WO2013013582A1 - 一种汲取高温地热进行发电的装置和方法 - Google Patents

一种汲取高温地热进行发电的装置和方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013013582A1
WO2013013582A1 PCT/CN2012/078666 CN2012078666W WO2013013582A1 WO 2013013582 A1 WO2013013582 A1 WO 2013013582A1 CN 2012078666 W CN2012078666 W CN 2012078666W WO 2013013582 A1 WO2013013582 A1 WO 2013013582A1
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Prior art keywords
evaporator
steam
temperature geothermal
high temperature
return pipe
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PCT/CN2012/078666
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English (en)
French (fr)
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路明
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Lu Ming
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Priority to US13/885,212 priority Critical patent/US20140123643A1/en
Publication of WO2013013582A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013013582A1/zh

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
    • G06N5/00—Computing arrangements using knowledge-based models
    • G06N5/02—Knowledge representation; Symbolic representation
    • G06N5/022—Knowledge engineering; Knowledge acquisition
    • G06N5/025—Extracting rules from data
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
    • F03G7/04—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for using pressure differences or thermal differences occurring in nature
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/10—Geothermal energy

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of geothermal power generation equipment, and is an apparatus and method for extracting high temperature geothermal power for power generation, and more particularly to an apparatus and method for continuously transmitting high temperature geothermal heat to the ground using a gas-liquid phase change. Background technique
  • Geothermal resources are said to be clean new energy on the planet.
  • the development and utilization of geothermal energy like the discovery that coal and oil can burn, has opened up a new era of human energy use.
  • the so-called geothermal resources generally refer to geothermal resources with an economic development and utilization value under current conditions and buried within 10 km underground. Within this range, the global geothermal resource heat storage content is about 1.7 billion times the releasable heat of all coal storage on the planet.
  • Geothermal resources below 150 C are called medium-low temperature geothermal resources, which can be directly used, while geothermal resources higher than 150 C are mainly used for power generation, because according to the heat cycle theory, higher temperature differences can produce higher Heat engine efficiency, so high temperature geothermal is a new generation of clean energy with high practical value.
  • Geothermal power generation is a new type of power generation technology that uses underground hot water or steam as a power source. It involves geology, geophysics, chemistry, drilling, materials science, power generation engineering and many other modern science and technology. Its basic principle is similar to that of thermal power generation. According to the principle of energy conversion, the geothermal energy is first converted into mechanical energy, and then the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. Most of the current electricity generation is underground geothermal water or dry steam above 20 CTC. For underground dry steam power generation, dry steam needs to be taken out of the ground, and then steam is sent to the steam turbine for work. The steam entering the turbine first needs to pass through a purification device to separate the solid impurities therein.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a dual-cycle geothermal power generation system. The figure shows that the high temperature geothermal water in the geothermal well is extracted by the geothermal heat pump and sent to the evaporator to provide heat to the evaporator. At the other end, the low boiling point working fluid is delivered to the evaporator by the working fluid circulation pump.
  • a low-boiling working fluid such as ethyl chloride, Freon
  • the working fluid In the evaporator, the working fluid is vaporized by heat, becomes high-pressure steam, enters the steam turbine generator set to do work, and then becomes a liquid working medium again through the condenser.
  • the hot water of high temperature flows out of the evaporator after heating the working medium, and is discharged into the underground through the recirculation system.
  • the low-boiling working fluid since the low-boiling working fluid has poor heat conductivity, a large metal heat exchange area is required, resulting in a large volume of the evaporator and the condenser, and a high manufacturing cost.
  • the low boiling point working fluid is unstable, flammable, toxic, prone to leakage and pollute the environment.
  • underground hot water and steam often contain a large amount of corrosive substances and scale components.
  • the conventional scheme of pumping high-temperature hot water to the ground is first excluded, but the evaporator is placed underground, the working medium is injected into the evaporator, and the evaporator is directly heated by high-temperature hot water or steam.
  • the working fluid is directly vaporized into steam, which is sent to the steam turbine of the surface by the adiabatic pipeline for work, and then becomes a liquid working medium through the condenser, and then transported back to the underground evaporator to continue the cycle.
  • the principle of using a gas-liquid continuous phase change process to transport high temperature geothermal energy is the same as that of a heat pipe. This heat transfer method has many advantages.
  • the heat transfer efficiency is high, usually several times or even several times that of solid metal, so that heat can be transferred to a farther place with less heat loss.
  • the heat flux density can be changed by changing the heat transfer area. For example, heat is input with a smaller heating area, and heat is output with a larger cooling area, and vice versa.
  • the principle of using the gas-liquid continuous phase change process to transport heat energy that is, the working principle of the heat pipe, can be designed into various schemes according to needs, and is convenient to use.
  • Figure 2 shows a scheme for drawing high temperature geothermal heat based on the heat transfer principle of a heat pipe.
  • the evaporator is connected at the low end (underground high temperature geothermal area), the condenser at the high end (on the ground), and in the middle with an insulated steam tube and return line. Inject the working medium inside the pipe.
  • a heat source is applied to the evaporator, the input heat heats, vaporizes, and vaporizes the liquid working fluid within the heat pipe.
  • the working fluid that becomes high-pressure steam moves to the upper side (condenser direction) of the low temperature and low pressure.
  • the middle insulation line means that the heat output and input in this section are negligible.
  • the exothermic process in the condenser causes the working fluid vapor to release latent heat and condense into a liquid.
  • the condenser forms a liquid head at the high end, the liquid working fluid is automatically returned to the evaporator.
  • the heat transfer is realized by the phase change of the working medium at the cold and hot ends. If the added heat and the released heat remain constant, the phase change process will continue and reach a steady state. If the high-temperature geothermal heat is extracted by the working principle, method and corresponding device in Fig. 2, the traditional geothermal pump and recharge system are no longer needed, so that the overall scheme of high-temperature geothermal power generation is simple, and the geothermal water or steam is prevented from entering the pipeline. In such equipment, internal corrosion and scaling of the equipment are prevented, and maintenance costs are reduced.
  • the heat transfer efficiency is not high.
  • the upwardly moving vapor in the evaporator is opposite to the direction of movement of the liquid returning from the condenser, and shear forces are generated from each other. Steam may take a portion of the liquid entrainment. The higher the working environment temperature, the greater the vapor pressure, and the greater the shearing force with the liquid, the easier it is to take away the liquid working fluid. If there is too much liquid being sucked up and there is not enough liquid returning in the evaporator, the evaporator may be dried and cause damage to the parts. Summary of the invention
  • the apparatus includes an evaporator, a condenser, an exhaust valve, a steam pipe, an electronically controlled throttle valve, a main return pipe, an electronically controlled throttle valve, an internal return pipe capable of generating a swirl, and a steam Wheel generator set.
  • the evaporator In the method, the evaporator is directly placed in the underground high-temperature geothermal region, and the high heat transfer coefficient is used to directly extract the high-temperature geothermal heat to the ground; in the structure: through an internal recirculation capable of generating a swirling flow
  • the tube causes the two-phase flow medium in the chamber of the evaporator to produce a rotational motion and cooperate with the geometry of the evaporator to eliminate the vapor film.
  • This inner return tube is inserted into the bottom of the evaporator chamber to avoid liquid entrainment.
  • the invention provides a device and a method for extracting high-temperature geothermal power for generating electricity.
  • the evaporator is in the lowermost high-temperature geothermal region, the condenser and the generator set are above the ground, and the height difference is determined according to the use occasion. They are connected by insulated pipes.
  • the evaporator is cylindrical or a truncated cone shaped metal tube.
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic view showing the operation of the apparatus for extracting high temperature geothermal power for power generation. The figure shows:
  • the upper end of the evaporator has a steam outlet and a liquid inlet
  • the steam turbine unit has a steam inlet and a steam outlet
  • the condenser has a steam inlet and a liquid outlet
  • a steam pipe connects the steam outlet of the evaporator to the steam inlet of the steam turbine to allow steam to enter the steam turbine.
  • An electronically controlled throttle valve is installed on the steam pipe line to regulate the gas flow rate;
  • the steam outlet steam flow connection pipe of the steam turbine unit is connected to the steam inlet of the condenser, and the steam enters the condenser after working in the steam turbine;
  • One end of the main return pipe is connected to the liquid outlet of the condenser, and the other end is connected to one end of an internal return pipe capable of generating a swirl; an electronically controlled throttle valve is installed on the main return pipe line to control the flow of steam into the condenser. The amount of heat transfer is controlled; the other end of the inner return pipe penetrates from the liquid inlet of the evaporator to the bottom of the evaporator interior.
  • the shape of the inner cavity of the evaporator is inverted truncated cone shape or cylindrical shape;
  • the liquid working medium enters the evaporator from the condenser through the main return pipe and the inner return pipe.
  • Inserting the inner return pipe directly into the lower end of the evaporator means directly guiding the liquid working medium into the evaporator, avoiding the relative movement with a large amount of steam to generate shearing force, avoiding the occurrence of liquid entrainment, and preventing the evaporator Dry inside.
  • the outer surfaces of all pipes are covered with insulation.
  • the inner surface of the inner return pipe is engraved with a plurality of lines to be doubled, and the outer surface has a groove having a thread shape. Since the height of the condenser is higher than the evaporator, there is a liquid head, and the liquid medium flows downward in the inner return pipe.
  • the liquid Due to the guiding action of the inner surface of the double line, the liquid will rotate.
  • the liquid with a certain moment of inertia flows out of the inner return pipe and enters the evaporator.
  • the liquid working fluid is gradually vaporized in the evaporator due to the evaporation of the external high temperature, and becomes a gas-liquid two-phase flow.
  • the thread-shaped groove on the outer surface of the inner return pipe coincides with the direction of the rifling, which will guide the gas-liquid two-phase flow to move in a rotationally upward manner.
  • Figure 4 is a partial detailed view showing the structural relationship between the inner return pipe and the evaporator, showing the detailed structure of the inner return pipe and the bottom of the evaporator in Figure 3.
  • an inverted truncated cone evaporator it means that the evaporator is a sloping wall.
  • the flying liquid particles are subjected to several forces on the wall.
  • Figure 5 shows the force analysis of the liquid particles on the inner wall of the inverted truncated cone evaporator. It can be seen that the water droplets are subjected to a combined force along the wall with a certain centrifugal force. This means that the liquid film moves up the evaporator wall. This movement allows the liquid to more fully contact the hot surface of the evaporator, facilitating evaporation of the liquid.
  • an inverted truncated cone shape means that the inner diameter of the upper portion of the evaporator is large, so that the rotation speed of the two-phase flow in the evaporator is smaller and smaller, and thus the centrifugal force is reduced. If the centrifugal force is too small, liquid particles cannot fly to the wall and a water film cannot be formed. In this case, a cylindrical evaporator is used to maintain the internal centrifugal force, but the formed water film cannot move upward.
  • the choice of an inverted truncated cone or a cylindrical evaporator is determined by the size of the liquid head. The difference in height between the condenser and the evaporator is a decisive factor in the liquid head. The larger the liquid pressure head, the larger the moment of inertia at the outlet of the inner return pipe. At this time, the evaporator should adopt a truncated cone shape, and conversely, a cylindrical shape is preferred.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a dual-cycle geothermal power generation system
  • FIG. 2 is a plan diagram of extracting high temperature geothermal heat by using the heat transfer principle of the heat pipe;
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the operation of a device for extracting high temperature geothermal power for power generation;
  • Figure 4 is a partial detailed view of the structure of the inner return pipe and the structural relationship with the evaporator
  • 1 evaporator, 24 can generate a swirling inner return pipe, 25 a return line on the inner wall of the return pipe, and 26 threads on the outer wall of the inner return pipe.
  • Figure 5 is a force analysis of liquid particles on the wall
  • Figure 6 is a layout view of components of an apparatus for extracting high temperature geothermal power for power generation in a specific embodiment
  • Fig. 6 is a layout view of a part of a device for generating electric power for extracting high temperature geothermal heat in a specific embodiment, and its operation principle is shown in Fig. 3.
  • An apparatus and method for extracting high temperature geothermal power for generating electricity including an evaporator, a condenser, an exhaust valve, a steam pipe, an electronically controlled throttle valve, a main return pipe, and an electronically controlled throttle valve An internal return pipe that produces a swirl, a turbine generator set, and a cooling system.
  • the heat transfer coefficient is large, the resources are abundant, the cost is low, and no toxic substances are produced. Because the high temperature resistant stainless steel material does not react chemically with water, does not oxidize, deforms, and has a high heat transfer coefficient, the condenser, evaporator, and various connecting lines are made of high temperature resistant stainless steel.
  • the evaporator In operation, the evaporator is in the lowermost high temperature geothermal zone, where the high temperature geothermal resource is at a temperature of 200. Above c high temperature Geothermal water and dry steam exist, the height difference from the ground is about 2000m to 3000m.
  • the steam turbine unit and condenser are on the ground.
  • the upper end of the evaporator has a steam outlet and a liquid inlet;
  • the steam turbine has a steam inlet and a steam outlet; there is a steam inlet and a liquid outlet below the condenser; a steam tube connects the steam outlet of the evaporator to the steam inlet of the steam turbine to allow steam to enter the steam turbine for work.
  • An electric control throttle valve is installed on the steam pipe line to adjust the gas flow rate; the steam outlet of the steam turbine unit is connected to the steam inlet of the condenser, and the steam enters the condenser after working in the steam turbine; the upper exhaust valve of the condenser is designed to prevent condensation In the device Gas blockage; one end of the main return pipe is connected to the liquid outlet of the condenser, and the other end is connected to one end of an internal return pipe capable of generating a swirl; an electronically controlled throttle valve is installed on the main return pipe line to control the flow into the condenser The steam flow, thereby controlling the amount of heat transfer; the other end of the inner return pipe extends from the liquid inlet of the evaporator to the bottom of the evaporator interior. The liquid working medium enters the evaporator from the condenser through the main return pipe and the inner return pipe.
  • the outer surfaces of all pipes are covered with a heat insulating material and placed in a protective sleeve with corrosion resistance and hardness.
  • Inserting the inner return pipe directly into the lower end of the evaporator means directly guiding the water back into the evaporator, avoiding the shearing force when moving relative to a large amount of steam, avoiding the phenomenon that the water is sucked by the steam, preventing the occurrence of water. Dry in the evaporator.
  • the inner diameter of the inner tube is 0. 3m
  • the inner diameter is 0. 2m
  • the inner wall is engraved with six deep 0. 01m to the double line
  • the outer wall has a depth of 0. 01m
  • the pitch is 0. 01m thread groove. The thread is twisted in the same direction as the double line.
  • the force analysis of the water droplets on the wall surface is shown, and it can be seen that under a certain centrifugal force, the water droplets are subjected to a resultant force along the wall surface.
  • factors such as manufacturing and use should be considered.
  • the floor area on the underside of the inverted truncated cone should not be too large.
  • the inner surface of the inverted truncated cone of the evaporator has an outer diameter of lm, a height of 1. 5m, and a cone angle of 15°.
  • the high temperature and high pressure steam enters the steam turbine to do work, the turbine rotor rotates, and the thermal energy is converted into electric power output.
  • the function of the condenser is to convert steam into water by exotherm. Inside the condenser is a cooling system with circulating water as the medium. The circulating water absorbs the heat of the steam, and the steam cools down to become liquid water, which enters the evaporator through the main return pipe and the inner return pipe.
  • the invention provides a device and a method for extracting high-temperature geothermal power for power generation, directly placing the evaporator into an underground high-temperature geothermal area, using water as a working medium, and improving the structural design of the component, and utilizing the continuous phase change of the working medium to heat the high-temperature geothermal Transfer to the ground for power generation.
  • This method has high thermal efficiency due to the method of extracting geothermal heat, and the overall heat engine efficiency of the power generating device is high, and the structure is simple and practical, inexpensive, efficient, reliable, and low in maintenance cost.

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Abstract

一种汲取高温地热进行发电的装置和方法，利用液体-蒸汽的相变连续地输送高温地热到地面并进行发电。该发电装置包括蒸发器（1）、冷凝器（2）、排气阀（21）、电控节气阀（18）、带电控节气阀（18）的蒸汽管（19）、电控节流阀（23）、带电控节流阀（23）的主回流管（22）、能产生旋流的内回流管（24）以及汽轮机组（7）。蒸发器（1）被置于地下高温地热区，该发电装置内部使用具有高传热系统的工质。通过能产生旋流的内回流管（24），使得在蒸发器（1）腔体内的两相流工质产生旋转运动。该发电装置可以在较高温度下高效、安全、可靠地工作。

Description

一种汲取高温地热进行发电的装置和方法
技术领域
本发明涉及地热发电设备领域， 是一种汲取高温地热进行发电的装置和方法， 具体是一 种利用气体 -液体的相变连续地输送高温地热到地面并进行发电的装置和方法。 背景技术
地热资源是地球上洁净的新能源说。 开发利用地热能， 就像发现煤炭、石油能够燃烧一样， 开辟了人类利用能源的新纪元。 所谓的地热资源一般是指在当前条件下有经济开发利用价值 的、埋藏深度在地下 10km以内的地热资源。在此范围内， 全球地热资源热储含量约是地球上 全部煤炭储藏的可释放热量的 1. 7亿倍。温度在 150 C书以下的地热资源被称作中低温地热资源， 可以直接利用， 而高于 150 C的地热资源主要用来发电， 因为按照热机循环理论， 较高的温度 差可以产生较高的热机效率， 因而高温地热是新一代具有较高实用价值的清洁能源。
地热发电是利用地下热水或蒸汽为动力源的一种新型的发电技术， 涉及地质学、 地球物 理、 化学、 钻井、 材料科学、 发电工程等多种现代科学技术， 其基本原理同火力发电类似， 也是根据能量转换原理， 首先把地热能转换为机械能， 再把机械能转换为电能。 目前用于发 电的大部分为高于 20CTC的地下地热水或干蒸汽。对于地下干蒸汽发电，需要把干蒸汽从地下 中引出， 然后将蒸汽通入汽轮机做功。 进入汽轮机的蒸汽首先需要通过净化设备以分离出其 中的固体杂质。 对于地下热水发电， 也称为双循环地热发电， 需要利用地下热水加热某种低 沸点工质 （如氯乙烷、 氟利昂）， 使其产生蒸汽， 再进入汽轮机工作。 图 1是双循环地热发电 系统原理图。 图中表示地热井中的高温地热水由地热泵抽出， 被送入蒸发器， 为蒸发器提供 热量。 另一端， 低沸点工质由工质循环泵输送至蒸发器。 在蒸发器中工质受热汽化， 成为高 压蒸汽， 进入汽轮机发电机组做功， 之后经过冷凝器再次成为液态工质。 高温地热水在加热 工质后流出蒸发器， 经过回灌系统排入地下。
上述地热发电系统中， 由于低沸点工质传热性差， 因而需要大的金属换热面积， 致使蒸 发器和冷凝器体积较大， 制造成本高。 低沸点工质的物性不稳定， 且易燃、 有毒， 容易发生 泄露， 污染环境。 另一方面， 为了防止地下水位下降、 地面沉降， 开采地热资源的同时， 需 要在汲取地热水或干蒸汽的地方建立水源回灌系统， 使得目前的地热利用成本有所增加。 此 外， 地下热水和蒸汽中往往含有大量的腐蚀性物质和结垢的成分。 如硫化氢、 二氧化碳等， 它们进入汽轮机、 管道和附属设备内部， 使其受到强烈的腐蚀。 硅、 钙、 镁等物质产生的结 垢经常以碳酸钙、 二氧化硅等化合物出现。 这些现象都对地热发电产生不利影响。 总之， 目前使用的高温地热发电设备存在建设、 维护成本高， 工质工作热效率低、 可靠 性差的不利因素。 为了克服上述弊端， 更高效地利用地热资源， 需要采用结构更加简单实用、 廉价高效、 可靠耐久的装置和方法。
为实现上述目的， 首先排除将高温地热水抽吸到地面使用的传统方案， 而是将蒸发器置 于地下， 蒸发器中注入工质， 直接利用高温地热水或蒸汽加热蒸发器， 使工质直接汽化为蒸 汽， 由绝热管道输送至地表的汽轮机中做功， 后经冷凝器成为液态工质， 再被输送回地下的 蒸发器中， 继续循环往复。利用工质的气体-液体的连续相变过程输送高温地热能量的原理与 热导管的工作原理相同。 这种传热方法有很多优势。 首先， 它的热传导效率高， 一般是固体 金属热传导率的数倍甚至几十倍， 因而可以以较小的热损失将热量输送至较远的地方。再有， 可以通过改变传热面积使热流密度改变。 例如， 以较小的加热面积输入热量， 而以较大的冷 却面积输出热量，反之亦可。工程上，利用工质的气体 -液体的连续相变过程输送热能的原理， 也就是热导管的工作原理， 可以根据需要设计成各种方案， 方便使用。 例如， 图 2给出的根 据热导管的传热原理设计的用于汲取高温地热的方案图。 如图中所示， 蒸发器在低端 （地下 高温地热区）、 冷凝器在高端 （地面上）， 中间用绝热的蒸汽管和回流管管路连接。 管道里面 注入工质。 当热源被施加到蒸发器， 输入的热量将热导管内的液体工质加热、 汽化、 蒸发。 变成高压蒸汽的工质， 向低温、 低压的上方 （冷凝器方向） 运动。 中间的绝热管路意味着此 段的热量的输出和输入均可以忽略不计。 在冷凝器的放热过程会导致工质蒸汽释放潜热， 并 凝结成液体。 由于冷凝器在高端形成液体压头， 液态工质自动回流到蒸发器。利用工质在冷、 热两端的相变， 实现了热量传递。 如果加入的热量和放出的热量保持恒定， 这个相变过程将 持续进行， 并达到一个稳定状态。 如果采用图 2中的工作原理、 方法和相应的装置汲取高温 地热， 则不再需要传统的地热泵和回灌系统， 使得高温地热发电的整体方案简单， 同时避免 了地热水或蒸汽进入管道等设备中， 防止了设备的内部腐蚀和结垢的发生， 减小了维护成本。
采用这样的装置和方法汲取高温地热资源面临一个急需解决的问题。将蒸发器置于地下， 应尽量减小其体积。 为了保证传热量， 必须使用排除使用传统地热发电的低沸点工质， 而使 用高传热系数的工质， 例如如水、 甲醇等。 此类在常温下的液态工质， 在高温环境的情况下， 在蒸发器内腔壁面会形成蒸汽薄膜， 大量的蒸汽气泡在壁面生成， 使得壁面上的液体离开壁 面。 因为蒸汽气泡的传热系数较液体的低很多， 因而降低了壁面的传热量。 所以， 很多热导 管在高温环境使用时， 传热效率并不高。 再有， 蒸发器中向上运动的蒸汽与从冷凝器回来的 液体的运动方向相反， 彼此产生剪切力。 蒸汽可能将液体卷吸带走一部分。 工作环境温度越 高， 蒸汽压力越大， 与液体的剪切力越大， 越容易卷吸带走液体工质。 如果卷吸的液体过多， 蒸发器内没有足够的液体回归， 蒸发器可能会被烧干， 造成零部件的损坏。 发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种结构简单实用、 廉价高效、 可靠耐久的装置和方法， 用于汲取 高温地热 （包括高温地热水和高温地热干蒸汽） 进行发电。 该装置包括一个蒸发器、 一个冷 凝器、 一个排气阀、 一个蒸汽管、 一个电控节气阀、 一个主回流管、 一个电控节流阀、 一个 能产生旋流的内回流管、 一个汽轮发电机组。
本发明创新点： 在方法上， 将蒸发器直接置于地下高温地热区内， 使用高传热系数的工 质， 直接汲取高温地热至地面； 在结构上： 通过一个能产生旋流的内回流管， 使得在蒸发器 的腔体内的两相流工质产生旋转运动， 并与蒸发器的几何形状相配合， 以消除蒸汽薄膜。 这 个内回流管插入到蒸发器的腔体底部， 避免了液体卷吸。 以上特点使得地热发电设备可以在 较高温度下高效、 安全、 可靠地工作。 本发明采用的技术方案：
本发明提出的一种用于汲取高温地热进行发电的装置和方法， 在工作时， 蒸发器在最下 面的高温地热区内， 冷凝器和发电机组在地上面， 高度差根据使用场合决定， 二者由绝热管 道连接。 蒸发器外观上是圆柱形或者是圆锥台形的金属管。 图 3是本发明提出用于汲取高温 地热进行发电的装置的工作原理图。 图中表示：
蒸发器上端有一个蒸汽出口和一个液体入口；
汽轮机组有一个蒸汽入口和一个蒸汽出口；
冷凝器有蒸汽入口和一个液体出口；
一个蒸汽管将蒸发器的蒸汽出口和汽轮机组的蒸汽入口相连， 使得蒸汽进入汽轮机组。 蒸汽管管路上安装电控节气阀， 可以调节气体流量；
汽轮机组的蒸汽出口蒸汽流连接管连接冷凝器的蒸汽入口， 蒸汽在汽轮机内做工后进入 冷凝器；
冷凝器的上部的排气阀， 目的是防止冷凝器中有气体堵塞；
一个主回流管一端连接到冷凝器的液体出口， 另一端连接到一个能产生旋流的内回流管 的一端； 主回流管管路上安装电控节流阀， 可以控制进入冷凝器的蒸汽流量， 控制传热量； 内回流管的另一端从蒸发器的液体入口深入到蒸发器内腔底部。
蒸发器内腔形状呈倒圆锥台形或是圆柱形；
液体工质通过主回流管、 内回流管从冷凝器进入蒸发器。 将内回流管直接插入到蒸发器 的低端， 意味着直接将液体工质引导至蒸发器内， 避免和大量蒸汽相对运动以产生剪切力， 避免了液体卷吸现象的发生， 防止蒸发器内烧干现象。 所有管路外表面裹有绝热材料。 内回流管内表面刻有多条来复线， 外表面有螺纹形状的沟槽。 因为冷凝器的高度高于蒸 发器， 所以存在液体压头， 液体工质在内回流管中向下流动。 由于内表面的来复线的引导作 用， 液体会产生旋转。 具有一定转动惯量的液体流出内回流管， 进入蒸发器， 此时， 因为外 界的高温产生的蒸发作用， 液体工质在蒸发器内逐渐被汽化， 变成了气液两相流。 随着蒸发 器内压力上升， 两相流开始向上运动， 仍保持着旋转离心力。 内回流管外表面的螺纹形状的 沟槽与来复线的旋向一致， 将引导气液两相流以旋转向上的方式运动。 图 4是内回流管与蒸 发器的结构关系的局部详细图， 表示了图 3中内回流管和蒸发器底部的详细结构。 如果此时 处在高温环境， 蒸发器内壁会产生蒸汽薄膜， 大量蒸汽泡附着在蒸发器壁面， 降低了壁面的 传热效率。 但是， 气液两相流中因为液体颗粒的密度相对蒸汽的大， 所以液体颗粒因为旋转 离心力的作用飞向蒸发器的壁面。 而飞来的液体颗粒将会击碎蒸汽薄膜， 消除气泡， 在当地 形成液体薄膜， 使得壁面传热量损失得以恢复。
如果采用倒圆锥台形的蒸发器， 意味着蒸发器是倾斜的壁面。 飞来的液体颗粒在壁面受 到几个作用力的合力。 图 5给出倒圆锥台形蒸发器内壁面上液体颗粒受力分析。 可见， 水滴 在一定的离心力作用下， 受到沿壁面向上的合力。 意味着液体薄膜沿着蒸发器壁面向上移。 这种运动使液体与蒸发器的热表面更充分接触， 有利于液体蒸发。 采用倒圆锥台形意味着蒸 发器上部的内径大， 使得两相流在蒸发器内旋转速度越往上越小， 因而离心力随之减小。 如 果离心力过小， 以致液体颗粒无法飞到壁面， 无法形成水膜。 在这种情况下， 则采用圆柱形 蒸发器， 使其内部的离心力得以保持， 但形成的水膜无法向上移动。 选择采用倒圆锥台形还 是圆柱形的蒸发器， 由液体压头的大小决定。 冷凝器与蒸发器的的高度差是液体压头的决定 性因素。 液体压头越大， 则内回流管出口处的转动惯量越大， 此时蒸发器宜采用圆锥台形， 反之， 以圆柱形为宜。
附图说明
图 1是双循环地热发电系统原理图；
图中， 1蒸发器、 2冷凝器、 3地热井、 4地热水、 5地热泵、 6低沸点工质、 7汽 轮机组、 8工质泵、 9回灌系统、 10 电力输出。
图 2是利用热导管的传热原理汲取高温地热的方案图；
图中， 1蒸发器、 2冷凝器、 11热源、 12蒸汽管道、 13蒸汽流、 14液体回流、 15 液体管道、 16放热.
图 3 是一种用于汲取高温地热进行发电的装置的工作原理图； 图中， 1 蒸发器、 17蒸发器内两相流的旋转方向、 13蒸汽流、 18 电控节气阀、 19 带电控节气阀的蒸汽管、 10电力输出、 7汽轮机组、 20蒸汽流连接管、 2冷凝器、 21排气阀、 22带电控节流阀的主回流管、 14液体回流、 23电控节流阀、 24能产生 旋流的内回流管、 25内回流管内壁上的来复线、 26内回流管外壁上的螺纹。
图 4是内回流管的结构以及和蒸发器的结构关系的局部详细图；
图中， 1蒸发器、 24能产生旋流的内回流管、 25内回流管内壁上的来复线、 26内回 流管外壁上的螺纹。
图 5是壁面上液体颗粒受力分析；
图中， 27蒸发器壁面、 28重力、 29液体颗粒、 30壁面力、 31壁面力与离心力的合、 32液体颗粒所受的力的合力、 33离心力。
图 6是具体实施方案中的一种用于汲取高温地热进行发电的装置的部件的布局图；
图中， 1蒸发器、 19带电控节气阀的蒸汽管、 18电控节气阀、 34保护套筒、 10电 力输出、 7汽轮机组、 20蒸汽流连接管、 35冷却系统、 21排气阀、 2冷凝器、 22带 电控节流阀的主回流管、 23电控节流阀、 24能产生旋流的内回流管。 具体实施方式
以一个具体实施方案进一步说明本发明的原理和结构。 图 6是具体实施方案中的一种用 于汲取高温地热进行发电的装置的部件的布局图， 其工作原理图参见图 3。
一种用于汲取高温地热进行发电的装置和方法， 包括个一个蒸发器、 一个冷凝器、 一个 排气阀、 一个蒸汽管、 一个电控节气阀、 一个主回流管、 一个电控节流阀、 一个能产生旋流 的内回流管、 一个汽轮发电机组、 一个冷却系统。
用水作为工质， 传热系数大， 资源丰富、 成本低、 不产生有毒物质。 因为耐高温不锈钢 材料与水不产生化学反应， 不氧化、 不变形， 而且传热系数高， 所以， 冷凝器、 蒸发器和各 种连接管路均采用耐高温不锈钢材料制作。
在工作时， 蒸发器在最下面的高温地热区内， 其中高温地热资源以温度在 200。c以上高温 地热水和干蒸汽的形式存在，距离地面高度差取 2000m至 3000m左右。汽轮机组和冷凝器在 地面上。 蒸发器上端有一个蒸汽出口和一个液体入口；
汽轮机组有一个蒸汽入口和一个蒸汽出口；冷凝器下面有一个蒸汽入口和一个液体出口； 一个蒸汽管将蒸发器的蒸汽出口和汽轮机组的蒸汽入口相连， 使得蒸汽进入汽轮机组做功。 蒸汽管管路上安装电控节气阀， 可以调节气体流量； 汽轮机组的蒸汽出口连接冷凝器的蒸汽 入口， 蒸汽在汽轮机内做工后进入冷凝器； 冷凝器的上部的排气阀， 目的是防止冷凝器中有 气体堵塞； 一个主回流管一端连接到冷凝器的液体出口， 另一端连接到一个能产生旋流的内 回流管的一端； 主回流管管路上安装电控节流阀， 可以控制进入冷凝器的蒸汽流量， 从而控 制传热量； 内回流管的另一端从蒸发器的液体入口深入到蒸发器内腔底部。 液体工质通过主 回流管、 内回流管从冷凝器进入蒸发器。 所有管路外表面裹有绝热材料， 并放置在一个防腐 蚀、 有一定硬度的保护套筒内。
将内回流管直接插入到蒸发器的低端， 意味着直接将水引导回蒸发器内， 避免和大量蒸 汽相对运动时产生剪切力， 避免了水被蒸汽卷吸的现象的发生， 防止了蒸发器内烧干。 内回 流管外径 0. 3m， 内径 0. 2m， 内壁上刻有六条深 0. 01m的来复线， 外壁上有深 0. 01m， 螺距为 0. 01m螺纹沟槽。螺纹旋向有来复线的一致。因为冷凝器的高度很高于蒸发器，所以存在 2000m 至 3000m的液压水头， 水在内回流管中向下流动。 由于其内表面的来复线的引导作用， 水会 产生旋转。 具有较强转动惯量的水流出内回流管， 进入蒸发器， 成为蒸汽 -水两相流。 因蒸发 作用， 蒸发器内压力增加， 两相流开始向上运动。 因为水和水蒸气的粘性较小， 与壁面的摩 擦损失小， 转动惯量损失小， 所以两相流仍保持较强的旋转离心力。 内回流管外表面有螺纹 形状的沟槽将引导气-水两相流以旋转向上的方式运动。内回流管的结构以及它们内部流体流 动的模式与图 3、 图 4所示相同。
蒸汽-水两相流中因为水滴颗粒的密度相对蒸汽的大，所以液体颗粒因为旋转离心力飞向 蒸发器的内壁面。 此时如果蒸发器处在高温环境中， 在蒸发器内壁产生蒸汽薄膜， 降低壁面 传热量。 而飞来的液体颗粒将会击碎蒸汽薄膜， 在当地形成水膜， 使得壁面传热量的损失得 以恢复。 采用倒圆锥台形的蒸发器， 意味着蒸发器是倾斜的壁面。 参考图 5给出壁面上水滴 受力分析， 可见在一定离心力作用下， 水滴受到沿壁面向上的合力。 意味着水膜沿着蒸发器 内壁面向上移。 这种运动使水膜与蒸发器的热表面更充分接触， 有利于水的蒸发。 除了考虑 上述因素， 还要考虑制造和使用上的因素， 例如倒圆锥台上底面的占地面积不宜过大。 蒸发 器内腔倒圆锥台形的底面外径为 lm， 高度 1. 5m, 圆锥角取 15°。
高温高压蒸汽进入汽轮机组做功， 汽轮机组转子旋转， 热能装化为电力输出。 冷凝器的 功能是通过放热， 将蒸汽转化为水。 在冷凝器内部是一个以循环水为介质的冷却系统。 循环 水吸收蒸汽的热量， 蒸汽降温， 成为液态水， 通过主回流管、 内回流管， 进入蒸发器。
本发明提出的一种汲取高温地热进行发电的装置和方法， 直接将蒸发器放入地下高温地 热区， 用水做工质， 并通过部件的结构设计改进， 利用工质的连续相变， 将高温地热传输至 地面， 用于发电。这种方法由于汲取地热的方法热效率高， 作为发电装置的整体热机效率高， 而且结构简单实用、 廉价高效、 可靠耐久、 维护成本低。

Claims

权 利 要 求 书
1. 一种汲取高温地热进行发电的装置和方法， 包括一个蒸发器、 一个冷凝器、 一个排气阀、 一个电控节气阀、 一个带电控节气阀的蒸汽管、 一个电控节流阀、 一个带电控节流阀的 主回流管、 一个能产生旋流的内回流管、 一个汽轮机组。
2. 根据权利要求 1 所述的一种汲取高温地热进行发电的装置和方法， 其特征在于： 所述的 蒸发器在工作时位于地下高温地热区； 蒸发器外观上是圆柱形或者是圆锥台形的金属管。
3. 根据权利要求 1 所述的一种汲取高温地热进行发电的装置和方法， 其特征在于： 所述的 一个带电控节气阀的蒸汽管是绝热的， 连接蒸发器和汽轮机组。
4. 根据权利要求 1 所述的一种汲取高温地热进行发电的装置和方法， 其特征在于： 所述的 带电控节流阀的主回流管是绝热的， 一端连接到冷凝器的液体出口， 另一端连接到一个 能产生旋流的内回流管的一端。
5. 根据权利要求 1 所述的一种汲取高温地热进行发电的装置和方法， 其特征在于： 内回流 管的一端深入到蒸发器内腔底部。
6. 根据权利要求 1 所述的一种汲取高温地热进行发电的装置和方法， 其特征在于： 所述的 内回流管内表面刻有多条来复线， 外表面有螺纹形状的沟槽， 螺纹的旋向与来复线的一 致。
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