WO2013078981A1 - 磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置 - Google Patents

磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013078981A1
WO2013078981A1 PCT/CN2012/085367 CN2012085367W WO2013078981A1 WO 2013078981 A1 WO2013078981 A1 WO 2013078981A1 CN 2012085367 W CN2012085367 W CN 2012085367W WO 2013078981 A1 WO2013078981 A1 WO 2013078981A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
magnetic field
magnetoelectric
magneto
monitoring device
stress
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2012/085367
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
段元锋
柯少荣
张茹
樊可清
赵阳
Original Assignee
浙江大学
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 浙江大学 filed Critical 浙江大学
Priority to EP12854092.9A priority Critical patent/EP2787336A4/en
Publication of WO2013078981A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013078981A1/zh
Priority to US14/291,315 priority patent/US9593990B2/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/12—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in the magnetic properties of materials resulting from the application of stress
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/12—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in the magnetic properties of materials resulting from the application of stress
    • G01L1/125—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in the magnetic properties of materials resulting from the application of stress by using magnetostrictive means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L3/00—Measuring torque, work, mechanical power, or mechanical efficiency, in general
    • G01L3/02—Rotary-transmission dynamometers
    • G01L3/04—Rotary-transmission dynamometers wherein the torque-transmitting element comprises a torsionally-flexible shaft
    • G01L3/10—Rotary-transmission dynamometers wherein the torque-transmitting element comprises a torsionally-flexible shaft involving electric or magnetic means for indicating
    • G01L3/101—Rotary-transmission dynamometers wherein the torque-transmitting element comprises a torsionally-flexible shaft involving electric or magnetic means for indicating involving magnetic or electromagnetic means
    • G01L3/102—Rotary-transmission dynamometers wherein the torque-transmitting element comprises a torsionally-flexible shaft involving electric or magnetic means for indicating involving magnetic or electromagnetic means involving magnetostrictive means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L3/00—Measuring torque, work, mechanical power, or mechanical efficiency, in general
    • G01L3/02—Rotary-transmission dynamometers
    • G01L3/04—Rotary-transmission dynamometers wherein the torque-transmitting element comprises a torsionally-flexible shaft
    • G01L3/10—Rotary-transmission dynamometers wherein the torque-transmitting element comprises a torsionally-flexible shaft involving electric or magnetic means for indicating
    • G01L3/101—Rotary-transmission dynamometers wherein the torque-transmitting element comprises a torsionally-flexible shaft involving electric or magnetic means for indicating involving magnetic or electromagnetic means
    • G01L3/104—Rotary-transmission dynamometers wherein the torque-transmitting element comprises a torsionally-flexible shaft involving electric or magnetic means for indicating involving magnetic or electromagnetic means involving permanent magnets
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
    • G01L5/04—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring tension in flexible members, e.g. ropes, cables, wires, threads, belts or bands
    • G01L5/10—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring tension in flexible members, e.g. ropes, cables, wires, threads, belts or bands using electrical means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M5/00—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings
    • G01M5/0025—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings of elongated objects, e.g. pipes, masts, towers or railways

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device, and more particularly to a stress non-destructive monitoring device for a ferromagnetic material member. Background technique
  • the pressure sensor is used to determine the cable force of the cylinder by a precision pressure gauge or a hydraulic sensor when the jack is tensioned.
  • the strain gauge load cell is measured by the principle that the wire resistance changes with the length of the wire.
  • the vibrating wire strain sensor measures the strain by varying the vibration frequency of the tensioned metal string with the relative displacement of its fixed end.
  • Fiber grating strain sensors measure strain by varying the wavelength of the grating as the fiber deforms. All of the three strain sensors must be attached to the surface of the component, or welded to the surface of the component by the supporting device or embedded in the deformed body (member). The installation measurement is inconvenient and the external influence factor is large. For in-service structures, new strain gauges, vibrating wire strain sensors, or fiber grating strain sensors can only measure the relative change (ie, increment) of strain (or stress) relative to the time of installation or strain zero. The actual absolute amount cannot be measured.
  • the vibration frequency measurement method uses the quantitative relationship between the cable force and its vibration frequency, and usually uses the acceleration sensor to obtain the cable vibration frequency.
  • the vibration frequency measurement force is widely used in practical engineering.
  • its disadvantages are: The relationship between the vibration frequency of the cable and the cable force is affected by the bending stiffness, slope, sag, boundary conditions and damping damping device of the cable, and there is an error in the cable force conversion;
  • the cable force is a static or average cable force, and the cable force change during the cable periodic vibration cannot be obtained; and the vibration frequency method is not suitable for stress measurement of components other than the cable.
  • the magnetoelastic force sensor based on the magnetoelastic effect is characterized by the change of the magnetization characteristics of the ferromagnetic material under the action of the stress in the magnetic field.
  • the calibration of the material of a certain material is carried out to obtain the cable of the same material. stress.
  • the sensor can measure the actual cable force of the in-service structure and has the advantages of non-destructive testing, it can overcome the shortcomings of the above other methods, and is a potential steel structure stress monitoring method.
  • the sensor mainly has two types of sleeve type and bypass type sensor.
  • the sleeve type sensor needs to be wound on site in the in-service structure, which is inconvenient to operate, requires a large amount of work, is time consuming, and the quality of the coil is difficult to control, affecting the test. Precision.
  • the bypass type sensor has the disadvantages of large volume, heavy weight and high cost due to the magnetic yoke, and has not been promoted in the research and exploration stage.
  • the magnetic elastic force sensor (whether sleeve type or bypass type) currently studied uses a secondary coil as a signal detecting element, which takes a long time (once) Measurements for at least 10 seconds), real real-time monitoring is not possible, and structural changes in stress (under earthquakes, strong winds, etc.) cannot be monitored.
  • the excitation coil or excitation current is required to be high enough to generate a large enough magnetic field, or by increasing the number of secondary coil turns in a certain length of winding, so that the secondary coil generates a sufficiently sensitive signal to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal.
  • Stress monitoring since the secondary coil is usually wound around the cylindrical skeleton, only the change of the magnetic field in the wound coil can be measured, and the measured force is the average force in the entire coil, and the current magnetic elastic force sensor can only
  • the axial tensioning members are mainly measured by cable forces, which limits the application to non-cylindrical components and complex forces.
  • Structural stress monitoring should improve its sampling frequency to achieve real-time online dynamic monitoring, and can be extended to stress monitoring of various force-shaped, various-section steel members or other ferromagnetic materials.
  • a secondary coil that requires signal integration is used as the signal detecting element.
  • the magnetoelectric sensor element is made of intelligent magnetoelectric material, which can monitor the magnetic field and magnetic induction intensity in real time (response time is on the order of milliseconds), small size, no power supply, large magnetoelectric conversion coefficient and low cost.
  • the stress monitoring of different force forms and different cross-section members is realized by the combination of different arrangements of the magnetoelectric sensing elements.
  • due to its high detection sensitivity the requirement for excitation strength can be greatly reduced, making the excitation element simple and lightweight. Summary of the invention
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a magnetic elastic magnetoelectric effect stress monitoring device, which can realize the non-destructive real-time monitoring of the stress of the ferromagnetic material component, and can be applied to components with different force forms and different cross-sectional shapes, and overcome the background art.
  • a magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device for stress non-destructive monitoring of ferromagnetic material members which has a magnetic field generating element, and a magnetic field generating element is used under the control of the control conditioner
  • a magnetic field may be generated in the component stress monitoring region as needed to magnetize the ferromagnetic material member
  • the stress monitoring device further includes:
  • One or more magnetoelectric sensing elements may be made of, but not limited to, a magnetoelectric single-phase material, a magnetoelectric composite material, a magnetoelectric laminate material, a Hall element, etc., without an external power supply, without directly generating an integral An electrical signal V ME characterizing the magnetic field and magnetic induction ;
  • One or more support skeletons for setting the magnetic field generating element and fixing the position of the magnetoelectric sensing element controlling the conditioning device, controlling the magnetic field generating element to generate a magnetic field, and receiving an electrical signal transmitted from the magnetoelectric sensing element V ME , after signal conditioning, outputs a final signal v st , the final signal being a magnetic feature corresponding to the component stress, thereby realizing real-time monitoring of the stress of the ferromagnetic material component under one or more force combinations.
  • the magnetic field generating element may adopt the following manner: (a) an exciting coil, which generates an exciting current in the exciting coil through a driving circuit Generating a magnetic field; (b) generating a magnetic field by a permanent magnet; (c) generating a desired magnetic field by combining the exciting coil and the permanent magnet; the number of the exciting coil or the permanent magnet being one or parallel or serially connected Multiple.
  • the one or more magnetoelectric sensing elements are disposed at a support skeletal location or component surface location corresponding to one or more monitoring sections of the ferromagnetic material component being tested.
  • the magnetoelectric sensing element is arranged at the most sensitive position of the corresponding magnetic field on the supporting skeleton according to the magnetic field distribution of the member and the adjacent region of the ferromagnetic material to be tested. ⁇ It may also be arranged at the most sensitive position of the corresponding magnetic field on the surface of the tested member.
  • the magnetoelectric sensing element is disposed inside or outside the support frame, and when disposed outside the support frame, may be the inner surface of the skeleton, the outer surface, or the surface of the member.
  • the support skeleton is an integral support skeleton or is composed of several pieces of splicing assembly.
  • the control conditioning device comprises a control circuit and a data acquisition and processing device, which realizes control of the magnetic field generating component and data acquisition and processing of the signal v ME generated by the magnetoelectric sensing component to obtain a magnetic feature amount relative to the component stress v st .
  • the signal source of the excitation coil is an alternating current signal or a pulsed signal.
  • the magnetic field generating element, the magnetoelectric sensing element, the support frame, the control conditioner, or the like, or a portion thereof, or the entire monitoring device may or may not be provided with a sheath.
  • the sheath can shield the external magnetic field and reduce interference with internal magnetic fields and signals. It can also protect the entire monitoring device, reduce external damage and prolong service life.
  • the present stress monitoring device uses a magnetoelectric sensing element instead of a secondary coil requiring signal integration as a signal detecting element.
  • the magnetoelectric sensor element is made of intelligent magnetoelectric material, which can monitor the magnetic field change in real time (response time is on the order of milliseconds); the size is small, the structure weight and volume are greatly reduced; the magnetoelectric sensor element itself does not need Power supply; greatly reduces the requirement of excitation strength, thus reducing the weight and volume of the excitation coil or other forms of magnetic field generating components; low cost; more powerful monitoring function, through different arrangement and combination of magnetoelectric sensing elements It realizes stress monitoring of components with different force forms and different cross-section shapes; high signal sensitivity, stable experimental data, good repeatability and high measurement accuracy; automatic data acquisition and processing, and easy observation of stress changes of the tested components, Automate and continuous measurement; wide application range; equipment installation and calibration operation is simple and convenient.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system principle of a conventional magnetic elastic force sensor
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing the system principle of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device of the present invention
  • 3-1 is a schematic overall structural view of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device shown in FIG. 2: the magnetic field generating element uses an exciting coil;
  • Figure 3-2 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of an exemplary structure of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device shown in Fig. 2:
  • the magnetic field generating element uses an exciting coil;
  • Figure 3-3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an exemplary structure of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device shown in Fig. 2: the magnetic field generating element uses an exciting coil;
  • Figure 4-1 is a longitudinal sectional view of an exemplary structure of the magnetoelastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figure 2:
  • the magnetic field generating element uses a permanent magnet and a single permanent magnet;
  • FIG. 4-2 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing an exemplary structure of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device shown in FIG. 2.
  • Figure 4-3 is a longitudinal sectional view of an exemplary structure of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figure 2:
  • the magnetic field generating element uses a permanent magnet and a plurality of permanent magnets (Example 2);
  • Figure 5-1 is a longitudinal sectional view of an exemplary structure of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figure 2:
  • the magnetic field generating element is combined with an excitation coil and a permanent magnet (Example 1);
  • Figure 5-2 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of an exemplary structure of the magnetoelastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figure 2:
  • the magnetic field generating element is combined with an excitation coil and a permanent magnet (Example 2);
  • Figure 5-3 is a longitudinal sectional view of an exemplary structure of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figure 2:
  • the magnetic field generating element is combined with an excitation coil and a permanent magnet (Example 3);
  • Figure 6-1 is a perspective view of a first exemplary longitudinal arrangement for the application structure of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figure 3-2: a single monitoring section showing the magnetic lines of force and magnetism of the member Electrical sensor element arrangement;
  • Figure 6-2 is a schematic elevational view of the structure shown in Figure 6-1;
  • Figure 7-1 is a perspective schematic view of a second exemplary longitudinal arrangement for the application structure of the magneto-elastic effect-type stress monitoring device shown in Figure 3-2: a plurality of monitoring sections for variable cross-sections
  • the member shows the magnetic line of the member and the arrangement of the magnetoelectric sensing element, and a plurality of rows of magnetoelectric sensing elements (EMultME) are arranged in a range of the exciting coil
  • FIG. 7-2 is a schematic diagram of the front elevation of the structure shown in FIG. 7-1;
  • Figure 8 is a third exemplary longitudinal arrangement elevational view of the application structure for the magnetoelastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device of Figure 3-2, which is directed to a variable cross-section member; And the arrangement of the magnetoelectric sensing element: a plurality of rows of magnetoelectric sensing elements (MultME for short) are arranged within an excitation coil;
  • MultME magnetoelectric sensing elements
  • Figure 9 is a perspective view showing a fourth exemplary longitudinal arrangement of the application structure of the magnetoelastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figure 3-2: using a plurality of sets of magnetic field generating elements and magnetoelectric sensing elements Multiple sections (referred to as Multi"IME);
  • Figure 10-1 is an exemplary schematic view of a first cross-sectional arrangement of the application structure of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3, which is a longitudinal section
  • the figure shows the magnetic field line distribution and the arrangement of the magnetoelectric sensor elements and the skeleton division form by taking the axial force member as an example;
  • Figure 10-2 is a transverse cross-sectional view of the structure shown in Figure 8-1;
  • Figure 11-1 is a magnetic-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3.
  • An exemplary schematic diagram of a second cross-sectional arrangement of a structural type is shown in which a unidirectionally-bent member is illustrated as a magnetic field line distribution and a magnetoelectric sensing element arrangement and a skeleton-splitting form, which are members under the action of an X-axis bending moment Stereoscopic view
  • Figure 11-2 is a transverse cross-sectional view of the structure shown in Figure 11-1, under the action of the X-axis bending moment;
  • Figure 11-3 is a transverse cross-sectional view of the structure shown in Figure 11-1, under the action of the y-axis bending moment M Y ;
  • Figure 12-1 is an exemplary schematic view of a third cross-sectional arrangement for the application structure of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3, with a bidirectional flexural member
  • Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3 with a bidirectional flexural member
  • the magnetic field line distribution and the arrangement of the magnetoelectric sensor elements and the skeleton division form are shown, which are schematic views of the two-way bending moment ⁇ around the X and y axes;
  • Figure 12-2 is a transverse sectional view of the structure shown in Figure 12-1 under the action of ⁇ ;
  • Figure 13-1 is a schematic view showing an application structure of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device shown in Figs. 7-1 and 7-2; which shows that a plurality of rows of magnetisms are arranged in a range of excitation coils.
  • Sensing element EMultME
  • one or more magnetoelectric sensing elements arranged in each row for monitoring the stress distribution of the torsion member under the action of the torque Mz;
  • FIG. 13-2 is a schematic view showing an application structure of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device shown in FIG. 9; which shows that a magnetic field generating element and a magnetoelectric sensor are arranged at a plurality of sections.
  • the component (MulttlME) is used to monitor the stress distribution of the torsion member under the action of the torque Mz;
  • Figure 14 is a schematic diagram showing a fourth cross-sectional arrangement of the application structure of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3, showing a form of Arrangement of the magnetoelectric sensing element of the circular cross-sectional shape member and the form of the skeleton division, and the setting of the sheath;
  • Figure 15-1 is an exemplary schematic view of a fifth cross-sectional arrangement for the application structure of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3, showing a Arrangement and skeleton division form of magnetoelectric sensor elements of a rectangular cross-sectional shape member in the form;
  • Figure 15-2 is a magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device shown in Figs. 3-1, 3-2, 3-3
  • Figure 15-3 is an exemplary schematic view of a fifth cross-sectional arrangement for the application structure of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3, showing another one Arrangement and skeleton division form of magnetoelectric sensing elements of rectangular cross-sectional shape members;
  • Figure 16-1 is an exemplary schematic view of a sixth cross-sectional arrangement for the application structure of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3, showing a The arrangement of the magnetoelectric sensing elements of the form of the T-section shape member and the form of the skeleton division.
  • Figure 16-2 is an exemplary schematic view of a sixth cross-sectional arrangement for the application structure of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3, showing another The arrangement of the magnetoelectric sensing elements of the T-shaped shape members and the form of skeleton division.
  • Figure 16-3 is an exemplary schematic view of a sixth cross-sectional arrangement of the application structure of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3, showing another one The arrangement of the magnetoelectric sensing elements of the T-shaped shape members and the form of skeleton division.
  • Figure 17 is a schematic view showing a seventh cross-sectional arrangement of the application structure of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3, showing the irregular cross-sectional shape The arrangement of the magnetoelectric sensing elements of the member and the form of the skeleton division.
  • Figure 18-1 is the first embodiment of the application structure of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3 regarding the relative position of the magnetoelectric sensor element and the support frame.
  • Figure 18-2 is a second embodiment of the application structure of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3 regarding the relative position of the magnetoelectric sensor element and the support frame.
  • An exemplary schematic is illustrated that illustrates a form in which the magnetoelectric sensing element is disposed outside of the support frame and on the outer surface of the support frame;
  • Figure 18-3 is a third embodiment of the application structure of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3 regarding the relative position of the magnetoelectric sensor element and the support frame.
  • Figure 18-4 is a fourth embodiment of the application structure of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device shown in Figs. 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3 regarding the relative position of the magnetoelectric sensor element and the support frame.
  • Figure 19-2a is an exemplary schematic view of a magnetoelectric sensing element disposed inside the support frame for the application structure type (&Mult E) of the magnetoelastic magneto-effect type stress monitoring device shown in Fig. 13-1, The arrangement diagram of the magnetoelectric sensing element for stress monitoring of the rectangular section member is shown;
  • FIG. 19-2b is a schematic diagram of the stress distribution of the rectangular section member to be tested;
  • Figure 20-1 is an exemplary schematic view of a magnetoelectric sensing element disposed outside the support frame for the application structure type (Multi-EME) of the magnetoelastic magneto-effect type stress monitoring device shown in Fig. 13-2.
  • An arrangement diagram of a magnetoelectric sensing element and a support skeleton for stress monitoring of a rectangular section member is shown;
  • Figure 20-2 is an exemplary schematic view of a magnetoelectric sensing element disposed outside the support frame for the application structure type (Multi-EME) of the magnetoelastic magneto-effect type stress monitoring device shown in Fig. 13-2.
  • An arrangement diagram of a magnetoelectric sensing element and a support skeleton for stress monitoring of a rectangular section member is shown;
  • Fig. 21-1 is a correspondence diagram of the external force of the axial force receiving member and the magnetic characteristic amount V st , and shows a test result of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device of the present invention.
  • Fig. 21-2 is a diagram showing the relationship between the external force of the bending member and the magnetic characteristic amount V st ; showing a test result of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device of the present invention.
  • Figure 1 shows the principle of the working system of a conventional magnetoelastic force sensor known in the prior art.
  • Conventional magnetic cable force sensor systems typically include an excitation coil, a secondary coil, a support skeleton, a drive circuit, an integrator, a data acquisition and processing module, and a control device (such as a computer).
  • a support skeleton is placed around the member to be tested.
  • Fig. 2 shows an exemplary embodiment of a magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device of the present invention.
  • the stress monitoring device of the present invention includes a magnetic field generating element, a magnetoelectric sensing element, a support skeleton, and a control conditioner.
  • the secondary coil in the conventional magnetic cable force sensor shown in Fig. 1 is replaced with a magnetoelectric sensing element for signal sensing. Its positioning basically ensures that: 1) it produces a strong output signal that is monotonous with external forces (ie good mechanical, magnetic, electrical coupling and linearity); 2) sensitive to changes in external forces; 3) easy to install and stable .
  • the magnetic field generating component is configured to generate a magnetic field in the application region of the magnetoelectric sensing element under the control of the control conditioner to magnetize the ferromagnetic material component, and the magnetic property of the measured component changes under the action of an external force, causing the component and The change in magnetic field/magnetic induction in the vicinity.
  • the magnetic field generating elements can take many forms as needed.
  • the signal is analyzed and processed by the control conditioner, and the final signal is outputted by a magnetic characteristic quantity V st , and the final signal-magnetic characteristic quantity V st corresponds to the stress state of the component, thereby realizing stress and external force of the ferromagnetic material component.
  • Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3 show an exemplary structure of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Fig. 2 in an overall schematic view, a longitudinal cutaway view, and a transverse cutaway view, respectively.
  • the field generating element uses an exciting coil 34.
  • a support frame 33 is attached outside the ferromagnetic material member 31, and an exciting coil 34 is wound on the outside thereof, and the magnetoelectric sensing elements 32a and 32b are disposed in the support frame 33.
  • the magnetoelectric sensing element 32 may be one or more, which may be disposed inside or outside the support member 33; the support frame 33 may be made for the purpose of production and installation. One or more pieces may be integrally assembled; the excitation coil 34 may be one or a plurality of connected by series or parallel, and the signal source of the excitation coil 34 may be an alternating current signal or a pulse signal.
  • Figs. 4-1, 4-2, and 4-3 respectively show another exemplary structure of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device shown in Fig. 2 in the form of a longitudinal sectional view.
  • the magnetic field generating element uses a permanent magnet 43, and a magnetic field loop is formed by the yoke 42 and the member to be tested 41.
  • the permanent magnet 43 can be one (43, see Figure 4-1), or two (43a, 43b, see Figure 4-2), three (43a, 43b, 43c, see Figure 4-3) or more.
  • FIGS. 5-1, 5-2, and 5-3 respectively show still another exemplary structure of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device shown in FIG. 2 in a longitudinal sectional view.
  • the magnetic field generating element is a combination of a permanent magnet 43 and an exciting coil 44.
  • the exciting coil 44 can be one (44, see Figure 5-1), or two in series or in parallel (44a, 44b, see Figure 5-2), three.
  • the signal source of the exciting coil 44 can be an alternating signal or a pulse signal.
  • the permanent magnets 43 are one in the figure, they may be one, two or more as shown in Figs. 4-1, 4-2, and 4-3.
  • Figures 6-1, 6-6 show a first exemplary longitudinal arrangement of the application structure for the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figure 3-2 in a perspective view and a front elevational view, respectively: A single monitoring section is used.
  • the magnetoelectric sensing element is arranged according to the force mode and the magnetic field line distribution. Taking the axial force receiving member 52 as an example, the axial arrangement of the magnetic line 54 and the magnetoelectric sensing element 51 is shown.
  • the magnetoelectric sensing element 51 is disposed at a location where the magnetic field is most sensitive.
  • the magnetic line 54 is distributed as shown in the figure, and the magnetoelectric sensing element 51 should be disposed at the middle of the exciting coil because the magnetic field line is the densest and the magnetic field changes the most; of course, it can be arranged at other positions. But it is not as good as the middle effect.
  • FIG. 7-1, 7-2 are a second exemplary longitudinal arrangement of an application structure for the magnetoelastic effect beam stress monitoring device shown in Fig. 3-2, respectively, in a perspective view and a front elevational view.
  • Multiple monitoring sections are used.
  • the magnetoelectric sensing element 51 can be arranged in a plurality of sections 51a, 51b to better monitor the force condition along the section of the member, for axially invariant forces, The average value can be calculated to improve measurement accuracy and reliability.
  • Figures 7-1 and 7-2 show the arrangement of magnetic lines 54 and magnetoelectric sensing elements 51, which of course can be extended to more monitoring sections.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic elevational view showing a third exemplary longitudinal arrangement of the application structure of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figure 3-2, which is directed to the variable-section member 61; Monitoring the cross-section (62, 63, 64) and the arrangement of the magnetoelectric sensing elements (65a, 65b, 66a, 66b, 67a, 67b) arranged in a plurality of rows of magnetoelectric sensing elements within the range of an exciting coil 68 ( Referred to as MultME).
  • MultME For members with variable cross-section or force changes along the cross-section, it is possible to judge the stress of the member by monitoring multiple cross-sections, and it is more advantageous for non-axial force (bending moment, torque, etc.), especially for torque measurement.
  • Figure 9 is a perspective view showing a fourth exemplary longitudinal arrangement of the application structure for the magneto-elastic effect-type stress monitoring device shown in Figure 3-2: using multiple sets of magnetic field generating elements and magnetoelectric sensing A plurality of sections of the component monitoring member (MiilttEME for short); as shown, a set of magnetic field generating elements and magnetoelectric sensing elements (69, 70) are respectively disposed on different sections of the member to be tested 61.
  • Fig. 9 is exemplified by an isometric member 61. This arrangement is equally applicable to variable cross-section members.
  • the magnetoelectric sensing element Due to its small size and light weight, the magnetoelectric sensing element can occupy a small position and can measure the local magnetic field/magnetic induction intensity, so that the local stress can be measured. After appropriate stress combination, different forms of external force can be measured. For example, axial tension (before the instability, the same basic effect as the conventional magnetic cable force sensor), a magnetoelectric sensing element can be arranged, and multiple averaging can be arranged to reduce the influence of unevenness; (Similar to the bending), the magnetic cable force sensor cannot be discriminated, and the magneto-electromagnetic effect (IME) sensor can discriminate.
  • axial tension before the instability, the same basic effect as the conventional magnetic cable force sensor
  • a magnetoelectric sensing element can be arranged, and multiple averaging can be arranged to reduce the influence of unevenness; (Similar to the bending), the magnetic cable force sensor cannot be discriminated, and the magneto-electromagnetic effect (IME) sensor can discriminate.
  • Figure 10-1 and Figure 10-2 show the application structure of the magneto-elastic magnetoelectric effect stress monitoring device shown in Figure 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3, respectively, in elevation and transverse section.
  • the first exemplary cross-sectional arrangement taking the action of the measured member 71 by the axial force F as an example, shows the distribution of the magnetic lines of force 75 and the arrangement of the at least one magnetoelectric sensing element 72 and the support skeleton 73;
  • the support frame 73 is formed into two pieces (73a, 73b) which can be assembled, and can be made one or more pieces according to actual production and installation requirements.
  • the sensing elements 72 can also be arranged one or more as desired.
  • 11-1, 11-2, and 11-3 show the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device shown in FIGS. 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3 in a perspective view and a transverse cross-sectional view, respectively.
  • Second exemplary cross-sectional arrangement of the applied structural form, with one-way bending The members are exemplified by the magnetic field line distribution and the arrangement of the magnetoelectric sensing elements (83a, 83b, 83c) and the skeleton (84a, 84b, 84c).
  • Figure 11-1 shows a perspective view of the component under the action of the X-axis bending moment M x ;
  • Figure 11-2 shows the transverse section of the component under the X-axis bending moment;
  • Figure 11-3 Shown as a transverse section of the component under the action of the y-axis bending moment ⁇ .
  • three electrical sensing elements 83a, 83b, 83c
  • at least two or more magnetoelectric sensing elements are required to achieve the desired monitoring results in an optimized arrangement for one-way bending moments.
  • FIGS. 12-1 and 12-2 show the application structure of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device shown in Figs. 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3 in a perspective view and a transverse cross-sectional view.
  • a third exemplary cross-sectional arrangement showing the distribution of magnetic lines of force and the arrangement of the magnetoelectric sensing elements (102a, 102b, 102c, 102d) and the skeleton (103a, 103b, 103c) under the action of the bi-directional bending moment ⁇ around the X and y axes 104d) Split form.
  • four electrical sensing elements (102a, 102b, 102c, 102d) are shown, at least three or more magnetoelectric sensing elements are required to achieve the desired monitoring results in an optimized arrangement for bidirectional momenting.
  • Figure 13-1 shows, in perspective view, an exemplary application structure (EMultME) for the magnetoelastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figures 7-1, 7-2, which shows the use of an excitation
  • EMultME magnetoelastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device
  • a plurality of rows of magnetoelectric sensing elements are arranged in the range of the coil 113, and two rows are taken as an example; a plurality of stress sensing elements 112a, 112c, 112e and 112b, 112d, 112f are arranged in each row for monitoring the torsion member 111 at Stress distribution under the action of torque Mz;
  • FIG. 13-2 is a perspective view showing an exemplary application structure type (MulttEME) for the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device shown in FIG. 9; which shows a set of each of a plurality of sections
  • the magnetic field generating elements 116, 117 and the magnetoelectric sensing elements 114a, 114b, 114c and 115a, 115b, 115c are used to monitor the stress distribution of the torsion member 111 under the action of the torque Mz;
  • the arrangement of the magnetoelectric sensing elements and the support skeleton division can be performed according to the force characteristics.
  • the following specific embodiments are employed.
  • the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device can measure the stress distribution and stress of the shape members by arranging the magnetoelectric sensing elements at a plurality of positions. For symmetrical section members, they can be arranged symmetrically; for asymmetric section members, local arrangements can be dispersed. A magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device can be assembled according to the sectional shape of the specific member.
  • the position and number of magnetoelectric sensing elements should be determined based on the cross-sectional form of the member and the stress distribution.
  • the magnetoelectric sensing element needs to be arranged at the section turning point and the stress distribution characteristic point (such as the maximum stress point).
  • FIG. 15-1, Figure 15-2, and Figure 15-2 each show the application structure of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3.
  • 16-1, 16-2, and 13-2 each show the application structure type of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device shown in Figs. 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3.
  • Six exemplary cross-sectional arrangements, exemplified by T-shaped cross-sectional shape members 161, 171, 181, illustrate the arrangement of three forms of magnetoelectric sensing elements 162, 172, 182 and the division of skeletons 163, 173, 183 form.
  • Figure 17 shows a seventh exemplary cross-sectional arrangement for the application structure of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, with irregular cross-sectional shape members 191 is an example, and the arrangement of the magnetoelectric sensing element 192 and the skeleton 193 divided form are shown. Regarding the relative mounting position of the magnetoelectric sensor element and the support frame, it is embodied in the following scheme.
  • Figure 18-1 shows the first type of relative mounting position of the magnetoelectric sensing element and the supporting bobbin for the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3.
  • Figure 18-2 shows a second type of relative mounting position of the magnetoelectric sensing element and the supporting bobbin for the magnetoelastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3.
  • 212 is disposed outside the support frames 213a, 213b and supports the outer side surfaces of the frames 213a, 213b.
  • Figure 18-3 shows a fourth type of relative mounting position of the magnetoelectric sensing element and the supporting bobbin for the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3.
  • the 215 is disposed outside the support frames 214a, 214b and is the inner side surface of the support frames 214a, 214b.
  • Figure 18-4 shows the fourth type of relative mounting position of the magnetoelectric sensing element and the supporting bobbin for the magnetoelastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figures 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3.
  • the 218 is disposed outside the support frames 217a, 217b and is the surface of the member 219 to be tested.
  • Figure 19-la shows an example of the relative position of a magnetoelectric sensor element relative to the support frame for the application structure type (EMultiME) of the magnetoelastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Fig. 13-1.
  • EMultiME application structure type
  • the rectangular cross-section member 221, the magnetoelectric sensing elements 222a, 222b, 222c, 222d, 222e, 222f are disposed outside the support frame 223;
  • 19- lb shows the stress distribution of the rectangular section member 221 under test under the action of the torque Mz.
  • Figure 19-2a shows an example of the relative position of another magnetoelectric sensor element with respect to the support frame for the application structure type (&Mult E) of the magnetoelastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figure 13-1. , with rectangular cross-section members
  • magnetoelectric sensing elements 224a, 224b, 224c, 224d, 224e, 224f are disposed outside the support frame 223; 19-2b shows the stress distribution of the measured rectangular section member 221 under the action of the torque Mz .
  • Figure 20-1 shows an example of the relative position of a magneto-electric sensing element relative to the support skeleton for the application structure type (Multi-BME) of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figure 13-2.
  • Multi-BME application structure type
  • the magnetoelectric sensing elements 233a, 233b, 233c, 231a, 231b, 231c are disposed outside the support frames 234, 235.
  • Figure 20-2 is an example of the relative position of another magnetoelectric sensor element relative to the support frame for the application structure type (Multi-EME) of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figure 13-2.
  • Multi-EME application structure type of the magneto-elastic magneto-effect stress monitoring device shown in Figure 13-2.
  • the magnetoelectric sensing elements 237a, 237b, 237c, 236a, 236b, 236c are disposed inside the support bobbins 234, 235.
  • Fig. 21-1 an axial force receiving member is taken as an example, and a test result of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device of the present invention is shown. Since the cross section is uniformly stressed, two magnetoelectric sensing elements are used. 3 ⁇ 4, the output electrical signal is processed by the control conditioner to obtain the same result, and the correspondence between the external force F and the magnetic characteristic quantity V st is monotonous, and may be linear, piecewise linear, or nonlinear. In practical applications, monitoring results can be obtained based on calibration curves or table interpolation.
  • a drawing of the external force and the magnetic characteristic amount V st is shown by taking a bending member as an example; a test result of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device of the present invention is shown.
  • FIG. 21-2 another experimental result of the magnetoelastic magnetoelectric effect type stress monitoring device of the present invention is shown by taking a bending and bending combined force member as an example. Due to the uneven force of the section, the electrical signals output by the two magnetoelectric sensing elements Si, 3 ⁇ 4 are processed by the control conditioner to obtain different results. According to the prior calibration data and the corresponding two magnetoelectric sensing elements 3 ⁇ 4, The magnetic characteristic quantity V st can determine the force state of the member, including the bending moment M and the axial force N.
  • the magnetic field generating element, the magnetoelectric sensing element, the supporting bobbin, the control conditioner, or the like, or a part thereof, or the entire monitoring device of the apparatus of the present invention may or may not be provided with a sheath.
  • FIG. 33 exemplarily shows the sheath 35 provided to the outside of the exciting coil 34. By installing the sheath, it can shield the external magnetic field and reduce the interference to the internal magnetic field and signal. It can also protect the entire monitoring device, reduce external damage and prolong the service life.
  • the present invention has the significant advantages that: the stress monitoring device uses a magnetoelectric sensing element instead of a secondary coil that requires signal integration as a signal detecting component, thereby realizing real-time monitoring of component stress (The response time is on the order of milliseconds; the size and weight of the monitoring device are greatly reduced; the magnetoelectric sensing element does not require power supply and is low in cost, greatly simplifies the construction of the monitoring device, and reduces the cost; The different arrangement and combination of sensing elements realize the stress monitoring of different force forms and different cross-section members.
  • the traditional magnetic elastic cable force sensor can only monitor the limitations of stress monitoring of uniaxially stretched sections; experimental data Stable, repeatable, high measurement accuracy, simple and convenient operation, automatic operation of monitoring device, for on-line monitoring or off-line detection; long service life, wide application range, can be used for stress monitoring of any ferromagnetic material components.

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Abstract

一种磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置，用于铁磁材料构件（31）应力的无损监测，具有磁场发生元件（34）、磁电传感元件（32a，32b）、支撑骨架（33）和控制调理仪部分。磁场发生元件（34）在控制调理仪控制下可以根据需要产生磁场，将铁磁材料构件（31）磁化，磁电传感器元件（32a，32b）无需供电，直接产生表征磁场或磁感应强度的电信号VME，经控制调理仪分析处理，输出相应于外力变化的磁特征量Vst，利用该磁特征量Vst与构件（31）应力的对应关系，实现对铁磁材料构件（31）的无损应力监测。支撑骨架（33）用来设置磁场发生元件（34）和固定磁电传感元件（32a，32b）位置。该应力监测装置可实现对铁磁材料构件（31）应力的在线、实时、无损监测，也可用于离线无损检测。

Description

磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置 技术领域
本发明涉及一种磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置， 并且更具体地涉及用于铁磁材料构件 的应力无损监测装置。 背景技术
目前常用的应力监测仪器， 包括压力传感器、 电阻应变式测力传感器、 振弦式应变传 感器、 光纤光栅应变传感器， 以及基于振动频率法的压电式加速度传感器、 基于磁弹效应 的磁弹索力传感器。 压力传感器是利用千斤顶张拉桥索时由精密压力表或液压传感器测定 油缸的液压求得索力。 但由于压力表本身的一些特性， 如指针读数不稳定、 负荷示值需转 换、 人为影响大等缺点， 不可用于在役结构及动态索力监测。 电阻应变式测力传感器是利 用导线电阻随导线长度的变化而变化的原理进行应变测量的。 振弦式应变传感器是利用张 紧的金属弦的振动频率随其固定端产生相对位移所引起的张力变化而变化进行应变测量 的。 光纤光栅应变传感器是利用通过光栅的波长随光纤的变形而变化进行应变测量的。 这 三种应变传感器都必须粘贴于构件表面， 或通过支撑装置焊接于构件表面或者埋入变形体 (构件） 内， 安装测量不方便、 受外界影响因素较大。 对于在役结构， 新装的电阻应变片、 振弦式应变传感器或光纤光栅应变传感器只能测量相对于安装时刻或应变置零时刻的应 变 （或应力） 的相对变化值 (即增量)， 而不能测量出其实际绝对量。 振动频率测量法是利 用索力与其振动频率之间定量关系， 通常利用加速度传感器获取索的振动频率换算得索 力。 因测量简单经济， 可以实现在线采集， 对在役钢缆索仍可监测， 因而在实际工程中振 动频率测索力应用广泛。 但是， 其缺点在于： 索的振动频率与索力之间的关系受索的抗弯 刚度、 斜度、 垂度、 边界条件以及减振阻尼装置的影响， 索力换算存在误差； 所换算到的 索力是静态或平均索力， 无法获得索周期振动时的索力变化； 而且振动频率法不适于除拉 索以外的其他构件的应力测量。
基于磁弹效应的磁弹索力传感器是利用铁磁材料置于磁场中时在应力作用下其磁化特 性会发生改变， 通过对某种材质的构件进行标定推算得到同种材质的拉索的拉应力。 由于 该传感器可测得在役结构的实际索力、 具有无损检测等优点， 因而能克服上述其他方法的 缺点， 是有潜力的在役钢结构应力监测方法。 目前该传感器主要有套筒式和旁路式传感器 两种， 套筒式传感器用于在役结构时需要现场绕制线圈， 操作不便， 工作量大、 费时， 且 线圈的质量难以控制， 影响测试精度。 旁路式的传感器则由于导磁轭铁而存在体积偏大、 重量偏重、 成本偏高等缺点， 且处在研究探索阶段还没有推广。 而且目前所研究的磁弹索 力传感器 （不管是套筒式还是旁路式） 采用次级线圈作为信号检测元件， 需时较长 （一次 测量至少 10 秒）， 不能实现真正的实时监测， 无法监测到结构 （在地震、 强风等作用下） 振动过程中的应力变化。 并且对励磁线圈或励磁电流要求高以产生足够大的磁场， 或通过 在一定长度的绕组内增加次级线圈匝数， 以使次级线圈产生足够敏感的信号， 提高信号的 信噪比， 进行应力监测。 另外， 由于次级线圈通常缠绕在圆柱形骨架上， 只能测得缠绕线 圈内的磁场变化， 测得的力是整个线圈内的平均受力情况， 且使得当前的磁弹索力传感器 只能测轴向拉压构件，主要是索力，这就限制了对非圆柱形构件及复杂受力情况下的应用。
结构的应力监测要提高其采样频率实现实时在线动态监测， 并能推广到各种受力形 式、 各种截面形状钢构件或其他铁磁材料构件的应力监测。 可选地， 用响应实时、 轻巧、 高灵敏度、 低成本的磁电传感元件来代替需要信号积分的次级线圈作为信号检测元件。 磁 电传感元件是由智能磁电材料制作而成， 可以对磁场及磁感应强度进行实时监测 （响应时 间在毫秒量级）， 尺寸小， 不需供电， 磁电转换系数大， 成本低。 通过这种磁电传感元件 不同布置方式的组合实现对不同受力形式、 不同截面形状构件的应力监测。 而且， 由于其 检测灵敏度高， 可大大减小对励磁强度的要求， 使得励磁元件简单、 轻巧。 发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置， 其能实现铁磁材料构件的应 力的无损实时监测， 且能适用于不同受力形式、 不同截面形状的构件， 克服背景技术中所 述传感器存在的不足或者至少给公众一个有用的选择。 为此， 本发明采用以下技术方案： 一种用于铁磁材料构件的应力无损监测的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置， 它具有磁场 发生元件， 磁场发生元件用来在控制调理仪控制下可以根据需要在所述构件应力监测区域 产生磁场， 将铁磁材料构件磁化； 其特征在于所述应力监测装置还包括：
一个或多个磁电传感元件， 可由包括但不限于磁电单相材料、 磁电复合材料、 磁电层 合材料、 霍尔元件等做成， 无需外加电源供电， 无需通过积分， 直接产生表征所述磁场及 磁感应强度的电信号 VME;
一个或多个支撑骨架， 用来设置所述磁场发生元件和固定所述磁电传感元件位置； 控制调理仪，控制磁场发生元件产生磁场， 并接收从磁电传感元件传来的电信号 VME， 经信号调理后输出最终信号 vst，所述最终信号为与构件应力相对应的磁特征量，从而实现 对铁磁材料构件在一种或多种受力组合下应力的实时监测。
在采用本发明的上述技术方案的基础上， 本发明还可采用以下进一步的技术方案： 所述磁场发生元件可以采用以下方式： （a) 励磁线圈， 通过驱动电路在励磁线圈中产 生励磁电流从而产生磁场； （b)通过永磁体产生磁场； （c )通过所述励磁线圈及永磁体两种 方式组合产生所需的磁场； 所述励磁线圈或永磁体的数量为一个或并联或串联连接的多 个。
所述一个或多个磁电传感元件被布置在被测铁磁材料构件的一个或多个监测截面对 应的支撑骨架位置或构件表面位置上。
在被测铁磁材料构件的同一监测截面相应的支撑骨架位置或构件表面位置上布置一 个或多个磁电传感元件。
磁电传感元件根据被测铁磁材料构件及邻近区域的磁场分布情况， 布置在支撑骨架上 相应磁场最敏感的位置 ^也可布置在所测构件表面相应磁场最敏感的位置。
磁电传感元件被布置在支撑骨架的内部或外面,布置在支撑骨架外部时，可以是骨架内 表面、 外表面、 或构件表面。
所述支撑骨架是一个整体的支撑骨架或由几块拼接组装构成。
所述控制调理仪包括控制电路及数据采集处理装置， 实现对磁场发生元件的控制和对 磁电传感元件所产生信号 vME的数据采集和处理， 以获得与构件应力相对于的磁特征量 vst。
所述励磁线圈的信号源选用交流信号或脉冲信号。
所述磁场发生元件、 磁电传感元件、 支撑骨架、 控制调理仪等各部件或其部分， 或整 个监测装置可以安装护套， 也可以不安装护套。 护套可以屏蔽外界磁场， 减少对内部磁场 及信号的干扰； 也可以对整个监测装置起到保护作用， 减少外界破坏， 延长使用寿命。
由于采用本发明的技术方案， 本应力监测装置， 用磁电传感元件来代替需要信号积分 的次级线圈作为信号检测元件。 磁电传感元件是由智能磁电材料制作而成， 可以对磁场变 化进行实时监测 （响应时间在毫秒量级）； 尺寸小， 大大减少了结构重量和体积； 磁电传 感元件本身不需供电； 大大降低了对励磁强度的要求， 从而也减小了励磁线圈或其他形式 磁场发生元件的重量和体积； 成本低； 监测功能更强大， 通过对磁电传感元件不同布置方 式和组合方式实现对不同受力形式、 不同截面形状构件的应力监测； 信号灵敏度高， 实验 数据稳定， 重复性好， 测量精度高； 自动对数据进行采集和处理， 并且便于仔细观察被测 构件应力变化情况， 实现测量的自动化和连续化； 应用范围广； 设备安装及标定操作简单、 方便。 附图说明
图 1是传统的磁弹索力传感器的系统原理示意图；
图 2是本发明的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的系统原理示意图；
图 3-1是用于图 2所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的示例性结构整体示意图： 磁 场发生元件采用励磁线圈；
图 3-2 是用于图 2 所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的示例性结构纵向剖切示意 图： 磁场发生元件采用励磁线圈；
图 3-3 是用于图 2 所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的示例性结构横向剖切示意 图： 磁场发生元件采用励磁线圈；
图 4-1 是用于图 2 所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的示例性结构纵向剖切示意 图： 磁场发生元件采用永磁体一单个永磁体；
图 4-2 是用于图 2 所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的示例性结构纵向剖切示意 图： 磁场发生元件采用永磁体一多永磁体 （示例一）；
图 4-3 是用于图 2 所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的示例性结构纵向剖切示意 图： 磁场发生元件采用永磁体一多永磁体 （示例二）；
图 5-1 是用于图 2 所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的示例性结构纵向剖切示意 图： 磁场发生元件采用励磁线圈与永磁体组合方式 （示例一）；
图 5-2 是用于图 2 所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的示例性结构纵向剖切示意 图： 磁场发生元件采用励磁线圈与永磁体组合方式 （示例二）；
图 5-3 是用于图 2 所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的示例性结构纵向剖切示意 图： 磁场发生元件采用励磁线圈与永磁体组合方式 （示例三）；
图 6-1是用于图 3-2所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式的第一种示 例性纵向布置的立体示意图： 单个监测截面， 显示了构件的磁力线及磁电传感元件布置； 图 6-2是图 6-1所示结构的正立面示意图；
图 7-1是用于图 3-2所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式的第二种示 例性纵向布置的立体示意图： 多个监测截面， 其针对的是变截面构件， 显示了构件的磁力 线及磁电传感元件布置， 一个励磁线圈范围内布置多排磁电传感元件 （EMultME); 图 7-2是图 7-1所示结构的正立面示意图；
图 8是用于图 3-2所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式的第三种示例 性纵向布置正立面示意图， 其针对的是变截面构件； 显示了监测截面和磁电传感元件的布 置： 一个励磁线圈范围内布置多排磁电传感元件 （简称 MultME);
图 9是用于图 3-2所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式的第四种示例 性纵向布置立体示意图： 采用多套磁场发生元件与磁电传感元件监测构件的多个截面 （简 称 Multi"IME);
以下附图所示实施方式可以监测不同受力形式的构件应力：
图 10-1是用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 的第一种截面布置示例性示意图， 其为纵向剖切图， 以轴向受力构件为例示出了磁力线分 布和磁电传感元件布置及骨架分割形式；
图 10-2是图 8-1所示结构的横向剖切图； 图 11-1是用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁 弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式的第二种截面布置示例性示意图， 以单向受弯 构件为例示出了磁力线分布和磁电传感元件布置及骨架分割形式，其为构件在绕 X轴弯矩 Μχ作用下的立体示意图；
图 11-2是图 11-1所示结构， 在绕 X轴弯矩 Μχ作用下的横向剖切图；
图 11-3是图 11-1所示结构， 在绕 y轴弯矩 MY作用下的横向剖切图；
图 12-1是用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 的第三种截面布置示例性示意图， 以双向受弯构件为例示出了磁力线分布和磁电传感元件 布置及骨架分割形式， 其为绕 X 、 y轴双向弯矩 Μχγ作用下的立体示意图；
图 12-2是图 12-1所示结构， 在 Μχγ作用下的横向剖切图； 图 13-1是用于图 7-1、 7-2所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的一种应用结构型式 的示意图； 其显示了采用一个励磁线圈范围内布置多排磁电传感元件 （EMultME), 每排 布置一个或多个磁电传感元件， 用于监测受扭构件在扭矩 Mz作用下的应力分布；
图 13-2是用于图 9所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的一种应用结构型式的示意 图； 其显示了在多个截面处各布置一套磁场发生元件与磁电传感元件 （MulttlME) 用于 监测受扭构件在扭矩 Mz作用下的应力分布；
以下附图所示实施方式可以测不同截面形状构件的应力分布：
图 14是用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式的 第四种截面布置示例性示意图， 示出了一种形式的圆形截面形状构件的磁电传感元件的布 置及骨架分割形式， 以及护套的设置；
图 15-1是用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 的第五种截面布置示例性示意图， 示出了一种形式的矩形截面形状构件的磁电传感元件的 布置及骨架分割形式； 图 15-2是用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装 置的应用结构型式的第五种截面布置示例性示意图， 示出了另一种形式的矩形截面形状构 件的磁电传感元件的布置及骨架分割形式；
图 15-3是用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 的第五种截面布置示例性示意图， 示出了再一种形式的矩形截面形状构件的磁电传感元件 的布置及骨架分割形式；
图 16-1是用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 的第六种截面布置示例性示意图， 示出了一种形式的 T截面形状构件的磁电传感元件的布 置及骨架分割形式。
图 16-2是用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 的第六种截面布置示例性示意图， 示出了另一种形式的 T截面形状构件的磁电传感元件的 布置及骨架分割形式。
图 16-3是用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 的第六种截面布置示例性示意图， 示出了再一种形式的 T截面形状构件的磁电传感元件的 布置及骨架分割形式。
图 17是用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式的 第七种截面布置示例性示意图， 示出了不规则截面形状构件的磁电传感元件的布置及骨架 分割形式。
图 18-1是用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 的关于磁电传感元件与支撑骨架相对位置的第一种布置示例性示意图， 其示出了磁电传感 元件布置于支撑骨架内部的一种形式；
图 18-2是用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 的关于磁电传感元件与支撑骨架相对位置的第二布置示例性示意图， 其示出了磁电传感元 件布置于支撑骨架外部， 且位于支撑骨架外侧表面的一种形式； 图 18-3是用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 的关于磁电传感元件与支撑骨架相对位置的第三种布置示例性示意图， 其示出了磁电传感 元件布置于支撑骨架外部， 且位于支撑骨架内侧表面的一种形式；
图 18-4是用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 的关于磁电传感元件与支撑骨架相对位置的第四布置示例性示意图， 其示出了磁电传感元 件布置于支撑骨架外部， 且位于被测构件表面的一种形式；
图 19-la 是用于图 13-1 所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 (&Mult E) 的一种磁电传感元件布置于支撑骨架外部的示例性示意图， 示出了矩形截 面构件应力监测的磁电传感元件的布置图； 19-lb 为被测矩形截面构件在受扭矩 Mz作用 下的应力分布示意图；
图 19-2a 是用于图 13-1 所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 (&Mult E) 的一种磁电传感元件布置于支撑骨架内部的示例性示意图， 示出了矩形截 面构件应力监测的磁电传感元件的布置图； 图 19-2b为被测矩形截面构件的应力分布示意 图；
图 20-1 是用于图 13-2 所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 (Multi-EME) 的一种磁电传感元件布置于支撑骨架外部的示例性示意图， 示出了矩形截 面构件应力监测的磁电传感元件及支撑骨架的布置图；
图 20-2 是用于图 13-2 所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 (Multi-EME) 的一种磁电传感元件布置于支撑骨架外部的示例性示意图， 示出了矩形截 面构件应力监测的磁电传感元件及支撑骨架的布置图；
图 21-1是轴向受力构件的外力与磁特征量 Vst的对应关系图， 示出了本发明的磁弹磁 电效应式应力监测装置的一个试验结果。
图 21-2是受弯构件的外力与磁特征量 Vst关系图； 示出了本发明的磁弹磁电效应式应 力监测装置的一个试验结果。 具体实施方式
图 1示出了现有技术中已知的一种常规磁弹索力传感器的工作系统原理。 常规磁弹索 力传感器系统通常包括励磁线圈、 次级线圈、 支撑骨架、 驱动电路、 积分器、 数据采集与 处理模块， 以及控制装置 （（如计算机）。 在被测构件的周围套一个支撑骨架， 在其上缠绕 一个励磁线圈和一个次级线圈，当励磁线圈充电时会产生磁场，将构件磁化至近饱和状态， 之后在退磁过程中由于穿过次级线圈的磁通量改变， 会在次级线圈中产生感应信号， 对感 应信号进行积分得到可采集的电信号， 通过数据分析与处理获得一个与构件磁导率相关的 特征量； 由于构件的磁导率与其所受的应力状态相关， 利用上述特征量并根据实验室事先 标定数据或构件安装时的现场标定数据， 便可以由这个特征量换算得到构件应力。
这种或类似的常规磁弹索力传感器在本领域是公知的。 例如参见由孙志远等在 2008 年 8月 21日提交的名称为 "电磁感应式索力检测装置"的中国专利 CN 201242481Y; 由 汪风泉等在 2008年 8月 5日提交的名称为 "一种索力振动检测方法及其检测设备" 的中 国专利 CN 101334325A; 由愈竹青等在 2007年 2月 27日提交的名称为 "斜拉索索力远 程在线监测方法及设备" 的中国专利 CN 101051226A; 由孙作玉等在 2006年 8月 8日 提交的名称为 "钢索拉力检测装置"的中国专利 CN 101013056A; 由祝向永在 2001年 5 月 23 日提交的名称为 "一种在后张拉锚索体系中应用的压磁式索力传感器" 的中国专利 CN 24276011Yo 所有这些参考文献以参考的方式结合于此。
图 2示出了本发明的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的示例性实施例。 本发明的应力监 测装置包括磁场发生元件、 磁电传感元件、 支撑骨架， 以及控制调理仪。 在本发明中， 替 换图 1所示常规磁弹索力传感器中的次级线圈， 采用磁电传感元件进行信号传感。 它的定 位基本上可以确保： 1) 能产生与外力成单调关系的强烈输出信号 （即良好的机、 磁、 电 耦合和线性度）； 2) 对外力的变化敏感； 3) 易于安装且稳固。 磁场发生元件用来在控制 调理仪控制下根据需要在所述磁电传感元件应用区域产生磁场， 将铁磁材料构件磁化， 由 于被测构件在外力作用下磁特性会发生变化， 引起构件及邻近区域磁场 /磁感应强度的变 化。磁场发生元件根据需要可以有多种形式。磁电传感元件， 用于监测该磁场 /磁感应强度 的变化，无需积分器直接产生表征磁场 /磁感应强度的电信号 VME。此信号经过控制调理仪 分析、 处理， 输出最终信号一磁特征量 Vst， 所述最终信号一磁特征量 Vst与构件所处的应 力状态相对应， 从而实现铁磁材料构件应力及外力的无损监测。
图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3分别以整体示意图、 纵向剖切示意图、 横向剖切示意图示出了图 2 所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的一种示例性结构。 其磁场发生元件采用励磁线圈 34。。 在铁磁材料构件 31外面安装支撑骨架 33， 其外面缠绕励磁线圈 34， 磁电传感元件 32a和 32b安置在支撑骨架 33中。
如同现有技术中所能理解的： 磁电传感元件 32可以是一个或多个， 其布置位置可以 在支撑固件 33的内部或外部；可以根据便于生产和安装的目的把支撑骨架 33做成整体一 块， 或可拼装的二块或多块； 励磁线圈 34可以是一个， 也可以是通过串联或并联连接的 多个， 所述励磁线圈 34的信号源可选用交流信号或脉冲信号。
图 4-1、 4-2、 4-3以纵向剖切示意图的形式分别示出了图 2所示的磁弹磁电效应式应 力监测装置的另一种示例性结构。 其磁场发生元件采用永磁体 43， 通过轭铁 42与被测构 件 41形成磁场回路。 如同现有技术中所能理解的： 所述永磁体 43可以是一个（43， 见图 4-1)， 也可以是二个 （43a， 43b， 见图 4-2)、 三个 （43a， 43b， 43c , 见图 4-3) 或 者更多个。
图 5-1、 5-2、 5-3以纵向剖切示意图的形式分别示出了图 2所示的磁弹磁电效应式应 力监测装置的再一种示例性结构。其磁场发生元件采用永磁体 43与励磁线圈 44相组合的 方式。 如同现有技术中所能理解的： 所述励磁线圈 44可以是一个 （44， 见图 5-1)， 也可 以是串联或并联的二个 （44a， 44b , 见图 5-2)、 三个 （44a， 44b , 44c , 见图 5-3) 或者更多个； 所述励磁线圈 44 的信号源可选用交流信号或脉冲信号。 尽管图中所述永磁 体 43为一个， 但也可如同图 4-1、 4-2、 4-3所示的一个、 二个或多个。 图 6-1， 6-6分别以立体示意图和正立面示意图示出了用于图 3-2所示的磁弹磁电效应 式应力监测装置的应用结构型式的第一种示例性纵向布置： 采用单个监测截面。 根据受力 方式和磁力线分布布置磁电传感元件， 以轴向受力构件 52为例， 显示了磁力线 54及磁电 传感元件 51的轴向布置。 优选地， 磁电传感元件 51布置于磁场最敏感的位置。 如对于轴 向拉压构件， 磁力线 54分布如图所示， 磁电传感元件 51应布置在励磁线圈的中间位置， 因为此处磁力线最为密集， 磁场变化最大； 当然也可布置在其它位置， 但不如中间效果好。
图 7-1、 7-2是分别以立体示意图和正立面示意图示出了用于图 3-2所示的磁弹磁电效 应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式的第二种示例性纵向布置： 采用多个监测截面。 对于这 种或类似的轴向受力构件 52， 磁电传感元件 51可以布置在多个截面 51 a， 51b , 更好的 监测沿构件截面的受力状况， 对于轴向不变的力， 可以取平均值计算， 提高测量精度和可 靠性。 以两个截面为例， 图 7-1、 7-2显示了磁力线 54及磁电传感元件 51的布置， 当然 可以推广到更多监测截面。 图 8是以立面示意图示出了图 3-2所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力 监测装置的应用结构型式的第三种示例性纵向布置，其针对的是变截面构件 61; 显示了监 测截面 （62、 63、 64) 和磁电传感元件 （65a、 65b、 66a、 66b、 67a、 67b ) 的布置, 此布置方式为一个励磁线圈 68范围内布置多排磁电传感元件 （简称 MultME)。 对于变 截面或受力沿截面变化的构件， 可以通过监测多个截面实现对构件受力情况的判断， 对于 非轴向受力 （弯矩、 扭矩等） 尤其对于扭矩的测量更具优势。
图 9以立体示意图示出了用于图 3-2所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构 型式的第四种示例性纵向布置： 采用多套磁场发生元件与磁电传感元件监测构件的多个截 面 （简称 MiilttEME); 如图所示， 在被测构件 61的不同截面上分别布置了一套磁场发生 元件和磁电传感元件（69， 70)。尽管图 9以等截面构件 61为例示意。 此种布置方式同样 适用于变截面构件。 对于变截面或受力沿截面变化的构件， 可以通过监测多个截面实现对 构件受力情况的判断， 对于非轴向受力 （弯矩、 扭矩等） 尤其对于扭矩的测量更具优势。 对于不同受力形式构件的应力监测采用如下的具体实施方式。
磁电传感元件由于可以体积小、 质量轻等优点， 占据很小的位置， 可以测局部磁场 / 磁感应强度， 从而可测得局部应力， 经过适当的应力组合， 可以测不同形式的外力。 如轴 向拉压 （失稳前， 与常规磁弹索力传感器相同基本效果）， 可布置一个磁电传感元件， 也 可布置多个取平均值， 减小不均匀的影响； 失稳后 （类似于压弯）， 磁弹索力传感器不能 判别， 弹磁磁电效应式 （IME) 传感器则能判别出来。
图 10-1和图 10-2分别以立面图和横向剖切图示出了图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁 电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式的第一种示例性截面布置， 以被测构件 71受到轴 向力 F的作用为例， 示出了磁力线 75分布和至少一个磁电传感元件 72布置及支撑骨架 73的分割形式； 尽管所示支撑骨架 73做成可拼装的两块 （73a， 73b ), 可根据实际制作 和安装的需要做成一块或多块。 传感元件 72也可根据需要布置一个或多个。
图 11-1、 11-2、 11-3分别以立体示意图和横向剖切图示出了用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所 示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式的第二种示例性截面布置， 以单向受弯 构件为例示出了磁力线分布和磁电传感元件（83a， 83b , 83c )布置及骨架（84a， 84b， 84c ) 分割形式。 图 11-1所示为构件在绕 X轴弯矩 Mx作用下的立体示意图； 图 11-2所 示为构件在绕 X轴弯矩 Μχ作用下的横向剖切图； 图 11-3所示为构件在绕 y轴弯矩 Μγ 作用下的横向剖切图。 尽管图中显示了三个电传感元件 （83a， 83b , 83c ) , 对于单向弯 矩作用情况， 至少需要 2个或以上磁电传感元件在优化布置下获得理想的监测结果。
图 12-1和 12-2以立体示意图和横向剖切图示出了用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹 磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式的第三种示例性截面布置， 显示了构件在绕 X 、 y轴双向弯矩 Μχγ作用下磁力线分布和磁电传感元件 （102a， 102b , 102c， 102d ) 布 置及骨架（103a， 103b , 103c , 104d )分割形式。尽管图中显示了四个电传感元件（ 102a， 102b , 102c， 102d )， 对于双向弯矩作用情况， 至少需要三个或以上磁电传感元件在优 化布置下获得理想的监测结果。
图 13-1以立体示意图示出了用于图 7-1、 7-2所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的 一种示例性应用结构型式（EMultME) , 其显示了采用一个励磁线圈 113范围内布置多排 磁电传感元件，图中以二排为例；每排布置多个应力传感元件 112a， 112c， 112e及 112b， 112d， 112f， 用于监测受扭构件 111在扭矩 Mz作用下的应力分布；
图 13-2 以立体示意图示出了用于图 9所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的一种示 例性应用结构型式 （MulttEME) ; 其显示了在多个截面处各布置一套磁场发生元件 116， 117与磁电传感元件 114a， 114b , 114c及 115a， 115b , 115c用于监测受扭构件 111 在扭矩 Mz作用下的应力分布；
类似地， 对于其它受力形式的构件， 可以根据受力特征进行磁电传感元件的布置和支 撑骨架分割。 对于不同截面形状的构件的应力监测， 采用以下具体实施方式。
常规的磁弹索力传感器只能测轴向拉压构件， 主要是索力， 因为次级线圈只能测得缠 绕线圈内的磁场的变化， 次级线圈通常缠绕在圆柱形支撑骨架上， 而且所测得受力是整个 线圈内的平均受力情况。 这就限制了在非圆柱形构件中的应用， 如很多结构构件的截面型 式： 圆形截面、 矩形截面、 L型截面、 T型截面。 而磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置， 通过将 磁电传感元件布置在多个位置， 可以测得这些形状构件的应力分布和受力情况。 对于对称 截面构件， 可以对称布置； 对于非对称截面构件， 可以分散局部布置。 可以根据具体构件 的截面形状， 装配磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置。
在实际实施中， 应根据构件的截面形式和应力分布情况， 确定磁电传感元件位置和数 量。 通常， 需在截面转折处及应力分布特征点处 （如最大应力点） 布置磁电传感元件。
图 14中示出了用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构 型式的第四种截面示例性截面布置， 示出了一种形式的圆形截面形状构件 121的磁电传感 元件的布置及骨架分割形式，图示以一个磁电传感元件 122和一个整体式支撑骨架为例，当 然也可以采用多个磁电传感元件和多块支撑骨架拼装而成。 图 15-1、 图 15-2、 图 15-2各示出了用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应 力监测装置的应用结构型式的第五种示例性截面布置， 以矩形截面形状构件 131， 141, 151为例， 示出了三种形式的的磁电传感元件 132， 142， 152的布置及骨架 133， 143, 153的分割形式。
图 16-1、 图 16-2、 图 13-2各示出了用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应 力监测装置的应用结构型式的第六种示例性截面布置， 以 T形截面形状构件 161， 171， 181为例， 示出了三种形式的的磁电传感元件 162， 172， 182的布置及骨架 163， 173, 183的分割形式。
图 17示出了用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型 式的第七种示例性截面布置， 以不规则截面形状构件 191为例， 示出了磁电传感元件 192 的布置及骨架 193分割形式。 关于磁电传感元件与支撑骨架的相对安装位置， 按以下方案具体实施。
图 18-1示出了用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的 磁电传感元件与支撑骨架的相对安装位置的第一种实例性布置方式， 磁电传感元件
202布置于支撑骨架 203a， 203b的内部；
图 18-2示出了用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的 磁电传感元件与支撑骨架的相对安装位置的第二种实例性布置方式， 磁电传感元件
212布置于支撑骨架 213a， 213b的外部， 且为支撑骨架 213a， 213b的外侧表面。
图 18-3示出了用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的 磁电传感元件与支撑骨架的相对安装位置的第四种实例性布置方式， 磁电传感元件
215布置于支撑骨架 214a， 214b的外部， 且为支撑骨架 214a， 214b的内侧表面。
图 18-4示出了用于图 3-1、 3-2、 3-3所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的 磁电传感元件与支撑骨架的相对安装位置的第四种实例性布置方式， 磁电传感元件
218布置于支撑骨架 217a， 217b的外部， 且为被测构件 219的表面。
图 19- la 示出了用于图 13- 1 所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 (EMultiME)的一种磁电传感元件相对于支撑骨架的相对位置示例， 以矩形截面构件 221 为例， 磁电传感元件 222a， 222b， 222c， 222d， 222e， 222f布置于支撑骨架 223外部；
19- lb示出了被测矩形截面构件 221在受扭矩 Mz作用下的应力分布。
图 19-2a 示出了用于图 13-1 所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 (&Mult E) 的另一种磁电传感元件相对于支撑骨架的相对位置示例， 以矩形截面构件
221为例， 磁电传感元件 224a， 224b , 224c , 224d， 224e , 224f布置于支撑骨架 223 外部； 19-2b示出了被测矩形截面构件 221在受扭矩 Mz作用下的应力分布。 图 20-1 示出了用于图 13-2 所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 (Multi-BME)的一种磁电传感元件相对于支撑骨架的相对位置示例， 以矩形截面构件 231 为例， 磁电传感元件 233a， 233b， 233c， 231a， 231b， 231c布置于支撑骨架 234， 235 的外部。
图 20-2 是用于图 13-2 所示的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的应用结构型式 (Multi-EME) 的另一种磁电传感元件相对于支撑骨架的相对位置示例， 以矩形截面构件 231为例， 磁电传感元件 237a， 237b , 237c， 236a , 236b , 236c布置于支撑骨架 234， 235的内部。
图 21-1 中， 以轴向受力构件为例， 示出了本发明的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的 一个试验结果， 由于截面均匀受力， 由两个磁电传感元件 Si， ¾, 输出的电信号经控制调 理仪处理后得到结果相同， 其外力 F与磁特征量 Vst的对应关系为单调关系， 可以为线性、 分段线性， 或非线性。 在实际应用中可以根据标定曲线或表格内插获得监测结果。
图 21-2中， 以拉弯构件为例， 显示了所受外力与磁特征量 Vst关系图； 示出了本发明 的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置的一个试验结果。
图 21-2 中， 以拉弯组合受力构件为例， 示出了本发明的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装 置的另一个试验结果。 由于截面受力不均匀， 由两个磁电传感元件 Si， ¾, 输出的电信号 经控制调理仪处理后得到结果不同， 根据事先标定数据和所获得相应两个磁电传感元件 ¾, &的磁特征量 Vst, 可以确定构件的受力状态， 包括弯矩 M和轴力 N。 此外， 本发明装置的磁场发生元件、 磁电传感元件、 支撑骨架、 控制调理仪等各部件 或其部分， 或整个监测装置可以安装护套， 也可以不安装护套。 图 33示例性的示出了对 励磁线圈 34外侧所设置的护套 35。 通过安装护套， 可以屏蔽外界磁场， 减少对内部磁场 及信号的干扰； 也可以对整个监测装置起到保护作用， 减少外界破坏， 延长使用寿命。 本发明与现有技术相比， 其显著优点是： 本应力监测装置， 用磁电传感元件来代替需 要信号积分的次级线圈作为信号检测元件， 从而实现对可以对构件应力的实时监测 （响应 时间在毫秒量级）； 大大减少了监测装置的尺寸和重量； 所述磁电传感元件不需供电且成 本低， 大大简化了监测装置的构造， 并降低了成本； 通过这种磁电传感元件不同布置方式 和组合方式实现对不同受力形式、 不同截面形状构件的应力监测， 突变了传统磁弹索力传 感器只能监测单向拉伸等截面构件应力监测的局限性； 实验数据稳定， 重复性好， 测量精 度高， 设备操作简单方便， 可实现监测装置的自动运行， 用于在线监测或离线检测； 使用 寿命长， 应用范围广， 可用于任何铁磁材料构件的应力监测。

Claims

1. 一种磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置， 用于铁磁材料构件的无损应力监测， 具有磁场 发生元件， 磁场发生元件用来在控制调理仪控制下根据需要在所述铁磁材料构件应力监测 区域产生磁场， 将铁磁材料构件磁化； 其特征在于所述应力监测装置还包括：
一个或多个磁电传感元件， 可由磁电单相材料、 磁电复合材料、 磁电层合材料、 霍尔 元件等做成， 无需外加电源供电， 无需通过积分， 直接产生表征所述磁场及其磁感应强度 的电信号 VME;
一个或多个支撑骨架， 用来设置所述磁场发生元件和固定所述磁电传感元件位置； 控制调理仪，控制磁场发生元件产生磁场， 并接收从磁电传感元件传来的电信号 VME， 经信号调理后输出最终信号 VST，所述最终信号为与构件应力相对应的磁特征量，从而实现 对铁磁材料构件在一种或多种受力组合下应力的实时监测。
2.根据权利要求 1 的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置， 其特征在于所述磁场发生元件可 以采用以下方式：（a) 励磁线圈， 通过驱动电路在励磁线圈中产生励磁电流从而产生磁场； (b )通过永磁体产生磁场； （c )通过所述励磁线圈及永磁体两种方式组合产生所需的磁场； 所述励磁线圈或永磁体的数量为一个或并联或串联连接的多个。
3.根据权利要求 1 的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置， 其特征在于磁电传感元件根据被 测铁磁材料构件及邻近区域的磁场分布情况， 布置在支撑骨架上相应磁场最敏感的位置， 也可布置在所测构件表面相应磁场最敏感的位置。
4.根据权利要求 1 的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置， 其特征在于所述一个或多个磁电 传感元件被布置在被测铁磁材料构件的一个或多个监测截面对应的支撑骨架位置或构件 表面位置上。
5.根据权利要求 1的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置， 其特征在于在被测铁磁材料构件 的同一监测截面相应的支撑骨架位置或构件表面位置上布置一个或多个磁电传感元件。
6.根据权利要求 1的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置， 其特征在于磁电传感元件被布置 在支撑骨架的内部或外部， 布置在支撑骨架外部时， 可以是布置在骨架内表面、 外表面、 或构件表面。
7.根据权利要求 1 的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置， 其特征在于所述支撑骨架是一个 整体的支撑骨架或由几块拼接组装构成。
8.根据权利要求 1 的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置，其特征在于所述控制调理仪包括 控制电路及数据采集处理设备， 实现对磁场发生元件的控制和对磁电传感元件所产生信号 VME的数据采集和处理， 以获得与构件应力相对应的磁特征量 VST。
9.根据权利要求 2的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置， 其特征在于励磁线圈的信号源选 用交流信号或脉冲信号。
10.根据权利要求 1的磁弹磁电效应式应力监测装置， 其特征在于所述磁场发生元件、 磁电传感元件、支撑骨架、控制调理仪等各部件或其部分， 或整个监测装置可以安装护套， 也可以不安装护套； 护套可以屏蔽外界磁场， 减少对内部磁场及信号的干扰， 也可以对整 个监测装置起到保护作用， 减少外界破坏， 延长使用寿命。
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