WO2013083987A1 - Method of manufacture a sliding bearing - Google Patents
Method of manufacture a sliding bearing Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2013083987A1 WO2013083987A1 PCT/GB2012/053037 GB2012053037W WO2013083987A1 WO 2013083987 A1 WO2013083987 A1 WO 2013083987A1 GB 2012053037 W GB2012053037 W GB 2012053037W WO 2013083987 A1 WO2013083987 A1 WO 2013083987A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- bias portion
- cathodic
- bias
- sliding bearing
- electrolyte
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D15/00—Electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings containing embedded materials, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D21/00—Processes for servicing or operating cells for electrolytic coating
- C25D21/12—Process control or regulation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/18—Electroplating using modulated, pulsed or reversing current
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/10—Bearings
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of electroplating a sliding bearing with a composite layer of hard particulate incorporated in a metallic matrix, and more particularly, but not exclusively, to bearing shells and thrust washers.
- Bearing shells for journaled engine bearings typically comprises a strong steel backing layer, a lining layer and an overlay layer that provides the running surface for the journaled shaft, e.g. a hollow generally semi-cylindrical steel backing layer, a copper-based alloy lining layer, and a tin, tin-based alloy or composite overlay layer on the inner surface.
- a particular challenge to bearing overlay layer performance is provided by the configuration of vehicle engines to save fuel by using a stop-start operation, in which the engine is stopped each time the vehicle stops, in contrast to conventional engine operation, in which the engine is kept running throughout a vehicle's journey.
- Engines configured for stop-start operation may restart their engines more than one hundred times more frequently than conventionally configured engines running continuously throughout each vehicle journey.
- the particular problem that an engine configured for stop- start operation presents arises because engine bearings are conventionally hydrodynamically lubricated, with little or no lubrication initially being provided to the bearings when the engine starts, leading to particularly significant wear during the start-up phase.
- a method of manufacturing a sliding bearing comprising providing a substrate as a cathode in an electrolyte within which a hard particulate is suspended, and depositing a composite layer of hard particulate embedded in a metallic matrix by applying a repeating cycle of bias pulses to the substrate wherein each cycle comprises a high cathodic bias portion and a further bias portion selected from the group consisting of a low cathodic bias portion, a zero cathodic bias portion and an anodic bias portion.
- a sliding bearing manufactured according to the method of the first aspect.
- an engine comprising a sliding bearing manufactured according to the first aspect.
- the method may further comprise agitating the electrolyte to maintain the hard particulate in suspension.
- the further bias portion may be a low cathodic bias portion.
- the high cathodic bias portion may have a bias of at least 125 % of the low cathodic bias portion.
- the further bias portion may be a zero cathodic bias portion.
- the further bias portion may be an anodic bias portion.
- the absolute value of the anodic bias portion may be between 0.25 and 3.0 times the absolute value of the high cathodic bias portion (i.e. between 0.25 and 3.0 times the magnitude, but of opposite polarity).
- the repeating cycle may have a sawtooth profile in which each cycle comprises a monotonically increasing cathodic bias.
- the pulse cycle may have a length of 5 to 200 ms, and preferably of 10 to 100 ms.
- the high cathodic bias portion may consist of 10 to 95% of the pulse cycle.
- the high cathodic bias portion may have a peak current density of 0.5 to 10 A/dm 2 .
- the mean average cathodic current density of the cycle is lower than 5 A/dm 2 .
- the hard particulate may be selected from the group consisting of TiCN, SiC, NbC, Si 3 N 4 , Al 2 0 3 , TiN, and B 4 C.
- the suspension may comprise 20 to 200 g hard particulate per litre of electrolyte, and preferably 40 to 100 g per litre.
- the metallic matrix may be a pure metal, apart from incidental impurities.
- the metallic matrix may be pure Sn, apart from incidental impurities.
- the metallic matrix may be a metal alloy, apart from incidental impurities.
- the metallic matrix may be a Sn-based alloy, apart from incidental impurities.
- the electrolyte may be a tin methanesulfonic acid electrolyte.
- the electrolyte may comprise 15 to 80 g/l Sn.
- the electrolyte may comprise brightener.
- the sliding bearing may be a bearing shell or a thrust washer.
- Figure 1 shows a schematic illustration of a bearing shell
- Figure 3 shows an SEM micrograph of a section of a sliding bearing having an overlay with a B 4 C hard particulate incorporated into a Sn metallic matrix; and • Figure 4 shows a second bias pulse profile; and
- Figure 1 illustrates a hollow generally semi-cylindrical bearing shell 1 having a steel backing layer 2, a copper-based alloy lining layer 3, a nickel or cobalt diffusion barrier 4, and a composite overlay layer 5 of hard particulate incorporated into a Sn matrix.
- the bearing shell onto which the composite layer is deposited is provided as a cathode in a bath containing a suspension of hard particulate in an electroplating electrolyte, with an anode formed of a material corresponding to the metallic matrix, e.g. a high purity tin anode.
- the electrolyte is a lead-free, tin methanesulfonic acid (MSA) electrolyte (tin ions in methanesulfonic acid), which may comprise performance enhancing additives, such as brightener and anti-foaming agent.
- MSA tin methanesulfonic acid
- performance enhancing additives such as brightener and anti-foaming agent.
- the electrolyte may be the Bright Tin GBF 30 acidic electrolyte system from Schlotter® Galvanotechnik, which uses a reci pe of Schlotter' s ingredients consisting of 13.0 litres Tin Concentrate FS 20 (which contains 310 g/l tin(ll)), 6.0 litres GBF 31 Starter (20 to 25 %wt 2-naptholpolyglycolether, 1 to 2.5 %wt 1 ,2- dihydroxybenzene, and 1 to 2.5 %wt methacrylic acid), 0.4 litres GBR 32 Brightener (35 to 50 %wt 2-isopropoxyethanol, and 5 to 10 %wt 4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one), 1 1.0 litres GBF 33 Make Up Concentrate (which is 45 %wt MSA), and the balance to 100 litres of deionised water.
- Tin Concentrate FS 20 which contains 310 g/l tin(ll)
- GBF 31 Starter (20 to 25 %w
- the suspension is maintained at a temperature of 20 to 30 °C.
- the chemical composition and pH is maintained during deposition by replenishment of the consumed chemicals.
- Hard particulate such as boron carbide, alumina, silicon nitride, boron nitride, silicon carbide, niobium carbide, titanium nitride, or titanium carbo-nitride, with a particle size of less than 7 ⁇ , is suspended in the solution with a concentration of approximately 60 g/l (operation has been demonstrated with 20 to 200 g/l hard particulate, and preferably 40 to 70 g/l). Ultrasonic and/or mechanical stirring agitation is used to maintain the hard particulate in suspension.
- a cathodic bias i.e. a negative bias is applied to the cathode relative to the anode
- creates a cathodic current i.e.
- the cathode bias is cyclically pulsed at with a pulse cycle period of 10 to 20 ms (although operation has been demonstrated with a pulse cycle period of 10 to 40 ms).
- the peak cathodic current density is between 0.5 and 5.0 A/dm 2 , and the mean average current density across the pulse cycle is up to 3.6 A/dm 2 .
- a bias pulse cycle is used having a high cathodic bias V H pulse portion ti and a zero cathodic bias V 0 portion t 2 .
- the high cathodic bias portion is applied for up to 95 % of the pulse cycle (preferably between 10 and 95 %), and produces a high cathodic current density.
- Figure 3 illustrates a sectional view of such a layer, in which the hard particulate 6 appear as dark specks in the metallic matrix of the overlay layer 5.
- the rate of metallic matrix deposition under a constant cathodic current is limited by the ionic mobility of the metal ions (e.g. tin ions), due to the presence of a depletion region in the electrolyte, against the cathode surface.
- the metal ions e.g. tin ions
- hard particulate from the suspension adheres onto the surface, slow deposition of the metal ions that occurs under constant cathodic current is inefficient at incorporating the surface particles into the deposited layer, with the particles instead remaining on the surface as the metallic matrix layer grows.
- the concentration of metal ions close to the cathode surface is able to increase, leading to a rapid burst of deposition occurring during the high cathodic bias portions, which increases the efficiency of incorporation of the hard particulate into the deposited layer.
- the pulse cycle may have an alternating high cathodic bias V H portions and low cathodic bias V L portions t 2 '.
- the high cathodic bias V H is at least 1.25 times greater than the low cathodic bias V L .
- a zero cathodic bias portion also known as off-time, for example following the high cathodic bias portion.
- a double polarity pulse cycle may be used, in which an anodic bias pulse portion (i.e. a reverse bias, relative to the cathodic bias) may be provided.
- the pulse cycle may have high cathodic bias V H pulse portion V, an anodic bias V R pulse portion t 2 ", a zero cathodic bias V 0 portion t 3 ", and a low cathodic bias V L portion t 4 ".
- the anodic bias portion has a bias that is between -0.25 and - 3.0 times the bias of the high cathodic bias portion (i.e. its magnitude is between 0.25 and 3.0 times the magnitude, but of opposite polarity).
- Such anodic bias pulses may de-plate metal ions from the deposited layer, providing a high concentration of ions close to the cathode surface, further increasing the subsequent rate of deposition during the high cathodic bias pulse portion, further enhancing the incorporation of hard particulate into the deposited layer of metallic matrix.
- the sliding bearing may be a bearing lining or a thrust washer, which is inserted into the bearing assembly of an engine.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
- Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
- Shafts, Cranks, Connecting Bars, And Related Bearings (AREA)
- Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/363,990 US20140353161A1 (en) | 2011-12-09 | 2012-12-06 | Method of manufacture a sliding bearing |
EP12806626.3A EP2788533A1 (en) | 2011-12-09 | 2012-12-06 | Method of manufacture a sliding bearing |
CN201280060596.3A CN104105821A (en) | 2011-12-09 | 2012-12-06 | Method of manufacturing sliding bearing |
BR112014013830A BR112014013830A8 (en) | 2011-12-09 | 2012-12-06 | Production method of a sliding bearing |
JP2014545353A JP2015501881A (en) | 2011-12-09 | 2012-12-06 | Sliding bearing manufacturing method |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB1121175.2A GB2497520A (en) | 2011-12-09 | 2011-12-09 | Method of electroplating a bearing surface |
GB1121175.2 | 2011-12-09 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2013083987A1 true WO2013083987A1 (en) | 2013-06-13 |
Family
ID=45541461
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB2012/053037 WO2013083987A1 (en) | 2011-12-09 | 2012-12-06 | Method of manufacture a sliding bearing |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20140353161A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2788533A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2015501881A (en) |
CN (1) | CN104105821A (en) |
BR (1) | BR112014013830A8 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2497520A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2013083987A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2529384A (en) * | 2014-06-23 | 2016-02-24 | Daido Metal Co | A plain bearing with composite interplayer |
GB2535997A (en) * | 2015-02-27 | 2016-09-07 | Daido Metal Co | Composite coating for a plain bearing of an internal combustion engine and method of deposition |
GB2550953A (en) * | 2016-06-02 | 2017-12-06 | Mahle Int Gmbh | Sliding component and method |
US11466728B2 (en) | 2018-03-21 | 2022-10-11 | Tenneco Inc. | Bearing and method of manufacturing permitting high temperature heat treatment |
CN110983393A (en) * | 2019-12-27 | 2020-04-10 | 广东电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 | Silver-niobium carbide composite coating and preparation method thereof |
RU2744104C1 (en) * | 2020-06-23 | 2021-03-02 | Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает ФОНД ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ | Turbocharger shaft bearings |
Citations (7)
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US20040154925A1 (en) * | 2003-02-11 | 2004-08-12 | Podlaha Elizabeth J. | Composite metal and composite metal alloy microstructures |
DE102005040151A1 (en) * | 2005-08-25 | 2007-03-01 | Galvotech Dier Gmbh | Electrodeposition of metal coatings, preferably Ni or Cu, from electrolyte solutions containing hard particles, e.g. of corundum useful for ingot mold plates and continuous casting molds |
EP1826294A1 (en) * | 2002-06-25 | 2007-08-29 | Integran Technologies Inc. | Process for electroplating metallic and metal matrix composite foils and microcomponents |
DE102006048909A1 (en) * | 2006-10-17 | 2008-04-24 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Method for galvanically coating a component with a chromium layer used in vehicle construction comprises depositing chromium atoms onto the surface of the component during a cathodic current impulse and further processing |
WO2009076430A1 (en) * | 2007-12-11 | 2009-06-18 | Enthone Inc. | Electrolytic deposition of metal-based composite coatings comprising nano-particles |
US20090159451A1 (en) * | 2007-12-20 | 2009-06-25 | Integran Technologies Inc. | Variable property electrodepositing of metallic structures |
US20100304182A1 (en) * | 2009-06-02 | 2010-12-02 | Integran Technologies, Inc. | Electrodeposited metallic-materials comprising cobalt |
Family Cites Families (11)
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CA1316482C (en) * | 1986-06-30 | 1993-04-20 | Yoshio Shindo | Method for producing a zn-series electroplated steel sheet |
US6793796B2 (en) * | 1998-10-26 | 2004-09-21 | Novellus Systems, Inc. | Electroplating process for avoiding defects in metal features of integrated circuit devices |
US20050205425A1 (en) * | 2002-06-25 | 2005-09-22 | Integran Technologies | Process for electroplating metallic and metall matrix composite foils, coatings and microcomponents |
WO2004092450A1 (en) * | 2003-04-11 | 2004-10-28 | Lynntech, Inc. | Compositions and coatings including quasicrystals |
JP4812365B2 (en) * | 2005-08-19 | 2011-11-09 | ローム・アンド・ハース・エレクトロニック・マテリアルズ,エル.エル.シー. | Tin electroplating solution and tin electroplating method |
CN100516570C (en) * | 2005-12-19 | 2009-07-22 | 广东工业大学 | Composite material for sliding bearing and preparation method thereof |
US9273932B2 (en) * | 2007-12-06 | 2016-03-01 | Modumetal, Inc. | Method of manufacture of composite armor material |
CN102187016A (en) * | 2008-10-17 | 2011-09-14 | 因尼托奈姆股份有限公司 | Method and device for producing low-wear hard coatings |
CN101613867B (en) * | 2009-07-25 | 2011-05-11 | 天津大学 | Preparation method of electrodepositing Bi2Te3 mixed with thin-film thermoelectric material |
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-
2011
- 2011-12-09 GB GB1121175.2A patent/GB2497520A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2012
- 2012-12-06 US US14/363,990 patent/US20140353161A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-12-06 WO PCT/GB2012/053037 patent/WO2013083987A1/en active Application Filing
- 2012-12-06 EP EP12806626.3A patent/EP2788533A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-12-06 BR BR112014013830A patent/BR112014013830A8/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2012-12-06 JP JP2014545353A patent/JP2015501881A/en active Pending
- 2012-12-06 CN CN201280060596.3A patent/CN104105821A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP1826294A1 (en) * | 2002-06-25 | 2007-08-29 | Integran Technologies Inc. | Process for electroplating metallic and metal matrix composite foils and microcomponents |
US20040154925A1 (en) * | 2003-02-11 | 2004-08-12 | Podlaha Elizabeth J. | Composite metal and composite metal alloy microstructures |
DE102005040151A1 (en) * | 2005-08-25 | 2007-03-01 | Galvotech Dier Gmbh | Electrodeposition of metal coatings, preferably Ni or Cu, from electrolyte solutions containing hard particles, e.g. of corundum useful for ingot mold plates and continuous casting molds |
DE102006048909A1 (en) * | 2006-10-17 | 2008-04-24 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Method for galvanically coating a component with a chromium layer used in vehicle construction comprises depositing chromium atoms onto the surface of the component during a cathodic current impulse and further processing |
WO2009076430A1 (en) * | 2007-12-11 | 2009-06-18 | Enthone Inc. | Electrolytic deposition of metal-based composite coatings comprising nano-particles |
US20090159451A1 (en) * | 2007-12-20 | 2009-06-25 | Integran Technologies Inc. | Variable property electrodepositing of metallic structures |
US20100304182A1 (en) * | 2009-06-02 | 2010-12-02 | Integran Technologies, Inc. | Electrodeposited metallic-materials comprising cobalt |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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LOW C T J ET AL: "Electrodeposition of composite coatings containing nanoparticles in a metal deposit", SURFACE AND COATINGS TECHNOLOGY, ELSEVIER, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 201, no. 1-2, 12 September 2006 (2006-09-12), pages 371 - 383, XP024996484, ISSN: 0257-8972, [retrieved on 20060912], DOI: 10.1016/J.SURFCOAT.2005.11.123 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20140353161A1 (en) | 2014-12-04 |
BR112014013830A2 (en) | 2017-06-13 |
GB2497520A (en) | 2013-06-19 |
BR112014013830A8 (en) | 2017-06-13 |
CN104105821A (en) | 2014-10-15 |
GB201121175D0 (en) | 2012-01-18 |
JP2015501881A (en) | 2015-01-19 |
EP2788533A1 (en) | 2014-10-15 |
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