or directly used for subsequent sequence capture.
- the prepared DNA sample was evaporated to dryness at 60 ° C in a SpeedVac, and then 11.2 ⁇ L of ultrapure water was added to dissolve it. Centrifuge the sample at full speed for 30 seconds and add the following two reagents: 18.5 ⁇ L of 2xSC Hybridiation Buffer (purchased from Roche NimbleGen, USA) and 7.3 ⁇ L of I xSC Hybridiation Component A (purchased from Roche NimbleGen, USA;). After shaking and mixing, the cells were centrifuged at full speed for 30 seconds, and then the DNA was sufficiently denatured at 95 ° C for 10 minutes to obtain a single-stranded DNA library with a linker.
- 2xSC Hybridiation Buffer purchased from Roche NimbleGen, USA
- I xSC Hybridiation Component A purchased from Roche NimbleGen, USA
- the chip with the corresponding probe was fixed on the hybrid instrument (Roche NimbleGen, USA) as required, the denatured sample was added to the chip and the chip was closed, and then the hybridization procedure was set. °C is hybridized under stringent conditions for 64-72 hours. In a hybrid system, the concentration of probe molecules on the gene chip is much higher than the concentration of the target molecule.
- the hybridization reaction system contained: 450 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ -1 DNA, 5 g DNA library (obtained in step 1), 10 ⁇ L of blocking molecule 1 (SEQ ID NO: 3), 110 ⁇ L of blocking molecule 2 (SEQ ID NO: 4).
- Cot-1 DNA was obtained by Human Cot-1 DNA®-Fluorometric QC (Invitrogen) according to the supplier's instructions.
- the chip wash and sample are eluted in the following order: Wash Strip / Elution Buffer (Roche Reverses the number of elutions
- the NaOH eluate was recovered and neutralized with 40% 20% glacial acetic acid.
- the above neutralized solution was purified by Qiagen MinElute PCR Purification Kit, and the captured sample was finally dissolved in 165 pure water.
- the above captured DNA library was subjected to PCR amplification.
- the reaction conditions were: 98 ° C for 30 s ; 15 cycles (98 ° C for 15 s; 60 ° C for 30 s; 72 ° C for 30 s); 72 ° C for 5 min; 4 ° C for standing.
- the amplification is divided into 6 tubes 50 for:
- Phusion DNA polymerase was obtained from FINNZYMES F-531L in 2x Phusion High-Fidelity PCR Master Mix with HF Buffer (500 reactions in 50 ⁇ volume).
- the PCR product was purified by Ampure Beads method according to Agencourt AMPure protocol (Beckman, USA) and dissolved in 32 ⁇ M elution buffer (Elution Buffer from QIAGEN: QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Cat. no. 28106) or MnElute In the PCR Purification Kit (Cat. no. 28006), concentrations were measured using Nanodrop (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.; Model: Nanodrop 8000) and Bioanalyzer 2100 (Agilent; Model: 2100).
- Non-capture Ct refers to the Ct value detected by Q-PCR amplification using the N-LM-PCR purified product before hybridization as a template and the target gene-specific primer; capture Ct means The purified C-LM-PCR product was used as a template, and the target gene-specific primer was used for Q-PCR amplification, and the detected Ct value. See the table below:
- the hybridization reaction is carried out on a chip, and the target sequence is complementary to the probe for 64-72 hours of hybridization on the chip, thereby being captured.
- the eluted samples were double-end sequenced in a Solexa sequencing platform.
- the sample source of the sequencing data is analyzed by data analysis, and the capture effect of the sample is calculated.
- the samtools tool (http://sourceforge.net/projects/samtools/) requires a series of processing of the original results: After format conversion and compression, the alignment results are sorted by chromosome sequence. Second, merge the lanes of the same library together and finally merge all the libraries together. After this series of treatments, the qualified BAM format file which can be used as the mutation detection software SOAPsnp (soap.genomics.org.cn/soapsnp.html) is obtained, which is the interface to enter the mutation detection software.
- 29, 46-51, 70, 71, and 73 are: 3.80, 3.23 4.33, 3.72, 6.16, 5.09, 7.04, 9.08, 6.81, 10.10, 26.95, 8.51, 4.36, 3.65, and 3.24, both are greater than the cutoff value of 3.00.
- the second step is performed, and the results are 19.60, 11.26, 24.77, 12.50, 37.55, 33.79, 0.85, 0.32, 0.49, 0.63, 1.01, 1.52, 60.62, 22.32 and 11.30, of which 0.85, 0.32, 0.49
- the exons 46-51 corresponding to 0.63, 1.01, and 1.52 are all less than 3.0.
- the method of the present invention indicates that the carrier has a deletion in exon 46-51.
- the exon 46-51 copy number of the carrier was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR.
- the experimental steps are as follows:
- the reaction system is:
- Amplification curve 95 ° C, 10 s; 95 ° C, 15 s; 59 ° C, 15 s, 40 cycles above;
- the results calculated by the exons of the present invention are consistent with the results of real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, indicating that the method of the present invention is feasible.
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种检测DMD基因外显子缺失和/或重复的方法,该方法利用DMD基因的序列信息设计探针,将捕获富集获得的DNA片段进行测序,通过分析获得DMD基因外显子的缺失和/或重复信息。
Description
一种检测 DMD基因外显子缺失和 /或重复的方法 技术领域 本发明涉及基因检测领域, 尤其涉及 DMD基因的分析及其方法。
背景技术
DMD基因是迄今为止发现的最大的人基因, 该基因有时会发生突变, 例如新生男婴中
1:3500出现该基因的突变。 DMD基因内一个或多个外显子的大片段会发生缺失, 涉及基因 近端和中部两个热点区域(外显子 3-7和外显子 44-55) 。 DMD基因内一个或多个外显子的 大片段会发生重复, 约占 DMD突变的 6%。 DMD基因发生更多的是点突变、 小片段的缺失 和插入。
杜氏肌营养不良(DMD)是一种 X染色体隐性遗传病, 与该疾病相关的基因是 DMD。 约 60%的 DMD病例的发病与该基因内一个或多个外显子的大片段缺失相关, 涉及基因近端 和中间两个热点区域(外显子 3-7和外显子 44-55) 。 约 6%的 DMD病例的基因变异与基因 内大片段重复相关。 剩下的病例源于基因的点突变, 小片段的缺失和插入。
目前, DMD基因的检测方法主要有以下几种: 微阵列比较基因组杂交技术 (a-CGH)、 MLPA、 MAPH、 SCAIP、 多重 PCR、 DNA印迹、 Sanger测序法和第二代测序技术。 对于高 通量检测 DMD基因外显子缺失和重复而言, 上述这些检测方法的缺点是通量低、 效率差。 所以, 本领域中需要新的高通量检测 DMD基因外显子缺失和重复的方法。
发明内容
本发明涉及一种检测 DMD基因外显子缺失和 /或重复方法, 所述方法利用现在 DMD基 因的序列信息设计探针, 将捕获富集获得的 DNA片段进行测序, 通过分析获得 DMD基因 外显子缺失信息。
本发明提供了一种检测 DMD基因外显子缺失和 /或重复的方法, 包括步骤:
1 )将从待测样品和正常对照样品提取基因组 DNA分别打断为双链 DNA片段, 并在所 述双链 DNA片段的两端添加接头序列;
2) 以第一引物和第二引物扩增所述带有接头的双链 DNA片段, 获得第一扩增产物;
3 )将所述第一扩增产物变性后, 用核酸芯片进行杂交捕获;
4) 以第三引物和第四引物扩增所捕获的核酸, 获得第二扩增产物;
5)对上述第二扩增产物进行测序, 获得测序序列片段;
6)将所述测序序列片段比对到参考 DMD基因的外显子序列及外显子侧翼上; 7)通过比较待测样品和正常对照样品比对结果确定所述待测样品 DMD基因的外显子是 否有重复和 /或缺失,即如果比对到所述基因外显子参考序列上的所述待测样品测序序列显著
多于 /少于所述正常对照样品测序序列, 表示所述基因的外显子是否有重复和 /或缺失。
本发明还提供了一种检测受试者杜氏肌营养不良症的方法, 包括:
利用本发明的检测 DMD基因外显子缺失和 /或重复的方法检测来自所述受试者样本中的 DMD基因突变;
如果检测到 DMD基因突变, 则该受试者患有杜氏肌营养不良症或易患杜氏肌营养不良 症。
由于 DMD是 X染色体伴性遗传病, 对于女性而言, 她的 DMD基因突变可以是纯合的 或杂合的, 因此女性受试者可以被诊断为杜氏肌营养不良症患者, 或者杜氏肌营养不良症易 感者或 DMD突变携带者。 可以理解杂合 DMD基因突变的女性受试者的男性后代发生杜氏 肌营养不良症的几率是 50%。
对于男性而言, 由于他只有一条 X染色体, 如果检测到他的 DMD基因发生了突变, 贝 1J 可以将其诊断为杜氏肌营养不良症。
本发明的方法结合序列捕获技术、 高通量测序和生物信息分析对 DMD基因进行检测。 这 三种技术的结合是一种非常有效的 DMD基因缺失和 /或重复的检测策略。
附图说明 下列附图用于说明本发明的具体实施方案, 而不用于限定由权利要求书所界定的本 发明范围。
图 1显示了用于确定本发明的设截止值的正态分布图。
具体实施方式
以下实施更详细的描述了本发明, 这些实施例仅为示例性的, 但是本领域技术人员将 会理解, 下列实施例仅用于说明本发明, 而不应视为限定本发明的范围。 利用目标区域捕获技术, 使用外显子捕获芯片对人 DMD基因的外显子测序, 进而开展 DMD基因外显子缺失和重复突变相关研究, 目前还是一项新技术。 该技术的基本原理是使 用一套寡核苷酸探针来捕获基因组上的目标序列, 然后使用根据 DMD基因基因区序列和 / 或所述接头序列设计的引物对这些捕获到的序列进行 PCR扩增, 再对这些扩增产物进行高 通量测序, 从而识别 DNA样品中的碱基序列, 通过生物信息分析方法对测序所得序列信息 进行分析, 从而找到目标序列的变异信息, 包括单核苷酸变异、 插入 /缺失、 重复、 外显子 拷贝数变化等。 本发明提供了一种检测 DMD基因外显子缺失和 /或重复的方法, 包括步骤:
1 )将从待测样品和正常对照样品提取基因组 DNA分别打断为双链 DNA片段, 并在所
述双链 DNA片段的两端添加接头序列;
2) 以第一引物和第二引物扩增所述带有接头的双链 DNA片段, 获得第一扩增产物;
3 )将所述第一扩增产物变性后, 用核酸芯片进行杂交捕获;
4) 以第三引物和第四引物扩增所捕获的核酸, 获得第二扩增产物;
5)对上述第二扩增产物进行测序, 获得测序序列片段;
6)将所述测序序列片段比对到参考 DMD基因的外显子序列及外显子侧翼上;
7)通过比较待测样品和正常对照样品比对结果确定所述待测样品 DMD基因的外显子是 否有重复和 /或缺失,即如果比对到所述基因外显子参考序列上的所述待测样品测序序列显著 多于 /少于所述正常对照样品测序序列, 表示所述基因的外显子是否有重复和 /或缺失。
在本发明的方法步骤 1 ) 中, 经打断后的所述双链 DNA优选为 100-1000 bp, 更优选在
150-500 bp, 最优选在 200-300 bp, 特别是在 200-250 bp, 上述长度表示为双链 DNA电泳的 主带位置。
在本发明的方法步骤 1 )中, 所述双链 DNA经打断后优选具有平末端, 例如通过末端修 复造成所述平末端。 在另一优选例中, 还包括步骤: 在所述平末端双链 DNA片段的 3'端加 "A", 所述 3'端加" A"的双链 DNA片段与带有一个" T"的接头相连, 成为两端都带有接头的 双链的 DNA片段混合物。所述接头序列长度优选是 20-150nt, 特别是 50-100nt。本领域技术 人员可以根据序列选择合适的接头序列, 也可以市售的试剂盒中常用的序列作为接头序列。
在本发明的方法步骤 1 )中,优选所述双链的 DNA片段两末端通过接头连接序列与接头 序列连接。 在另一优选例中, 所述接头连接序列为 poly(N)n, 其中, 各个 N分别独立地选自 A、T、G或 C, n为选自 1-20的任一正整数。在另一优选例中,所述的接头连接序列为 poly(A)n, 其中, n为 1-20的正整数, 较佳地 n=l-2。 在另一优选例中, 所述的接头连接互补区序列为 poly(N')m, 其中各 N'分别独立地选自 A、 T、 G或 C, m为 1-20的正整数, 并且 poly(N)„和 poly(N')m为互补序列。 在另一优选例中, m为选自 1-3的任一正整数。 在另一优选例中, 所 述的接头连接互补区的长度与接头连接序列的长度相同, 即 poly(N;^P poly(N')m为完全互补 序列。 在另一优选例中, 所述的接头连接互补区为 poly(T)m, 其中, m为 1-20的正整数, 较 佳地 m=l-2。 本领域技术人员可以根据序列选择合适的接头连接序列, 也可以市售的试剂盒 中常用的序列作为接头连接序列。
在本发明的方法步骤 2) 中, 优选所述第一引物和第二引物根据 DMD基因的基因区序 列和 /或所述接头序列设计。在一个优选例中, 所述的第一引物和第二引物具有对应于所述接 头的引物结合区的接头结合区, 以及位于接头结合区外侧的测序探针结合区。 在另一优选例 中, 所述的第一引物和第二引物为长度 30-80 nt的寡核苷酸。 在另一优选例中, 第一引物 和第二引物长度为 55-65 nt。 在另一优选例中, 所述的第一引物和第二引物是不同的。
在本发明的方法步骤 3 ) 中, 本发明使用的芯片可以通过以下方式进行设计: 通过微阵 列技术, 将高密度 DNA片段阵列以一定的顺序或排列方式使其附着在如玻璃片等固相表面, 以荧光标记的 DNA探针, 借助碱基互补杂交原理, 进行大量的基因表达及监测, 捕获目标 序列。 例如, 芯片可以由美国 Roche NimbleGen公司设计合成。
在本发明的方法步骤 3 ) 中, 优选所述的核酸芯片固定有 5-200,000种对应于所述 DMD 基因的特异性探针。 在另一优选例中, 所述芯片上特异性探针的种类为 50-150,000种, 更佳 地 500-100,000种, 最佳地 5000-80,000种。 在另一优选例中, 所述探针的序列对应于 DMD 基因的以下区域:外显子和 /或外显子前后两端优选 50-500 nt,更优选 100-300 nt,最优选 200 nt。在另一优选例中,所述特异性探针的长度为 20-120 nt,较佳地, 50-100 nt, 更佳地, 60-80 nt。 在另一优选例中, 所述特异性探针为全人工合成或体外克隆合成。
在本发明的方法步骤 3 )后, 优选包括步骤: 用封闭分子封闭位于所述扩增产物两端的、 对应于第一引物和第二引物的区域, 从而获得两端被封闭的单链扩增产物的混合物, 用所述 的经封闭的单链扩增产物的混合物进行后续步骤 4)。在另一优选例中, 所述的封闭分子封闭 第一 PCR扩增产物中对应于第一引物和第二引物的 70%-100%区域。在另一优选例中, 所述 的封闭分子封闭第一 PCR扩增产物中对应于第一弓 I物和第二弓 I物的 100%区域。
在本发明的方法步骤 4) 中, 优选所述第三引物和第四引物根据 DMD基因的基因区序列和 / 或所述接头序列设计。 在一个优选例中, 所述第三引物和第四引物分别特异性对应于或结合 于所述的第一引物和第二引物。 在另一优选例中, 所述的第三引物和第四引物分别特异性结 合于所述的第一引物和第二引物的外侧, 并且长度小于第一引物和第二引物。 在另一优选例 中, 所述的第三引物和第四引物长度为 15-40 nt, 较佳地为 20-25 nt。 在另一优选例中, 所述 的第三弓 I物和第四弓 I物是不同的。
在本发明的方法步骤 5 ) 中, 所述测序优选采用第二代测序技术, 例如 illumina solexa、 Hiseq 2000 ABI S0LiD、 Roche 454测序平台禾 P/或 Ion torrent。 在另一优选例中, 将所述的 第二扩增产物的混合物与固相载体上固定的测序探针进行杂交, 并进行固相桥式 PCR扩增, 形成测序簇; 然后对所述测序簇用 "边合成-边测序"法进行测序, 从而得到样本中疾病相关核 酸分子的核苷酸序列。 目前, 有一些生物技术服务公司可提供测序服务。
在本发明的方法步骤 6) 中, 将所述测序序列比对到参考 DMD基因外显子序列及外显 子侧翼上可以通过本领域中已知的软件进行, 例如短寡核苷酸分析包 ( Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package, SOAP) 比对和 BWA (Burrows-Wheeler Aligner) 比对; 所述侧翼长度优选 为 50-500 nt, 更优选 100-300 nt, 最优选 200 nt。
在本发明的方法步骤 6)后, 可以先对测序结果原始测序序列质控, 去除不合格的测序 序列, 其中原始 read质控包括的项目见下表;
质控指标 质控标准
Read碱基 Q20统计 90%以上为合格, 低于 85%不合格 插入片段长度波动幅度 上下均小于插入片段长度的一半为合格
Read上 AT及 CG的统计量吻合度 通过质控图判断
Read上的碱基错误率分布 尾部最高不超过 5%为合格
Insertsize分布均匀度 通过质控图判断
在本发明的方法步骤 7) 中, 通过对测序结果进行生物信息学分析方法, 可以判断待 者 DMD基因发生突变的外显子与正常人之间是否具有统计学上的显著性差异。 在一优选 中, 可以通过适当的计算机语言进行深度计算, 例如 java、 C++或 Perl。
在一优选例中, 比较待测样品和正常对照样品比对结果的步骤如下:
第一步:
对于每个 DMD基因外显子, 将待测样品比对到该外显子上的测序序列数目相对于比对 到全部外显子的测序序列数目标准化, 获得标准化的待测样品测序序列数目比值,
将对照样品比对到该外显子上的测序序列数目相对于比对到全部外显子的测序序列数 目标准化, 获得标准化的对照样品测序序列数目比值;
第二步:
对所述标准化的待测样品测序序列数目比值和标准化的对照样品测序序列数目比值进 行比较, 如果它们在统计学上差异显著, 则
当所述标准化的待测样品测序序列数目比值小于标准化的对照样品测序序列数目比值 时, 将所述标准化的待测样品测序序列数目比值乘以 2后和标准化的对照样品测序序列数目 比值进行比较, 如果它们在统计学上差异显著, 表示该外显子没有发生杂合缺失,
当所述标准化的待测样品测序序列数目比值大于标准化的对照样品测序序列数目比值 时, 将所述标准化的待测样品测序序列数目比值除以 2后和标准化的对照样品测序序列数目 比值进行比较, 如果它们在统计学上差异显著, 表示该外显子没有发生杂合缺失。
通过这两步计算方法, 可以确定 DMD基因的外显子拷贝数的变化, 从而判断是否发生 了重复和 /或缺失。 在又一优选例中, 比较待测样品和正常对照样品比对结果的步骤如下:
a. 对于 DMD基因的一个外显子, 通过式①计算待测样品比对到该外显子上的测序序列 的测序深度 exonN depth和比对到全部外显子上的测序序列的平均测序深度 averaged depth 的比值%exo«N;
将%^0« 代入式②, 计算出所述外显子测序深度的 Z-s ,
Λ / T exonN depth
%exonN = . _
averaged—depth
exonN—Z - score for test sample = I %exonN - mean%exonN(normal) |
S.D%exonN (normal) 其中, 对于所述外显子, 利用对照样品比对到该外显子上的测序序列的测序深度和比对 到全部外显子上的测序序列的平均测序深度, 根据式①计算%exo«N or a/ , mean %exo«Nhor a/是所有对照样品%^0«^^70^¾^的平均值, S.D. %exo«Nhor a/是所有对照 样品%exo«Nhor a/的标准差; 如果 Z-score大于第一预设截止值, 则该 DMD基因外显子的 测序深度在待测样品和正常样品之间有差异显著, 对其进行进一步筛选;
b. 分两种情况对上述测序深度差异显著的 DMD基因外显子进行筛选:
当 exonN小于 averaged depth值时, 将%^0« 乘以 2代入式②中, 计算得到的 Z-score 值小于第二预设截止值表示该外显子发生了杂合缺失, 计算得到的 Z-蕭值大于第二预设 截止值表示该外显子没有发生杂合缺失;
当 exo«N大于 averaged— 值时, 将%^0« 除以 2代入式②中, 计算得到的 Z- ore 值小于第三预设截止值表示该外显子发生了重复, 计算得到的 寶值大于第三预设截止 值表示该外显子没有发生杂合缺失。
通过这两步计算方法, 可以确定 DMD基因的外显子拷贝数的变化, 从而判断是否发生 了重复和 /或缺失。 对于上述步骤 a和 b中的第一预设截止值、 第二预设截止值和第三预设截止值相同或不 同。 截止值的选取由发明人在进行大量实验后依据统计理论确定, 具体如下:
在进行实验的案例中, 发明人发现利用本发明方法得到的 Z值(Z scores)符合统计学上 的正态分布图, 见附图 1。 对于确定所述待测样品 DMD基因的外显子是否有重复和 /或缺失 的第一步, 当 Z值为 3.0的时候, 有 99.9%的可信度一-DMD女性携带者与正常人在相同外 显子的拷贝数是不一样的。 对于第二步, 为了排除第一步中的假阳性, 如果女性携带者缺失 拷贝, 那么她的二倍应该和正常人 (正常人应该是两倍) 没有显著差异, 所以要乘以 2后进 行检测。 同理, 重复拷贝的情况也一样。
虽然在本发明实施例中使用了截止值 3.0, 截止值也可以大于 3.0或小于 3.0。 例如, 可 以使用截止值 1.64 (对应 90%的可信度)、 1.96 (对应 95%的可信度)或 2.58 (对应 99%的 可信度), 可能性百分数越大, 可信度越高。 本领域一般采用 90%以上的可信度, 即截止值 至少要在 1.64以上。
在本发明中, 基因突变包括拷贝数变异 (CNV) 。
由于 DMD基因位于 X染色体上, 所以本发明的方法特别适用于发生 DMD基因外显子 杂合缺失的女性。
因此, 本领域技术人员可以理解, 本发明的突变检测方法可以用于基于检测 DMD基因 的突变。
在本发明中, 进行 PCR所用的探针、 引物可以基于目前固相芯片杂交技术进行设计, 也可以由生物技术服务公司进行。 本领域技术人员可以理解, 在同一张芯片上以高特异性 和高覆盖率捕获 DMD基因区域。 例如, 罗氏 MmbleGen的 2.1 M人外显子序列捕获芯片可 捕获约 18万个外显子和约 550个 miRNA。
利用本发明方法得到 DMD基因外显子缺失和重复信息可以用于例如对人群进行基因分 型。
在本发明的实施方案中, 采用本发明的结合序列捕获技术、 高通量测序和生物信息分析 的方法, 对 DNA样本的 DMD基因进行检测, 获得样本中 DMD基因的突变信息。
在本发明中,测序序列、测序序列片断、读段都是指测序仪产生的数据 DNA序列(read)。 测序深度是指读段数。
实施例
如本实施例所用, 术语 "引物"指的是能与模板互补配对, 在 DNA聚合酶的作用合成与 模板互补的 DNA链的寡聚核苷酸的总称。 引物可以是天然的 RNA、 DNA, 也可以是任何形 式的天然核苷酸, 弓 I物甚至可以是非天然的核苷酸如 LNA或 ZNA等。 引物"大致上 "(或 "基 本上")与模板上一条链上的一个特殊的序列互补。 弓 I物必须与模板上的一条链充分互补才能 开始延伸, 但引物的序列不必与模板的序列完全互补。 比如, 在一个 3'端与模板互补的引物 的 5'端加上一段与模板不互补的序列, 这样的引物仍大致上与模板互补。 只要有足够长的引 物能与模板充分的结合, 非完全互补的引物也可以与模板形成引物-模板复合物, 从而进行扩 增。
在本实施例中, 几类重要弓 I物的序列和名称见表 1。
表 1 引物名称 序列 (5' -3')
AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACTCTTTCC
1 第一引物
CTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCT
CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATCGGTCTCGGCAT
2 第二引物
TCCTGCTGAACCGCTCTTCCGATCT AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACTCTTTCC
3 封闭分子 1
CTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCT CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATCGGTCTCGGCAT
4 封闭分子 2
TCCTGCTGAACCGCTCTTCCGATCT
5 第三引物 AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGA
6 第四引物 CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAG
第一弓 I物 (SEQ ID NO: 1)和第二弓 I物 (SEQ ID NO: 2)对带有接头的 DNA双链核酸片段 进行扩增,获得第一 PCR扩增产物,第一引物和第二引物具有对应于所述接头的引物结合区 的接头结合区, 并且位于接头结合区外侧的测序探针结合区。 封闭分子 1(SEQ ID NO: 3)和 封闭分子 2(SEQ ID NO: 4)的作用是在进行序列捕获时, 与接头互补, 避免捕获非特异性序 列。 第三弓 I物 (SEQ ID NO: 5)和第四引物 (SEQ ID NO: 6)的作用是大量扩增捕获的特异性 DNA片段, 以便进行下一步测序。 本研究募集 1名 DMD女性携带者和 4名女性正常人, 签署书面的知情同意书。
根据罗氏 MmbleGen的说明书进行芯片制备和杂交, 根据 Illumina的说明书进行测序, 步骤如下。
1: 芯片设计
参考序列为 NCBI build 37/hgl9 (获自 http:〃 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)的 DMD基因外显子 序列及外显子前后 200 bp, 由美国 Roche mbleGen公司设计合成。
2: 文库制备
取人的外周血, 提取基因组 DNA, 获得 3 μ§ ϋΝΑ。 将抽提获得的人基因组 DNA样品, 在 Covaris S2仪器 (购自美国 Covaris公司)上进行片段化,最终打断成为主带在 200 bp的 DNA 双链片段的混合物。
接下来,对上述片段进行纯化,纯化过程采用 Ampure Beads方法,按照 Agencourt AMPure protocol进行 (美国 Beckman公司)。 简而言之: 将 DNA片段进行末端修复, 成为带有平末端 的片段混合物, 并在每一条单链的 3'端添加一个 "A"; 然后在接头连接反应体系 (PE文库) 中按照试剂盒内的说明书进行连接, 通过此过程为 DNA片段加上带有 "T"的接头; 在连接后 继续按照 Agencourt AMPure protocol (;美国 Beckman公司)进行纯化,并除多余试剂如缓冲物、 酶、 ΑΓΡ等, 最终得到连有接头的 DNA。
由于连有接头的 DNA样品浓度很低, 接下来进行扩增富集, PCR反应在 Bio-Rad公司
的 PTC-200PCR仪上运行(PCR反应体系: 94°C, 2 min; 94°C变性 15 s, 62°C退火 30 s, 72 °C 延伸 30 s, 共扩增 4个循环; 最终 72°C延伸 5 min)。
50 PCR扩增反应体系含有: 34 Nuclease-Free water 、 10 10 pfe Amplification Buffer、 4 L d TP ( 10 mM)、 4 L MgS04 (50 mM)、 2 L Platimum P& DN A polymerase、 8 μL第一引物 (SEQ ID NO: 1) (10 μΜ)、 8 μL第二引物 (SEQ ID NO:2) (10 μΜ)、 23 连接接 头后的样品 DNA (缓冲液和酶购自 INVITROGEN公司的 Platinum® Pfe DNA Polymerase试 剂盒)。
经扩增的 DNA都带有接头, 使用 Ampure beads法, 按照 Agencourt AMPure protocol的 程序 (;美国 Beckman公司)纯化 PCR产物。
反应完成后的纯化产物可在 4°C保存数天, 也可在 -20°C保存数周, 也可直接用于后续的 序列捕获。
3: 序列捕获
将准备好的 DNA样品置于 SpeedVac中 60°C蒸干, 然后加入 11.2 μL的超纯水, 充分溶 解。 全速离心样品 30秒, 分别加入以下两种试剂: 18.5 μL的 2xSC Hybridiation Buffer(购于 美国 Roche NimbleGen公司)和 7.3 μL·的 I xSC Hybridiation Component A (购于美国 Roche NimbleGen公司;)。震荡混匀后置于离心机上全速离心 30秒, 然后于 95°C使 DNA充分变性, 变性过程 10分钟, 得到单链的带有接头的 DNA文库。
按照 Roche NimbleGen的试剂盒说明书,将带有相应探针的芯片按要求固定在杂交仪 (美 国 Roche NimbleGen公司)上,将变性后的样品加入芯片中并封闭芯片,然后设定杂交程序, 于 42°C在严格的条件下杂交 64-72小时。 在杂交体系中, 基因芯片上探针分子的浓度要远远 高于靶分子浓度。杂交反应体系含: 450 μ§ θΛ-1 DNA, 5 g DNA文库(步骤 1中制备获得)、 10 μL封闭分子 1(SEQ ID NO:3) 110 μL封闭分子 2(SEQ ID NO:4)。 其中 Cot-1 DNA通过 Human Cot-1 DNA®-Fluorometric QC (Invitrogen) 按照提供商说明书获取。
待杂交完毕后, 将芯片洗漆与样品按以下次序洗脱: 洗条/洗脱缓冲液 (Roche 颠倒洗脱次数
NimbleGen) , 1 賺 水浴时间 水浴温度
2 1 x Stringent Wash Buffer 10次 mm 47.5 °C
3 1 x Stringent Wash Buffer 10次 min 47.5 °C
3 l Wash Buffer I 2分钟 (1次 /秒)
5 l Wash Buffer II l分钟 (l稱、 I 常温
6 l Wash Buffer III 10 I 常温
7 NaOH (900 uL) 1 lO min 常温
将 NaOH洗脱液回收, 并用 40 的 20%冰醋酸中禾 P; 将上述中和液用 Qiagen MinElute PCR Purification Kit纯化, 捕获后的样品最后溶解于 165 纯水中。
对上述捕获的 DNA文库进行 PCR扩增。反应条件是: 98°C 30 s; 15个循环( 98 °C 15 s; 60 °C 30 s; 72 °C 30 s); 72 °C 5 min; 4°C 静置。
所述扩增分为 6管 50 进行:
捕获的 DNA文库 23.8 μL·
Phusion DNA polymerase 25 μL·
第三弓 1物 (SEQ ID NO: 5) (10 μΜ) 0.6 μL·
第四弓 1物 (SEQ ID NO:6) (10 μΜ) 0.6 μL· 总体积 50.0 μL
Phusion DNA polymerase来自 FINNZYMES的 F-531L, 在 2x Phusion High-Fidelity PCR Master Mix with HF Buffer中 ( 500 reactions in 50 μΐ volume)。
PCR产物采用 Ampure Beads方法, 按照 Agencourt AMPure protocol进行 (美国 Beckman 公司)进行纯化,完成后溶于 32 μΐ洗脱缓冲液 (Elution Buffer, 来自 QIAGEN : QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Cat. no.28106) 或 MnElute PCR Purification Kit (Cat. no.28006)) 中, 使用 Nanodrop (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. ; 型号: Nanodrop 8000)及 Bioanalyzer 2100 (Agilent; 型号: 2100)检测浓度。
4: 以接头介导的 PCR (LM-PCR)扩增产物和实时荧光定量 PCR (QPCR)进行检测富 集度:
依照美国 Roche NimbleGen公司的 NSC Assay mix试剂盒内提供说明书进行以下步骤:
1 )将稀释好的 4种 NSC Assay mix取出在冰上溶解。
2)根据之前 Nanodrop检测浓度,将未捕获的(Non-Captured)以及成功捕获的(Captured LM-PCR)产物稀释至 20 ng/μΐ, 最后体积要求 >5 μ1。
3)按照每个样品 4种 NSC Assay, 每个样品包括 2种 DNA模版, 每个样品需要 4x2=8 个反应, 每个平板需要 1个阴性对照共 4个反应。 96孔平板最多能进行 11个样品检测。
4)在 1.5 ml的离心管中配制 QPCR反应混合液, 一下为每个反应试剂使用量, 可以根 据具体样品量统一配置混合液, 需要将阴性对照和阳性对照纳入计算。
5 )将配置好的 12 μΐ QPCR反应混合液转移至 96孔 QPCR反应板中,向其中加入 3 μΐ稀
释的 l ng^l LM-PCR产物,把所有的试剂和样品加完后使用封口膜将平板封口。以 4000 rpm 离心 2 min。
6)将 96 ?L板置于 QPCR仪上, 按照下表 2所示程序进行检测
表 2
7) 实验完成后分析试验结果, 整理 QPCR试验数据, 利用 Ct值的差 ACt计算富集度 E=(ef)ACt, 其中 ef代表目的基因的 Q-PCR扩增效率, 理想的扩增效率 ef值为 2。其中为了计 算 ACt, Non-capture Ct是指以杂交前的 N-LM-PCR纯化产物为模板、 用目的基因特异性引 物来进行 Q-PCR扩增, 检测到的 Ct值; capture Ct是指以杂交后的 C-LM-PCR纯化产物为 模板、 用目的基因特异性引物来进行 Q-PCR扩增, 检测到的 Ct值。 见下表:
判断文库是否合格,能否进行下一步试验:需要根据平均富集倍数值判断之后建库类型, 在本实施例中平均富集度的值>60进行下一步测序。
5: 测序与数据分析
在一张芯片上进行杂交反应,样品在芯片上杂交的 64-72小时中, 目标序列与探针互补, 从而被捕获下来。将洗脱后的样品于 Solexa测序平台中进行双末端测序。通过数据分析测序 数据的样品来源, 并对样品的捕获效果进行计算。
使用 BWA软件将所有泳道中的读段先比对到参考序列 NCBI build 37/hgl9 (获自 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) 的 DMD基因外显子序列及外显子前后 200 bp上去。 比对的输
入是过滤接头等污染后的 fq文件, 比对的输出是原始比对结果一 SAM文件 (BWA软件 (Burrows Wheeler Aligner; http:〃 sourceforge.net/projects/bio-bwa/) 比对后产生的结果文件)。 使用 samtools工具 (http://sourceforge.net/projects/samtools/)对原始结果需要进行一系列处理: 经过格式转换和压缩之后, 将比对结果按染色体序列进行排序。 其次, 将同一个文库的泳道 合并到一起, 最后再将所有文库合并到一起。 经过这一系列处理, 得到了合格的能作为突变 检测软件 SOAPsnp ( soap.genomics.org.cn/soapsnp.html ) 的输入文 BAM格式文件, 即 进入突变检测软件的接口。
通过对落在每个外显子上的读段数和所有外显子上的读段数, 计算出各个外显子深度以 及平均深度, 代入式①计算出%^0^。 以余下 4 名女性非携带者为参考, 将 mean%exonN(normal)^W S.D. %exowN a/代入公式②计算出 Z-score. 计算发现, 该携带 者在 10、 11、 15、 23、 26、 29、 46-51、 70、 71、 和 73 号外显子 Z-score分别为: 3.80、 3.23 4.33、 3.72、 6.16、 5.09、 7.04、 9.08、 6.81、 10.10、 26.95、 8.51、 4.36、 3.65、 和 3.24 , 均大于截止值 3.00。 接着, 进行第二步计算, 得到的结果分别为 19.60、 11.26、 24.77、 12.50、 37.55、 33.79、 0.85、 0.32、 0.49、 0.63、 1.01、 1.52、 60.62、 22.32 禾卩 11.30, 其中 0.85、 0.32、 0.49、 0.63、 1.01、 1.52所对应的外显子 46-51均小于 3.0。 因此, 利 用本发明的方法表明, 该携带者在 46-51号外显子有缺失现象。
如下, 为了验证本发明的结果, 通过实时荧光定量 PCR, 检测分析该携带者 46-51号外 显子拷贝数。 实验步骤如下:
设计好引物后,对 1名 DMD女性携带者和 4名女性正常人的样本进行 qPCR上机扩增。 反应体系为:
预先配制母液
取以上提前配制好的母液加以下成分
上游引物(10 μΜ) 1.5 μΐ
下游引物(ΙΟ μΜ) 1.5 μΐ
HS Taq (TaKaRa, Japan) 0.25 μΐ 实验上机条件为:
( 1 )扩增曲线: 95°C, 10s; 95°C, 15s; 59°C, 15s, 以上进行 40个循环;
(2)溶解曲线: 72°C, 30s; 95°C, 15s; 60°C, 60s; 95°C, 15s。
试验后将 QPCR产物进行 2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳, 通过对扩增条带的观测, 发现 DMD女 性携带者在 46-51号外显子有缺失, 而 4名女性正常人在 46-51号外显子没有缺失。
因此,通过本发明的外显子计算得到的结果与实时荧光定量 PCR的结果是一致的,说明 本发明的方法是可行的。
Claims
1. 一种检测 DMD基因外显子缺失和 /或重复的方法, 包括步骤:
1 )将从待测样品和正常对照样品提取基因组 DNA分别打断为双链 DNA片段, 并在所 述双链 DNA片段的两端添加接头序列;
2) 以第一引物和第二引物扩增所述带有接头的双链 DNA片段, 获得第一扩增产物;
3 )将所述第一扩增产物变性后, 用核酸芯片进行杂交捕获;
4) 以第三引物和第四引物扩增所捕获的核酸, 获得第二扩增产物;
5)对上述第二扩增产物进行测序, 获得测序序列片段;
6)将所述测序序列片段比对到参考 DMD基因的外显子序列及外显子侧翼上;
7)通过比较待测样品和正常对照样品比对结果确定所述待测样品 DMD基因的外显子是 否有重复和 /或缺失, 即如果比对到所述基因外显子参考序列上的所述待测样品测序序列显 著多于 /少于所述正常对照样品测序序列, 表示所述基因的外显子是否有重复和 /或缺失。
2. 根据权利要求 1 的方法, 其中步骤 7) 中比较待测样品和正常对照样品比对结果的 步骤如下:
第一步:
对于每个 DMD基因外显子, 将待测样品比对到该外显子上的测序序列数目相对于比对 到全部外显子的测序序列数目标准化, 获得标准化的待测样品测序序列数目比值,
将对照样品比对到该外显子上的测序序列数目相对于比对到全部外显子的测序序列数 目标准化, 获得标准化的对照样品测序序列数目比值;
第二步:
对所述标准化的待测样品测序序列数目比值和标准化的对照样品测序序列数目比值进 行比较, 如果它们在统计学上差异显著, 则
当所述标准化的待测样品测序序列数目比值小于标准化的对照样品测序序列数目比值 时, 将所述标准化的待测样品测序序列数目比值乘以 2后和标准化的对照样品测序序列数目 比值进行比较, 如果它们在统计学上差异显著, 表示该外显子没有发生杂合缺失,
当所述标准化的待测样品测序序列数目比值大于标准化的对照样品测序序列数目比值 时, 将所述标准化的待测样品测序序列数目比值除以 2后和标准化的对照样品测序序列数目 比值进行比较, 如果它们在统计学上差异显著, 表示该外显子没有发生杂合缺失。
3.根据权利要求 1或 2的方法,其中在步骤 1 )中经打断后的所述双链 DNA为 100-1000 bp, 优选在 150-500 bp, 更在 200-300 bp, 最优选在 200-250 bp; 优选所述双链 DNA经打断 后具有平末端,或者通过末端修复造成平末端;并且还优选在所述平末端双链 DNA片段的 3'
端加 "A", 所述 3'端加" A"的双链 DNA片段与带有一个" T"的接头相连, 成为两端都带有接 头的双链的 DNA片段混合物。
4.根据权利要求 1-3任一项的方法,其中所述接头序列长度是 20-150nt,优选是 50-100nt, 优选所述双链的 DNA片段两末端通过接头连接序列与接头序列连接, 其中所述接头连接序 列例如为 poly(N;>n, 其中, 各个 N分别独立地选自 A、 T、 G或 C, n为选自 1-20的任一正 整数, 例如, 所述的接头连接序列为 poly(A)n, 其中, n为 1-20的正整数, 较佳地 n=l-2, 并 且所述的接头连接互补区序列为 poly(N')m, 其中各 N'分别独立地选自 A、 T、 G或 C, m为 1-20的正整数例如选自 1-3的任一正整数, 并且 polyi^ P polyW^为互补序列; 优选所述 的接头连接互补区的长度与接头连接序列的长度相同, 即 poly(N;^P poly(N')m为完全互补序 列。
5. 根据权利要求 1-4任一项的方法, 其中步骤 2) 中的所述第一引物和第二引物根据 DMD基因的基因区序列和 /或所述接头序列设计; 所述的第一引物和第二引物具有对应于所 述接头的引物结合区的接头结合区, 以及位于接头结合区外侧的测序探针结合区; 所述的第 一引物和第二引物为长度 30-80 nt的寡核苷酸,优选第一引物和第二引物长度为 55-65 nt;优 选所述的第一引物和第二引物是不同的; 例如第一引物是 SEQ ID N0.1并 57或者第二引物 是 SEQ ID N0.2。
6. 根据权利要求 1-5任一项的方法, 其中步骤 3 ) 中的所述核酸芯片固定有 5-200,000 种对应于所述 DMD基因的特异性探针, 优选 50-150,000种, 更佳地 500-100,000种, 最佳 地 5000-80,000种; 所述探针的序列对应于 DMD基因的以下区域: 外显子和 /或外显子前后 两端优选 50-500nt, 更优选 100-300nt, 最优选 200nt; 并 57或者所述特异性探针的长度为 20-120 nt, 较佳地 50-100 nt, 更佳地 60-80 nt。
7. 根据权利要求 1-6任一项的方法, 其中方法步骤 3 )后包括步骤: 用封闭分子封闭 位于所述扩增产物两端的、 对应于第一引物和第二引物的区域, 从而获得两端被封闭的单链 扩增产物的混合物,用所述的经封闭的单链扩增产物的混合物进行后续步骤 4); 优选其中所 述的封闭分子封闭第一 PCR扩增产物中对应于第一弓 I物和第二弓 I物的 70%-100%区域,特别 是 100%区域; 例如, 所述封闭分子是 SEQ ID N0.3或 SEQ ID N0.4。
8. 根据权利要求 1-7任一项的方法, 其中步骤 4)中的所述第三引物和第四引物根据 DMD 基因的基因区序列和 /或所述接头序列设计;所述第三引物和第四引物分别特异性对应于或结 合于所述的第一弓 I物和第二弓 I物; 所述的第三弓 I物和第四弓 I物分别特异性结合于所述的第一 弓 I物和第二引物的外侧, 并且长度小于第一引物和第二引物; 所述的第三引物和第四引物长 度为 15-40 nt, 较佳地为 20-25 nt; 并 57或者所述的第三引物和第四引物是不同的; 例如, 第 三引物是 SEQ ID N0.5并 57或者第四引物是 SEQ ID N0.6。
9. 根据权利要求 1-8任一项的方法, 其中步骤 5) 中的测序采用第二代测序技术, 例 如 illumina solexa、 Hiseq 2000 ABI SOLiD Roche 454测序平台禾口 /或 Ion torrent; 或者将所 述的第二扩增产物的混合物与固相载体上固定的测序探针进行杂交,并进行固相桥式 PCR扩 增, 形成测序簇; 然后对所述测序簇用 "边合成-边测序"法进行测序, 从而得到样本中疾病相 关核酸分子的核苷酸序列。
10. 本发明还提供了一种检测受试者杜氏肌营养不良症的方法, 包括:
利用权利要求 1-9任一项的方法检测来自所述受试者样本中的 DMD基因突变; 如果检测到 DMD基因突变, 则该受试者患有杜氏肌营养不良症或易患杜氏肌营养不良 症。
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102533985B (zh) * | 2011-12-19 | 2014-08-06 | 深圳华大基因科技有限公司 | 一种检测dmd基因外显子缺失和/或重复的方法 |
| CN105593683B (zh) * | 2013-10-01 | 2018-11-30 | 考利达基因组股份有限公司 | 鉴定基因组中的变异的定相和连接方法 |
| CN107002080B (zh) * | 2014-12-18 | 2020-11-06 | 深圳华大智造科技股份有限公司 | 一种基于多重pcr的目标区域富集方法和试剂 |
| CN104498614B (zh) * | 2014-12-31 | 2017-07-11 | 广州和泰科技有限公司 | 假肥大型肌营养不良症的检测探针及其无创检测试剂盒 |
| CN107419030A (zh) * | 2017-09-19 | 2017-12-01 | 广西壮族自治区妇幼保健院 | 检测假肥大型肌营养不良的基因芯片、试剂盒及其使用方法 |
| CN108220418B (zh) * | 2017-12-29 | 2018-11-09 | 东莞博奥木华基因科技有限公司 | 基于多重pcr捕获技术的杜氏/贝氏肌营养不良症的检测试剂盒及方法 |
| CN111508559B (zh) * | 2020-04-21 | 2021-08-13 | 北京橡鑫生物科技有限公司 | 检测目标区域cnv的方法及装置 |
| CN111899789B (zh) * | 2020-08-03 | 2021-05-25 | 北京市肿瘤防治研究所 | 二代测序鉴定brca1/2大片段重排的方法及系统 |
| CN113234799A (zh) * | 2021-05-11 | 2021-08-10 | 赛雷纳(中国)医疗科技有限公司 | 一种用于染色体缺失/重复断点精确定位的方法 |
| CN113322312A (zh) * | 2021-07-18 | 2021-08-31 | 华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院 | 一种x连锁dmd基因突变体的检测试剂盒、检测方法及其应用 |
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| TW201326400A (zh) | 2013-07-01 |
| TWI467020B (zh) | 2015-01-01 |
| CN102533985B (zh) | 2014-08-06 |
| CN102533985A (zh) | 2012-07-04 |
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