WO2013063632A1 - Procédé et dispositif pour détecter des défauts sur des fermetures magnétiques d'encoches de machines à courant alternatif - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif pour détecter des défauts sur des fermetures magnétiques d'encoches de machines à courant alternatif Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013063632A1
WO2013063632A1 PCT/AT2012/000281 AT2012000281W WO2013063632A1 WO 2013063632 A1 WO2013063632 A1 WO 2013063632A1 AT 2012000281 W AT2012000281 W AT 2012000281W WO 2013063632 A1 WO2013063632 A1 WO 2013063632A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
machine
voltage
current
stator
slot
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Application number
PCT/AT2012/000281
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Thomas Wolbank
Original Assignee
Technische Universität Wien
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Application filed by Technische Universität Wien filed Critical Technische Universität Wien
Publication of WO2013063632A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013063632A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/34—Testing dynamo-electric machines

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for detecting errors in magnetic Nutver finallyn the stator of AC machines, preferably three-phase machines, in particular for the detection of errors in slot wedges or missing slot closure wedges, according to the preambles of the independent claims.
  • these keyway wedges may be damaged during operation of the machine and may also partially or completely disengage due to vibration, assembly failure and magnetic forces, thereby affecting the operation of the machine.
  • the invention provides a method and a device as defined in the independent claims.
  • predetermined voltage signals in particular voltage pulses or high-frequency (sine) voltages
  • the machine e.g. by means of a conventional converter
  • the resulting winding current of the machine is measured in particular by means of current sensors usually present in the supply lines to the machine.
  • the fault detection and localization is then based on the high-frequency or transient electrical properties of the machine.
  • Voltage signals (voltage pulses) are applied to the terminals of the machine, the resulting winding contains information about the magnetic state of the machine.
  • information about the properties of the magnetic material but generally also about machine-inherent asymmetries, such as in the area of spatial saturation or of the grooves, are included as well as the desired error-induced asymmetries. Consequently, it is also a question of separating the possible inherent asymmetries from the desired error-induced asymmetries, and of evaluating only the latter with regard to the localization of the fault locations in the magnetic slot closures.
  • the voltage excitations and current measurements are performed in an unmagnetized state of the machine and / or in the unloaded state of the machine. This facilitates the measurement and localization of magnetic slot closure errors, if any. This advantage is enhanced when the detection is at a standstill machine
  • stator resistance the influence of the stator resistance on the measurement can be eliminated by the current responses to different, in particular successive, voltage application. be evaluated.
  • the present device it is particularly advantageous for an efficient analysis of the transient processes when the converter is set up to deliver voltage pulses. Furthermore, it is favorable if the computing means for the derivation of asymmetry pointers are set up, wherein furthermore an advantageous embodiment is characterized by a spectral analysis unit for the spectral analysis of the asymmetry pointers.
  • FIG. 1 shows schematically a representation of a groove with winding contained therein and a slot closure wedge.
  • FIG. 2 shows schematically in the form of a block diagram an apparatus for detecting faults in magnetic slot closures of the stator of an electrical machine, wherein this machine, a three-phase machine, is assigned a converter for supplying power;
  • FIG. 3 shows a diagram of an example of a voltage pulse signal used to excite the machine and a corresponding current response, whereby sampling points are also illustrated;
  • FIG. 4 shows in a diagram the direction-dependent inductance of a machine in the case of a missing slot closure wedge
  • 5 is a diagram of a pointer representation belonging to FIG. 4 for illustrating transient current changes for a given pulse sequence, for example in phase V;
  • Fig. 6A schematically shows a succession of grooves with windings and intact slot closure wedges and associated magnetic lines
  • Fig. 6B shows a corresponding arrangement of these grooves with windings, but now missing in a groove of the slot closure wedge, resulting in irregularities in the magnetic line course;
  • Fig. 7 is a block schematic diagram illustrating the performance of the measurement and detection and associated signal processing, respectively;
  • FIG. 8 shows a schematic diagram illustrating slot wedges of a machine, wherein tests have shown a slot closure wedge or a plurality of slot closure wedges removed;
  • FIG. 9 shows a diagram of the measurement results in a machine with an arrangement of slot closure wedges.
  • a part of a stator 30 is schematically illustrated with a groove 31 in perspective, wherein the groove is open to the inner periphery 32 of the stator 30 in itself, but after introduction of only schematically indicated in Fig. 1 stator windings 33 by means of an axially parallel inserted groove closure wedge 34 is closed.
  • slot wedges 34 in the operation of the machine if they have magnetic, but also mechanical forces, bVE etc., can loosen, can move in their guides and finally also break out of their guides and fall into the air gap.
  • Such a loosening of the slot closure wedges may also have their cause in an insufficient assembly process.
  • a loosened or, in particular, fallen-out slot lock wedge 34 can currently only be detected after at least partial disassembly of the machine. This is also confirmed by the cited reference by Mike Davis, where reference is made to the optical inspection, after suspicion has been ascertained, if applicable, about the current spectrum resulting in normal operation.
  • a device 1 for detecting errors in magnetic Nutver anywayn in an AC machine 2 is generally illustrated, with only a schematic example of a winding 3 of the machine 2 is indicated.
  • an inverter 4 By means of an inverter 4, the inputs of which a capacitor 5 is connected in parallel, voltage signals, namely concrete
  • control unit 10 is connected to a data collection unit 15 and an analysis unit 16, preferably an analysis unit designed for an FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) spectral filtering.
  • analysis unit 16 preferably an analysis unit designed for an FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) spectral filtering.
  • FFT Fast Fourier Transformation
  • error indicator 17 is connected to the output of the analysis unit 16 .
  • the present error detection and location technology is based, as mentioned, on a check of the transient reactance of the respective machine.
  • short voltage pulses are applied to the machine connections with the aid of the converter 4 shown in FIG. 2, and the resulting current is measured with the aid of the current sensors present in the individual supply lines.
  • the machine 2 can be supplied.
  • a pulse-shaped voltage signal V is schematically shown in conjunction with the then resulting in the machine current i.
  • the pulse sequence has a positive voltage pulse I and a negative voltage pulse II.
  • the current i has as shown a triangular course.
  • the detection of two time derivatives of the current response i is accomplished with, for example, four sampling points S 1 -S 4, the current values at the sampling points S x , S 2 being the slope of the current increase and the sampling values S 3 , S 4 being the angle of the current waveform in FIG let calculate the negative pulse phase II. Accordingly, the actual current values are measured a short time after the start and a short time after the end of each pulse period. From this, the time derivatives of the current can be approximated. The entire measurement can be done within a few 10 ps.
  • the time profile of the current signal i is essentially determined by the transient leakage inductance of the machine.
  • An essential part of the stray flux is the stator slot leakage flux and the zigzag stray flux.
  • the stator leakage flux passing through the slot closure wedges ⁇ independent of the spatial angle of the high frequency or transient excitation.
  • the measurement is preferably used with the machine at rest, at zero load and at zero flow, ie preferably when the machine is not being operated or is currently being serviced.
  • an electric machine 2 with three phases U, V, W is assumed as well (ie a three-phase machine), which is supplied with inverter, wherein the various Voltage states can be used at the inverter outputs.
  • inverter 4 When the output of the inverter 4 changes from the inactive state to an active state, a voltage jump corresponding to the amplitude of the intermediate voltage of the converter 4 is generated. The same applies to the change from the active initial state to the inactive one.
  • the current measurement is carried out with the aid of the built-in, usually present current sensors 6, 7, 8.
  • the power of the inverter 4 may be a fraction relative to that of the machine 2.
  • the voltage pointer caused by the inverter switching action leads to the aforementioned current change di s l dr.
  • This deflection of the current with time is determined by the switching state of the inverter 4 from the DC intermediate voltage, but also by the stray inductance //, from the stator resistance r s and influenced by the back EMF d ⁇ R ldr.
  • the transient response of the engine 2 by the voltage drop of the transient leakage inductance / / is dominated.
  • the fundamental operating point of the stator current is as well as the time derivative thereof can be measured directly. Even if, as mentioned, the machine 2 is not operated at standstill, the back EMF does not change significantly between the two consecutive pulse pickups. Accordingly, in subtracting the two stator voltage equations, the back EMF precipitates. The same applies to the influence of the stator resistance. If the voltage phasors of the successive pulses point in opposite spatial directions, then the fundamental operating points in the two cases are practically the same due to the symmetrical pulse pattern as shown in FIG.
  • the transient leakage inductance In may be considered as a scalar quantity, and accordingly the direction of the slope of the resulting current is parallel to the excitation pulse voltage.
  • current machines even if they have no errors, there are always inherent spatial asymmetries, which also lead to an angular dependence of the transient leakage flux.
  • This complex transient leakage inductance is composed of a scalar offset value 1 0 // * * and a complex value I "od, as seen in equation (3).
  • the offset value represents the symmetric machine, whereas the complex value indicates the error-induced asymmetry with magnitude and spatial direction. It is assumed here that there is no further asymmetry.
  • y is the angle of the asymmetry part, ie it indicates the spatial position of the maximum inductance within a pole pair. The asymmetry therefore has a double period with respect to a single electrical revolution and a fixed position relative to the stator.
  • the size and angle of the complex inductance part contain the information concerning the error-caused asymmetry.
  • a missing slot wedge corresponds to its spatial position of the direction of the complex inductance relative to the stator windings.
  • the measuring system simply calculates the simplified equation (5), wherein the time derivatives are numerically calculated by difference quotients, as is known per se. A corresponding index change takes place at the voltage pointers.
  • the measured current slope of the excitation sequence is thus directly influenced by the size and position of the complex inductance part according to equation (4); the values of y 0 / fsei and _ $ can be obtained after conversion as indicated in equations (6): y offset -p.
  • the main direction of the resulting current change is determined by the two converter switching states (I, II in Fig. 3), as can be seen from the above equations.
  • the scalar value y 0 ff Se i while the size of the complex value, usually dominates even at one
  • the resulting asymmetry leads, for example, to an ideal sinusoidal modulation of the stray inductance.
  • the corresponding directional dependence of this inductance is indicated by an ellipse 35 with the minimum inductance in the direction of the magnetic axis corresponding to a magnetomotive force in the groove where the wedge is absent.
  • the directional inductance is illustrated in FIG. 4 with the pointer 36.
  • the corresponding signals are schematically illustrated in the phasor diagram of FIG. 5, the differential voltage phasor Vj -ii being in the phase V direction shows.
  • the resulting current change pointer A i_ s I _ "/ ⁇ ⁇ is composed as described of two parts, namely the scalar part s, in.yoffset and the complex part j -R xm0 d, see. also the above equations (4) and (5).
  • the position of the asymmetry is selected similar to that in FIG. 4 in FIG. 5, the main axis of the ellipse being illustrated as a pointer 37 for the maximum inductance in FIG. 5.
  • the angle ⁇ defines the difference of the direction of maximum transient inductance (slot wedge) relative to the direction of the differential voltage vector Vs, / - // of the pulse excitation.
  • FIGS. 6A and 6B show part of a stator with grooves, all of which are properly closed by slot wedges. This results in an image of the magnetic lines as shown.
  • the machine 2 was operated without fundamental wave excitation. Only voltage pulses were applied in the direction of the phase axis U (see also FIG. 8, which will be described in greater detail below).
  • the remote slot wedge 34 ' was in a groove of the phase winding U (electrically at right angles to the phase axis).
  • the changes 41 in the course of the magnetic lines are directly linked to the change in the transient current slope, as determined by the measurements. This eventually leads to a fixed stator asymmetry, which is detectable in the asymmetry pointer.
  • the controls and measurements can be done with the aid of a processor, the voltage signals for the excitation and causes trigger signals for the measurement.
  • the voltage-pulse sequence can be generated from stored values. Accordingly, the voltage pointer 39 ( Figure 5) is predictable in advance.
  • the current difference pointer 38 results from the current samples S 1 to S 4 taken in the respective case (compare FIG. 3). Since this current difference pointer is composed of a symmetrical part 39 and an asymmetrical part 40, these two parts are separated from each other in the measuring signal. This can be accomplished, for example, as follows: As can be seen from FIG. 5, the part influenced by the scalar value y 0 ffsa (pointer 39 in FIG. 5) points in the direction of the excitation pulses.
  • the voltage pulse sequences are applied successively in the three main phase directions. If the three resulting current difference hands are combined by addition, this results in only one current difference pointer. In this pointer calculation, the symmetric components are eliminated. The resulting pointer now contains more information about the machine 2 asymmetries. This pointer is referred to simply as an asymmetry pointer.
  • the obtained asymmetry pointer contains not only the error-induced asymmetry but also some machine-inherent asymmetries.
  • the essential machine-inherent asymmetry is caused by spatial saturation, by groove, and by rotor anisotropy. These asymmetries exist in virtually all machines, even if they are otherwise flawless. These asymmetries are all superimposed in the asymmetry pointer, but identification and separation can be performed according to their deterministic behavior. The detected asymmetry pointer is thus split into these components.
  • the modulation period is twice the period of the fundamental electric wave corresponding to the number of poles.
  • the Identification and separation of this asymmetry can be carried out in advance.
  • Another asymmetry is caused by the openings of the grooves in the lamination.
  • the period of this asymmetry is related to the rotor angle. In machines with magnetic slot closures, however, their modulation is very small, and this asymmetry can usually be neglected.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates, in a type of block diagram, the signal processing in the present device 1, wherein in particular the elimination of the machine-inherent asymmetries is also included.
  • Control unit 10 'for the individual processes and with a measurement and calculation system 14' is provided.
  • voltage pulses are emitted by a unit 4 '(for example the converter 4 according to FIG. 2), and in the actual measuring unit 11' (see the current sensors 6, 7 and 8 as well as the unit 11 in FIG. 1), the measurement of current responses is as described above.
  • the asymmetry pointer is calculated as explained above with the aid of a computing unit 12 '(see also the block 12 concerning the asymmetry-pointer calculation in FIG.
  • the voltage pulses are output from the inverter 4, the currents in the individual phases U, V, W are measured by means of the sensors 6, 7 and 8, in accordance with FIG. 3 to the respective sampling points Sx to S.
  • the arithmetic unit 12 ' the current differences are calculated and stored in accordance with the above equations (4) and (5).
  • the generation of the trigger signals for the switching of the converter 4 and for the taking of the measurements is accomplished by the control unit 10 or 10 ', which may be realized on the basis of a real-time processor, preferably together with the computing components of the system 50.
  • This process is repeated for at least one rotor grooving period or until the rotor has performed a mechanical rotation.
  • Data storage with respect to the calculated asymmetry pointers takes place in a memory unit 15 '.
  • asymmetry pointers are then analyzed, and the notching modulation is also identified and eliminated. If there is a saturation asymmetry, e.g. According to the magnets in a permanent magnet machine, these can also be eliminated, for example, by spectral filtering.
  • the result regarding the error display is finally displayed or output via a unit 17 '.
  • the input to the analysis unit 16 '(or 16 in Fig. 2) contains size and direction information. As a result, it is also possible to detect both single and several missing slot closure wedges 34 'together with their positions.
  • Positions B and C in Fig. 8) are nonetheless referred to as "missing slot wedge in phase U".
  • each missing keyway key is correlated to a pointer of the error indicator.
  • the combination with several missing slot wedges results from summation of the individual pointers. It is not only possible to recognize missing slot closure wedges 34 'as such, but also to distinguish between individual or multiple missing slot wedges and also determine their spatial positions.

Abstract

Pour détecter des défauts sur des fermetures magnétiques d'encoches du stator de machines à courant alternatif (2), préférentiellement de machines à courant triphasé, et plus particulièrement pour détecter des défauts sur des cales de fermeture d'encoches (34) ou bien l'absence de cales de fermeture d'encoches (34'), on vérifie, selon l'invention, le courant (i) généré (2) dans les enroulements lorsqu'on met la machine sous une tension (V), la machine (2) étant excitée au moyen d'un signal de tension (V) prédéfini et les courants (i) générés ainsi dans les enroulements de la machine (2) étant mesurés et évalués afin de détecter puis localiser, en se basant sur la réactance transitoire de la machine (2), des asymétries du circuit magnétique qui découlent d'éventuels défauts et sont fixes par rapport au stator.
PCT/AT2012/000281 2011-11-03 2012-11-05 Procédé et dispositif pour détecter des défauts sur des fermetures magnétiques d'encoches de machines à courant alternatif WO2013063632A1 (fr)

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ATA1617/2011 2011-11-03
AT16172011A AT512058B1 (de) 2011-11-03 2011-11-03 Verfahren und vorrichtung zur erkennung von fehlern bei magnetischen nutverschlüssen von wechselstrommaschinen

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Cited By (2)

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CN103543364A (zh) * 2013-11-01 2014-01-29 北京天源科创风电技术有限责任公司 一种风力发电机组变桨充电器检测平台
CN109374041A (zh) * 2018-11-29 2019-02-22 三集团有限公司北京分公司 发电机磁性槽楔检测系统及方法

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US5654603A (en) * 1995-09-29 1997-08-05 Reliance Electric Industrial Magnetic top stick apparatus and method for making same
US20090301168A1 (en) * 2008-06-04 2009-12-10 Siemens Power Generation, Inc. Apparatus For Impact Testing For Electric Generator Stator Wedge Tightness

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US5654603A (en) * 1995-09-29 1997-08-05 Reliance Electric Industrial Magnetic top stick apparatus and method for making same
US20090301168A1 (en) * 2008-06-04 2009-12-10 Siemens Power Generation, Inc. Apparatus For Impact Testing For Electric Generator Stator Wedge Tightness

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FERNANDO BRIZ ET AL.: "Dynamic Operation of Carrier-Signal-Injection-Based Sensorless Direct Field-Oriented AC Drives", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, no. 00, 2000, pages 0093 - 9994
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MIKE DAVIS: "Problems and Solutions with Magnetic Stator Wedges", IRIS ROTATING MACHINE CONFERENCE, 1 July 2007 (2007-07-01), San Antonio, TX, pages 1 - 5, XP055002425, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.marubun.co.jp/product/measurement/electric/qgc18e0000004nwj-att/Session3_15_IRMC2007.pdf> [retrieved on 20110708] *
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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103543364A (zh) * 2013-11-01 2014-01-29 北京天源科创风电技术有限责任公司 一种风力发电机组变桨充电器检测平台
CN109374041A (zh) * 2018-11-29 2019-02-22 三集团有限公司北京分公司 发电机磁性槽楔检测系统及方法

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AT512058B1 (de) 2013-05-15

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