Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
  • G06Q10/04—Forecasting or optimisation specially adapted for administrative or management purposes, e.g. linear programming or "cutting stock problem"
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
  • G06Q10/06—Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J2103/00—Details of circuit arrangements for mains or AC distribution networks
  • H02J2103/30—Simulating, planning, modelling, reliability check or computer assisted design [CAD] of electric power networks
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
  • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
  • Y04S40/00—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
  • Y04S40/20—Information technology specific aspects, e.g. CAD, simulation, modelling, system security

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method of managing an electrical system, a computer program and a management unit implementing such a method. It also relates to an electrical system as such implementing such a management method.
• An electrical system includes power generation units, such as coal-fired, gas-fired power plants, nuclear power plants, hydroelectric dams, complementary renewable energy sources such as solar power sources or wind turbines. . These power generation units can be combined in the same system. Then, an electrical system includes electricity consumption units, which can be dwellings, factories, vehicles, etc. Finally, an electrical system includes an electricity distribution network, which connects production units and electricity consumption units to transport electricity to these consumption units.
• the electrical distribution network is regulated in voltage and frequency in the state of the art, so that the distributed voltage remains between plus or minus 5 or 10% around a predefined setpoint and the frequency to plus or minus 1% of a predefined setpoint (50 Hz in Europe).
• the electricity distribution network is represented as a set of nodes and meshes, whose electrical behavior is modeled by Kirchhoff's equations.
• the frequency of the network results from the electromechanical coupling present at the level of the alternators of the electricity generating units. These alternators are numerous, each of them is influenced by all the others and the whole behaves as if the distribution network imposes its frequency to each alternator and therefore the frequency of the network. This phenomenon is commonly called "synchronism".
• the practical management of an electricity distribution network is based on a process that measures the frequency at a few points of the network, in particular at the level of each production unit, and the voltage at all or part of the nodes, and the regulation of the network seeks to maintain the values of voltage and frequency at their setpoint values, on the basis of the resolution of the Kirchhoff equations to know the whole network.
• solutions such as that described in document EP2330525 propose methods for accelerating the resolution of these equations.
• the document EP2224570 describes another solution that provides for connecting electricity storage devices to the electricity distribution network.
• the approaches of the state of the art do not make it possible to answer the questions of optimal management of an electrical system.
• the calculation approaches based on the electrical modeling, based on the resolution of Kirchhoff laws, seeking to determine in real time the state of the system reach the following limits:
• an object is to define a solution to improve the management of an electrical system, including its stability.
• the invention is based on a method of managing an electrical system comprising power generation units, electricity consumption units, and an electricity distribution network connecting the production units of electricity to the electricity consumption units, characterized in that it comprises a step of estimating at least one stability parameter of the electrical system based on the magnetic energy reserves and / or kinetic it accumulates from a calculation implemented by at least one software and / or hardware component of an electrical system management unit.
• the management method of an electrical system can take into account the two stability parameters of the electrical system which respectively represent the duration during which the magnetic and kinetic energy reserves of the electrical system are totally or partially depleted, if all the production electricity from the electrical system is stopped or disconnected from the electrical system or if the electrical system is subject to fluctuation.
• the two stability parameters H C i n and H mag of the electrical system can be defined as follows: ⁇ ncin - E cin g ot t L a _- my g g F!
• Ecin denotes the kinetic energy of the various organs constituting the electrical system
• F represents the magnetic energy of the various members constituting the electrical system
• S is the nominal apparent power of the various electrical generating units of the electrical system
• AS represents a variation of apparent power of the electrical system.
• the two stability parameters of the electrical system can be defined from the characteristics of the generators of the electricity generating units of the electrical system connected to the electrical system.
• the management method of an electrical system can comprise a step of calculating the stability parameter (s) of the electrical system from the power balance of the electrical system, then comprising a step of analyzing two distinct transient modes, a transient regime. during which the power budget considers the variation of the magnetic energy of the kinetic energy electrical system considered constant, and a transient during which the power budget considers the variation of the kinetic energy of the magnetic energy electrical system considered constant.
• the power balance of the electrical system can be calculated from a thermodynamic modeling of the electrical system and be defined by the following equation:
• Ecin refers to the kinetic energy stored in the various organs of the electrical system
• meca-in refers to the mechanical power supplied to the system by the turbine shaft of the alternators
• Pmeca-out refers to the mechanical power produced by the engines
• Pjouie represents the heat drawn off from the electrical system
• F represents the magnetic energy stored in the various organs of the electrical system.
• the management method of an electrical system can comprise a step of measuring the operating quantities of the electrical system by sensors, such as electric quantities of the electrical system such as the frequency and the voltage, and the estimation step of less a stability parameter of the electrical system based on the magnetic reserve and / or kinetic it accumulates can take into account at least one measurement of a measured operating quantity of the electrical system.
• the step of estimating at least one stability parameter of the electrical system based on the magnetic and / or kinetic reserve that it accumulates can take into account the magnetic and / or kinetic reserve on one or more sub-parts (s). ) of the electrical system to finally deduce the cumulative global magnetic reserve and / or kinetics of the electrical system.
• the method of managing an electrical system may comprise a step of comparing the stability parameter (s) of the electrical system based on the magnetic and / or kinetic reserve that it accumulates with a threshold value to determine if the electrical system is stable enough.
• the threshold value can be calculated theoretically, assuming that an electrical system is reliable if its magnetic and / or kinetic energy reserve allows it a minimum variation of frequency and / or voltage, or one or several other electrical quantities, for a minimum imposed period, or this threshold value can be determined empirically, from an electrical system considered reliable, for which the stability parameter (s) are known and serve as a reference.
• the management method of an electrical system may comprise the implementation of all or part of the following actions depending on at least one stability parameter of the electrical system based on the magnetic reserve and / or kinetic it accumulates:
• the method of managing an electrical system may include defining the architecture of a new electrical system or modifying an existing electrical system according to the estimate of at least one electrical system stability parameter. based on the magnetic reserve and / or kinetic it will accumulate.
• the management process of an electrical system can determine the maximum acceptable rate of renewable electricity generation units intermittent, as based on wind energy and / or solar, depending on the estimate of at least one stability parameter of the electrical system based on the magnetic reserve and / or kinetic it accumulate.
• the method of managing an electrical system may include a step of planning the evolution of an electrical system so that it has at least one stability parameter based on the magnetic and / or kinetic reserve that it will accumulate at the same time. above a threshold.
• the invention also relates to a computer program comprising a code means adapted to performing the steps of a management method of an electrical system as described above when the computer program is executed on a computer.
• the invention also relates to a management unit of an electrical system, characterized in that it comprises a computer which implements a management method of an electrical system as described above.
• the electrical system comprising power generation units, power consumption units, and an electricity distribution network connecting the power generation units to the electricity consumption units, may include a management unit. which implements a management method of an electrical system as described above.
• the electrical system may include communication devices for transmitting to the management unit the measurements of electrical quantities from sensors of the electrical system and for the transmission of the control management unit to actuators of the electrical system.
• FIG 1 shows schematically an electrical system according to one embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 2 represents the electrical system according to one embodiment of the invention with a thermodynamic approach.
• FIG. 3 schematically represents the evolution over time of magnitudes of the electrical system during an incident scenario according to the embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 4 represents the evolution of the frequency and voltage variations as a function of the stability criteria within an electrical system according to the embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 1 shows schematically an electrical system according to one embodiment of the invention.
• This electrical system comprises power generation units 1, which can absorb or provide power on the electricity distribution network 3 to supply a plurality of electricity consumption units 2.
• the electricity generation units 1 and Electricity consumption 2 include actuators that respectively produce and consume electrical energy.
• the actuators of certain production units are more particularly alternators, and those of the electricity consumption units are for example engines.
• the electrical system may further comprise energy storage units, not shown, for example based on moment of inertia and / or inductance.
• This electrical system comprises a large number of alternators, so that the overall power exchanged by the electrical system is large in front of that of each alternator.
• alternators are preferably synchronous alternators.
• the electrical system further comprises sensors, not shown, for measuring quantities representing the state of the electrical system, at the level of production units, consumption and distribution network, and communication devices 5 between these sensors and at least one management unit 4.
• This management unit 4 thus receives data measured by the sensors and transmits commands to actuators of the electrical system.
• the latter can thus integrate the components of a smart grid architecture called by its name of Anglo-Saxon "smart grid" in the state of the art.
• the management unit comprises at least one computer and hardware (hardware) and software (software) elements for implementing the steps of the electrical system management method which will now be detailed.
• the communication device 5 thus enables the management unit 4 to automatically transmit instructions to the production and / or consumption units for, for example, modifying the operating conditions of the electrical system and implementing its regulation.
• an embodiment of the present invention is based on a control of the stability of an electrical system from a new approach which will be described below, and which presents the effect technical to be:
• This embodiment thus makes it possible to achieve effective automatic management of any electrical system, to cope with incidents and sources of fluctuation, in particular to avoid the "black out" of the electrical system. It is therefore an invention that provides a technical effect for a fundamental technical result in modern societies that are naturally very dependent on their electrical system.
• the method of managing an electrical system is based on a particular physical model of the electrical system, which will first be described.
• Meca-ext means the mechanical power supplied to the alternator, its driving power
• Pméca-int refers to the mechanical power effectively transferred to the electrical system by the alternator, which is the opposite of the power of the resistive torque for an alternator.
• an alternator accumulates a magnetic energy, which represents a complementary energy stock, which also allows it to cope with a fluctuation of its operating conditions, which is added to the kinetic energy stock mentioned above. .
• thermodynamic approach of the electrical system as a whole taking into account the phenomena of heat, electromagnetic power and mechanical power of the system electrical, allows to achieve the following equation of conservation of the power of the electrical system, in a transient regime, between all the actuators of the electrical system: n P d d d d d c
• Edn designates the kinetic energy of the various organs constituting the electrical system
• meca-in refers to the mechanical power supplied to the system by the turbine shaft of the alternators
• Pmeca-out refers to the mechanical power produced by the engines, ie all the elements that consume electricity at the level of the electricity consumption units;
• Pjouie represents the heat drawn off from the electrical system
• thermodynamics which is the magnetic energy in the case of the electrical system.
• the previous power budget makes it possible to understand the operation of the electrical system during a sudden change, such as for example a sudden change in the mechanical power supplied Pmeca-ext, as during a sudden fluctuation in the load of the electrical system.
• the electrical system initially relies on the variations of the magnetic energy F and the kinetic energy E C i n , which allow a rapid adjustment of the power exchanges of the electrical system.
• These two magnetic and kinetic energies represent energy reserves, stored (embedded) in the electrical system, which provide inertia to the electrical system.
• the study of the transient regime of the electrical system shows that it can be broken down into two distinct periods relating respectively to periods of variation of magnetic and kinetic energy reserves, whose relaxation time constants differ by several orders of magnitude.
• the duration of the variation of the magnetic energy lasts a few milliseconds while the duration of the variation of the kinetic energy lasts a few seconds.
• the power balance makes it possible to take into account the variation of magnetic reserve alone, and then in a second time the variation of the reserve of kinetic energy alone.
• the power budget (1) boils down to
• FIG 3 schematically illustrates the behavior of the electrical system.
• This electrical system comprises first actuators of the production units whose curve January 1 represents the time evolution of the mechanical power supplied to the electrical system.
• Curve 12 represents the time evolution of the power consumed by the consumption units of the electrical system.
• Curve 13 represents the evolution of heat losses (Pj 0U ie) as a function of time.
• the curves 14 and 15 respectively represent the evolution of the magnetic energy reserves F and kinetic E C i n -
• the curve 12 which was constant changes abruptly in slope, which corresponds to a fluctuation of charge, an increase in the electricity demand of the consumption units of the electrical system.
• the electrical system adapts at time t3, by increasing its electricity production, to reach a new stationary equilibrium at time t4. Between instants t1 and t3, the magnetic energy reserves are first consumed, until time t2, then the reserves of kinetic energy from time t2. This consumption of energy reserves offers sufficient inertia to the electrical system to adapt to the fluctuation.
• FIG. 3 The right-hand side of Figure 3 illustrates what would happen if at a time t5 a particular network failure, of the ohmic load fluctuation type, occurred, in which all the kinetic and magnetic reserves would be exhausted without the power being generated. to adjust.
• the energy reserves would simply be dissipated by the Joule effect on the electricity distribution network and the entire electrical system would reach a situation of failure, commonly known by its Anglo-Saxon denomination of "black out”.
• the management method of an electrical system defines two dynamic stability parameters respectively based on the durations related to the magnetic and kinetic reserves explained above. These stability parameters represent the capacity of the electrical system to maintain electrical generation and transmission, and then the voltage and frequency variations of the electricity distribution network within desired limits. For that, the preceding equations will be exploited to study the dynamic behavior of the electrical system during a transient regime imposed by a fluctuation of load.
• H mag is a time expressed in seconds, which measures the duration during which the magnetic energy stock is totally exhausted if all the production of the electrical system is stopped or disconnected from the system.
• S is the aggregate nominal apparent power on all power generation units of the entire electrical system.
• Pmeca_ext and Pmecajnt respectively represent the external and internal powers to the electrical system.
• This new formulation governs the variation of frequency of the electrical network after a given fluctuation: if Pmeca-ext, sn, ⁇ , Pmeca-int are fixed, the variation of frequency depends on the parameter Hein. Indeed, the variation of frequency after the fluctuation will be weaker as this parameter Hein will be large. This parameter therefore represents the reliability of the system for the frequency variation.
• the method of managing an electrical system comprises a step of estimating the the stability of the electrical system by calculating the two stability parameters respectively representing the kinetic and magnetic reserves of the electrical system.
• the two stability parameters respectively representing the kinetic and magnetic reserves of the electrical system.
• taking into account only one of these reserves, such as the magnetic energy reserve may represent a simplified approach that is also useful for the analysis of the electrical system.
• the two stability parameters can be estimated as a function of time, depending on the time slots of a day, depending on the season.
• AS represents a variation of apparent power of the electrical system.
• This approach has the more realistic advantage of being able to correspond with more common scenarios.
• the durations thus defined then represent durations during which the network remains substantially stable after such a variation of power under the effect of the kinetic and magnetic energy reserves.
• the stability parameters are modified to take account of the fact that the electricity network will certainly be fragile in a situation of very strong electrical demand by the consumption units.
• the following modified parameters can be considered:
• Peak represents peak peak power delivered by the network
• other energies of the electrical system can be considered as for example its free enthalpy G or a coupling energy.
• the two stability parameters can be calculated according to the following different approaches:
• the method comprises measuring the operating characteristics of the electrical system at any moment, and their communication to the management unit;
• the previous approach serves, for example, to support the definition of the architecture of future electrical systems, as well as the modification of existing electrical systems. It makes it possible to plan the evolution of electrical systems. Indeed, it makes it possible to determine whether the choices envisaged allow or fail to achieve satisfactory stability. In particular, it makes it possible to determine the maximum percentage of intermittent renewable energy sources 7 of the electrical system, which can not exceed a limit percentage due to their non-accumulation of magnetic and kinetic energy, and / or it makes it possible to determine the need to integrate components such as flywheels, batteries, capacitors, superconducting coils, additional synchronous machines, etc.
• the method of managing an electrical system considers a threshold value above which a value of H C i n and / or H mag of an electrical system is considered reliable.
• This threshold value can be defined theoretically, assuming that an electrical system is reliable if its reserve of kinetic and / or magnetic energy allows it to have a minimum frequency variation, or one or more other electrical quantities, for a minimum imposed duration, for example 10 seconds. Above this threshold value, the voltage and frequency variations of the electricity distribution network remain within desired limits and the electrical system is considered stable. According to another approach, this threshold value is determined empirically, from an electrical system considered reliable, for which the stability parameters are calculated or determined empirically, and serving as a reference.
• FIG. 4 represents, by way of example, the sensitivity of frequency and voltage variations of the electrical system as a function of the two stability parameters H C i n and H mag for an external power input of 600 MW.
• the curves 21 and 22 represent the frequency variations as a function of the stability parameter H C i n for two different values of the stability parameter H mag .
• Curves 23 and 24 represent the variations voltage dependent on the stability parameter H C i n for two different values of the stability parameter H mag . These two curves 23 and 24 are combined.
• the stability approach presented above is also used to manage existing electrical systems. It makes it possible to compare parameters respectively representing the kinetic and magnetic reserves of the electrical system with predefined thresholds and if these parameters are below these thresholds, the management method comprises the implementation of all or part of the following actions:
• kinetic and / or magnetic energy storage devices which may be some production units or specialized ancillary devices.
• the accumulation of energy reserves can be done by components belonging to production units of the electrical system and / or by separate specialized storage units of the electrical system, comprising a moment of inertia important for storing energy.
• the kinetic energy for example comprising a flywheel, and / or comprising a particular inductance for storing magnetic energy.
• All these steps and actions of the management method of an electrical system are undertaken by the electrical system management unit, in particular under the control of its computer, and implemented by at least one command transmitted to one or more entities of the electrical system. electrical system, production units and / or consumption. These steps are done automatically, the mentioned commands acting on actuators allowing to modify the production of the production units and / or the consumption of the consumption units and / or the storage of ancillary energy storage units.

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• 2011
  • 2011-12-02 FR FR1161087A patent/FR2983613A1/fr not_active Ceased
• 2012
  • 2012-11-30 EP EP12799115.6A patent/EP2786320B1/fr active Active
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