WO2013046980A1 - 細胞選別器及び細胞選別方法 - Google Patents
細胞選別器及び細胞選別方法 Download PDFInfo
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- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
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- the present invention relates to a cell sorter used for sorting cancer stem cells from other cells and a cell sorting method using the cell sorter.
- the microenvironment in the living body has attracted attention.
- the system in which osteoclasts exist in the bone marrow microenvironment is considered to provide a niche that is comfortable for other cells as well as the forefront of bone reconstruction.
- Cancer stem cells that have drug resistance and prevent cancer from being cured are thought to be deeply related to the existence of this niche.
- Cancer stem cells are thought to be a hindrance to cancer eradication because they are the source of many cancer cells and have drug resistance. Therefore, drug discovery targeting cancer stem cells is considered important for the cure of cancer. In order to examine the effects of drugs that target cancer stem cells, it is necessary to select cancer stem cells from other cells. However, until now, no method has been established for sorting cancer stem cells from other cells.
- Cell functions include, for example, cell characteristics such as cell migration and invasion, and surface antigen, cell cycle, drug resistance, and the like, and these functions can generally be evaluated by optical observation.
- cancer stem cells are thought to express functions while interacting with the surrounding microenvironment (niche). Therefore, directly observing the interaction is considered to be a simple and effective method for studying the effect of bone marrow microenvironment on cancer stem cells.
- the first issue is the effect of convection. Since the bone marrow microenvironment is a size of several ⁇ m to several hundred ⁇ m, it is hardly affected by flow and mixing, and convection hardly occurs. In this environment, there is a special feature that the movement of humoral factors is governed by diffusion. However, containers such as petri dishes, flasks, and well plates that are commonly used in conventional cell culture have a large volume, and there are carbon dioxide incubators, microscope irradiation lamps, fluorescent lamps, and other electrical devices as heat sources. Therefore, the movement of liquid mainly occurs due to convection of heat inside these containers, and these containers cannot be said to be an environment that accurately reproduces the bone marrow microenvironment.
- the second problem is that it is difficult to observe in real time.
- Most conventional observation methods combine photographs at a certain point in time using tissue sections.
- An example of performing real-time observation using a very thin slice is described in Non-Patent Document 1, but in this example, the sample is exposed to the atmosphere and the state of oxygen concentration gradient of the original bone marrow microenvironment is observed. Since it changes, it is unlikely that information on cell activity in vivo can be obtained accurately.
- an object of the present invention is to make it possible to directly observe the characteristics of cells in the bone marrow microenvironment and to select cells based on the observation results. It is.
- the cell sorter according to the present invention has a micro space that is filled with a liquid and has a typical length of 1 mm or less, and has a bottom surface made of a light-transmitting material that enables optical observation of the inside of the micro space.
- the “representative length” is a characteristic length (Characteristic Length) used to calculate the Reynolds number in fluid mechanics. (Area / Cross-section perimeter), D (diameter) is the representative length for circular tubes (see Non-Patent Document 3).
- the “matrix” means “bone matrix”, which is a bone matrix of an extracellular component constituting bone, and refers to collagen fibers, hydroxyapatite, and the like.
- the constituent protein is mainly type I collagen, and there are osteocalcin, osteopontin, bone morphogenetic proteins and the like.
- bone matrix is simply referred to as “matrix”.
- the cell sorting method of the present invention uses the above-described cell sorter according to the present invention.
- a sample cell labeled with a fluorescent substance is placed around a bone fragment in a well of the cell sorter of the present invention, and after a certain period of time, the position of the sample cell is optically observed, thereby Cells that migrate between the matrix and bone fragments and cells that do not migrate are selected.
- the present inventors have found that when sample cells are arranged around a bone fragment to which osteoclasts are attached, there are cells that migrate so as to be attracted to the part to which osteoclasts are attached.
- the cell sorting method according to the present invention has been made based on this discovery.
- the substance that attracts cells is a substance released from bone or osteoclasts by bone resorption by osteoclasts.
- Non-Patent Document 2 calcium (Ca 2+ ) and various cytokines (TGF- ⁇ ) and growth factors (IGFs) are released by bone resorption of osteoclasts. Therefore, it is considered that any one of these substances acts as an attractant and causes specific cells to migrate.
- the inside of the well is made into a minute space having a typical length of 1 mm or less, thereby eliminating the convection of the solution filling the well, arranging the matrix on the bottom of the minute space,
- the bone marrow micro-space is reproduced by placing bone fragments on the surface.
- the bottom surface of the well is made of a light-transmitting material that enables optical observation of the interior of the micro space, so that the characteristics of the cells in the micro space that reproduces the micro space of the bone marrow can be optically viewed from the bottom surface in real time. Can be observed. Since osteoclasts have entered between the matrix and bone fragments, substances such as calcium and cytokines are released by the bone resorption of osteoclasts, and migrate with cells that are attracted by these substances to migrate. Cells that do not.
- the behavior of the sample cells can be easily observed in real time by optical observation by labeling the sample cells with a phosphor.
- FIG. 1 It is a figure which shows one Example of a cell sorter
- (A) is a perspective view
- (B) is sectional drawing which shows the inside of a well. It is an image of the state which has arrange
- (A) is the time when observation is started
- (B) is 4 Image after 5 hours.
- a collagen gel obtained by mixing porcine tendon-derived acid-soluble Type-I collagen developed for tissue culture and a concentrated medium / reconstitution buffer is used as a matrix.
- the bone marrow microenvironment is reproduced by coating the bottom surface of the well with the collagen gel.
- a gel prepared from a soluble basement membrane extracted from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) mouse sarcoma rich in extracellular matrix protein or hydroxyapatite can be used instead of collagen gel. .
- the diameter can be mentioned, and in that case, the depth of the well is preferably 300 ⁇ m or less.
- the oxygen concentration at the position where the osteoclasts are arranged is preferably about 5%. Since the oxygen concentration in the bone marrow microenvironment is considered to be about 5%, the region where osteoclasts are arranged can be made an environment close to the bone marrow microenvironment.
- green fluorescent protein can be used as a fluorescent agent for labeling sample cells.
- the cell sorter is configured as a chip 2.
- the chip 2 is made of, for example, a material such as PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane), quartz glass, or silicon, and is bonded to one surface of the first substrate 3a provided with a through-hole serving as the well 4 and the first substrate 3a.
- the second substrate 3b is used.
- the well 4 is formed by using a microfabrication technique called ⁇ TAS (micro Total Analysis system) or microfluidics.
- the space in the well 4 is a minute space having a typical length of 1 mm or less.
- the bottom surface of the well 4 is circular, the typical length being 1 mm in diameter, and the depth being 300 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the bottom surface 6 of the well 4 is 0.17 mm, and the inside of the well 4 can be optically observed from the bottom surface 6 side.
- grooves 5 a and 5 b serving as flow paths for injecting and discharging the solution to the well 4 are formed.
- the upper surface side of the chip 2 is covered with a member such as a PDMS substrate to seal the upper surface of the well 4, and at that time, the grooves 5 a and 5 b form a flow path.
- a matrix 8 made of a collagen gel coating is disposed on the bottom of the well 4.
- a bone fragment 10 is arranged on the matrix 8.
- the size of the bone fragment 10 is, for example, about 200 ⁇ m ⁇ in the case of a rectangular parallelepiped shape, which is a scale equivalent to the scale of the bone marrow microenvironment.
- Osteoclasts 12 are arranged between the matrix 8 and the bone fragments 10. Osteoclasts 12 are differentiated from osteoblasts. In FIG.
- the upper surface is in an open state, but when this chip 2 is used, in the well 4, a large number of cells to be selected and (a) medium and / or (b) water or phosphorus
- the well 4 is filled with a cell suspension which is a mixture with a liquid such as a buffer solution typified by acid buffered saline, and the upper surface of the well 4 is sealed with a sealing member made of a material such as PDMS.
- a large number of cells are cells to be sorted according to the present invention, and refer to a plurality of cells that can be suspended under normal experimental conditions. However, even if a single cell is used, the effect of the present invention can be achieved. , Including the singular.
- the volume of the well 4 is as small as about 240 nL, the apparent viscosity of the solution filling the well 4 increases, and an experiment that is not affected by convection or stirring is possible.
- Whether or not convection is generated in the solution in the well may be determined by considering the Rayleigh number Ra, which is a dimensionless number that characterizes the state of thermal convection in natural convection.
- the Rayleigh number Ra is expressed by the following equation. Note that L is the typical length of the well 4, g is the acceleration of gravity, ⁇ is the thermal expansion coefficient of the fluid, ⁇ is the kinematic viscosity, a is the thermal conductivity, and ⁇ T is the typical temperature difference.
- Ra (L 3 ⁇ g ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ T) / ⁇ a
- ⁇ T ′ 1.2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 (° C.) It becomes. That is, it is considered that convection of the solution in the well occurs when the typical temperature difference is 1.2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 ° C. or more.
- the actual representative temperature difference of the well 4 is at most a difference of about 12 ° C. between 37 ° C. and room temperature 25 ° C., and it is unlikely that it will be larger than the above ⁇ T ′ (120 ° C.). Therefore, it is considered that natural convection of the solution in the well 4 does not occur if the typical length of the well 4 is 1 mm or less.
- This cell sorter induces osteoclasts 12 between the bone fragments 10 and the matrix 8 by co-culturing bone, osteoblasts, and bone marrow cells in the well 4 of the chip 2, and the bone marrow microenvironment. , And a system in which specific cancer cells migrate is constructed.
- the chip 2 uses a silicon substrate having a thickness of 300 ⁇ m as the first substrate 3a.
- the silicon substrate 3a is etched using a fine processing technique to form a circular through hole having a diameter of 1 mm.
- a transparent glass substrate having a thickness of 0.17 mm as the second substrate 3b is anodically bonded to one surface of the silicon substrate 3a to form the bottom surface 6 of the well 4.
- a collagen gel is coated on the surface of the glass substrate 3 b which is the bottom surface 6 in the well 4 to form a matrix 8.
- a bone fragment 10 of about 200 ⁇ m ⁇ is arranged on the matrix 8.
- the size of the bone piece 10 is not particularly limited as long as it can be accommodated in the well 4.
- the maximum dimension is about 200 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 2 shows an image in which the bone fragment 10 is actually arranged in the well 4.
- the bone fragment 10 is obtained by collecting the femur bone of 5 to 10 weeks old BALB / cA mouse, flushing out the bone marrow with a medium, and then cutting with a surgical knife. After filling the well 4 with the culture medium, the upper surface of the well 4 is sealed with a member made of, for example, a PDMS substrate, and the well 4 is used except for the operation of supplying various cells and culture medium into the well 4 and the operation of exchanging the culture medium. Avoid exposing the media and cell suspension to the atmosphere. Note that the volume in the well 4 (culture chamber) of the chip 2 is 240 nL.
- Osteoblasts obtained from the parietal bone of 1-2 day old BALB / cA mice are introduced into well 4 at a concentration of about 200 cells / well. After 4 to 6 hours, after osteoblasts adhere to the bottom surface of well 4, bone marrow cells obtained by flushing out the bone marrow of the femur of 5 to 10-week-old BALB / cA mice were about 800 cells / well. Introduce by concentration. To well 4, 0.02 ⁇ M vitamin D3 and 2 ⁇ M prostaglandin E2 are added to ⁇ MEM containing 10% fetal calf serum as a medium, and co-culture is performed under conditions of 37 ° C., 5% CO 2 , and water vapor saturation.
- Bone marrow cells are differentiated into osteoclasts by co-culturing for 7 to 10 days with several medium changes. Osteoclasts enter the lower part of bone fragment 10. This state is the state of FIG. In FIG. 1, illustration of osteoblasts and bone marrow cells is omitted.
- a leukemia cell line (Ba / F3 wt bcr-abl GFP) labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) was introduced into well 4 at a density of about 100 cells / well.
- GFP fluorescence is imaged at regular intervals from the back surface side of the chip 2 (the bottom surface 6 side of the well 4) through the bottom surface 6 of the well 4 using a fluorescence microscope. The so-called time-lapse observation was performed.
- the chip 2 was placed on a temperature CO 2 with a mixer installed in a fluorescence microscope and a stage in a control chamber.
- FIG. 3 is an image obtained by using a fluorescence microscope to acquire a GFP fluorescence image in the well 4 of the cell sorter in which osteoclasts are induced under the bone fragment.
- A leukemia cells were not present under the bone fragments, but were present with almost even dispersion at other locations. After about 2 hours, some leukemia cells began to invade the lower part of the bone, and after 4.5 hours, as shown in (B), how many leukemia cells stay below the bone fragment. I was seen.
- FIG. 4 is an image obtained by using a fluorescence microscope to obtain a GFP fluorescence image in the well of a cell sorter in which osteoclasts are not induced under the bone fragment. Even after time, no leukemia cells invaded under the bone fragments.
- osteoclasts in the lower part of the bone causes leukemia cells to enter the bone fragment through the barrier even though there is a barrier of bone fragments.
- a microenvironment in which cancer cells migrate can be constructed, and the migration phenomenon can be observed in real time.
- the characteristics of the migrated cell and the non-migrated cell are different, and it is possible to select a cell having the characteristic of migrating in such an environment and a cell having no such characteristic.
- the cell sorter and the cell sorting method of the present invention are not limited to the above examples. In order to function as a cell sorter, it is necessary to satisfy the following requirements, and the structure is not limited as long as these requirements are satisfied. 1. 1. A minute space with a typical length of 1 mm or less in which no convection of the solution occurs Low oxygen concentration that is close to the bone marrow microspace (up to 21%, preferably less than 5%, the same as the atmosphere) 3. Presence of bone fragments and osteoclasts. Examples of substances that directly induce cell migration include cytokines (TGF- ⁇ ), growth factors (IGFs), Ca 2+ , and chemokines that are released by osteoclast bone resorption.
- TGF- ⁇ cytokines
- IGFs growth factors
- Ca 2+ chemokines that are released by osteoclast bone resorption.
- the following effects can be obtained by engineeringly reproducing the microenvironment in the living body using the cell sorter.
- the reproducibility of the experiment is improved by constructing an experimental system using a chip as in the present invention.
- experimental conditions can be set freely, special conditions that cannot be achieved in vivo can be set freely, and the characteristics and behavior of cells under such conditions can be observed. It is.
- the volume of the chip well is extremely small, it is possible to save the amount of reagents and cells necessary for the experiment, which is advantageous in terms of price and environment. Even when using cells and tissues that can be collected only in small amounts, and valuable and expensive reagents, it is effective that the volume of the well is small.
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Abstract
Description
ここで、「代表的長さ」とは、流体力学におけるレイノルズ数を算出するために用いられる特徴的な長さ(Characteristic Length)のことであり、例えば、一般に矩形流路では、4×(断面積/断面周囲長)、円形管ではD(直径)が代表長さとなる(非特許文献参照3参照)。
また、「マトリックス」とは「骨マトリックス」のことであり、骨を構成する細胞外成分の骨基質であり、コラーゲン線維やハイドロキシアパタイトなどをいう。その構成タンパク質はI型コラーゲンが主たるもので、その他、オステオカルシン、オステオポンチン、骨形態形成タンパク質(bone morphogenetic proteins)などがある。以下、「骨マトリックス」を単に「マトリックス」と記載する。
なお、マトリックスとしては、コラーゲンゲルに代えて、細胞外マトリックスタンパク質を豊富に含むEngelbreth-Holm-Swarm(EHS)マウス肉腫から抽出した可溶性基底膜を調製したゲルやハイドロキシアパタイトなどを使用することもできる。
細胞選別器はチップ2として構成されている。チップ2は例えばPDMS(ポリジメチルシロキサン)や石英ガラス、シリコンなどの材質で構成され、ウエル4となる貫通穴が設けられた第1基板3aと、第1基板3aの一方の面に張り合わされた第2基板3bにより構成されている。ウエル4は、μTAS(micro Total Analysis system)又は微小流体制御技術(microfluidics)と呼ばれる微細加工技術を用いて形成されている。ウエル4内の空間は代表的長さが1mm以下の微小空間である。
Ra=(L3・g・β・ΔT)/νa
Ra=103×980×0.2×10-3×ΔT/(1×10-2×1.41×10-3)
=980×0.2/1.41×ΔT×102×103
=139×105×ΔT
≒1.4×107×ΔT
Ra=Ra'(=1708)のときの代表的温度差ΔT'は、
ΔT'=1.2×10-4(℃)
となる。すなわち、代表的温度差が1.2×10-4℃以上になるとウエル内の溶液の対流が発生すると考えられる。
Ra=10-3×980×0.2×10-3×ΔT/(1×10-2×1.41×10-3)
=14×ΔT
Ra=Ra'(=1708)のときの代表的温度差ΔT'は、
ΔT'=120(℃)
となる。すなわち、代表的温度差が120℃以上にならないとウエル内の溶液の対流が発生しないと考えられる。
この細胞選別器は、チップ2のウエル4内で、骨・骨芽細胞・骨髄細胞を共培養することにより、破骨細胞12を骨片10とマトリックス8との間に誘導し、骨髄微小環境を再構築し、特定のがん細胞が遊走するシステムを構築したものである。
サンプル細胞として、緑色蛍光タンパク質(GFP)により標識化した白血病細胞株(Ba/F3 wt bcr-abl GFP)を約100個/ウエルの密度になるようにウエル4に導入した。ウエル4の上面をPDMS基板によって封止した後、直ちに蛍光顕微鏡を使用してチップ2の裏面側(ウエル4の底面6側)からウエル4の底面6を介してGFP蛍光を一定時間ごとに撮像する、いわゆるタイムラプス観測を行なった。チップ2は、蛍光顕微鏡内に設置された混合器付の温度CO2及び制御チャンバ内のステージの上に配置した。同ステージでは、37℃水蒸気飽和、5%CO2の環境を維持した。タイムラプス計測が終了したチップについてTRAP(酒石酸耐性酸性フォスファダーゼ)染色を行い破骨細胞の位置を同定した。
観察開始当初は、(A)に示されているように、白血病細胞は骨片の下には存在せず、それ以外の場所にほぼ均等にばらついて存在していた。約2時間後、いくつかの白血病細胞が骨の下部に侵入し始めて、4.5時間が経過した後では、(B)に示されているように、骨片の下に留まる白血病細胞がいくつか見られた。
1.溶液の対流が発生しない代表長さが1mm以下の微小空間
2.骨髄微小空間に近い酸素濃度である低酸素濃度(最大で大気と同じ21%、好ましくは5%以下)
3.骨片と破骨細胞の存在。なお、細胞遊走を直接的に誘引させる物質としては、破骨細胞の骨吸収により放出されるサイトカイン類(TGF-β)や増殖因子(IGFs)、Ca2+、ケモカインなどが考えられる。
生態を用いた実験では、酸素濃度、栄養素、液性因子の濃度など、種々の条件を実験ごとに再現性良く一致させることは一般的に困難である。これに対し、本発明のように、チップを用いた実験系を構築することにより、実験の再現性が向上する。さらに、実験条件を自由に設定することが可能となるので、生体内では実現できないような特殊な条件を自由に設定し、そのような条件下での細胞の特性・挙動を観測することも可能である。
3a 第1基板
3b 第2基板
4 ウエル
5a,5b 溝
6 ウエル底面
8 マトリックス
10 骨片
12 破骨細胞
Claims (6)
- 液で満たされ代表的長さが1mm以下である微小空間をもち、その微小空間の内部の光学的観測を可能とする光透過性の材質からなる底面をもつウエルと、
前記ウエル内の底面に配置されたマトリックスと、
前記ウエル内の前記マトリックス上に配置された骨片と、
前記マトリックスと前記骨片との間に配置された破骨細胞と、を備えた細胞選別器。 - 前記マトリックスはコラーゲンゲルである請求項1に記載の細胞選別器。
- 前記ウエルは円筒形であり、その代表的長さは直径であり、前記ウエルの深さは300μm以下である請求項1又は2に記載の細胞選別器。
- 前記破骨細胞が配置されている位置の酸素濃度は約5%である請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の細胞選別器。
- 請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の細胞選別器を準備する工程、
前記細胞選別器のウエル内の前記骨片の周辺に蛍光体により標識化されたサンプル細胞を配置する工程、
ある時間が経過した後、サンプル細胞の位置を光学的に観測することにより、前記ウエル底面のマトリックスと前記骨片との間へ遊走する細胞と遊走しない細胞とを選別する工程、を備えた細胞選別方法。 - 前記蛍光体は緑色蛍光タンパク質である請求項5に記載の細胞選別方法。
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JPH06327494A (ja) * | 1993-03-23 | 1994-11-29 | Rikagaku Kenkyusho | 細胞選別方法および細胞補集方法 |
JPH0956369A (ja) * | 1995-08-24 | 1997-03-04 | Millennium Biologics Inc | マルチウェル骨細胞培養装置 |
JP2002511843A (ja) * | 1997-03-27 | 2002-04-16 | バーナード オー ポールソン | 細胞集団から腫瘍細胞を除去する標的装置 |
WO2009128483A1 (ja) * | 2008-04-15 | 2009-10-22 | 東ソー株式会社 | 細胞選別装置、およびそれを用いた細胞選別方法 |
WO2012032844A1 (ja) * | 2010-09-08 | 2012-03-15 | 株式会社島津製作所 | 細胞培養容器及びその容器を用いた細胞培養方法 |
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JP5166360B2 (ja) * | 2009-06-23 | 2013-03-21 | 株式会社島津製作所 | マイクロ反応装置を用いた細胞運動評価方法 |
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JPH06327494A (ja) * | 1993-03-23 | 1994-11-29 | Rikagaku Kenkyusho | 細胞選別方法および細胞補集方法 |
JPH0956369A (ja) * | 1995-08-24 | 1997-03-04 | Millennium Biologics Inc | マルチウェル骨細胞培養装置 |
JP2002511843A (ja) * | 1997-03-27 | 2002-04-16 | バーナード オー ポールソン | 細胞集団から腫瘍細胞を除去する標的装置 |
WO2009128483A1 (ja) * | 2008-04-15 | 2009-10-22 | 東ソー株式会社 | 細胞選別装置、およびそれを用いた細胞選別方法 |
WO2012032844A1 (ja) * | 2010-09-08 | 2012-03-15 | 株式会社島津製作所 | 細胞培養容器及びその容器を用いた細胞培養方法 |
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JP5695753B2 (ja) | 2015-04-08 |
US9279802B2 (en) | 2016-03-08 |
JPWO2013046980A1 (ja) | 2015-03-26 |
US20140227733A1 (en) | 2014-08-14 |
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