Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D233/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D233/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D233/30—Oxygen or sulfur atoms
  • C07D233/32—One oxygen atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D233/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D233/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D233/30—Oxygen or sulfur atoms
  • C07D233/32—One oxygen atom
  • C07D233/34—Ethylene-urea

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of (meth) acrylic acid esters by esterification of (meth) acrylic acid or transesterification of at least one (meth) acrylic ester with at least one compound which contains at least one OH group in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst containing at least one inorganic salt.
• the invention further relates to the use of the prepared (meth) acrylic esters.
• (meth) acrylic acid is understood to mean acrylic acid and / or methacrylic acid, acrylic acid esters and / or methacrylates being esters of (meth) acrylates.
• (meth) acrylic esters are also referred to as (meth) acrylates.
• the preparation of (meth) acrylates is usually carried out by catalytic esterification of (meth) acrylic acid or transesterification of other (meth) acrylic acid esters with alcohols.
• the reaction product typically contains the desired (meth) acrylate in the (meth) acrylic acid used as starting material or the (meth) acrylic acid ester used as starting material and optionally alcoholic by-products.
• a disadvantage of these compounds is that the metal compounds are sensitive to moisture and therefore easily deactivate.
• traces of the catalysts remaining in the product may influence subsequent polymerization, and therefore must be removed from the product in a complicated manner. Such a distance is usually carried out by means of an aqueous wash, so that the product must then be dried.
• WO 2006/012980 describes the preparation of (meth) acrylates of ring-shaped or open-chain N-hydroxyalkylated amides, wherein in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst, esterification of (meth) acrylic acid from inorganic salts or at least one (meth) acrylic acid ester is transesterified.
• the inorganic salt used is inter alia K 3 P0 4 in anhydrous form. The disadvantage of this is that anhydrous K 3 P0 4 reacts very quickly with the formation of by-products.
• US Pat. No. 7,528,278 describes a transesterification process which uses a mixture of inorganic salts as the heterogeneous catalyst, the transesterification process being carried out in particular in the presence of a mixture of potassium carbonate and potassium chloride. Using this catalyst, the reaction can still provide sufficient conversions up to a water content of 3000 ppm, based on the total weight of the reaction mixture. However, the reaction with potassium carbonate can be much slower than with potassium phosphate.
• the object of the present invention is to provide a simple process with which light esterification products can be prepared in good yield.
• the proportion of multiply (meth) acrylated products should be suppressed.
• the object is achieved by a process for the preparation of (meth) acrylic esters by esterification of (meth) acrylic acid or transesterification of at least one (meth) acrylic ester with at least one compound containing at least one OH group in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst comprising at least one inorganic salt, wherein the esterification or transesterification is carried out in the presence of from 300 to 3000 ppm of water, based on the total weight of the reaction mixture.
• ppm based on the total weight of the reaction mixture, means a mass fraction in one million and can be given in milligrams per kilogram.
• the reaction mixture comprises both the reactants and any auxiliaries such as, for example, solvents or polymerization inhibitors.
• ppm unless otherwise specified, is to be understood as ppm based on the total weight of the reaction mixture.
• the esterification or transesterification is carried out in the presence of 300 to 3000 ppm of water, preferably 400 to 2000 ppm of water. Particularly preferred are 500 to 1200 ppm of water, for example 800 ppm.
• water contains substantially H 2 0 and is preferably present in the liquid state.
• H 2 0 essentially means that the water contains at least 95% (based on the weight of the water), preferably at least 99% (based on the weight of the water) of H 2 O.
• the water may additionally contain a common proportion of impurities which may be less than 5% (by weight of the water), preferably less than 1%.
• impurities one or more of the following compounds in undissolved or dissolved form may be present in the water: inorganic compounds, for example salts and minerals, which may contain, by way of example, the following ions:
• the water can be completely added in any process step.
• the addition of water in parts can be carried out in several process steps, so that in total the desired total amount of water is present.
• (meth) acrylic acid or at least one (meth) acrylic ester and optionally also polymerization inhibitors and, if appropriate, solvents are initially charged.
• this mixture can be heated if necessary.
• This mixture forms the approach to the esterification of (meth) acrylic acid or transesterification of at least one (meth) acrylic ester.
• the water may be supplied in whole or in part in one process step before or after the addition of the heterogeneous catalyst. Preference is given to the complete addition of the water before the addition of the heterogeneous catalyst, more preferably before the addition of the alcohol.
• the catalysts used according to the invention show a slight tendency to deactivate under the influence of the amount of water determined according to the invention.
• inorganic salts which are sufficiently basic to catalyze an esterification or transesterification and, in combination with the amount of water according to the invention, suppress side reactions such as, for example, the Michael reaction.
• the heterogeneous catalyst may be in anhydrous form. In this way, a precise dosage of the water can be achieved.
• some of the water may be contained in the heterogeneous catalyst and this part may be bound in the heterogeneous catalyst, for example, as water of crystallization.
• the part of the water contained in the heterogeneous catalyst can be taken into account in the metering of the amount of water.
• the heterogeneous catalyst may contain up to 10% water based on the total weight of the catalyst.
• Heterogeneous catalysts are within the scope of the invention those which have a solubility in the reaction mixture at 25 ° C of not more than 1 g / l, preferably not more than 0.5 g / l and more preferably not more than 0.25 g / l.
• Inorganic salts which can be used according to the invention are those which have a pK B value of not more than 7.0, preferably not more than 6.1, and more preferably not more than 4.0. At the same time, the pK B value should not be less than 1, 0, preferably not less than 1.5, and particularly preferably not less than 1.6.
• the inorganic salt preferably has at least one anion selected from the group consisting of carbonate (C0 3 2 " ), bicarbonate (HC0 3 “ ), phosphate (P0 4 3 “ ) hydrogen phosphate (HP0 4 2” ), dihydrogen phosphate (H 2 P0 4 " ), sulfate (S0 4 2” ), sulfite (S0 3 2 “ ) and carboxylate (RCOO " ), wherein R Ci-Ci 8 alkyl or optionally by one or more oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or a or a plurality of substituted or unsubstituted imino groups interrupted C 2 -C 8 -alkyl or C 6 -C 2 -aryl.
• Preferred are carbonate and phosphate, particularly preferred is phosphate.
• Phosphate is also to be understood as the condensation products, such as, for example, diphosphates, triphosphates and polyphosphates.
• the inorganic salt preferably has at least one cation selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, ammonium, cerium, iron, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, cobalt, nickel or zinc. Preference is given to alkali metals and particular preference to lithium, sodium or potassium.
• Particularly preferred inorganic salts are Li 3 PO 4 , K 3 PO 4 , Na 3 PO 4 , K 2 CO 3 and Na 2 CO 3 and their hydrates, most preferably K 3 PO 4 .
• Examples of compounds are (meth) acrylic acid methyl, -ethyl, -n-butyl, - / ' so-butyl, -ie / f-butyl, n-octyl and -2-ethylhexyl ester, 1, 2 Ethylene glycol di- and mono (meth) acrylate, 1,4-butanediol di- and mono (meth) acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di- and mono (meth) acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri (meth) acrylate and pentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate.
• (meth) acrylic acid methyl, ethyl, n-butyl and 2-ethylhexyl esters very particular preference to methyl, ethyl and n-butyl (meth) acrylates, in particular (meth) acrylic acid methyl and ethyl ester and especially (meth) acrylic acid methyl ester.
• Suitable compounds having one or more OH group (s) are, in particular, N-hydroxyalkylated amides.
• the N-hydroxyalkylated amides can be cyclic (C) N-hydroxyalkylated amides or open-chain (O) N-hydroxyalkylated amides
• Z 1 is oxygen, sulfur, unsubstituted or substituted phosphorus or un-or monosubstituted nitrogen (NR 3 ),
• R 1 and R 2 are each independently C 2 -C 2 o-alkylene, C 5 -C 2 -cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 2 -arylene or by one or more oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups and / or by one or more cycloalkyl-, - (CO) -, -O (CO) O-, - (NH) (CO) O-, -O (CO) (NH) -, -O ( CO) - or
• C 2 -C 20 -alkylene which is substituted by aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles, for example 1, 2-ethylene, 1, 2-propylene, 1, 3-propylene, 1, 4 Butylene, 1,6-hexylene, 2-methyl-1,3-propylene, 2-ethyl-1,3-propylene, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene, 2,2-dimethyl-1, 4-butylene, optionally substituted by aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, heteroatoms and / or heterocycles substituted C5-Ci2 cycloalkylene, for example cyclopropylene, cyclopentylene, cyclohexylene, cyclooctylene, cyclododecylene, optionally substituted by aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, Heteroatoms and / or heterocycles, substitute
• oxygen and / or sulfur atoms optionally by one or more oxygen and / or sulfur atoms and / or one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino interrupted five- to six-membered, oxygen, nitrogen and / or sulfur atoms containing heterocycle, such as furyl, thiophenyl, pyrryl, pyridyl, indolyl , Benzoxazolyl, dioxolyl, dioxy, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, dimethylpyridyl, methylquinolyl, dimethylpyrryl, methoxyfuryl, dimethoxypyridyl, difluoropyridyl, methylthiophenyl, isopropylthiophenyl or tert-butylthiophenyl.
• heterocycle such as furyl, thiophenyl, pyrryl, pyridyl, indolyl , Benzoxazolyl, diox
• R 1 examples are 1,2-ethylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,1-dimethyl-1,2-ethylene, 1-hydroxy-methyl-1,2-ethylene, 2-hydroxy-1,3-propylene , 1, 3-propylene, 1, 4-butylene, 1, 6-hexylene, 2-methyl-1, 3-propylene, 2-ethyl-1, 3-propylene, 2,2-dimethyl-1, 3-propylene and 2,2-dimethyl-1,4-butylene, 1,2-cyclopentylene, 1,3-cyclopentylene, 1,2-cyclohexylene, 1,3-cyclohexylene and ortho-phenylene.
• R 2 examples are 1,2-ethylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,1-dimethyl-1,2-ethylene, 1-hydroxy-methyl-1,2-ethylene, 2-hydroxy-1,3-propylene , 1, 3-propylene, 1, 4-butylene, 1, 6-hexylene, 2-methyl-1, 3-propylene, 2-ethyl-1, 3-propylene, 2,2-dimethyl-1, 3-propylene and 2,2-dimethyl-1,4-butylene, 1,2-cyclopentylene, 1,3-cyclopentylene, 1,2-cyclohexylene, 1,3-cyclohexylene and ortho-phenylene.
• R 3 and R 5 are independently hydrogen or -C 4 alkyl, which in the context of the present invention is methyl, ethyl, / 'so-propyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, /' so-butyl, sec- Butyl or ie / f-butyl, preferably hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and n-butyl, particularly preferably hydrogen, methyl, ethyl and n-butyl and very particularly preferably hydrogen, methyl and ethyl and in particular for hydrogen.
• R 3 and R 5 may together be 1, 4-butylene, 1, 5-pentylene or 3-oxa-1, 5-pentylene.
• R 4 are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, / 'so-propyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, /' so-butyl, sec-butyl, ie / f-butyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n -Octyl, n-decyl, n-dodecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-hexadecyl, n-octadecyl, n-eicosyl, 2-ethylhexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, cyclododecyl, phenyl, naphthyl or benzyl.
• Z 1 is preferably O or NR 3 , more preferably NR 3 .
• the ring-shaped amides (C) are preferred over the open-chain (O) amides.
• Preferred cyclic amides (C) are 2'-hydroxyethylethyleneurea, 3'-hydroxypropylethyleneurea, 2'-hydroxypropylethyleneurea, 2'-hydroxyethyl-1, 3-propyleneurea, 2'-hydroxypropyl-1,3-propyleneurea, 3 ' -Hydroxypropyl-1,3-propyleneurea, 2'-hydroxyethyl-1,2-propyleneurea, 2'-hydroxypropyl-1,2-propyleneurea, 3'-hydroxypropyl-1,2-propyleneurea, 1 - (2 '-Hydroxyethyl) -imidazolidine-2,4-dione, 1- (2'-hydroxyethyl) -dihydropyrimidine-2,4-dione or 3- (2-hydroxyethyl) -oxazolidin-2-one. Particularly preferred are 2'-hydroxyethylethyleneurea, 3'-hydroxypropyl
• Preferred open-chain amides are N- (2-hydroxyethyl) urea, N- (2-hydroxypropyl) urea, N- (3-hydroxypropyl) urea, N ', N'-dimethyl-N- (2-hydroxyethyl) urea Fabric, N ', N'-dimethyl-N- (2-hydroxypropyl) urea, N', N-dimethyl-N (3-hydroxypropyl) urea, N, N'-diethyl-N- (2-hydroxyethyl) urea, N ', N-diethyl-N (2-hydroxypropyl) urea, N', N'-diethyl-N- (3-hydroxypropyl) urea, N ', N'-di-n-butyl-N- (2-hydroxyethyl) urea, N ', N'-di-n-butyl-N- (2-hydroxypropyl) urea and N', N
• the esterification with (meth) acrylic acid or preferably the transesterification of the amide (C) or (O) is carried out with at least one, preferably a (meth) acrylate in the presence of at least one heterogeneous catalyst comprising at least one inorganic salt, preferably an inorganic salt.
• the process according to the invention is particularly preferably suitable for the preparation of ureido (meth) acrylates by transesterification of (meth) acrylate.
• Typical by-products of the reaction of ring-shaped or open-chain N-hydroxyalkylated amides in which Z 1 is NH with (meth) acrylic acid or (meth) acrylic acid esters are the (meth) acrylamide linked via this nitrogen atom, the addition product linked via this nitrogen atom to the double bond of the reactant (meth) acrylate or of the ureido (meth) acrylate, the addition product linked via the free hydroxy group to the double bond of the reactant (meth) acrylate or of the ureido (meth) acrylate, as well as products derived from a intra- or intermolecular cleavage of the group R 5 -Z 1 resulting from the ring-shaped or open-chain N-hydroxyalkylated amides, which then in turn can be esterified or transesterified.
• the catalyzed esterification or transesterification is generally carried out at a temperature of the reaction mixture of 30 to 140 ° C, preferably at 50 to 120 ° C, more preferably at 60 to 100 ° C and most preferably at 60 to 90 ° C.
• reaction can be carried out under a slight vacuum of, for example, 300 mbar to atmospheric pressure if the water released in the esterification or the low-boiling alcohol formed during the transesterification, if appropriate as an azeotrope, should be distilled off.
• the molar ratio between (meth) acrylic acid or (meth) acrylic acid ester and alcohol (C) or (O) is usually 1 to 30: 1 in the case of the esterification or transesterification catalyzed by an inorganic salt in the presence of an amount of water determined according to the invention mol / mol, preferably 1, 5 to 20: 1 mol / mol and particularly preferably 2 to 10: 1 mol / mol.
• the content of inorganic salts in the reaction mixture is generally in the range of about 0.01 to 5 mol%, preferably 0.1 to 1, 8 and particularly preferably 0.5 to 1, 5 mol% based on the sum of used components (C) or (O).
• polymerization inhibitors may be required.
• additional polymerization inhibitors for example hydroquinone monomethyl ether, phenothiazine, phenols, such as, for example, 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 6-tert.
• additional polymerization inhibitors for example hydroquinone monomethyl ether, phenothiazine, phenols, such as, for example, 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 6-tert.
• additional polymerization inhibitors for example hydroquinone monomethyl ether, phenothiazine, phenols, such as, for example, 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 6-tert.
• polymerization inhibitors present in any case in the (meth) acrylic ester Butyl-2,4-dimethylphenol or N-oxyls, such as 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-N-oxyl, 4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N oxyl or Uvin
• the products having a color number are generally obtained below 250 Hazen, preferably below 150 and particularly preferably below 60.
• the reaction can take place in organic solvents or mixtures thereof or without the addition of solvents.
• the batches can be substantially free of water except for the water added according to the invention. Alternatively, the batches may have a water content which may be taken into account in the addition of the water and may be lowered azeotropically if the water content is too high.
• the solvents are largely free of primary and secondary alcohols, i. less than 10% by weight alcohol content, preferably less than 5% by weight alcohol content, more preferably less than 1% by weight alcohol content and very particularly preferably less than 0.5% by weight alcohol content.
• Suitable organic solvents are those known for this purpose, for example tertiary monools, such as C 3 -C 6 -alcohols, preferably tert-butanol, tert-amyl alcohol, pyridine, poly-Ci-C4-alkylenglykoldi-Ci-C 4 -alkyl ether, preferably poly ethylene glycol di-CrC 4 alkyl ethers, such as 1, 2-dimethoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether 500, CrC 4 -Alkylencarbonate, especially production pylencarbonat, acetic acid-C 3 -C 6 alkyl esters, in particular tert-butyl acetate , Tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, 1,3-dioxolane, acetone, isobutyl methyl ketone, ethyl methyl ketone, 1,4-d
• the reaction is carried out in the (meth) acrylic acid ester used as starting material.
• the product (C) or (O) is obtained after completion of the reaction as about 10 to 80% strength by weight solution in the (meth) acrylic acid ester used as starting material, in particular as a 20 to 50% strength by weight solution.
• the starting materials are either dissolved, suspended as solids or in emulsion in the reaction mixture.
• the initial concentration of the reactants is in the range of about 0.1 to 20 mol / l, in particular 0.15 to 10 mol / l or 0.2 to 5 mol / l.
• the reaction can be carried out continuously, for example in a tubular reactor or in a stirred reactor cascade, or discontinuously.
• the reaction can be carried out in all reactors suitable for such a reaction. Suitable reactors are known to the person skilled in the art.
• the reaction preferably takes place in a stirred tank reactor or a fixed bed reactor.
• the mixing can be carried out, for example, by feeding in a gas, preferably an oxygen-containing gas (see below).
• the reaction mixture can be monophase or polyphase and the reactants are initially dissolved, suspended or emulsified.
• the temperature is adjusted to the desired value during the reaction and, if desired, can be increased or decreased during the course of the reaction.
• the removal of water in the case of esterification or alcohols released by transesterification from the alkyl (meth) acrylates is carried out continuously or stepwise in a manner known per se, e.g. Distillation under normal pressure or azeotropic removal, stripping, adsorption, pervaporation and diffusion via membranes or extraction.
• the stripping can be carried out, for example, by passing an oxygen-containing gas, preferably an air or air-nitrogen mixture, through the reaction mixture, optionally in addition to a distillation.
• molecular sieves or zeolites of a pore size e.g. in the range of about 3 to 10 ⁇ , a separation by distillation or by means of suitable semipermeable membranes.
• the resulting product mixture can be reused without further purification or, if necessary, purified in a further step.
• the heterogeneous catalyst used is separated off from the product mixture and the desired reaction product is separated from any organic solvent used. Separation from the heterogeneous catalyst is generally carried out by filtration, electro filtration, absorption, centrifugation or decantation, preferably by filtration. The separated heterogeneous catalyst can then be used for further reactions.
• the separation from the organic solvent is usually carried out by distillation, rectification or solid reaction products by filtration.
• a chromatography can also be carried out.
• the heterogeneous catalyst and the optionally used solvent are separated off.
• the reaction conditions in the case of the esterification or transesterification according to the invention are preferably selected such that the formation of by-products which, for example, originate from undesired free-radical polymerization of the (meth) acrylate used and can otherwise be prevented only by addition of stabilizers, is reduced.
• the (meth) acrylic acid esters prepared according to the invention are used, for example, as monomers or comonomers in the preparation of dispersions, for example acrylic dispersions, as reactive diluents, for example in radiation-curable coating compositions or in paints, preferably in exterior paints, and in dispersions for use in the paper sector, in the cosmetics sector, in the Pharmaceuticals, in agrofuels, in the textile industry and in the field of oil production.
• dispersions for example acrylic dispersions, as reactive diluents, for example in radiation-curable coating compositions or in paints, preferably in exterior paints, and in dispersions for use in the paper sector, in the cosmetics sector, in the Pharmaceuticals, in agrofuels, in the textile industry and in the field of oil production.
• dispersions for example acrylic dispersions, as reactive diluents, for example in radiation-curable coating compositions or in paints, preferably in exterior paints, and in dispersions for use in the
• Catalysts K1, K2, K3 and K4 were analyzed by elemental analysis and the results for their compositions are listed in Table 1 with the elements in the catalyst attached as a salt. Table 1: Composition of catalysts K1 to K4 determined by elemental analysis
• K 3 P0 4 catalysts K1, K2 and K3 was determined by laser diffraction (Malvern Mastersize 2000) and the Scirocco dispersing unit at pressures of 0.5 bar, 1, 0 bar and 3.0 bar. The results are shown in Table 2.
• Table 2 Particle size of the catalysts K1 to K3 determined by means of laser diffraction.
• Example 1 Transesterification of MMA with 800 ppm of water
• the transesterification was carried out in a 750 mL jacketed reactor equipped with an anchor stirrer, a separation column and a liquid divider.
• the reflux ratio was 3: 1 (reflux: drain), the stirring speed (armature stirrer) 200-250 rpm and the air inlet 1, 5 L / h.
• PTZ phenothiazine
• MEHQ methylhydroquinone
• MMA methyl methacrylate
• phenothiazine (PTZ), 0.861 g of methylhydroquinone (MEHQ) (polymerization inhibitors) and 2070 g of MMA were initially charged at room temperature.
• the reaction mixture was heated to 70 ° C and 390 g of 2-hydroxyethyl ethyleneurea (HEEH), the catalyst (K 3 P0 4 , 7.95 g) and 800 ppm of water was added.
• the batch thus obtained comprised in total 50 ppm PTZ, 350 ppm MEHQ, 20.7 mol MMA, 3 mol HEEH, 800 ppm water and 1.25 mol% (based on HEEH) K 3 PO 4 .
• Table 6 Results of the transesterification of MMA with HEEH to UMA in a 4L reactor, wherein no water was supplied to the reaction.
• Table 7 The results after 6 hours are shown in Table 7 for the four catalysts K1, K2, K3 and K4 depending on the amount of water added. Table 7 also lists the content of HEEH and UMA in the product for each water content. In addition to the by-products and the crosslinker, Table 7 shows the amount of reacted HEEH (in%), the potassium content (in ppm) and the color number (in Hazen).
• Table 7 Results of the transesterification of MMA with HEEH to UMA for the four catalysts K1, K2, K3 and K4 depending on water addition.

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• 2012
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