WO2013057208A1 - Compositions et procédés pour la réduction de la prolifération et de la viabilité d'agents microbiens - Google Patents

Compositions et procédés pour la réduction de la prolifération et de la viabilité d'agents microbiens Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013057208A1
WO2013057208A1 PCT/EP2012/070685 EP2012070685W WO2013057208A1 WO 2013057208 A1 WO2013057208 A1 WO 2013057208A1 EP 2012070685 W EP2012070685 W EP 2012070685W WO 2013057208 A1 WO2013057208 A1 WO 2013057208A1
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antimicrobial
formulation
lipid
single composition
agent
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PCT/EP2012/070685
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English (en)
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William Henry
Sam YURDAKUL
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Targeted Delivery Technologies Limited
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/24—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, halogen, nitrogen or sulfur, e.g. cyclomethicone or phospholipids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/26—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests in coated particulate form
    • A01N25/28—Microcapsules or nanocapsules
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N33/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic nitrogen compounds
    • A01N33/02—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds
    • A01N33/04—Nitrogen directly attached to aliphatic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
    • A61K31/137—Arylalkylamines, e.g. amphetamine, epinephrine, salbutamol, ephedrine or methadone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/12—Cyclic peptides, e.g. bacitracins; Polymyxins; Gramicidins S, C; Tyrocidins A, B or C
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/02—Inorganic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/16—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing nitrogen, e.g. nitro-, nitroso-, azo-compounds, nitriles, cyanates
    • A61K47/18—Amines; Amides; Ureas; Quaternary ammonium compounds; Amino acids; Oligopeptides having up to five amino acids
    • A61K47/183—Amino acids, e.g. glycine, EDTA or aspartame
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/10—Antimycotics

Definitions

  • compositions that include antimicrobial agents and methods of using such compositions.
  • compositions and methods for treatment of microbial agents including compositions that include an antimicrobial agent, a lipid and optionally a surfactant.
  • a single composition that includes a first antimicrobial agent and a lipid particle including a second antimicrobial agent.
  • the fist antimicrobial is not in a lipid particle.
  • a single composition that includes a first antimicrobial agent and a lipid particle including a second antimicrobial agent; wherein said lipid particle is a formulation including a lipid and a surfactant as described herein.
  • the single composition includes a first antimicrobial agent and a lipid particle including a second antimicrobial agent; wherein said lipid particle is a Transfersome®.
  • the composition includes a first antimicrobial agent and the second antimicrobial is in a formulation of Example Formulations 1-103 described herein.
  • the first antimicrobial agent and second antimicrobial agent are selected from 5-fluorocytosine, Abafungin, Acrisorcin, Amorolfme, Albaconazole, Albendazole, Amorolfme, Amphotericin B, Anidulafungin, Arasertaconazole, Azithromycin, Becliconazole, Benzodithiazole,
  • the first and/or second agent is a compound of Formula I as disclosed herein or a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, or a mixture of diastereomers thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, hydrate, or salt thereof; where R is CM2 alkyl, Ci-i 2 acyl, or heteroaryl- C6-i4 aryl; X is halo; Y is N or CH; and Z is CH 2 or O, or combinations of any of the above.
  • the second antimicrobial agent is Terbinafine.
  • the first antimicrobial agent and second antimicrobial agent are selected from Terbinafine, Caspofungin and Voriconazole.
  • the first antimicrobial agent is Caspofungin or Voriconazole and the second antimicrobial agent is Terbinafine.
  • the first antimicrobial agent is Caspofungin and the second antimicrobial agent is Terbinafine.
  • the first antimicrobial agent is Voriconazole and the second antimicrobial agent is Terbinafine.
  • a single composition as disclosed herein including Caspofungin as a first antimicrobial agent and a lipid particle including Terbinafine as a second antimicrobial agent.
  • a single composition as disclosed herein including Voriconazole as a first antimicrobial agent and a lipid particle including Terbinafine as a second antimicrobial agent.
  • the single composition as disclosed herein is adapted for administration topically, including mucosal delivery.
  • Mucosal delivery includes pulmonary, or pharyngeal, genitourinary, ocular, and nasal delivery.
  • Pulmonary administration can be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent, or via perfusion in a fluorocarbon or synthetic pulmonary surfactant.
  • the single compositions provided herein can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and carriers such as triglycerides.
  • the single composition as disclosed herein is adapted for intravenous administration or injection.
  • the single compositions provided therein are lyophilized to allow for pulmonary delivery.
  • the formulations provided herein can be lyophilized by mixing the composition with a diluent to form a liquid composition and then lyophilizing the liquid composition to form a lyophilate.
  • the single compositions may be lyophilized by any method known in the art for lyophilizing a liquid.
  • the first antimicrobial agent is not in a lipid particle and the second antimicrobial agent is in a lipid particle.
  • Caspofungin or Voriconazole is the first antimicrobial agent and is not in a lipid particle and Terbinafine is the second antimicrobial agent and is within a lipid particle.
  • Candida e.g., Candida (C) albicans, C glabrata, C krusei, C tropicalis, C parapsilosis
  • Cryptococcus e.g., Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Dermatophytes Malassezia furfur,
  • Trichophyton tonsurans Microsporum audouini, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton interdigitalis, Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton sulphureum, Trichophyton schoenleini,
  • Trypanosoma e.g., Trypanosoma (T.) ambystoma, T avium, T boissoni, T brucei, T carassii, T cruzi, T congolense, T equinum, T
  • Rhizopus and Fusarium solani In some embodiments provided are methods of reducing the proliferation or viability of one or more microbial agents, that involves administering to the human or animal a single composition that includes Caspofungin and a lipid particle including Terbinafine. In some embodiments provided are methods of reducing the proliferation or viability of one or more microbial agents in a human or animal, that involves administering to the human or animal a single composition that includes Voriconazole and a lipid particle including Terbinafine.
  • Candida e.g., C albicans, C glabrata, C krusei, C tropicalis, C parapsilosis
  • methods of reducing the proliferation or viability of one or more of C albicans, C glabrata, C krusei, C tropicalis, and C parapsilosis in a human or animal that involves administering to the human or animal a single composition that includes Caspofungin and a lipid particle including Terbinafine.
  • methods of reducing the proliferation or viability of one or more of Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus clavatus, Rhizopus and Fusarium solani in a human or animal that includes administering to the human or animal a single composition as described herein.
  • methods of reducing the proliferation or viability of one or more of Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus clavatus, Rhizopus and Fusarium solani in a human or animal that involves administering to the human or animal a single composition that includes Voriconazole and a lipid particle including Terbinafine.
  • a single composition as provided herein is administered topically. In certain embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, a single composition as provided herein is administered by mucosal delivery. In certain embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, a single composition as provided herein is administered by pulimary delivery. In certain embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, a single composition as provided herein is administered by use of an inhaler or nebulizer. In certain embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, a single composition as provided herein is administered intraveneously. In certain embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, a single composition as provided herein is administered by injection.
  • subject refers to an animal, including, but not limited to, a primate (e.g., human), cow, sheep, goat, pig, horse, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, or mouse.
  • primate e.g., human
  • cow, sheep, goat, pig, horse, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, or mouse e.g., cow, sheep, goat, pig, horse, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, or mouse.
  • subject and patient are used interchangeably herein in reference, for example, to a mammalian subject, such as a human subject.
  • treat means that the severity of a subject's condition is reduced or at least partially improved or ameliorated and/or that some alleviation, mitigation or decrease in at least one clinical symptom is achieved and/or there is an inhibition or delay in the progression of the condition and/or delay in the progression of the onset of disease or illness.
  • treatment also means managing the disease state, e.g., onychomycosis.
  • formulations provided herein denotes that a formulation does not result in an unacceptable level of irritation in the subject to whom the formulation is administered. Preferably such level will be sufficiently low to provide a formulation suitable for approval by regulatory authorities.
  • a “sufficient amount,” “amount effective to,” or an “amount sufficient to” achieve a particular result refers to an amount of an antimicrobial or a salt thereof that is effective to produce a desired effect, which is optionally a therapeutic effect (i.e., by administration of a therapeutically effective amount).
  • a “therapeutically effective” amount is an amount that provides some alleviation, mitigation, and/or decrease in at least one clinical symptom.
  • Clinical symptoms associated with the disorder that can be treated by the methods provided herein are well-known to those skilled in the art. Further, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the therapeutic effects need not be complete or curative, as long as some benefit is provided to the subject.
  • a "sufficient amount” or “an amount sufficient to” can be an amount that is effective to treat
  • onychomycosis may be defined as a mycological cure.
  • the term “about” means a range surrounding a particular numeral value which includes that which would be expected to result from normal experimental error in making a measurement.
  • the term “about” when used in connection with a particular numerical value means ⁇ 1%, ⁇ 2%, ⁇ 3%, ⁇ 4%, ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 15%, or ⁇ 20% of the numerical value.
  • alkyl refers to a linear or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical, wherein the alkyl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
  • alkyl also encompasses both linear and branched alkyl, unless otherwise specified.
  • the alkyl is a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical that has 1 to 20 (Ci -20 ), 1 to 15 (Ci -15 ), 1 to 12 (C M2 ), 1 to 10 (C M0 ), or 1 to 6 (Ci_6) carbon atoms, or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C 3-20 ), 3 to 15 (C 3 _i 5 ), 3 to 12 (C 3-12 ), 3 to 10 (C 3- i 0 ), or 3 to 6 (C 3-5 ) carbon atoms.
  • linear Ci -6 and branched C 3-6 alkyl groups are also referred as "lower alkyl.”
  • alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl (including all isomeric forms), n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl (including all isomeric forms), n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl (including all isomeric forms), and hexyl (including all isomeric forms).
  • Ci- alkyl refers to a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • aryl refers to a monocyclic aromatic group and/or multicyclic monovalent aromatic group that contain at least one aromatic hydrocarbon ring. In certain embodiments, the aryl has from 6 to 20 (C 6-2 o), from 6 to 15 (C6 -15 ), or from 6 to 10 (C 6 -io) ring atoms. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, azulenyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, pyrenyl, biphenyl, and terphenyl.
  • Aryl also refers to bicyclic or tricyclic carbon rings, where one of the rings is aromatic and the others of which may be saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic, for example, dihydronaphthyl, indenyl, indanyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl (tetralinyl).
  • aryl may also be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
  • heteroaryl refers to a monocyclic aromatic group and/or multicyclic aromatic group that contain at least one aromatic ring, wherein at least one aromatic ring contains one or more heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N.
  • Each ring of a heteroaryl group can contain one or two O atoms, one or two S atoms, and/or one to four N atoms, provided that the total number of heteroatoms in each ring is four or less and each ring contains at least one carbon atom.
  • the heteroaryl may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable compound. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl has from 5 to 20, from 5 to 15, or from 5 to 10 ring atoms.
  • Examples of monocyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, and triazinyl.
  • Examples of bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, indolyl, benzothiazolyl,
  • benzimidazolyl benzopyranyl, indolizinyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, chromonyl, coumarinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, indazolyl, purinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl, dihydroisoindolyl, and tetrahydroquinolinyl.
  • tricyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, carbazolyl, benzindolyl, phenanthrollinyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl, and xanthenyl.
  • heteroaryl may also be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
  • alkenoyl refers to -C(0)-alkenyl.
  • alkenyl refers to a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one to five, carbon-carbon double bonds. The alkenyl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.
  • alkenyl also embraces radicals having "cis” and “trans” configurations, or alternatively, "Z” and “E” configurations, as appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • alkenyl encompasses both linear and branched alkenyl, unless otherwise specified.
  • C 2 _6 alkenyl refers to a linear unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • the alkenyl is a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 30 (C 2 . 30 ), 2 to 24 (C 2-24 ), 2 to 20 (C 2-20 ), 2 to 15 (C 2-15 ), 2 to 12 (C 2 ., 2 ), 2 to 10 (C 2- i 0 ), or 2 to 6 (C 2-6 ) carbon atoms, or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 30 (C 3-3 o), 3 to 24 (C 3 .
  • alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propen-1- yl, propen-2-yl, allyl, butenyl, and 4-methylbutenyl.
  • the alkenoyl is mono-alkenoyl, which contains one carbon-carbon double bond.
  • the alkenoyl is di-alkenoyl, which contains two carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • the alkenoyl is poly-alkenoyl, which contains more than two carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • heterocyclyl refers to a monocyclic non-aromatic ring system and/or multicyclic ring system that contains at least one non-aromatic ring, wherein one or more of the non-aromatic ring atoms are heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, or N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms.
  • the heterocyclyl or heterocyclic group has from 3 to 20, from 3 to 15, from 3 to 10, from 3 to 8, from 4 to 7, or from 5 to 6 ring atoms.
  • the heterocyclyl is a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic ring system, which may include a fused or bridged ring system, and in which the nitrogen or sulfur atoms may be optionally oxidized, the nitrogen atoms may be optionally quaternized, and some rings may be partially or fully saturated, or aromatic.
  • the heterocyclyl may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable compound.
  • heterocyclic radicals include, but are not limited to, acridinyl, azepinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzindolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzisoxazinyl, benzodioxanyl, benzodioxolyl,
  • benzofuranonyl benzofuranyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzopyranyl, benzotetrahydrofuranyl, benzotetrahydrothienyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiopyranyl, benzoxazinyl, benzoxazolyl,
  • dihydropyrazolyl dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, dioxolanyl, 1 ,4-dithianyl, furanonyl, furanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, imidazothiazolyl, indazolyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl,
  • phenanthridinyl phenathrolinyl, phenarsazinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridinyl, pyridopyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrazol
  • halogen refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and/or iodine.
  • the term "optionally substituted” is intended to mean that a group, including alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, may be substituted with one or more substituents Q, in one embodiment, one, two, three or four substituents Q, where each Q is independently selected from the group consisting of cyano, halo, oxo, nitro, Ci-6 alkyl, halo-Ci.
  • optically active and “enantiomerically active” refer to a collection of molecules, which has an enantiomeric excess of no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, no less than about 91%, no less than about 92%, no less than about 93%, no less than about 94%, no less than about 95%, no less than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%, or no less than about 99.8%.
  • the prefixes R and S are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center(s).
  • the (+) and (-) are used to denote the optical rotation of the compound, that is, the direction in which a plane of polarized light is rotated by the optically active compound.
  • the (-) prefix indicates that the compound is levorotatory, that is, the compound rotates the plane of polarized light to the left or counterclockwise.
  • the (+) prefix indicates that the compound is dextrorotatory, that is, the compound rotates the plane of polarized light to the right or clockwise.
  • the sign of optical rotation, (+) and (-) is not related to the absolute configuration of the molecule, R and S.
  • solvate refers to a compound provided herein or a salt thereof, which further includes a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of solvent bound by non- covalent intermolecular forces. Where the solvent is water, the solvate is a hydrate.
  • the formulations provided herein include an antifungal or an antibacterial, a lipid, preferably a phospholipid, a surfactant, preferably a nonionic surfactant, and an aqueous solution, having a pH ranging from 3.5 to 9.0, preferably from 4 to 7.5.
  • the antifungal formulations provided herein may contain an antifungal, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, hydrate, or salt of the antimicrobial.
  • the formulations may optionally contain buffers, antioxidants, preservatives, microbicides, antimicrobials, and/or thickeners.
  • a certain portion of the antimicrobial in the pharmaceutical composition is in salt form.
  • the formulations provided herein form vesicles or other extended surface aggregates (ESAs), wherein the vesicular preparations have improved permeation capability through the semi-permeable barriers, such as skin and/or nails.
  • ESAs extended surface aggregates
  • the vesicles or extended surface aggregates provided herein include of an antifungal or an antibacterial, a lipid, and one or more membrane destabilizing agents, such as surfactants.
  • mycotic agents that can infect humans and animals include, but are not limited to, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and
  • Candida e.g., Candida (C.) albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. tropicalis
  • Cryptococcus e.g., Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Dermatophytes Malassezia furfur
  • Microsporum canis Trichophyton tonsurans
  • Microsporum audouini Microsporum gypseum
  • Trichophyton rubrum Trichophyton tonsurans
  • Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trichophyton inter digitalis
  • Trichophyton verrucosum Trichophyton sulphureum
  • Trichophyton schoenlei i Trichophyton megnini, Trichophyton gallinae, Trichophyton crateriform, Trichomonas and Haemophilus vaginalis, Blastomyces dermatitidis,
  • Trypanosoma e.g., Trypanosoma (T.) ambystoma, T. avium, T. boissoni, T. brucei, T. carassii, T. cruzi, T. congolense, T. equinum, T. equiperdum, T. evansi, T. everetti, T. hosei, T. levisi, T.
  • Trypanosoma e.g., Trypanosoma (T.) ambystoma, T. avium, T. boissoni, T. brucei, T. carassii, T. cruzi, T. congolense, T. equinum, T. equiperdum, T. evansi, T. everetti, T. hosei, T. levisi, T.
  • mycotic agents that can infect plants include, but are not limited to, Basidiomycetes (e.g., Puccinia spp., Cronartium ribicola, and Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae), the smut fungi, (e.g., Ustilago spp.), Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici, Physoderma alfalfae, Glomerella cingulata, Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae, Venturia inaequalis, Fusarium oxysporum f.
  • Basidiomycetes e.g., Puccinia spp., Cronartium ribicola, and Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
  • the smut fungi e.g., Ustilago spp.
  • Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici
  • bacterial agents that can infect humans and animals include, but are not limited to, E. coli, Klebsiella (e.g.., Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca), Staphylococcus (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus). Streptococcus (e.g.. Streptococcus pneumoniae), Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas (e.g.,
  • Clostridium e.g., Clostridium (C.) tetani, C. botulinum, C.
  • Bacillus e.g., Bacillus (B.) anthracis, B. cereus, B. circulans, B. subtilis, B. megaterium
  • Bacillus (B.) anthracis e.g., Bacillus (B.) anthracis, B. cereus, B. circulans, B. subtilis, B. megaterium
  • Acinetobacter baumannii M. tuberculosis, Chlamydia, N.
  • gonorrhea Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus, Gardnerella, Nocardia, Nocardia asteroides, Planococcus, Corynebacteria, Rhodococcus, Vibrio ( e.g., Vibrio Cholera, Treponema pallidua, Pseudomonas, Bordetella pertussis, Brucella, Franciscella tulorensis, Helicobacter pylori, Leptospria interrogaus, Legionella pneumophila, Yersinia (e.g. Yersinia (Y.) pestis Y. enter ocolitical, Y.
  • Vibrio e.g., Vibrio Cholera, Treponema pallidua, Pseudomonas, Bordetella pertussis, Brucella, Franciscella tulorensis, Helicobacter pylori, Leptospria interrogaus, Legion
  • pseudotuberculosis Streptococcus (types A and B), Pneumococcus, Meningococcus, Hemophilus influenza (type b), Toxoplasma gondic, Complylobacteriosis, Moraxella catarrhalis, Donovanosis, and Actinomycosis.
  • the bacterium is a mycobacterium.
  • the mycobacterium is Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
  • the bacterium is a mycoplasma.
  • mycoplasma include, but are not limited to, Mycoplasma (M.) buccale, M. faucium, M. fermentans, M. Genitalium, M. hominis, M. lipophilum, M. oral, M. penetrans, M. pneumoniae, M.
  • the bacterium is a methicillin-resisitant stapholococcus aureus (MRSA).
  • MRSA methicillin-resisitant stapholococcus aureus
  • the bacteria used in the methods of the invention are antibiotic resistant.
  • bacteria that can infect plants include, but are not limited to, Erwinia, Pectobacterium, Pantoea, Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Burkholderia, Acidovorax, Xanthomonas, Clavibacter, Streptomyces, Xylella, Spiroplasma, and
  • Allyamines that are suitable for use in the topical antifungal formulations provided herein include, but are limited to, amorolfine, butenafine, and naftifine.
  • the allyamine in the topical antifungal formulations provided herein is amorolfine having the structure of:
  • allyamine in the topical antifungal formulations provided herein is butenafine having the structure of:
  • the allyamine in the topical antifungal formulations provided herein is naftifine having the structure of:
  • the allyamine may be used in the formulations provided herein in its free base, or its pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, hydrate, or salt form.
  • the allyamine is used as a hydrochloride (HC1) salt.
  • HC1 hydrochloride
  • the term "allyamine” as used herein includes the free base form of the compound as well as pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, hydrate, or salt form. Suitable salt forms include, but not are limited to chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, and fumarate.
  • allyamine administration of the allyamine, and comprise a therapeutically effective amount of the allyamine and at least one lipid and at least one surfactant, wherein the formulation comprises 0.25-25.0% of the allyamine in terms of dry "total lipid" weight being defined as the sum total of dry weights of all included lipids, surfactants, lipophilic excipients, and the allyamine.
  • the formulations provided herein may also comprise 0.25 to 30% by weight of the allyamine.
  • the topical formulations may comprise from about 0.25% to about 0.5%, from about 0.5% to about 1%, from about 1% to about 1.5%, from about 1.5% to about 2%, from about 2% to about 2.5%, from about 2.5% to about 3%, from about 3% to about 4%, from about 4% to about 5%, from about 5% to about 6%, from about 6% to about 7%, from about 7% to about 8%, from about 8% to about 9%, from about 9% to about 10%, from about 10% to about 12%, from about 12 % to about 14%, from about 14% to about 16%, from about 16% to about 18%, from about 18% to about 20%, from about 22% to about 24%, from about 26% to about 28%, or from about 28% to about 30% by weight of the allyamine.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations provided herein contain the allyamine in an amount ranging from about 0.25 mg/g to about 200 mg/g.
  • the amount of the allyamine in the pharmaceutical formulations may range from about 0.25 mg/g to about 200 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 175 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 150 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 100 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 75 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 50 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 25 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 20 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 10 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 5 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 4 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 3 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 2 mg/g, or from about 0.5 mg/g to about 1.5 mg/g.
  • the topical formulations provided herein also comprise a polar liquid medium.
  • the topical formulations provided herein are administered in an aqueous medium.
  • the topical formulations provided herein may be in the form of a solution, suspension, gel, fluid gel, emulsion, emulsion gel, cream, lotion, ointment, spray, film forming solution, lacquer or a patch soaked with the formulation.
  • Triazole and imidazole antifungals that are suitable for use in the topical antifungal formulations provided herein have the structure of Formula I:
  • R is Ci-12 alkyl, Ci- ] 2 acyl, or heteroaryl-C 6- i4 aryl;
  • X is halo
  • Y is N or CH
  • Z is CH 2 or O.
  • R is C
  • R is Ci_i 2 acyl. In certain embodiments, R is acetyl. In certain embodiments, R is heteroaryl-C6-i 4 aryl. In certain embodiments, R is l-sec-butyl-lH-1 ,2,4- triazol-5(4H)-one-4-yl, l -(2-hydroxypentan-3-yl)- lH-l ,2,4-triazol-5(4H)-one-4-yl, or 1-
  • each X is independently fluoro or chloro. In certain embodiments, X is fluoro. In certain embodiments, X is chloro.
  • Y is N. In certain embodiments, Y is CH.
  • Z is CH 2 . In certain embodiments, Z is O.
  • a compound of Formula I wherein R is isopropyl, acetyl, 1 -sec-butyl- lH-l ,2,4-triazol-5(4H)-one-4-yl, l -(2-hydroxypentan-3-yl)-lH- l ,2,4-triazol-5(4H)-one-4-yl, or l -((25,3 ⁇ )-2-hydroxypentan-3-yl)-lH-l ,2,4-triazol-5(4H)- one-4-yl; each X is independently fluoro or chloro; Y is N or CH; and Z is CH 2 or O.
  • the compound of Formula I is itraconazole having the structure o
  • the compound of Formula I is ketoconazole having the
  • the compound of Formula I is posaconazole having the structure of:
  • the compound of Formula I is terconazole having the structure of:
  • the compound of Formula I is SCH-50002 having the structure of:
  • the compound of Formula I is saperconazole having the structur
  • Triazole and imidazole antifungals as provided herein may be used in the formulations provided herein as a single enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, or a mixture of diastereomers thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, hydrate, or salt thereof.
  • triazole and imidazole antifungals are used in their free base forms.
  • a triazole and imidazole antifungal as used herein includes the free base form of the compound, including single enantiomers, mixtures of enantiomers, and mixtures of diastereomers of the compound; as well as pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, hydrates, and salts of the compound, including its single enantiomers, mixtures of enantiomers, and mixtures of diastereomers.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations provided herein allow for the topical administration of triazole and imidazole antifungals, particularly, itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, and terconazole, and comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a triazole or imidazole antifungal provided herein, and at least one lipid and at least one surfactant, wherein the formulation comprises 0.25-25% of the antifungal in terms of dry "total lipid" weight being defined as the sum total of dry weights of all included lipids, surfactants, lipophilic excipients, and the antifungal.
  • the formulations provided herein may also comprise 0.25 to 30% by weight of the antifungal.
  • the topical antifungal formulations may comprise from about 0.25% to about 0.5%, from about 0.5%) to about 1%, from about 1% to about 1.5%, from about 1.5% to about 2%, from about 2% to about 2.5%, from about 2.5% to about 3%, from about 3% to about 4%, from about 4% to about 5%, from about 5% to about 6%, from about 6% to about 7%, from about 7% to about 8%, from about 8% to about 9%, from about 9% to about 10%, from about 10% to about 12%), from about 12 % to about 14%, from about 14% to about 16%, from about 16% to about 18%), from about 18% to about 20%, from about 22% to about 24%, from about 26% to about 28%, or from about 28% to about 30% by weight of the triazole or imidazole antifungal.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations provided herein contain the triazole or imidazole antifungal in an amount ranging from about 0.25 mg/g to about 200 mg/g.
  • the amount of the triazole or imidazole antifungal in the pharmaceutical formulations may range from about 0.25 mg/g to about 200 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 175 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 150 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 100 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 75 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 50 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 25 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 20 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 10 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 5 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 4 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 3 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 2 mg/g, or from
  • the antifungal formulations provided herein also comprise a polar liquid medium.
  • the antifungal formulations provided herein are administered in an aqueous medium.
  • the antifungal formulations provided herein may be in the form of a solution, suspension, gel, fluid gel, emulsion, emulsion gel, cream, lotion, ointment, spray, film forming solution, lacquer or a patch soaked with the formulation.
  • an antifungal may exist as a cis (Z) or trans (E) isomer or as a mixture of geometric cisl trans (or Z/E) isomers.
  • structural isomers are
  • the antifungal may exist as a single tautomer or a mixture of tautomers. This can take the form of proton tautomerism in the antifungal that contains, for example, an imino, keto, or oxime group; or so-called valence tautomerism in the antifungal that contain an aromatic moiety. It is understood that a single antifungal may exhibit more than one type of isomerism.
  • the antifungals provided herein may be enantiomerically pure, such as a single enantiomer or a single diastereomer, or may be stereoisomeric mixtures, such as a mixture of enantiomers, a racemic mixture, or a diastereomeric mixture.
  • administration of a compound in its (R) form is equivalent, for compounds that undergo epimerization in vivo, to administration of the compound in its (S) form.
  • antifungals provided herein contain an acidic or basic moiety, they may also be provided as pharmaceutically acceptable salts (See, Berge et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19; and "Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts, Properties, and Use,” Stahl and Wermuth, Ed.; Wiley- VCH and VHCA, Zurich, 2002).
  • Suitable acids for use in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, acetic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, acylated amino acids, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, L-aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4- acetamidobenzoic acid, boric acid, (+)-camphoric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, (+)-(lS)- camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, cyclohexanesulfamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane- 1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucohe
  • Suitable bases for use in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, inorganic bases, such as magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, or sodium hydroxide; and organic bases, such as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, aliphatic and aromatic amines, including L-arginine, benethamine, benzathine, choline, deanol, diethanolamine, diethylamine, dimethylamine, dipropylamine, diisopropylamine, 2-(diethylamino)-ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylamine, ethylenediamine, isopropylamine, N-methyl-glucamine, hydrabamine, lH-imidazole, L-lysine, morpholine, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-morpholine, methylamine, piperidine, piperazine, propylamine, pyrrolidine, 1 -
  • Liranaftate is an antifungal having the structure of:
  • Tolnaftate is an antifungal having the structure of:
  • Liranaftate or tolnaftate may be used in the formulations provided herein in its free form, or its pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, hydrate, or salt form.
  • liranaftate or tolnaftate is used in its free form.
  • the term “liranaftate” as used herein includes the free form of the compound as well as pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, hydrate, or salt form.
  • the term “tolnaftate” as used herein includes the free form of the compound as well as pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, hydrate, or salt form.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations provided herein allow for the topical administration of liranaftate or tolnaftate, and comprise a therapeutically effective amount of liranaftate or tolnaftate and at least one lipid and at least one surfactant, wherein the formulation comprises 0.25-25% liranaftate or tolnaftate in terms of dry "total lipid" weight being defined as the sum total of dry weights of all included lipids, surfactants, lipophilic excipients, and liranaftate or tolnaftate.
  • the formulations provided herein may also comprise 0.25 to 30% by weight of liranaftate or tolnaftate.
  • the topical formulations may comprise from about 0.25% to about 0.5%, from about 0.5% to about 1%, from about 1% to about 1.5%, from about 1.5% to about 2%, from about 2% to about 2.5%, from about 2.5% to about 3%, from about 3% to about 4%, from about 4% to about 5%, from about 5% to about 6%, from about 6% to about 7%, from about 7% to about 8%, from about 8% to about 9%, from about 9% to about 10%, from about 10% to about 12%, from about 12 % to about 14%, from about 14% to about 16%, from about 16% to about 18%, from about 18% to about 20%, from about 22% to about 24%, from about 26% to about 28%, or from about 28% to about 30% by weight of liranaftate or tolnaftate.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations provided herein contain liranaftate or tolnaftate in an amount ranging from about 0.25 mg/g to about 200 mg/g.
  • the amount of liranaftate or tolnaftate in the pharmaceutical formulations may range from about 0.25 mg/g to about 200 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 175 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 150 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 100 mg g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 75 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 50 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 25 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 20 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 10 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 5 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 4 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg g to about 3 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 2 mg/
  • the topical formulations provided herein also comprise a polar liquid medium.
  • the topical formulations provided herein are administered in an aqueous medium.
  • the topical formulations provided herein may be in the form of a solution, suspension, gel, fluid gel, emulsion, emulsion gel, cream, lotion, ointment, spray, film forming solution, lacquer or a patch soaked with the formulation.
  • Griseofulvin is an antifungal having the structure of:
  • Griseofulvin may be used in the formulations provided herein in its free form, or its pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, hydrate, or salt form.
  • griseofulvin is used in its free form.
  • the term "griseofulvin” as used herein includes the free form of the compound as well as pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, hydrate, or salt form.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations provided herein allow for the topical administration of griseofulvin, and comprise a therapeutically effective amount of griseofulvin and at least one lipid and at least one surfactant, wherein the formulation comprises 0.25-25% griseofulvin in terms of dry "total lipid" weight being defined as the sum total of dry weights of all included lipids, surfactants, lipophilic excipients, and griseofulvin.
  • the formulations provided herein may also comprise 0.25 to 30% by weight of griseofulvin.
  • the topical griseofulvin formulations may comprise from about 0.25% to about 0.5%, from about 0.5% to about 1%, from about 1 % to about 1.5%, from about 1.5% to about 2%, from about 2% to about 2.5%, from about 2.5% to about 3%, from about 3% to about 4%, from about 4% to about 5%, from about 5% to about 6%, from about 6% to about 7%, from about 7% to about 8%, from about 8% to about 9%, from about 9% to about 10%, from about 10% to about 12%, from about 12 % to about 14%, from about 14% to about 16%, from about 16% to about 18%, from about 18% to about 20%, from about 22% to about 24%, from about 26% to about 28%, or from about 28% to about 30% by weight of griseofulvin.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations provided herein contain griseofulvin in an amount ranging from about 0.25 mg/g to about 200 mg/g.
  • the amount of griseofulvin in the pharmaceutical formulations may range from about 0.25 mg/g to about 200 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 175 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 150 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 100 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 75 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 50 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 25 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 20 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 10 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg g to about 5 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 4 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 3 mg/g, from about 0.5 mg/g to about 2 mg/g, or from about 0.5 mg/g to about 1.5 mg/g.
  • the griseofulvin formulations provided herein also comprise a polar liquid medium.
  • the griseofulvin formulations provided herein are administered in an aqueous medium.
  • the griseofulvin formulations provided herein may be in the form of a solution, suspension, gel, fluid gel, emulsion, emulsion gel, cream, lotion, ointment, spray, film forming solution, lacquer or a patch soaked with the formulation.
  • Amorolfine Anidulafungin, Arasertaconazole, Azithromycin, Becliconazole,
  • Genaconazole Gentian violet, Griseofulvin, Griseofulvin-PEG, Haloprogin, Hydroxy itraconazole, Isoconazole, Itraconazole, Ketoconazole, Lanoconazole, Letrazuril, Liranaftate, Luliconazole, Micafungin, Miconazole, Mycophenolic acid, Naftifine, N-chlorotaurine, Natamycin, Nitazoxanide, Nitro-ethylene based antifungals, Nystatin, Omoconazole,
  • Terbinafine Terconazole
  • Tioconazole Tioconazole
  • Tolnaftate Voriconazole
  • the antifungal agent is not Terbinafine. In an embodiment of the invention, the antifungal agent is not Amphotericin B.
  • Antibacterial s that are suitable for use in the antibacterial formulations provided herein include, but are limited to, benzyl alcohol, methyl paraben ethanol, isopropanol, glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, chlorine compounds, iodine compounds, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, ethylene oxide, triclocarban, chlorhexidine, alexidine, triclosan,
  • hexachlorophene polymeric biguanides, formaldehyde, aminoglycoside antibiotics, glycopeptides, amphenicol antibiotics, ansamycin antibiotics, cephalosporins, cephamycins oxazolidinones, penicillins, quinolones, streptogamins, tetracyclins, and analogs thereof.
  • the antibacterial agent is selected from the group consisting of ampicillin, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, kanamycin, neomycin, penicillin G, streptomycin, sulfanilamide, and vancomycin.
  • the antibacterial agent is selected from the group consisting of azithromycin, cefonicid, cefotetan, cephalothin, cephamycin, chlortetracycline, clarithromycin, clindamycin, cycloserine, dalfopristin, doxycycline, erythromycin, linezolid, mupirocin, oxytetracycline, quinupristin, rifampin, spectinomycin, and trimethoprim.
  • antibiotics include the following:
  • aminoglycoside antibiotics e.g., apramycin, arbekacin, bambermycins, butirosin, dibekacin, neomycin, neomycin, undecylenate, netilmicin, paromomycin, ribostamycin, sisomicin, and spectinomycin
  • amphenicol antibiotics e.g., azidamfenicol, chloramphenicol, fiorfenicol, and thiamphenicol
  • ansamycin antibiotics e.g., rifamide and rifampin
  • carbacephems e.g., loracarbef
  • carbapenems e.g., biapenem and imipenem
  • cephalosporins e.g., cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefamandole, cefatrizine, cefazedone, cefazedone, cefozopran, cef
  • apicycline chlortetracycline, clomocycline, and demeclocycline.
  • Additional examples include cycloserine, mupirocin, tuberin amphomycin, bacitracin, capreomycin, colistin, enduracidin, enviomycin, and 2,4 diaminopyrimidines (e.g., brodimoprim).
  • antibacterials that can be used to inhibit the proliferation or viability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis include, but are not limited to Isoniazid, Rifampin,
  • Examples of antibacterials that can be used to inhibit the proliferation or viability of a mycoplasma include, but are not limited to, erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, clindamycin, ofloxacin, and chloramphenicol.
  • lipid is any substance, which has properties like or similar to those of a fat. As a rule, it has an extended apolar group (the “chain”, X) and generally also a water-soluble, polar hydrophilic part, the “head” group (Y) and has the basic Formula II:
  • n is equal to or larger than zero.
  • all amphiphilic substances including, but not limited to glycerides, glycerophospholipids, glycerophosphinolipids, glycerophosphonolipids, sulfolipids, sphingolipids, isoprenoid lipids, steroids or sterols and carbohydrate-containing lipids can generally be referred to as lipids, and are included as such in this disclosure.
  • a list of relevant lipids and lipid related definitions is provided in EP 0 475 160 Al (see, e.g. p. 4, 1. 8 to p. 6, 1. 3) and U.S. Patent No. 6,165,500 (see, e.g., col. 6, 1. 10 to col. 7, 1. 58), which are herewith incorporated by reference.
  • a phospholipid is, for example, a compound of Formula III:
  • R 1 CH 2 — CHR 2 — CR 3 H— O— PH0 2 — O— R 4 (III) wherein R 1 and R 2 cannot both be hydrogen, OH or a C ! -C 3 alkyl group, and typically are independently, an aliphatic chain, most often derived from a fatty acid or a fatty alcohol; R 3 generally is a hydrogen.
  • the OH-group of the phosphate is a hydroxyl radical or hydroxyl anion (i.e., hydroxide) form, dependent on degree of the group ionization.
  • R 4 may be a proton or a short-chain alkyl group, substituted by a tri-short-chain alkylammonium group, such as a trimethylammonium group, or an amino-substituted short-chain alkyl group, such as 2-trimethylammonium ethyl group (cholinyl) or 2-dimethylammonium short alkyl group.
  • a sphingophospholipid is, for example, a compound of Formula IIIB:
  • R 1 Sphingosine— O— PH0 2 — O— R 4 (IIIB) wherein R 1 is a fatty-acid attached via an amide bond to the nitrogen of the sphingosine and R 4 has the meanings given under Formula III.
  • a lipid preferably is a substance of formulae III or IIIB, wherein R 1 and/or R 2 are acyl or alkyl, n-hydroxyacyl or n-hydroxyalkyl, but may also be branched, with one or more methyl groups attached at almost any point of the chain; usually, the methyl group is near the end of the chain (iso or anteiso).
  • the radicals R 1 and R 2 may moreover either be saturated or unsaturated (mono-, di- or poly-unsaturated).
  • R 3 is hydrogen and R 4 is 2-trimethylammonium ethyl (the latter corresponds to the phosphatidyl choline head group), 2-dimethylammonium ethyl, 2-methylammonium ethyl or 2-aminoethyl (corresponding to the phosphatidyl ethanolamine head group).
  • R 4 may also be a proton (giving phosphatidic acid), a serine (giving phosphatidylserine), a glycerol (giving phosphatidylglycerol), an inositol (giving phosphatidylinositol), or an alkylamine group (giving phosphatidylethanolamine in case of an ethylamine), if one chooses to use a naturally occurring glycerophospholipid. Otherwise, any other sufficiently polar phosphate ester, such that will form a lipid bilayer, may be considered as well for making the formulations of the disclosure.
  • Table 2 lists preferred phospholipids in accordance with the disclosure.
  • Preferred (phospho)lipids for use in combination with an antimicrobial provided herein
  • Fatty chain Phospholipid Type and Charge
  • Gadolen(o)yl C20 1-11 cis
  • Total Lipid * concentration range (w-%) 0.5-45 0.5-45 0.5-40 0.5-40 0.5-40 0.5-40
  • 'Total Lipid includes phospholipid(s), surfactant, an antifungal or an antibacterial provided herein, and all lipophilic excipients
  • An antifungal provided herein is incorporated in up to 15 rel. w-% into acidic formulations and up to 10 rel. w-% into neutral pH formulations
  • the preferred lipids in context of this disclosure are uncharged and form stable, well hydrated bilayers; phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamine, and sphingomyelins are the most prominent representatives of such lipids. Any of those can have chains as listed in the Table 2, the ones forming fluid phase bilayers, in which lipid chains are in disordered state, being preferred.
  • Different negatively charged, i.e., anionic, lipids can also be incorporated into vesicular lipid bilayers to modify the (cationic) drug loading into or release from the resulting lipid aggregates.
  • Attractive examples of such charged lipids are phosphatidylglycerols, phosphatidylinositols and, somewhat less preferred, phosphatidic acid (and its alkyl ester) or phosphatidylserine. It will be realized by anyone skilled in the art that it is less commendable to make vesicles just from the charged lipids than to use them in a combination with electro- neutral bilayer component(s).
  • buffer composition and/or pH care must be selected so as to ensure the desired degree of lipid head-group ionization and/or the desired degree of electrostatic interaction between the, oppositely, charged drug and lipid molecules.
  • the charged bilayer lipid components can in principle have any of the chains listed in the Table 2.
  • the chains forming fluid phase lipid bilayers are clearly preferred, however, both due to vesicle adaptability increasing role of increasing fatty chain fluidity and due to better ability of lipids in fluid phase to mix with each other, and with drugs.
  • the fatty acid- or fatty alcohol-derived chain of a lipid is typically selected amongst the basic aliphatic chain types given in the following tables:
  • Suitable fatty residues can furthermore be branched, for example, can contain a methyl group in an iso or anteiso position of the fatty acid chain, or else closer to the chain middle, as in 10- ⁇ -methyloctadecanoic acid or tuberculostearic chain.
  • Relatively important amongst branched fatty acids are also isoprenoids, many of which are derived from
  • 3,7,1 l,15-tetramethylhexadec-trans-2-en-l-ol the aliphatic alcohol moiety of chlorophyll.
  • Examples include 5,9,13,17-tetramethyloctadecanoic acid and especially 3,7,11,15- tetramethylhexadecanoic (phytanic) and 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic (pristanic) acids.
  • a good source of 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoic acid are marine organisms. Combination of double bonds and side chains on a fatty residue are also possible.
  • suitable fatty residues may carry one or a few oxy- or cyclic groups, especially in the middle or towards the end of a chain.
  • alicyclic fatty acids are those comprising a cyclopropane (and sometimes cyclopropene) ring, but cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl rings can also be found and might be useful for purposes of this disclosure.
  • 2-(D)-Hydroxy fatty acids are more ubiquitous than alicyclic fatty acids, and are also important constituents of sphingolipids.
  • (coriolic) acid Arguably the most prominent hydroxyl-fatty acid in current pharmaceutical use is ricinoleic acid, (D-(-)12-hydroxy-octadec-c/s-9-enoic acid, which comprises up to 90% of castor oil, which is also often used in hydrogenated form.
  • Epoxy-, methoxy-, and furanoid-fatty acids are of only limited practical interest in the context of this disclosure.
  • unsaturation, branching or any other kind of derivatization of a fatty acid is best compatible with the intention of present disclosure of the site of such modification is in the middle or terminal part of a fatty acid chain.
  • the c s-unsaturated fatty acids are also more preferable than tran -unsaturated fatty acids and the fatty radicals with fewer double bonds are preferred over those with multiple double bonds, due to oxidation sensitivity of the latter.
  • symmetric chain lipids are generally better suited than asymmetric chain lipids.
  • a preferred lipid of the Formula III is, for example, a natural phosphatidylcholine, which used to be called lecithin. It can be obtained from egg (rich in palmitic, C ⁇ o, and oleic, Ci8: i , but also comprising stearic, C
  • saffron safflower
  • sunflowers rich in n-6 linoleic acid
  • linseed rich in n-3 linolenic acid
  • whale fat rich in monounsaturated n-3 chains
  • primrose or stimula rich in n-3 chains.
  • natural phosphatidyl ethanolamines used to be called cephalins
  • sphingomyelins of biological origin are typically prepared from eggs or brain tissue.
  • phosphatidylserines also typically originate from brain material whereas phosphatidylglycerol is preferentially extracted from bacteria, such as E. Coli, or else prepared by way of transphosphatidylation, using phospholipase D, starting with a natural phosphatidylcholine.
  • bacteria such as E. Coli
  • phospholipase D phospholipase D
  • the preferred phosphatidic acid is either extracted from any of the mentioned sources or prepared using phospholipase D from a suitable phosphatidylcholine.
  • R 4 in Formula III corresponds to 2- trimethylammonium ethyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are aliphatic chains, as defined in the preceding paragraph with 12 to 30 carbon atoms, preferentially with 14 to 22 carbon atoms, and even more preferred with 16 to 20 carbon atoms, under the proviso that the chains must be chosen so as to ensure that the resulting ESAs comprise fluid lipid bilayers. This typically means use of relatively short saturated and of relatively longer unsaturated chains.
  • R 4 in Formula IIIB corresponds to 2-trimethylammonium ethyl
  • R 1 is an aliphatic chain, as defined in the preceding paragraph, with 10 to 20 carbon atoms, preferentially with 10 to 14 carbon atoms per fully saturated chain and with 16-20 carbon atoms per unsaturated chain.
  • Synthetic phosphatidyl ethanolamines (R 4 is 2-aminoethyl), synthetic phosphatidic acids (R 4 is a proton) or its ester (R 4 corresponds, for example, to a short-chain alkyl, such as methyl or ethyl), synthetic phosphatidyl serines (R 4 is L- or D-serine), or synthetic phosphatidyl (poly)alcohols, such as phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl glycerol (R 4 is L- or D-glycerol) are preferred as lipids, wherein R 1 and R 2 are fatty residues of identical or moderately different type and length, especially such as given in the corresponding tables given before in the text.
  • R 1 can represent alkenyl and R 2 identical hydroxyalkyl groups, such as tetradecylhydroxy or hexadecylhydroxy, for example, in ditetradecyl or dihexadecylphosphatidyl choline or ethanolamine, R 1 can represent alkenyl and R 2 hydroxyacyl, such as a plasmalogen (R 4 trimethylammonium ethyl), or R 1 can be acyl, such as lauryl, myristoyl or palmitoyl and R 2 can represent hydroxy as, for example, in natural or synthetic lysophosphatidyl cholines or lysophosphatidyl glycerols or lysophosphatidyl ethanolamines, such as 1 -myristoyl or 1-palmitoyllysophosphatidyl choline or -phosphatidyl ethanolamine; frequently, R 3 represents hydrogen.
  • R 3 represents hydrogen.
  • a lipid of Formula MB is also a suitable lipid within the sense of this disclosure.
  • R 2 is an acylamido group
  • R 3 is hydrogen
  • R 4 represents 2-trimethylammonium ethyl (choline group).
  • a lipid is known under the name of sphingomyelin.
  • Suitable lipids furthermore are a lysophosphatidyl choline analog, such as 1- lauroyl-l ,3-dihydroxypropane-3-phosphoryl choline, a monoglyceride, such as monoolein or monomyristin, a cerebroside, ceramide polyhexoside, sulfatide, sphingoplasmalogen, a ganglioside or a glyceride, which does not contain a free or esterified phosphoryl or phosphono or phosphino group in the 3 position.
  • a lysophosphatidyl choline analog such as 1- lauroyl-l ,3-dihydroxypropane-3-phosphoryl choline
  • a monoglyceride such as monoolein or monomyristin
  • a cerebroside such as monoolein or monomyristin
  • ceramide polyhexoside such as monoolein or monomyristin
  • a glyceride is diacyl glyceride or 1 -alkenyl- 1 -hydroxy-2-acyl glyceride with any acyl or alkenyl groups, wherein the 3-hydroxy group is etherified by one of the carbohydrate groups named, for example, by a galactosyl group such as a monogalactosyl glycerin.
  • Lipids with desirable head or chain group properties can also be formed by biochemical means, for example, by means of phospholipases (such as phospholilpase Al, A2, B, C and, in particular, D), desaturases, elongases, acyl transferases, etc., from natural or synthetic precursors.
  • phospholipases such as phospholilpase Al, A2, B, C and, in particular, D
  • desaturases elongases
  • acyl transferases etc.
  • a suitable lipid is any lipid, which is contained in biological membranes and can be extracted with the help of apolar organic solvents, such as chloroform.
  • lipids also include, for example, steroids, such as estradiol, or sterols, such as cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, desmosterol, 7-keto-cholesterol or beta-cholestanol, fat-soluble vitamins, such as retinoids, vitamins, such as vitamin A 1 or A2, vitamin E, vitamin K, such as vitamin l or K2 or vitamin Dl or D3, etc.
  • the less soluble amphiphilic components comprise or preferably comprise a synthetic lipid, such as myristoleoyl, palmitoleoyl, petroselinyl, petroselaidyl, oleoyl, elaidyl, cis- or trans-vaccenoyl, linolyl, linolenyl, linolaidyl, octadecatetraenoyl, gondoyl,
  • a synthetic lipid such as myristoleoyl, palmitoleoyl, petroselinyl, petroselaidyl, oleoyl, elaidyl, cis- or trans-vaccenoyl, linolyl, linolenyl, linolaidyl, octadecatetraenoyl, gondoyl,
  • docosadienoyl docosatrienoyl, docosatetraenoyl, lauroyl, tridecanoyl, myristoyl,
  • the more soluble amphiphilic components(s) is/are frequently derived from the less soluble components listed above and, to increase the solubility, substituted and/or complexed and/or associated with a butanoyl, pentanoyl, hexanoyl, heptanoyl, octanoyl, nonanoyl, decanoyl or undecanoyl substituent or several, mutually independent, selected substituents or with a different material for improving the solubility.
  • a further suitable lipid is a diacyl- or dialkyl-glycerophosphoetha- nolamine azo polyethoxylene derivative, a didecanoylphosphatidyl choline or a
  • the amount of lipid in the formulation is from about 1% to about 30%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 4%, about 4% to about 7% or about 7% to about 10% by weight.
  • the lipid is a phospholipid.
  • the phospholipid is a phosphatidylcholine.
  • the formulations provided herein contain an antifungal or an antibacterial ,
  • phosphatidylcholine phosphatidylcholine
  • surfactant wherein the formulation contains 1-10% by weight of phosphatidylcholine.
  • surfactant has its usual meaning.
  • a list of relevant surfactants and surfactant related definitions is provided in EP 0 475 160 Al (see, e.g., p. 6, 1. 5 to p.14. 1.17) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,500 (see, e.g., col. 7, 1. 60 to col. 19, 1. 64) which are herewith incorporated by reference, and in appropriate surfactant or pharmaceutical Handbooks, such as Handbook of Industrial Surfactants or US Pharmacopoeia, Pharm. Eu. In some
  • the surfactants are those described in Tables 1 -18 of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0012680 Al , published January 31 , 2002, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The following list therefore only offers a selection, which is by no means complete or exclusive, of several surfactant classes that are particularly common or useful in conjunction with present patent application.
  • Preferred surfactants to be used in accordance with the disclosure include those with an HLB
  • the list includes ionized long-chain fatty acids or long chain fatty alcohols, long chain fatty ammonium salts, such as alkyl- or alkenoyl-trimethyl-, -dimethyl- and -methyl-ammonium salts, alkyl- or alkenoyl-sulphate salts, long fatty chain dimethyl-aminoxides, such as alkyl- or alkenoyl-dimethyl-aminoxides, long fatty chain, for example alkanoyl, dimethyl-aminoxides and especially dodecyl dimethyl-aminoxide, long fatty chain, for example alkyl-N-methylglucamide- s and alkanoyl- N-methylglucamides, such as MEGA-8, MEGA-9 and MEGA- 10, N-long fatty chain-N,N- dimethyl glycines, for example N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl glycines
  • polysorbate 20 or Tween 20 polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-monooleate (e.g. polysorbate 80 or Tween 80), polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-monolauroleylate, polyoxyethylene -sorbitan-monopetroselinate, polyoxyethylene -sorbitan— monoelaidate, polyoxyethylene -sorbitan-myristoleylate, polyoxyethylene -sorbitan-palmitoleinylate, polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-p- etroselinylate, polyhydroxyethylene-long fatty chain ethers, for example polyhydroxyethylene-acyl ethers, such as polyhydroxyethylene-lauryl ethers, polyhydroxyethylene-myristoyl ethers, polyhydroxyethylene-cetylst- earyl, polyhydroxyethylene-palmityl ethers,
  • polyhydroxyethylene-oleoyl ethers polyhydroxyethylene-palmitoleoyl ethers
  • Table 6 lists preferred surfactants in accordance with the disclosure. Table 6
  • Preferred nonionic surfactants for use in combination with an antimicrobial agent for use in combination with an antimicrobial agent
  • Triton is not an oleate, but an octylphenoxy-POE
  • Myrj-45 Stearoyl-E08; Myrj-49: Stearoyl-EO20 (not in the market); Myrj-59: Stearoyl-EOIOO; Myrj-52: Stearoyl-EO40;
  • Simulsol-2599 Macrogol-10-oleate
  • the surfactant is a nonionic surfactant.
  • the surfactant may be present in the formulation in about 1 % to about 50%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1 % to about 4%, about 4% to about 7% or about 7% to about 10% by weight.
  • the nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of:
  • polyoxyethylene sorbitans polysobate surfactants
  • polyhydroxyethylene stearates polyhydroxyethylene laurylethers
  • the surfactant is a polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-monooleate (e.g. polysorbate 80 or Tween 80).
  • the polysorbate can have any chain with 12 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • the polysorbate is fluid in the formulation, which may contain one or more double bonds, branching, or cyclo-groups.
  • the formulations provided herein may contain 1 to 10% by weight, 1 to 15 % by weight, 1 to 20% by weight, or 1 to 30% of an antimicrobial provided herein by weight.
  • the formulations provided herein may contain 1 to 10% by weight, 1 to 15 % by weight, 1 to 20% by weight, or 1 to 30% by weight of the lipid.
  • the formulations provided herein may contain 1 to 10% by weight, 1 to 15 % by weight, 1 to 20% by weight, 1 to 30% surfactant by weight, 1 to 40% by weight, or 1 to 50% by weight.
  • lipid based formulations that can be used in the methods described herein include, but are not limited to, emulsions, nanoemulsions, vesicles, liposomes, micelles, microspheres, nanospheres, emulsions, lipid discs, and non-specific lipid
  • the formulation is an ultra-deformable sub microscopic vesicle.
  • Each vesicular carrier overcomes the skin barrier spontaneously, to deposit the drug into deep tissues, as it is drawn from the dry surface to the water-rich region beneath the skin.
  • the carrier searches and exploits hydrophilic pathways or "pores" between the cells in the skin, which it opens wide enough to permit the entire vesicle to pass through together with its drug cargo, deforming itself extremely to accomplish this without losing its vesicular integrity or releasing its cargo.
  • the carrier then avoids the local micro vasculature in order to deposit the drug at various depths in or below the skin, where the active ingredient is preferentially and slowly released to its targeted tissue.
  • the formulations provided herein may have a range of lipid to surfactant ratios.
  • the ratios may be expressed in terms of molar terms (mol lipid /mol surfactant).
  • the molar ratio of lipid to surfactant in the formulations provided herein may be from about 1 :2 to about 10: 1.
  • the ratio is from about 1 : 1 to about 2: 1, from about 2: 1 to about 3: 1, from about 3: 1 to about 4: 1, from about 4:1 to about 5: 1, or from about 5: 1 to about 10:1.
  • the lipid to surfactant ratio is about 1.0, about 1.25, about 1.5, about 1.75, about 2.0, about 2.5, about 3.0, or about 4.0.
  • the formulations provided herein may have varying ratios of the antimicrobial to lipid.
  • the ratios may be expressed in terms of molar ratios (mol antifungal /mol lipid).
  • the molar ratio of the antimicrobial to lipid in the formulations provided herein may be from about 1 :50 to about 50: 1 , from about 1 :25 to about 25: 1 , from about 1 : 10 to about 10: 1, from about 1 :5 to about 5:1 , from about 1 :50 to about 50: 1 , or from about 0.2: 1 to about 2: 1.
  • the ratio is from about 0.2: 1 to about 0.7: 1, from about 0.7: 1 to about 1.2: 1, from about 1.2: 1 to about 1.7:1 , or from about 1.7: 1 to about 2: 1.
  • the formulations provided herein may also have varying amounts of total amount of the following three components: the antimicrobial, lipid and surfactant combined (TA).
  • the TA amount may be stated in terms of weight percent of the total composition.
  • the TA is from about 1% to about 40%, about 5% to about 30%, about 7.5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 10%, about 10% to about 20%, or about 20% to about 30%.
  • the TA is 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, or 20%.
  • Table 7 Total Lipid, Lipid to Surfactant Ratios and Antimicrobial to Lipid Ratios
  • the formulations provided herein may optionally contain one or more of the following ingredients: co-solvents, chelators, buffers, antioxidants, preservatives, microbicides, emollients, humectants, lubricants, and thickeners. Preferred amounts of optional components are described in Table 8. [00124]
  • the formulations provided herein may include a buffer to adjust the pH of the aqueous solution to a range from pH 3.5 to pH 9.5, pH 4 to pH 7.5, or pH 4 to pH 6.5.
  • buffers include, but are not limited to, acetate buffers, lactate buffers, phosphate buffers, and propionate buffers.
  • the formulations provided herein are typically formulated in aqueous media.
  • the formulations may be formulated with or without co-solvents, such as lower alcohols.
  • microbicide or "antimicrobial” agent is commonly added to reduce the bacterial count in pharmaceutical formulations.
  • Some examples of microbicides are short chain alcohols, including ethyl and isopropyl alcohol, chlorbutanol, benzyl alcohol, chlorbenzyl alcohol, dichlorbenzylalcohol, hexachlorophene; phenolic compounds, such as cresol, 4-chloro-m-cresol, p-chloro-m-xylenol, dichlorophene, hexachlorophene, povidon- iodine; parabenes, especially alkyl-parabenes, such as methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, or butyl- paraben, benzyl paraben; acids, such as sorbic acid, benzoic acid and their salts; quaternary ammonium compounds, such as alkonium salts, e.g., a bromide, benzalkonium
  • antioxidants are butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and di-tert-butylphenol (LY 178002, LY256548, HWA-131 , BF-389, CI-986, PD-127443, E-51 19, BI-L-239XX, etc.), tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), propyl gallate (PG), l -0-hexyl-2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone (HTHQ); aromatic amines
  • phenols and phenolic acids include tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) and their derivatives, such as tocopheryl-acylate (e.g., -acetate, - laurate, myristate, -palmitate, -oleate, -linoleate, etc., or an y other suitable tocopheryl- lipoate), tocopheryl-polyoxyethylene-succinate; trolox and corresponding amide and thiocarboxamide analogues; ascorbic acid and its salts, isoascorbate, (2 or 3 or 6)-o- alky
  • oxidized compounds such as sodium bisulphite, sodium metabi sulphite, thiourea
  • chellating agents such as ethylene glycol-bis-(2-aminoethyl)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethylenedioxy-diethylene- dinitrilo-tetraacetic acid (GDTA), desferral
  • miscellaneous endogenous defence systems such as transferrin, lactoferrin, ferritin, cearuloplasmin, haptoglobion, heamopexin, albumin, glucose, ubiquinol-10
  • enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase and metal complexes with a similar activity, including catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and less complex molecules, such as beta-carotene, bilirubin, uric acid
  • flavonoids flavones, flavonols, flavon
  • Thickeners are used to increase the viscosity of pharmaceutical formulations to and may be selected from selected from pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophilic polymers, such as partially etherified cellulose derivatives, comprising carboxymethyl-, hydroxyethyl-, hydroxypropyl-, hydroxypropylmethyl- or methyl-cellulose; completely synthetic hydrophilic polymers comprising polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, poly(hydroxyethyl)-,
  • the formulations provided herein may also comprise a polar liquid medium.
  • the formulations provided herein may be administered in an aqueous medium.
  • the formulations provided herein may be in the form of a solution, suspension, emulsion, cream, lotion, ointment, gel, spray, film forming solution or lacquer.
  • the disclosure specifically relates to the use of an
  • the disclosure relates to a formulation or pharmaceutical composition comprising an antimicrobial provided herein for the treatment of a fungal or bacterial infection, wherein the formulation or pharmaceutical composition is formulated for topical delivery.
  • the fungal infection is not onchymycosis.
  • Table 8 lists preferred excipients for the formulation.
  • formulations provided herein may form vesicles or ESAs characterized by their adaptability, deformability, or penetrability.
  • vesicle or aggregate “adaptability" which governs the "tolerable surface curvature” is defined as the ability of a given vesicle or aggregate to change easily its properties, such as shape, elongation ratio, and surface to volume ratio.
  • the vesicles provided herein may be characterized by their ability to adjust the aggregates' shape and properties to the anisotropic stress caused by pore crossing.
  • Sufficient adaptability implies that a vesicle or an aggregate can sustain different unidirectional forces or stress, such as one caused by pressure, without extensive fragmentation, which defines a "stable" aggregate.
  • a “barrier” in the context of this disclosure is (as in, for example, EP 0 475 160 and WO 98/17255) a body with through-extending narrow pores, such narrow pores having a radius which is at least 25% smaller than the radius of the ESAs (considered as spherical) before said ESAs permeate through such pores.
  • the term "narrow" used in connection with a pore implies that the pore radius is significantly, typically at least 25%, smaller than the radius of the entity tested with regard to its ability to cross the pore.
  • the necessary difference typically should be greater for the narrower pores. Using 25% limit is therefore quite suitable for >150 nm diameter whereas >100% difference requirement is more appropriate for the smaller systems, e.g., with ⁇ 50 nm diameter. For diameters around 20 nm, aggregate diameter difference of at least 200% is often required.
  • Non-destructing passage of ultradeformable, mixed lipid aggregates through narrow pores in a semi -permeable barrier is thus diagnostic of high aggregate adaptability. If pore radius is two times smaller than the average aggregate radius the aggregate must change its shape and surface-to-volume ratio at least 100% to pass without fragmentation through the barrier.
  • An easy and reversible change in aggregate shape inevitably implies high aggregate deformability and requires large surface-to-volume ratio adaptation.
  • a change in surface-to- volume ratio per se implies: a) high volume compressibility, e.g. in the case of compact droplets containing material other than, and immiscible with, the suspending fluid; b) high aggregate membrane permeability, e.g. in the case of vesicles that are free to exchange fluid between inner and outer vesicle volume.
  • formulations provided herein can be delivered to a plant in order to reduce the proliferation or viability of a microbial agent that has infected said plant.
  • Any species of woody, ornamental or decorative, crop or cereal, fruit or vegetable plant, and algae may be used in the methods provided herein.
  • Non-limiting examples of plants include plants from the genus Arabidopsis or the genus Oryza.
  • Saccharum Saccharum, Schedonorus, Secale, Sesamum, Solarium, Sorghum, Stevia, Thellungiella, Theobroma, Triphysaria, Triticum, Vitis, Zea, or Zinnia.
  • the present invention provides any clone of such a plant, seed, selfed or hybrid progeny and descendants, and any part of any of these, such as cuttings, seed.
  • the invention provides any plant propagule, that is any part which may be used in reproduction or propagation, sexual or asexual, including cuttings, seed and so on.
  • Plants included in the invention are any plants amenable to transformation techniques, including gymnosperms and angiosperms, both monocotyledons and
  • Examples of monocotyledonous angiosperms include, but are not limited to, asparagus, field and sweet corn, barley, wheat, rice, sorghum, onion, pearl millet, rye and oats and other cereal grains.
  • dicotyledonous angiosperms include, but are not limited to tomato, tobacco, cotton, rapeseed, field beans, soybeans, peppers, lettuce, peas, alfalfa, clover, cole crops or Brassica oleracea ⁇ e.g., cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussel sprouts), radish, carrot, beets, eggplant, spinach, cucumber, squash, melons, cantaloupe, sunflowers and various ornamentals.
  • woody species include poplar, pine, sequoia, cedar, oak, etc.
  • plants include, but are not limited to, wheat, cauliflower, tomato, tobacco, corn, petunia, trees, etc.
  • plants of the present invention are crop plants (for example, cereals and pulses, maize, wheat, potatoes, tapioca, rice, sorghum, millet, cassaya, barley, pea, and other root, tuber, or seed crops.
  • Exemplary cereal crops used in the compositions and methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, any species of grass, or grain plant ⁇ e.g., barley, corn, oats, rice, wild rice, rye, wheat, millet, sorghum, triticale, etc.), non-grass plants ⁇ e.g., buckwheat flax, legumes or soybeans, etc.).
  • Grain plants that provide seeds of interest include oil-seed plants and leguminous plants.
  • Other seeds of interest include grain seeds, such as corn, wheat, barley, rice, sorghum, rye, etc.
  • Oil seed plants include cotton, soybean, safflower, sunflower, Brassica, maize, alfalfa, palm, coconut, etc.
  • Other important seed crops are oil-seed rape, sugar beet, maize, sunflower, soybean, and sorghum.
  • Leguminous plants include beans and peas. Beans include guar, locust bean, fenugreek, soybean, garden beans, cowpea, mungbean, lima bean, fava bean, lentils, chickpea, etc.
  • Horticultural plants to which the present invention may be applied may include lettuce, endive, and vegetable brassicas including cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower, and carnations and geraniums.
  • the present invention may also be applied to tobacco, cucurbits, carrot, strawberry, sunflower, tomato, pepper, chrysanthemum, poplar, eucalyptus, and pine.
  • the present invention may be used for transformation of other plant species, including, but not limited to, corn (Zea mays), canola (Brassica napus, Brassica rapa ssp.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), rice (Oryza sativa), rye (Secale cereale), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum vulgare), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), wheat (Triticum aestivum), soybean (Glycine max), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana benthamiana), potato (Solarium tuberosum), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus), cassaya (Manihot esculenta), coffee (Coffea spp.), coconut (Cocos nucifera), pineapple (Ananas comosus), citrus trees (Citrus spp.), cocoa
  • Any method or delivery system may be used for the delivery and/or transfection of the formulations provided herein to plants.
  • the formulations may be delivered to a plant either alone, or in combination with other agents.
  • Transfection may be accomplished by a wide variety of means, as is known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Such methods include, but are not limited to,
  • Agrobacterium-mediated transformation e.g., omari et al, 1998, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 1 : 1 1
  • particle bombardment mediated transformation e.g., Finer et al., 1999, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 240:59
  • protoplast electroporation e.g., Bates, 1999, Methods Mol. Biol., 1 11 :359
  • viral infection e.g., Porta and LomonossofF, 1996, Mol. Biotechnol. 5:209
  • microinjection e.g., and liposome injection.
  • Alternative methods may involve, for example, the use of electroporation, or chemicals that increase free (or "naked") DNA uptake, transformation using viruses or pollen and the use of microprojection.
  • Standard molecular biology techniques are common in the art (e.g., Sambrook et al, 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York).
  • Agrobacterium transformation is widely used by those skilled in the art to transform dicotyledonous species. Recently, there has been substantial progress towards the routine production of stable, fertile transgenic plants in almost all economically relevant monocot plants (Toriyarna et al., 1988, Bio/Technology 6: 1072-1074; Zhang et al., 1988, Plant Cell Rep. 7:379-384; Zhang et al, 1988, Theor. Appl. Genet.
  • the formulations provided herein can be delivered to an animal in order to reduce the proliferation or viability of a microbial agent that has infected said animal.
  • Any animal can be used in the methods described herein, including but not limited to, birds, reptiles, and mammals, such as a mammal including a non-primate (e.g., a camel, donkey, zebra, cow, pig, horse, goat, sheep, cat, dog, rat, and mouse) and a primate (e.g., a monkey, chimpanzee, and a human).
  • a mammal including a non-primate (e.g., a camel, donkey, zebra, cow, pig, horse, goat, sheep, cat, dog, rat, and mouse) and a primate (e.g., a monkey, chimpanzee, and a human).
  • the animal is a human.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antimicrobial provided herein, a lipid, and a surfactant.
  • the formulations may be administered topically, including mucosal delivery.
  • Mucosal delivery includes
  • Pulmonary administration can be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent, or via perfusion in a fluorocarbon or synthetic pulmonary surfactant.
  • the formulations provided herein can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and carriers such as triglycerides.
  • the formulations provided therein are lyophilized to allow for pulmonary delivery.
  • the formulations provided herein are lyophilized by mixing the formulation with a diluent to form a liquid composition and then lyophilizing the liquid composition to form a lyophilate.
  • the formulations may be lyophilized by any method known in the art for lyophilizing a liquid.
  • a formulation is preferably administered as a component of a composition that optionally comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.
  • the amount of a formulation that will be effective in inhibiting the proliferation or viability of a microbial agent that has infected a human or animal can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In vitro or in vivo assays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed will also depend, e.g., on the route of administration, the type of microbial infection, type of microbial disease, and the seriousness of the microbial infection, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's or subject's circumstances.
  • the formulations provided herein comprise from about 1 to about 20 mg of the antimicrobial.
  • the formulations can comprise about 1 , about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 1 1 , about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, or about 20 mg of the antimicrobial.
  • the formulations provided herein comprise from about 1 to about 500 ⁇ g of the antimicrobial.
  • the formulations can comprise about 1 , about 25, about 50, about 75, about 100, about 125, about 150, about 175, about 200, about 225, about 250, about 275, about 300, about 325, about 350, about 375, about 400, about 425, about 450, about 475, or about 500 ⁇ g of the antimicrobial.
  • Exemplary doses of a formulation include milligram (mg) or microgram ⁇ g) amounts per kilogram (Kg) of subject or sample weight per day (e.g., from about 1 ⁇ g per Kg to about 500 mg per Kg per day, from about 5 ⁇ g per Kg to about 100 mg per Kg per day, or from about 10 ⁇ g per Kg to about 100 mg per Kg per day.
  • a daily dose is at least 0.1 mg, 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg, 2.0 mg, 5.0 mg, 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg, or at least 1 g.
  • the dosage is a unit dose of about 0.1 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg, 300 mg, 350 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 550 mg, 600 mg, 650 mg, 700 mg, 750 mg, 800 mg or more.
  • the dosage is a unit dose that ranges from about 0.1 mg to about 1000 mg, 1 mg to about 1000 mg, 5 mg to about 1000 mg, about 10 mg to about 500 mg, about 150 mg to about 500 mg, about 150 mg to about 1000 mg, 250 mg to about 1000 mg, about 300 mg to about 1000 mg, or about 500 mg to about 1000 mg.
  • a subject is administered one or more doses of an effective amount of a formulation or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, wherein the effective amount is not the same for each dose.
  • Standard antimicrobial regimens have often been largely designed to administer the highest dose of antimicrobial agent without undue toxicity, i.e., often referred to as the "maximum tolerated dose” (MTD) or “no observed adverse effect level” (NOAEL).
  • MTD maximum tolerated dose
  • NOAEL no observed adverse effect level
  • one or more antimicrobial formulations are delivered to a subject (preferably, a human subject) at a dosage lower than the MTD of an unformulated
  • one or more antimicrobial formulations are delivered to a subject (preferably, a human subject) at a dosage lower than the human equivalent dose ("HED") of the NOAEL of an unformulated antimicrobial agent.
  • one or more antimicrobial formulations are delivered to a subject in need thereof at a 5% to 40%, preferably a 25% to 75% and more preferably a 25% to 99% lower dosage than the MTD of an unformulated antimicrobial agent or the NOAEL of the unformulated antimicrobial agent.
  • one or more antimicrobial formulations are delivered to a subject in need thereof at a 5% to 40%, preferably a 25% to 75% and more preferably a 25% to 99% lower dosage than the MTD of an unformulated antimicrobial agent or HED of the NOAEL of an unformulated antimicrobial agent.
  • MTDs of most of the antimicrobial agents described herein are well-known and are typically based on the results of Phase I dose escalation trials. In specific
  • the dose used for an antimicrobial formulation of the invention is at least 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% less than the MTD of an unformulated antimicrobial agent.
  • the dose used for and antimicrobial formulation of the invention is at least 1.5-, 1.8-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 10-, 25-, or 100-fold less than the MTD of an unformulated antimicrobial agent.
  • the dose used for an antimicrobial formulation of the invention is at least 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% less than the NOAEL for of an unformulated antimicrobial agent.
  • the dose used for and antimicrobial formulation of the invention is at least 1.5-, 1.8-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 10-, 25-, or 100-fold less than the NOAEL of an unformulated antimicrobial agent.
  • the NOAEL as determined in animal studies, is often used determining the maximum recommended starting dose for human clinical trials.
  • the NOAELs can be extrapolated to determine human equivalent dosages (HEDs). Typically, such extrapolations between species are conducted based on the doses that are normalized to body surface area (i.e., mg m 2 ).
  • the NOAELs are determined in either mice, hamsters, rats, ferrets, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, primates, primates (monkeys, marmosets, squirrel monkeys, baboons), micropigs and minipigs.
  • the regimen comprises administering a therapy at a dose less than the HED.
  • the invention provides a method of preventing recurrence of cancer in a subject in remission, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a prophylactically effective regimen, the regimen comprising administering one or more therapies to the subject at dose less than the HED.
  • the administration of formulations provided herein results in a mean serum concentration of the antimicrobial in the human subject of less than 10 ng/mL, 5 ng/mL, 4 ng/mL, 3 ng/mL, 2 ng/mL, 1 ng/mL, 0.5 ng/mL, or 0.2 ng/mL.
  • the formulation comprises about 1 to about 5 mg of an antimicrobial provided herein.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises 3 mg of an antimicrobial provided herein.
  • the formulations described herein are administered in multiple doses.
  • the formulations are administered with a frequency and in an amount sufficient to treat the condition.
  • the frequency of administration ranges from once a day up to about once every eight weeks.
  • the formulations can be administered once a week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks or once every four weeks.
  • the frequency of administration ranges from about once a week up to about once every six weeks.
  • the frequency of administration ranges from about once every two weeks up to about once every four weeks.
  • the daily, weekly, or multi-weekly administration may be continued for several cycles as determined by the physician and the nature of the cancer.
  • the number of cycles may be about 1 , 2, 5, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30.
  • the formulation can be administered, for example, once or twice daily. In certain embodiments, the composition may also be administered, once every two days, once daily, three times a day or four times a day. In certain embodiments, the formulation is
  • the formulation is administered for at least three weeks. In other embodiments, the formulation is administered for 1 to 48 weeks, 1 to 36 weeks or 1 to 24 weeks, 1 to 12 weeks or 1 to 6 weeks. [00170] In certain embodiments of the methods, the formulation may also be administered, once every two days, daily, three times a day or four times a day. In specific embodiments, the formulation is administered for 1 to 48 weeks, 1 to 36 weeks, 1 to 24 weeks, 1 to 12 weeks or 1 to 6 weeks.
  • the fungal infection being treated is not onchymycosis.
  • topical formulation is administered for a period longer than 12 weeks.
  • the formulation is administered for at least 24 weeks, for at least 36 weeks, or for at least 48 weeks.
  • a cyclical treatment regimen is employed.
  • Such regimens employ treatment cycles involving the administration of the formulation for a period of time, followed by a period wherein no formulation is administered, and, if necessary, repeating this sequence, i.e., the cycle.
  • Treatment cycles can include, for example, administering, the topical formulation consecutively for a period up to 48 weeks ⁇ e.g., 12 weeks), e.g., using once or twice daily administration, followed a period of time wherein no formulation is administered, followed by another period where the formulation is again administered consecutively for another 12 weeks.
  • test compounds used in the screening methods provided herein include any compound that can inhibit the proliferation, viability, or sporulation of a microbial agent, including a mycotic agent, a bacterial agent, or a mycoplasma.
  • the present invention includes methods of screening compounds for antifungal activity comprising contacting a mycotic agent with an effective amount of a compound, wherein said compound is formulated with a lipid and a surfactant, and detecting a reduction in the proliferation, viability or sporulation of said mycotic agent, wherein said compound is adsorbed by the phospholipid membranes of the Spitzenkorper or Polarsiome regions of the hypha of said mycotic agent.
  • the present invention also includes methods of screening compounds for antibacterial activity comprising contacting a bacterial agent with an effective amount of a compound, wherein said compound is formulated with a lipid and a surfactant, and detecting a reduction in the proliferation, viability or sporulation of said bacterial agent, wherein said compound is adsorbed by the phospholipid membranes of the bacterial agent.
  • the present invention also includes methods of screening compounds for antimycoplasma activity comprising contacting a mycoplasma with an effective amount of a compound, wherein said compound is formulated with a lipid and a surfactant, and detecting a reduction in the proliferation, viability or sporulation of said bacterial agent, wherein said compound is adsorbed by the phospholipid membranes of the mycoplasma.
  • the disclosure further includes a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with a formulation provided herein for the treatment or prevention of a fungal or bacterial infection in a human subject.
  • a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with a formulation provided herein for the treatment or prevention of a fungal or bacterial infection in a human subject.
  • the disclosure provides kits that can be used in the above-described methods.
  • a kit comprises one or more containers comprising an antimicrobial formulation provided herein.
  • the kit may further comprise instructions for administering the antimicrobial formulations provided herein for the treating or preventing skin and/or nail infections, as well as side effects and dosage information.
  • Optionally associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale for human administration.
  • Antimicrobial formulations for topical application may be prepared by the following procedure:
  • the organic phase is produced by weighing the lipid, the surfactant, an antimicrobial, and any additional lipophilic excipients into suitable containers followed by mixing these components into anoptically isotropic phase which appears as a clear solution, wherein the antimicrobial is an antifungal selected from the group consisting of itraconazole,
  • the organic phase will be heated up to a temperature of about 5 to about 60 °C. 2.
  • the aqueous phase is prepared by weighing the non-lipophilic components and water, which serves as solvent, into suitable containers and then mixing these components into a clear solution. During mixing, the temperature will be elevated to about 5 to about 60 °C
  • the isotropic organic phase and the clear aqueous phase are combined under stirring in a suitable vessel. Before and during the combination the temperature of both phases must be kept between about 5 to about 60 °C or between about 35 and about 45 °C.
  • the resulting intermediate is homogenised mechanically at a temperature of about 5 to about 60 °C, e.g., about 40 °C. Before starting homogenisation, the pressure in the production vessel is lowered to - 0.08 MPa. The desired average carrier size is typically reached after 10 minutes of homogenisation.
  • the concentrated intermediate is diluted with the dilution buffer to the intended final concentration.
  • the mixture is carefully stirred in the mixing vessel at 20 °C to homogeneity.
  • Table 16 describes the amount of surfactant, lipid, and the antimicrobial in some antifungal formulations provided herein.
  • the amount of the antimicrobial, lipid, lipid, and surfactant combined is described in terms of the percent total in the formulation.
  • Table 16A This table lists the relative amounts of each of the components of Exemplary Antimicrobial Formulations
  • Table 16B The table lists the specific components of the formulas listed above.
  • Formulation 1 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), sphingomyelin (brain) (47.944 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (42.056mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate buffer (pH 4), benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (.0500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posa
  • Formulation 2 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), sphingomyelin (brain) (53.750 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (31.250 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (15.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posacon
  • Formulation 3 comprises an antimicrobial (30 mg/g), sphingomyelin (brain) (90.561 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (79.439 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posacon
  • Formulation 4 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), sphingomyelin (brain) (47.944 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (42.056 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posacon
  • Formulation 5 comprises an antimicrobial (5 mg/g), sphingomyelin lauroyl (50.607 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (44.393 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (10.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-
  • Formulation 6 comprises an antimicrobial (30 mg/g), sphingomyelin lauroyl
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 7 comprises an antimicrobial (7.5 mg/g), sphingomyelin lauroyl (49.276 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (79.439 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole
  • Formulation 8 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol (53.750 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (31.250 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, HTHQ (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole,
  • Formulation 9 comprises an antimicrobial (30 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol (90.561 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (79.439 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, HTHQ (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole
  • Formulation 10 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol (41.351 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (48.649 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, HTHQ (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole,
  • Formulation 1 1 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol (47.882 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (37.1 18 mg g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, HTHQ (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazo
  • Formulation 12 comprises an antimicrobial (30 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol (95.764 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (74.236 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, HTHQ (0.200 mg g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 13 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidylinositol (66.676 mg/g) as a lipid, Span 20 (24.324 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g), HTHQ (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (25.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole,
  • saperconazole SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 14 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidylinositol (62.027 mg/g) as a lipid, Span 20 (22.973 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, HTHQ (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, tercon
  • Formulation 15 comprises an antimicrobial (30 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidylinositol (124.054 mg/g) as a lipid, Span 20 (45.946 mg g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, HTHQ (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 16 comprises an antimicrobial (5 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidylinositol (62.687 mg/g) as a lipid, Span 20 (32.313 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, HTHQ (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002,
  • Formulation 17 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidic acid (41.853 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (43.147 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of
  • Formulation 18 comprises an antimicrobial (30 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidic acid (95.764 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (74.236 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole,
  • posaconazole saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 19 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidic acid (47.882 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (37.118 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole,
  • saperconazole SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 20 comprises an antimicrobial (lOmg/g), phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidic acid (45.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (45.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole,
  • saperconazole SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 21 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (31.935 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor (58.065 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 5) buffer, thimerosal (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHA (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (15.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole
  • Formulation 22 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (42.500 mg/g ) as a lipid, cremophor (42.500 mg/g ) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 6.5) buffer, thimerosal (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHA (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, wherein the
  • antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole,
  • posaconazole saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 23 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (38.276 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor (51.724 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 4) buffer, thimerosal (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHA (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the
  • antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole,
  • posaconazole saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 24 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (42.500 mg/g ) as a lipid, cremophor (42.500 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 4) buffer, thimerosal (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHA (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (15.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and gris
  • Formulation 25 comprises an antimicrobial (30 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (85.000 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor (85.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 4) buffer, thimerosal (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHA (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 26 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (38.276 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor (51.276 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 5) buffer, thimerosal (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHA (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 27 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (36.429 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor (48.571 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 5) buffer, thimerosal (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHA (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseoful
  • Formulation 28 comprises an antimicrobial (30 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (72.299 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor (97.701 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 5) buffer, thimerosal (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHA (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (15.000 mg/g), wherein the
  • antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole,
  • posaconazole saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 29 comprises an antimicrobial (7.5 mg/g), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (46.250 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (46.250 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, thimerosal (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium
  • metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as an antioxidant
  • EDTA 3.000 mg/g
  • ethanol 20.000 mg/g
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 30 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (38.804 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (46.196 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, thimerosal (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium
  • metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (15.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 31 comprises an antimicrobial (30 mg/g), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (36.667 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (33.333 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, thimerosal (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium
  • metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 32 comprises an antimicrobial (lOmg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (23.333 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (66.667 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 33 comprises an antimicrobial (12.5 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (45.833 mg g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (41.667 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole,
  • saperconazole SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 34 comprises an antimicrobial (30 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (31.957 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (38.043 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole,
  • saperconazole SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 35 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (47.143 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (42.857 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (25.000 mg g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002,
  • Formulation 36 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (96.905 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (88.095 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (20.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002,
  • Formulation 37 comprises an antimicrobial (30 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (31.957 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (38.043) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole,
  • saperconazole SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 38 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (35.455 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor (54.545 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH
  • Formulation 39 comprises an antimicrobial (1 mg/g), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (84.457 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor (100.543 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002,
  • Formulation 40 comprises an antimicrobial (30 mg/g), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (89.048 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor (80.952 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of
  • Formulation 41 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (41.087 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (48.913 mg/g) as a surfactant, propionate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posacon
  • Formulation 42 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (45.280 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (39.720 mg/g) as a surfactant, propionate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole,
  • posaconazole saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 43 comprises an antimicrobial (30 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (107.500 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (62.500 mg/g) as a surfactant, propionate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Example Formulation 44 Example Formulation 44
  • Formulation 44 comprises an antimicrobial (5 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (77.243 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (67.757 mg/g) as a surfactant, propionate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole,
  • Formulation 45 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (45.280 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (39.720 mg/g) as a surfactant, propionate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH
  • Formulation 46 comprises an antimicrobial (30 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (90.561 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (79.439 mg/g) as a surfactant, propionate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH
  • Formulation 47 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (47.944 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (42.056 mg/g) as a surfactant, propionate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (10.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH
  • Formulation 48 comprises an antimicrobial (5 mg/g), phosphatidyl serine (50.607 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (44.393 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 5.5) buffer, thimerasol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-
  • Formulation 49 comprises an antimicrobial (30 mg g), phosphatidyl serine (107.500 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (62.500 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 5.5) buffer, thimerasol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium
  • metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 50 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl serine (47.944 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (42.056 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 5.5) buffer, thimerasol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium
  • metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 51 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (46.364 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (38.636 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (25.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002,
  • Formulation 52 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (46.364 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (38.636 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (20.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH- 50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH- 50002, terconazole, butenafine
  • Formulation 53 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (46.098 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (43.902 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (15.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, tercon
  • Formulation 54 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (43.537 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (41.463 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole,
  • saperconazole SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 55 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (45.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (45.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH- 50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH- 50002, terconazole, butenafine, and grise
  • Formulation 56 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (59.492 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (30.508 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002,
  • Formulation 57 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (39.054 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (45.946 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseoful
  • Formulation 58 comprises an antimicrobial (30 mg/g), phosphatidyl glycerol (35.854 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (34.146 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole,
  • saperconazole SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 59 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (50.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (40.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saper
  • Formulation 60 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (38.571 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (51.429 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of
  • Formulation 61 comprises an antimicrobial (7.5 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (41.954 mg/g) as phospholipid, Tween 80 (50.546 mg/g) as surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-5000
  • Formulation 62 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (42.632 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (47.368 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole,
  • Formulation 63 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (46.098 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (43.902 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole,
  • Formulation 64 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (39.721 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.279 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole
  • Formulation 65 comprises an antimicrobial (5 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (44.198 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.802 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole,
  • Formulation 66 comprises an antimicrobial (2.5 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (46.453 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (51.047 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole
  • Formulation 67 comprises an antimicrobial (5 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (51.221 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (43.779 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole,
  • Formulation 68 comprises an antimicrobial (2.5 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (54.167 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (43.333 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posacon
  • Formulation 69 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (66.440 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (23.560 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Example formulation 69 is an emulsion.
  • Formulation 70 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (66.440 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (23.560 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Example formulation 70 is a suspension.
  • Formulation 71 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (66.440 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (23.560 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole
  • Formulation 72 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Example formulation 72 is an emulsion.
  • Formulation 73 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Example formulation 73 is a suspension.
  • Formulation 74 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg g), phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5.5) buffer, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butena
  • Formulation 75 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, paraben (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole
  • Formulation 76 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (50.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzalkonium chloride (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole,
  • Formulation 77 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, paraben (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazo
  • Formulation 78 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (66.440 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (23.560 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzalkonium chloride (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posacon
  • Formulation 79 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (66.440 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (23.560 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole
  • Formulation 80 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5.5) buffer, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole,
  • posaconazole saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 81 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 82 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (44.444 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (55.556 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole,
  • Formulation 83 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (66.440 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (23.560 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole
  • Formulation 84 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (54.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (36.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium
  • metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 85 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (50.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (40.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium
  • metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 86 comprises an antimicrobial (12.5 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (48.61 1 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (38.889 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posa
  • Formulation 87 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (46.575 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium
  • Example formulation 87 is an emulsion.
  • Formulation 88 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (46.575 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium
  • Example formulation 88 is suspension.
  • Formulation 89 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (46.575 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Example Formulation 90 Example Formulation 90
  • Formulation 90 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (50.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (40.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, sapercon
  • Formulation 91 comprises an antimicrobial (30 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (94.444 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (75.556 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, sap
  • Formulation 92 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (46.712 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (38.288 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole
  • Formulation 93 comprises an antimicrobial (12 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (48.889 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (39.1 11 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.250 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posacon
  • Formulation 94 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (39.721 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.279 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.25 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazo
  • Formulation 95 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (90.000 mg/g) as a lipid, phosphate buffer (pH 6.5), benzyl alcohol as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the
  • antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 96 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (46.575 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 4) buffer, BHT (0.500 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.200 mg/g) as antioxidants, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Example formulation 96 is an emulsion.
  • Formulation 97 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (46.575 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 4) buffer, BHT (0.500 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.200 mg/g) as antioxidants, and EDTA (3.000 m g/g) > wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Example formulation 97 is a suspension.
  • Formulation 98 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (54.643 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (30.357 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 4) buffer, BHA (0.500 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.200 mg/g) as antioxidants, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 99 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (39.72 mg/g)as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.279 mg/g) as surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol (5.25 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g) as emollient, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as the chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, pos
  • Formulation 100 comprises an antimicrobial (10 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (90.00 mg/g) as a lipid, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol as antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g) as emollient, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as the chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g), wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine,
  • Formulation 101 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (46.57 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 4) buffer, BHT (0.500 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.200 mg/g) as antioxidants, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as the chelating agent, wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 101 is formulated as an emulsion.
  • Formulation 102 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (46.57 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 4) buffer, BHT (0.500 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.200 mg g) as antioxidants, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as the chelating agent, wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Formulation 102 as a suspension.
  • Formulation 103 comprises an antimicrobial (15 mg/g), phosphatidyl choline (54.64 mg/g)as a lipid, Tween 80 (30.357 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 4) buffer, BHA (0.500 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.200 mg/g) as antioxidants, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as the chelating agent, wherein the antimicrobial is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, saperconazole, SCH-50002, terconazole, butenafine, and griseofulvin; and hydrates, solvates, and salts thereof.
  • Example Formulations 1 through 103 may also optionally include thickeners such as pectin, xanthan gum, HPMC gel, methylcellulose or carbopol.
  • Example Fomulations 1 through 103 may contain an antimicrobial provided herein, including single enantiomers, mixtures of enantiomers, and mixtures of diastereomers thereof; and pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, hydrates, and salts thereof.
  • TDT 067 a carrier-based dosage form of terbinafine in Transfersome ® (1.5% spray) with caspofungin (CAS) and voriconazole (VOR), used in the treatment of systemic mycoses
  • CAS caspofungin
  • VOR voriconazole
  • MIC testing was performed by a checkerboard microdilution assay with two antifungal agents combined in varying concentrations to determine whether they had a synergistic, indifferent, or antagonistic effect on the respective MICs. Visually clear wells from the assay were subcultured for colony counts to determine cidality.
  • TDT 067 combined with CAS demonstrated synergy against 2 strains of C.
  • TDT 067 and VOR in combination demonstrated synergistic interaction against 6/20 strains of the filamentous fungi tested, including 3 A.
  • TDT 067 and VOR fumigatus strains
  • 2 Rhizopus strains MICs of TDT 067 and VOR up to 16-fold and 128-fold lower, respectively, in combination
  • 1 A flavus strain MICs of TDT 067 and VOR 4-fold lower in combination
  • Organism Caspofungin TDT 067 Caspofungin TDT 067 MIC Interaction individual MIC individual MIC MIC in combination in combination (FICI)
  • TDT 067 showed synergistic interactions in combination with CAS and VOR, with the greatest effect shown by the combination of TDT 067 and VOR against Aspergillus strains, resulting in fungicidal activity. Importantly, there was no antagonism with the combination of TDT 067 with either antifungal against any of the strains tested. TDT 067 may have clinical utility in combination with antifungals used for treatment of invasive fungal infections.
  • TDT-067 Transfersomes® with 1.5% Terbinafine
  • Caspofungin e.g., TDT- 067/Caspofungin
  • the TDT- 067/Caspofungin composition is administered to a patient to treat a Candida (e.g., Candida (C) albicans, C glabrata, C krusei, C tropicalis, C parapsilosis) infection.
  • Candida e.g., Candida (C) albicans, C glabrata, C krusei, C tropicalis, C parapsilosis
  • TDT-067 Transfersomes® with 1.5% Terbinafine
  • Voriconizole to make a single composition for pulmonary administration to a human patient The TDT-067/V oriconizole composition is administered to a patient to treat an Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus clavatus, Rhizopus or Fusarium solani infection.
  • All technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

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  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Communicable Diseases (AREA)
  • Oncology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne des formulations d'un agent antimicrobien, un lipide, et facultativement un tensio-actif, et des utilisations de ceux-ci pour la réduction de la prolifération et de la viabilité d'agents microbiens. Dans certains modes de réalisation, l'invention concerne une composition unique qui comprend deux agents antimicrobiens et un procédé d'utilisation de telles compositions uniques.
PCT/EP2012/070685 2011-10-18 2012-10-18 Compositions et procédés pour la réduction de la prolifération et de la viabilité d'agents microbiens WO2013057208A1 (fr)

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CN104306335B (zh) * 2014-11-06 2019-08-09 河北医科大学 一种氟康唑柔性纳米脂质囊泡组合物及其应用
WO2020242862A1 (fr) * 2019-05-24 2020-12-03 Piedmont Animal Health Inc. Formulations injectables à libération prolongée et leur utilisation
US20220030860A1 (en) * 2018-08-08 2022-02-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Therapeutic composition and related methods
CN116508779A (zh) * 2023-04-17 2023-08-01 浙江大学 一种用于防治瓜类细菌性果斑病的杀菌剂及其应用

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104306335B (zh) * 2014-11-06 2019-08-09 河北医科大学 一种氟康唑柔性纳米脂质囊泡组合物及其应用
US20220030860A1 (en) * 2018-08-08 2022-02-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Therapeutic composition and related methods
WO2020242862A1 (fr) * 2019-05-24 2020-12-03 Piedmont Animal Health Inc. Formulations injectables à libération prolongée et leur utilisation
CN116508779A (zh) * 2023-04-17 2023-08-01 浙江大学 一种用于防治瓜类细菌性果斑病的杀菌剂及其应用

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