Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H05B45/10—Controlling the intensity of the light
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
  • H02J7/0063—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with circuits adapted for supplying loads from the battery
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
  • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
  • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
  • H02J7/007182—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters in response to battery voltage
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
  • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
  • H02J7/35—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering with light sensitive cells
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B47/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light sources in general, i.e. where the type of light source is not relevant
  • H05B47/10—Controlling the light source
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B47/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light sources in general, i.e. where the type of light source is not relevant
  • H05B47/20—Responsive to malfunctions or to light source life; for protection
  • H05B47/28—Circuit arrangements for protecting against abnormal temperature
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
  • Y02B20/00—Energy efficient lighting technologies, e.g. halogen lamps or gas discharge lamps
  • Y02B20/30—Semiconductor lamps, e.g. solid state lamps [SSL] light emitting diodes [LED] or organic LED [OLED]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
  • Y02B20/00—Energy efficient lighting technologies, e.g. halogen lamps or gas discharge lamps
  • Y02B20/72—Energy efficient lighting technologies, e.g. halogen lamps or gas discharge lamps in street lighting

Definitions

• Solar powered street lamps are in commercial use. Solar powered street lamps receive solar energy from the sun in the form of light. The light photons are converted into electricity by a solar panel. A battery system stores electrical energy, where it can be used during dark conditions (e.g., nighttime, or cloudy times) to power the street lamp.
• dark conditions e.g., nighttime, or cloudy times
• the inventors performed a study to reveal the root cause key issues for this problem; and then invent the system designs to overcome this issue; as disclosed in this patent disclosure.
• At least one embodiment described herein relates to a devise for channeling electricity from an electrical energy source to a lamp when the lamp is consuming electricity, and when doing so adjusts downwards the amount of power channeled to the lamp as a function of available energy in the electrical energy source.
• a reduction in the available energy in the electrical energy source causes a less proportionate reduction in luminosity of the lamp.
• the electrical energy source may be a battery that is powered by one or more solar panels. In that case, the device may also channel electricity from the solar panel(s) to the battery.
• FIG. 1 abstractly illustrates a solar panel lamp system in accordance with principles described herein;
• Figure 2 illustrates a step function example of how the energy delivered to the lamp by the controller may be reduced as a function of the remaining available electrical energy in the battery
• Figure 3 illustrates a continuous function example of how the energy delivered to the lamp by the controller may be reduced as a function of the remaining available electrical energy in the battery
• Figure 4 illustrates an example Light Emitting Diode(Lamp) response
• Figure 5 illustrates an example passive network of resistors and diodes that may be used to deliver a reduced amount of electrical power to the lamp when the remaining available electrical energy in the battery is reduced.
• the lamp design further includes a system control unit (such as a control box) that allows for increased lighting stamina in a longer series of continuous rain days as compared to commercial lamps even for the same given solar panel and battery.
• the lamp can be operated across the full range of the available stored energy in the battery. As the battery's stored energy decrease, the systems' power consumption is reduced and the system efficacy is increased, while still maintaining the lighting above the required brightness. In other words, the novel system can continuously (or step by step) improve efficacy as battery stored energy drains down.
• Solar powered lamps use solar panels to charge batteries during sunny conditions (hereinafter referred to as "sunny days") when significant numbers of sun- originated photons are incident on the solar panel.
• sunny days hereinafter referred to as "sunny days”
• dark conditions also exist in which lesser or no sun-originated photons are incident on the solar panel.
• dark conditions certainly exist during the nighttime, but may also exist at dawn, dusk, or during overcast days (hereinafter referred to as “dark nights or days", or “rainy days”) when cloud cover, mist, smog, rain, fog, or any other impediment keeps much of the sun energy from reaching the solar panel.
• Solar lamp systems include four subsystems including 1) the solar panel that receives sun-originated photons, and converts a portion of the corresponding photo energy to electricity, 2) a battery that receives and stores the electricity generated by the solar panel, 3) a lamp that consumes the electricity from the battery when the lamp is to emit light, and 4) a controller that controls when the lamp is on and off; and protects the battery from over-charged or over-drained conditions.
• the controller when combining the lamp built with the invented passive network, the controller performs more than just the functions stated above, but also controls how much electrical power is supplied to the lamp when the lamp is on.
• the solar powered lamp system can provide an improved(better than the commercial specified) lighting brightness in the first three nights in the presence of three consecutive dark days, starting with full battery storage capacity. After that, the lamp system can still keep lighting above the(commercial specified) required brightness for three additional nights without any solar energy input for these six consecutive days (i.e., in the presence of six consecutive dark days). Furthermore, this can be done with reduced cost as compared to the commercial system in some embodiments.
• certain embodiments of a solar powered lamp system described herein can sustain light during dark conditions in the presence of more than nine consecutive dark days while continuing to provide light above the required levels. Such embodiments may provide better brightness than commercial systems for the first three days. The system then continues to provide at greater than 90 percent brightness (as compared to the prior day) for extra six consecutive dark days without light-out during dark conditions. Furthermore, this system leaps back to provide lighting for more than three additional nights in the presence of three further consecutive dark days, with only 4 hours effective sun shine on the tenth day.
• the resulted solar powered street lamps in accordance with at least some embodiments described herein are very affordable; and also provide excellent performance.
• embodiments describe herein can provide a cost effective solar powered street lamps with excellent performance; among many other applications.
• Solar powered lamps use solar panels to charge batteries during the sunny daytime. Then, discharge the batteries driving lamps to light the dark nights. Therefore, the following nature data relating to sunshine, dark-hours requiring lighting, and such, was evaluated along with the characteristics of solar panels, batteries, and control boxes commonly used.
• the average daily effective sunshine ranges from 3 to 4.5 hours at most of the locations suitable for installing the solar powered lamps.
• the required lighting time ranged from 8 to 14 hours per day at these locations.
• the season with the longer required lighting was often associated with shorter effective sunlight hours. Therefore, the design of the stand along system would typically require approximately 4 hours of solar panel exposure to sunshine to charge the battery with energy suitable for lamp consumption of approximately 12 hours lighting (and 24 hours control box operation since the control box continuously operates).
• the electric energy converted from solar panel is usually stored in "12 volts" batteries in the commercial system.
• the so-called “12 volts” battery shall be operated in a normal range within its maximum terminal voltage (Vx), which can be in the neighborhood of 13.6 volts, and its minimum voltage (Vn), which can be in the neighborhood of 10.5 volts.
• Vx maximum terminal voltage
• Vn minimum voltage
• Abnormal operations either overly charging a battery to higher than Vx or draining a battery to lower than Vn
• the abnormal operations of overly charging or overly draining the battery are not desirable, nor are they recommended.
• commercial system designs a control unit to constantly surveying the battery terminal voltage to switch-off the solar-charging when it reaches Vx, and turn-off the lamp when it reaches Vn.
• the energy storage capacity Bx is defined as the time integral (in hours) of the output current through the battery (in amperes) while the terminal voltage of the battery is drained from maximum terminal voltage Vx down to the minimum terminal voltage Vn. Note that every ampere-hour represents a different amount of energy in the battery; because the energy depends on what the terminal voltage was as the ampere-hour was drawn. Furthermore, a different battery could store slightly different amounts of energy at the same terminal voltage for every ampere-hour; because the internal resistances of chemical-electrical energy conversion in each and every battery can be different. Therefore, the same (watt- hours) energy consumption would have a little different value of ampere-hours at different terminal voltage of the same battery. Stated differently, energy consumption would not be exact the same value of ampere-hours at the same terminal voltage of different batteries.
• the system daily energy consumption (including lighting, operations control, and inefficiency) is "D”.
• the minimum system daily energy consumption is “Dn”.
• the maximum daily energy consumption is “Dx”.
• the daily converted electric energy from the solar panel output and stored into the battery is "S'Mts average value in 4 hours effective daily sun-shine is “Sa” while its maximum value is “Sx”; its minimum is O.
• the electric energy stored in the battery is "B”.
• the maximum battery energy “Bx” is the energy stored in the battery when the battery terminal voltage V is at its maximum value Vx.
• the Bx is also called the capacity of the battery. Commercially, Bx is represented in ampere- hours. Therefore, all energy units (B, S or D) presented herein are converted into ampere-hours of the battery used, unless specified otherwise.
• the solar panel is a primary cost driver and most expensive of the four solar panel subsystems (which include the solar panel, the battery, the lamp, and the controller).
• Commercial solar lamp systems are thus designed at minimized solar panel usage to maximize the system affordability.
• the existing commercial solar powered lamp systems all use 1.15Dx > Sa > 1.1 Dx.
• the panel size is big enough that one day of effective sunshine is sufficient to charge the batteries sufficient to provide the electric energy (“Sa”) for greater than 1 10 percent of one day's maximum energy consumption (“Dx"); but definitely less than HSpercent of one day's maximum energy consumption (“Dx").
• the battery is the second cost driver of the four solar lamp subsystems.
• Most of commercial solar lamp providers design their full battery storage capacity Bx to be 4Dx> Bx> 3.3Dx. In other words, a fully charged battery will be sufficient to provide light over of from 3.3 to 4 days of maximum energy consumption.
• Some commercial solar powered lamp designers increased the full battery storage capacity Bx up to 7Dx.
• the solar panel size (to provide "S" electric energy in watt-hours for battery charging in one effective sunny day) is designed to be: 1.15Dx > Sa > 1.1 Dx in watt-hrs, with Sa defined above.
• the battery (used to store the electric energy from solar panel and to provide electric energy for the system operation) is designed to be: 7Dx > Bx > 3.3Dx, while Bx is in its full capacity.
• B (3D - Sx) ⁇ (3D - 1.15Dx) ⁇ (3 - 1.15)*D.
• the remaining battery energy at dawn is less than 1 and 0.85 days of operational energy.
• the remaining battery energy can be less than 0.7 day operation at dawn. In this case, there would be no lighting at all at the third night during the three consecutive rainy days.
• the lamp When the battery is drained at or before the dawn of a given day, then the lamp may provide light during the first night and part of the second night, but there would be no lighting at all during the 3rd night.
• the worst scenario would be that the battery is drained at or before dawn of the given day and followed by greater than three consecutive rainy days without sunshine at all after the dawn of the given day. In that case, there will be no lighting at all during the evenings.
• This means that it would take more than 12 consecutive sunny days (12 x 3.3 Ahr 39.6 Ahr) to offset 1 dark day energy deficit (approximately 40 Ahr) for this street lamp.
• This street lamp was installed at a location near the center of China with greater than 4 hours annual averaged effective sunlight, and a clear space to properly receive normal sun light. It was started with a full battery capacity and only operated for less than 20 days (more than two years ago) to encounter its first "drained battery” condition. After that, this street lamp started to provide about 1 night light followed by every sunny day; and never delivered its promise of "sustain lighting in 3 consecutive dark days" since then. Of course, this lamp also encountered many additional "drained battery” conditions since its installation more than 2 years ago.
• the inventors discovered that there are three key ingredients for solar powered lamps to keep its promise to sustain lighting for greater than three consecutive dark days: (1) that the system has a large enough battery capacity (Bx > 3Dx), (2) that the system has a large enough solar panel such that Sa>3Dx, and (3) that the control box reduces its daily energy consumption to insignificant level such that the Dx can be substantially reduced.
• the cost of the subsystems especially, the solar panel and battery
• the resulting systems can end up meeting the required brightness - but with prohibitive cost, or meeting the affordability - but without providing enough brightness.
• the inventors further invented novel LED lamp designs with passive networking LED (chips) and resistors as well as the associated control box to (overcome this issue) provide extra lighting stamina in long continuous dark days; even when uses the same solar panel and battery of the commercial system.
• the invention steps are described as follows:
• the inventors identified the suitable I-V characteristics for LED lamp that allowed the lamp to operate in the full battery energy storage range; which characterized by its range of terminal voltage (say, 10.5 to 13.5 volts for a "12 volts battery”).This means that these LED lamps would vary its power consumption as a function of the battery terminal voltage; P(v).
• the inventors further identified the I-V of these lamps to consume less than 1/5 of the daily energy charged by the solar panel when battery energy storage is closed to drained condition; the closer to drain condition, the less it consumes.
• the control box can be relief from its conventional "battery protection" duty (which consumes significant amount of energy).
• battery protection which consumes significant amount of energy.
• the designed control box then consumes insignificant amount of energy ( ⁇ 0.001 ampere-hours daily) that can strengthen the lighting stamina even further.
• the resistors in the network are not light emitting elements; they consumes energy without provide contribution to lighting.
• the inventors therefore, scrutinized the network to get reed of all unnecessary resistances. Thus, it further strengthened the lighting stamina of the designed system.
• the inventors performed the statistic code simulations to map out the allowed design parameters' space. The results effectively guide us to optimize the matching of subsystems; and provide the path to minimize the system's cost and to maximize the system's performances.
• the principles describe herein redesign the controller and lamps.
• the systems can improve their efficacy during the draining down of its energy storage.
• the lamps can also be operated in the full range of the battery energy storage to provide above required brightness.
• this system can provide extra lighting stamina in long continuous dark days; even when uses the same solar panel and battery.
• the embodiments describe herein can make the reduction in power consumption much faster than their brightness reduction due to the improved efficacy experienced when reducing power consumption.
• one day's recharged energy of the existing solar panel can provide for more than three days' reduced power operation, even with the same solar panel and battery.
• the required Dx is low enough when battery energy is at its low storage stage, such that the current solar panel size used in the commercial system can provide enough Sa to meet the Sa> 3Dx for this reduced Dx.
• the lighting subsystem is designed such that it can improve its efficacy when the battery storage energy is draining down.
• the less the remaining energy stored in the battery the less it is consumed by the lamps; and yet the lamp still provide the required lighting brightness by improving system efficacy during battery energy draining. This is because the reduction in the lighting energy consumption is proportionately much faster than the resultant reduction in the brightness.
• This invention further designed into its lamps to consume less than one quarter of the daily energy charged by the solar panel when battery energy storage is closed to drain condition. The closer to the fully drained condition, the less the lamp consumes, with approaching zero energy consumption at the battery drain state (D(Vn) ⁇ 1 watts); preventing the over-draining situation.
• the lighting subsystem embodiments can obtain two benefits: (1) one sunny day solar charge can store enough energy in the battery for more than three days of night-lighting without other energy input; as shown in the embodiments; and (2) over-charge or over-drain of the battery are prevented without the active control box intervention.
• the embodiments allow for a controller then just to perform the on/off switching functions for the charging and discharging of the battery. This switching function consumes an insignificant amount of daily energy.
• the commercial system when replacing the LED lighting units and the associated control unit by incorporating this invention, can then provide a better lighting brightness in the first three nights; starting with full battery storage capacity. After that, it can still keep lighting above the required brightness for three additional nights without any energy input for these 6 consecutive days. Furthermore, this system is cost less than the original system.
• the novel designed systems can sustain more than nine consecutive rainy days. Furthermore, it provides better brightness than commercial solar panels for the first three nights. The system then continues to provide at > 0.9 in brightness of the previous day for an extra six consecutive dark days without light-off. Furthermore, this system leaps back to provide lighting for more than three additional nights, with only 4 hours effective sun shine at the 10th day.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a solar powered lamp system 100 that includes four subsystems such as a battery 110, a solar panel 120, a lamp 130, and a controller 140.
• Sun-originated light is incident on the solar panel 120.
• the solar panel 120 may be a single solar panel or a network of solar panels.
• the solar panel may be a currently existing solar panel, or may be a solar panel that is developed in the future. Nevertheless, as mentioned above, improved performance may be obtained even using existing solar panels.
• the solar panel 120 converts at least a portion of the incident light into electricity with a particular efficiency that may vary depending on the type of solar panel.
• An energy collection routing circuit 121 is configured to route electrical power from the solar panel 1 10 to a battery 120 when the solar panel 120 and the battery 110 are coupled as illustrated. In this way, the energy collection routing circuit 121 channels electricity from the solar panel 120 to the battery 110 to charge the battery and thereby increase its energy storage during sunny conditions.
• the battery 120 may be any type of battery, the principles described herein allow for improved performance even using the same battery as conventional solar lamp systems. In fact, the principles described herein may be broadened to a case in which element 110 is any electrical energy source such as, for example, a power supply device supporting by an electrical power grid. In that case, there would be no need for the lamp system 100 to include solar panel 120 or energy collection routing circuit 121. Thus, the lamp system may not have any physical "battery". In fact, the battery 110 can be replaced by "an electrical energy source”. The battery 1 10 will be described hereinafter and is only an example of such an electrical energy source.
• An energy consumption routing circuit 122 is configured to selectively route electrical power from the battery 1 10 (or more broadly, the “electrical energy source”) to a lamp 130 when the battery 1 10 and lamp 130 are coupled as illustrated. In this way, the energy consumption routing circuit 122 channels electricity from the battery 110 (or more broadly, the "electrical energy source") to the lamp 130 when the lamp is consuming electricity during dark conditions.
• the lampl30 may emit light from one or more light emitting diodes (LED) and/or may be a street lamp that is elevated above a street, road, walkway, or area.
• LED light emitting diodes
• a controller 140 is configured to selectively channel electricity from the solar panel 120 to the battery 110 via the energy collection routing circuit 121 during light conditions, and selectively configured to channel electricity from the battery 1 10 to the lamp 130 during dark conditions.
• the controller 140 may be quite simple as it performs a simple on-off switching function. Accordingly, the daily energy consumed by the controller may be quite low as mentioned above. Depending on the electrical energy source, in some cases (such as the case of an electrical power grid) such selective channeling will not be necessary.
• the solar lamp system 100 is configured such that when the energy consumption routing circuit 122 routes electrical power from the battery 110 (or more broadly, the "electrical energy source") to the lamp 130, the system 100 adjusts the amount of power delivered along the energy consumption routing circuit 122 downward as a function of a remaining amount of available electrical energy in the battery.
• the battery 110 or more broadly, the "electrical energy source”
• the system 100 adjusts the amount of power delivered along the energy consumption routing circuit 122 downward as a function of a remaining amount of available electrical energy in the battery.
• terminal voltage V is a function of the remaining electrical energy in the battery, this might be accomplished using the terminal voltage.
• this reduction in power consumption may be greater in proportion than the reduction in light emissions due to improved efficacy at lower power consumption.
• the reduction in power consumption when the terminal voltage (or more generally the available energy or power in the electrical energy source) declines may be accomplished using a passive network.
• the passive network 131 may be included within the lamp, and may include LED diodes, and potentially also resistors. A specific design will be described with respect to Figure 5. However, the principles of the present invention are not limited to such a design.
• a passive network may route current through voltage drops such that when the voltage at the input of the passive network is higher (reflective of a higher battery terminal voltage), more LED diodes in the passive network are actively emitting than that when the voltage at the input of the passive network is lower. Thus, as the terminal voltage reduces, so does the number and intensity of the LED diodes that are emitting in the passive network.
• Figure 2 illustrates an approximate graphical representation 200 of a relationship between power consumption and luminosity for a lamp built with a network of light emitting diodes and resistors.
• Luminosity is on the vertical axis 201
• electrical power is on the horizontal axis 202.
• the relationship is approximated with curve 210 only to show the abstract principles.
• the precise shape of the curve may differ according to the type of LEDs that the lamp is comprised of, and also the design of the lamp; especially its heat dissipation that determines the temperature at the light emitting junctions.
• the junction temperature can critically affects the amount of light output; thus the heat dissipation capability critically determines the function of luminosity as function of power input to the LED.
• each LED lamp has an inactive region 21 1 in which the electrical power is near or below the threshold of the LED diode thereby being too low to cause significant light emissions from the diode; even part of region 211 can provide very high efficacy but not a large amount of luminosity.
• Each LED lamp also has a linear region 212 that is above the threshold of the LED diode, causing an approximate linear relationship between change in electrical power, and change in luminosity. This region maintains almost a constant efficacy with significant amount of luminosity.
• Each LED lamp also has a saturation region 213 in which increases in electrical power cause a less proportionate increase in luminosity. Stated differently, in the saturation region 213, reductions in electrical power cause a less proportionate reduction in luminosity. It is in the saturation region that most LED lights operate. Accordingly, reductions in the electrical power provided to the lamp (from perhaps amount 221 to 222), cause a proportionately less reduction in luminosity (from amount 231 to 232) as illustrated. There is another important parameter indicated in Figure 2. The minimum required amount of luminosity is indicated as line 233; and the corresponding power is indicated as line 223. This line 223 may fall inside the region defined as 212. Thus, the lamps shall be designed to operate in the region above 212a to provide more than the specified luminosity level.
• the corresponding voltage of the power region 213 shall be coincided with most of the designed operational power region (above 212b region).
• the corresponding battery voltage range for the designed operational region is from 1 1.5 to 13.5 volts.
• the I-V characteristic of the designed lamps is shaped to match this requirement.
• Figure 3 illustrate a graphical relationship 300 in which the relation 301 is a step function.
• Figure 4 illustrates a graphical relationship 400 in which the relation 401 is a continuous function.
• the actual function may be a combination of step function and continuous function.
• FIG. 5 illustrates a passive network 500 that may be used as the passive network 131 of Figure 1.
• the passive network 500 includes multiple passive components including a combination of LED diodes and resistors.
• a lighting assembly consists of 24 LED (labelled LD1 through LD24) which are networked into two groups, each group coupled in parallel between the battery terminals V+ and V-.
• One of the LED groups consists of a series connection of four LED subgroups. Each LED subgroup consists of different numbers of LEDs in parallel connections. For instance, one LED group consists of a series of four subgroups, wherein the first LED subgroup consists of four parallel LEDs LD3 through LD6, the second LED subgroup consists of three parallel LEDs LD10 through LD12, the third LED subgroup consists of three parallel LEDs LD16 through LD18, and the fourth LED subgroup consists of four parallel LEDs LD21 through LD24.
• the other of the LED groups also consists of a series connection of four subgroups of LEDs consisting of different numbers of LEDs in parallel .
• this other LED group consists of a series of four subgroups, wherein the first LED subgroup consists of two parallel LEDs LD1 through LD2, the second LED subgroup consists of three parallel LEDs LD7 through LD9, the third LED subgroup consists of three parallel LEDs LD13 through LD15, and the fourth LED subgroup consists of two parallel LEDs LD19 through LD20.
• the first subgroup of LEDs LD3 through LD6 in the first LED group also has coupled in parallel 16 resistors Rl through R.16
• the fourth subgroup of LEDs LD 21 through LD24 also has coupled in parallel 16 resistors R17 through R32.
• This network of LED can be viewed as a network of voltage determined variable resistances; and thus the network would carry different currents when the terminal voltage is different.
• the smaller the terminal voltage the smaller the current in this network.
• the smaller the terminal voltage the smaller the amount of power consumed by the network.
• V Voltage (V) Current (A) Power Im Lm/W consumption
• the power consumption decreased monotonically from 40.2 watts at 13.5 volts down to 6.67 watts at 1 1.5 volts (by a factor of about 6).
• the light output of this assembly also varies with the carrying current.
• the smaller the current carried the smaller the light output that can be produced.
• the smaller the power consumed by this LED network the smaller the light output that the LED net work would provide.
• the measured light output decreased from2331.6 lumens with.40.2 watts power consumption (at 13.5 volts) monotonically down to 580.7 lumens with 6.67 watts power consumption (at 1 1.5 volts). It can be expected from this that the light output of this 3 assemblies combined lamp shall emit more than6994.8 lm at 13.5 volts; and shall emit more than 1740 lm when the battery terminal voltage is above 11.5 volts (that meets the greater than 1500 lm lighting requirement).
• the discharged time was also measured.
• the measured result shows that it takes more than 75 hours discharge time to accomplish from 13.5 to 11.5 volts experiment. Therefore, we expect the lamp can provide above required light output for more than 6 nights (with 12 hours' lighting per night). The remaining energy below 11.5 volts to 10.5 volts still can provide a reduced light output for more than additional 38 hours.
• the combined measured lighting time could exceed 9 nights (12 hours / night).
• the system can provide more than 6 nights lighting above the required level, and more than 3 additional nights in reduced lighting level at the end.
• one normal sunny day (with 4 hours effective sun shine at the 10 th day) can make the system leap back in energy storage to provide at least 3 nights lighting.
• the efficacy of this assembly is monotonically increased from 58 lumens per watt at 13.5 volts up to more than 87 lumens per watt at 1 1.5 volts.
• the calculated efficacy value increased to 99.2 lm per watt at 10.5 volts; as tabulated in the table.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
• Circuit Arrangement For Electric Light Sources In General (AREA)
• Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
• Secondary Cells (AREA)
• Arrangement Of Elements, Cooling, Sealing, Or The Like Of Lighting Devices (AREA)
• Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)

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• 2014
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