Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
  • A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
  • A01C1/06—Coating or dressing seed
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
  • A01G7/00—Botany in general
  • A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/30—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests characterised by the surfactants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/18—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing the group —CO—N<, e.g. carboxylic acid amides or imides; Thio analogues thereof
  • A01N37/22—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing the group —CO—N<, e.g. carboxylic acid amides or imides; Thio analogues thereof the nitrogen atom being directly attached to an aromatic ring system, e.g. anilides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/44—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing at least one carboxylic group or a thio analogue, or a derivative thereof, and a nitrogen atom attached to the same carbon skeleton by a single or double bond, this nitrogen atom not being a member of a derivative or of a thio analogue of a carboxylic group, e.g. amino-carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/46—N-acyl derivatives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/50—1,3-Diazoles; Hydrogenated 1,3-diazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/64—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/647—Triazoles; Hydrogenated triazoles
  • A01N43/653—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N2300/00—Combinations or mixtures of active ingredients covered by classes A01N27/00 - A01N65/48 with other active or formulation relevant ingredients, e.g. specific carrier materials or surfactants, covered by classes A01N25/00 - A01N65/48
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A90/00—Technologies having an indirect contribution to adaptation to climate change
  • Y02A90/10—Information and communication technologies [ICT] supporting adaptation to climate change, e.g. for weather forecasting or climate simulation

Definitions

• the present invention relates to active compound combinations, in particular within a fungicide composition, which comprises (A) 2,6-dichloro-A f -[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridylmethyl]benzamide (CAS-No 239110-15-7, common name fluopicolide) of formula (I) and a further fungicidally active compound (B).
• a fungicide composition which comprises (A) 2,6-dichloro-A f -[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridylmethyl]benzamide (CAS-No 239110-15-7, common name fluopicolide) of formula (I) and a further fungicidally active compound (B).
• the invention relates to a method for curatively or preventively combating undesirable microorganisms of plants or crops, to the use of a combination according to the invention for the treatment of seed, to a method for protecting a seed and not at least to the treated seed.
• Fluopicolide as such are already known.
• the fungicidal use of fluopicolide is known (WO-A 1999/42447).
• the present invention provides active compound combinations/compositions which in some aspects at least achieve the stated objective
• the present invention provides a combination comprising:
• Cyazofamid is know from EP-B 298196.
• Amisulbrom is known from JP-A 2001/187786.
• Fluazinam is known from EP-B 0031257.
• Metalaxyl is known from DE-A 2515091. Effects
• the combinations according to the invention not only bring about the additive enhancement of the spectrum of action with respect to the undesirable microorganisms to be combatted that was in principle to be expected but achieves a synergistic effect which extends the range of action of the component (A) and of the component (B) in two ways. Firstly, the rates of application of the component (A) and of the component (B) are lowered whilst the action remains equally good. Secondly, the combination still achieves a high degree of phytopatho- gen control even where the two individual compounds have become totally ineffective in such a low application rate range. This allows, on the one hand, a substantial broadening of the spectrum of phytopathogens that can be controlled and, on the other hand, increased safety in use.
• the active compound combinations ac- cording to the invention have further surprising properties which, in a wider sense, may also be called synergistic, such as, for example: broadening of the activity spectrum to other phytopathogens, for example to resistant strains of plant diseases; lower application rates of the active compounds; sufficient control of pests with the aid of the active compound combinations according to the invention even at application rates where the individual compounds show no or virtually no activity; advantageous behaviour during formulation or during use, for example during grinding, siev- ing, emulsifying, dissolving or dispensing; improved storage stability and light stability; advantageous residue formation; improved toxicological orecotoxicological behaviour;
• the active compound combinations according to the invention have further surprising effects so called plant physiology effects.
• plant physiology effects comprise the following:
• Abiotic stress tolerance comprising temperature tolerance, drought tolerance and recovery after drought stress, water use efficiency (correlating to reduced water consumption), flood tolerance, ozone stress and UV tolerance, tolerance towards chemicals like heavy metals, salts, pesticides (safener) etc.
• Biotic stress tolerance comprising increased fungal resistance and increased resistance against nematodes, viruses and bacteria.
• biotic stress tolerance preferably comprises increased fungal resistance and increased resistance against nematodes
• Increased plant vigor comprising plant health / plant quality and seed vigor, reduced stand failure, improved appearance, increased recovery, improved greening effect and improved photo synthetic efficiency.
• growth regulators comprising earlier germination, better emergence, more developed root system and/or improved root growth, increased ability of tillering, more productive tillers, earlier flowering, increased plant height and/or biomass, shorting of stems, improvements in shoot growth, number of kernels/ear, number of ears/m 2 , number of stolons and or number of flowers, enhanced harvest index, bigger leaves, less dead basal leaves, improved phyllotaxy, earlier maturation / earlier fruit finish, homogenous riping, increased duration of grain filling, better fruit finish, bigger fruit/vegetable size, sprouting resistance and reduced lodging.
• Increased yield referring to total biomass per hectare, yield per hectare, kernel/fruit weight, seed size and/or hectolitre weight as well as to increased product quality, comprising: improved processability relating to size distribution (kernel, fruit, etc.), homogenous riping, grain moisture, better milling, better vinification, better brewing, increased juice yield, harvestability, digestibility, sedimentation value, falling number, pod stability, storage stability, improved fiber length/strength/uniformity, increase of milk and/or meet quality of silage fed animals, adaption to cooking and frying; further comprising improved marketability relating to improved fruit/grain quality, size distribution (kernel, fruit, etc.), increased storage / shelf-life, firmness / softness, taste (aroma, texture, etc.), grade (size, shape, number of berries, etc.), number of berries/fruits per bunch, crispness, freshness, coverage with wax, frequency of physiological disorders, colour, etc.; further comprising increased desired ingredients such as e.g
• protein content protein content, fatty acids, oil content, oil quality, aminoacid composition, sugar content, acid content (pH), sugar/acid ratio (Brix), polyphenols, starch content, nutritional quality, gluten content/index, energy content, taste, etc.; and further comprising decreased undesired ingredients such as e.g. less mycotoxines, less aflatoxines, geosmin level, phenolic aromas, lacchase, polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases, nitrate content etc.
• decreased undesired ingredients such as e.g. less mycotoxines, less aflatoxines, geosmin level, phenolic aromas, lacchase, polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases, nitrate content etc.
• Delayed senescence comprising improvement of plant physiology which is manifested, for example, in a longer grain filling phase, leading to higher yield, a longer duration of green leaf colouration of the plant and thus comprising colour (greening), water content, dryness etc..
• the specific inventive application of the active compound combination makes it possible to prolong the green leaf area duration, which delays the maturation (senescence) of the plant.
• the main advantage to the farmer is a longer grain filling phase leading to higher yield.
• sedimentation value is a measure for protein quality and describes according to Zeleny (Zeleny value) the degree of sedimentation of flour suspended in a lactic acid solution during a standard time interval. This is taken as a measure of the baking quality. Swelling of the gluten fraction of flour in lactic acid solution affects the rate of sedimentation of a flour suspension. Both a higher gluten content and a better gluten quality give rise to slower sedimentation and higher Zeleny test values.
• the sedimentation value of flour depends on the wheat protein composition and is mostly correlated to the protein content, the wheat hardness, and the volume of pan and hearth loaves.
• the falling number results are recorded as an index of enzyme activity in a wheat or flour sample and results are expressed in time as seconds.
• a high falling number (for example, above 300 seconds) indicates minimal enzyme activity and sound quality wheat or flour.
• a low falling number (for example, below 2 0 seconds) indicates substantial enzyme activity and sprout- damaged wheat or flour.
• the term "more developed root system” / "improved root growth” refers to longer root system, deeper root growth, faster root growth, higher root dry/fresh weight, higher root volume, larger root surface area, bigger root diameter, higher root stability, more root branching, higher number of root hairs, and/or more root tips and can be measured by analyzing the root architecture with suitable methodologies and Image analysis pro- grammes (e.g. WinRhizo).
• crop water use efficiency refers technically to the mass of agriculture produce per unit water consumed and economically to the value of product(s) produced per unit water volume consumed and can e.g. be measured in terms of yield per ha, biomass of the plants, thousand-kernel mass, and the number of ears per m2.
• nitrogen-use efficiency refers technically to the mass of agriculture produce per unit nitrogen con- sumed and economically to the value of product(s) produced per unit nitrogen consumed, reflecting uptake and utilization efficiency.
• Fv/Fm is a parameter widely used to indicate the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII). This parameter is widely considered to be a selective indication of plant photo synthetic performance with healthy samples typically achieving a maximum Fv/Fm value of approx. 0.85. Values lower than this will be observed if a sample has been exposed to some type of biotic or abiotic stress factor which has reduced the capacity for photochemical quenching of energy within PSII.
• Fv/Fm is presented as a ratio of variable fluorescence (Fv) over the maximum fluorescence value (Fm).
• the Performance Index is essentially an indicator of sample vitality. (See e.g. Advanced Techniques in Soil Microbiology, 2007, 11, 319-341 ; Applied Soil Ecology, 2000, 15, 169-182.)
• the improvement in greening / improved colour and improved photosynthetic efficiency as well as the delay of senescence can also be assessed by measurement of the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), measurement of the chlorophyll content, e.g. by the pigment extraction method of Ziegler and Ehle, measurement of the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm ratio), determination of shoot growth and final root and/or canopy biomass, determination of tiller density as well as of root mortality.
• Pn net photosynthetic rate
• Fv/Fm ratio photochemical efficiency
• plant physiology effects which are selected from the group comprising: enhanced root growth / more developed root system, improved greening, improved water use efficiency (correlating to reduced water consumption), improved nutrient use efficiency, comprising especially improved nitrogen (N)-use efficiency, delayed senescence and enhanced yield.
• enhancement of yield preference is given as to an improvement in the sedimentation value and the falling number as well as to the improvement of the protein and sugar content - especially with plants selected from the group of cereals (preferably wheat).
• the novel use of the fungicidal compositions of the present invention relates to a combined use of a) preventively and/or curatively combating pathogenic fungi and/or nematodes, with or without resistance management, and b) at least one of enhanced root growth, improved greening, improved water use efficiency, delayed senescence and enhanced yield. From group b) enhancement of root system, water use efficiency and N- use efficiency is particularly preferred.
• the active compound combinations according to the invention may contribute to enhanced systemic action. Even if the individual compounds of the combination have no sufficient systemic properties, the active compound combinations according to the invention may still have this property. In a similar manner, the active compound combinations according to the invention may result in higher long term efficacy of the fungicidal action.
• the active compounds in the active compound combinations according to the invention are present in certain weight ratios, the synergistic effect is particularly pronounced.
• the weight ratios of the active compounds in the active compound combinations can be varied within a relatively wide range.
• the compounds (A) and (B) are present in a synergistically effective weight ratio of A:B in a range of 100:1 to 1: 100, preferably in a weight ratio of 50: 1 to 1 :50, most preferably in a weight ratio of 20: 1 to 1:20.
• ratios of A:B which can be used according to the present invention with increasing preference in the order given are: 95: 1 to 1 :95, 90: 1 to 1 :90, 85: 1 to 1:85, 80: 1 to 1:80, 75: 1 to 1:75, 70: 1 to 1:70, 65: 1 to 1 :65, 60:1 to 1 :60, 55: 1 to 1:55, 45: 1 to 1 :45, 40:1 to 1 :40, 35 :1 to 1 :35, 30: 1 to 1 :30, 25: 1 to 1 :25, 15: 1 to 1: 15, 10: 1 to 1: 10, 5: 1 to 1:5, 4:1 to 1 :4, 3:1 to 1 :3, 2:1 to 1 :2.
• Compounds (A) or compounds (B) having at least one basic centre are capable of forming, for example, acid addition salts, e.g. with strong inorganic acids, such as mineral acids, e.g. perchloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, nitrous acid, a phosphoric acid or a hydrohalic acid, with strong organic carboxylic acids, such as unsub- stituted substituted, e.g. halo-substituted, C1-C4 alkanecarboxylic acids, e.g. acetic acid, saturated or unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, e.g.
• strong inorganic acids such as mineral acids, e.g. perchloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, nitrous acid, a phosphoric acid or a hydrohalic acid
• strong organic carboxylic acids such as unsub- stituted substituted, e.g. halo-substituted, C1
• oxalic, malonic, succinic, maleic, fumaric and phthalic acid hydroxycarboxylic acids, e.g. ascorbic, lactic, malic, tartaric and citric acid, or benzoic acid, or with organic sulfonic acids, such as unsubstituted or substituted, e.g. halo-substituted, Ci-C4alkane- or aryl-sulfonic acids, e.g. methane- or p- toluene-sulfonic acid.
• Compounds (A) or compounds (B) having at least one acid group are capable of forming, for example, salts with bases, e.g.
• metal salts such as alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts, e.g. sodium, potassium or magnesium salts, or salts with ammonia or an organic amine, such as morpholine, piperidine, pyr- rolidine, a mono-, di- or tri-lower alkylamine, e.g. ethyl-, diethyl-, triethyl- or dimethyl-propyl-amine, or a mono-, di- or tri-hydroxy-lower alkylamine, e.g. mono-, di- or tri-ethanolamine.
• corresponding internal salts may optionally be formed. In the context of the invention, preference is given to agrochemically advantageous salts.
• any reference to the free compounds (A) or free compounds (B) or to their salts should be understood as including also the corresponding salts or the free compounds (A) or free compounds (B), respectively, where appropriate and expedient.
• the equivalent also applies to tautomers of compounds (A) or compounds (B) and to their salts.
• the expression “combination” stands for the various combinations of compounds (A) and (B), for example in a single “ready-mix” form, in a combined spray mixture composed from separate formulations of the single active compounds, such as a "tank-mix", and in a combined use of the single active ingredients when applied in a sequential manner, i.e. one after the other with a reasonably short period, such as a few hours or days.
• the order of applying the compounds (A) and (B) is not essential for working the present invention.
• the expression “combating” stands for a reduction of undesirable microorganisms on the plant or any plant part when comparing a plant or any plant part treated with the combinations or compositions according to the invention with an untreated plant or plant part of at least 20 %, more preferably 30 %, more preferably 40 %, more preferably 50 %, more preferably 60 %, more preferably 75 %, more pref- erably 90 %, more preferably 95%.
• the active compounds or compositions according to the invention have strong microbicidal activity and can be used for combating undesirable microorganisms, such as fungi and bacteria, in crop protection and material protection.
• Undesirable microorganisms are Plasmodiophoromycetes, Oomycetes, Chytridiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Asco- mycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes as well as Pseudomonadaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Enterobacte- riaceae, Corynebacteriaceae and Streptomycetaceae.
• the present invention furthermore relates to compositions for combating undesirable microorganisms comprising the active compound combinations according to the invention.
• the compositions are fungicidal compositions comprising agriculturally suitable auxiliaries, solvents, carriers, surfactants or extenders.
• the invention relates to a method of combating undesirable microorganisms, characterized in that the active compound combinations or compositions according to the invention are applied to the phytopathogenic fungi and or their habitat.
• the combinations (A) Fluopicolide and (B-l-1) Cyazofamid, (I) Fluopicolide and (B-l-2) Amisulbrom, (A) Fluopicolide and (B-4) Fluazinam can be used for combating undesirable microorganisms, characterized in that the active compound combinations or compositions according to the invention are applied to the phytopathogenic fungi and/or their habitat.
• carrier is to be understood as meaning a natural or synthetic, organic or inorganic substance which is mixed or combined with the active compounds for better applicability, in particular for ap- plication to plants or plant parts or seeds.
• the carrier which may be solid or liquid, is generally inert and should be suitable for use in agriculture.
• Suitable solid or liquid carriers are: for example ammonium salts and natural ground minerals, such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground synthetic minerals, such as finely divided silica, alumina and natural or synthetic silicates, resins, waxes, solid fertilizers, water, alcohols, especially butanol, organic solvents, mineral oils and vegetable oils, and also derivatives thereof. It is also possible to use mixtures of such carriers.
• natural ground minerals such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth
• ground synthetic minerals such as finely divided silica, alumina and natural or synthetic silicates, resins, waxes, solid fertilizers, water, alcohols, especially butanol, organic solvents, mineral oils and vegetable oils, and also derivatives thereof. It is also possible to use mixtures of such carriers.
• Solid carriers suitable for granules are: for example crushed and fractionated natural minerals, such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite, dolomite, and also synthetic granules of inorganic and organic meals and also granules of organic material, such as sawdust, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks.
• Suitable liquefied gaseous extenders or carriers are liquids which are gaseous at ambient temperature and under atmospheric pressure, for example aerosol propellants, such as butane, propane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
• Tackifiers such as carboxymethylcellulose and natural and synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules and latices, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, or else natural phospholipids, such as cephalins and lecithins and synthetic phospholipids can be used in the formulations.
• Other possible additives are mineral and vegetable oils and waxes, optionally modified.
• Suitable liquid solvents are essentially: aromatic compounds, such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatic compounds or chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example mineral oil fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols, such as butanol or glycol, and also ethers and esters thereof, ketones, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents, such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulphoxide, and also water.
• aromatic compounds such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes
• chlorinated aromatic compounds or chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene
• compositions according to the invention may comprise additional further components, such as, for example, surfactants.
• surfactants are emulsifiers, dispersants or wetting agents having ionic or nonionic proper- ties, or mixtures of these surfactants.
• salts of polyacrylic acid salts of lignosulphonic acid, salts of phenolsulphonic acid or naphthalenesulphonic acid, polycondensates of ethylene oxide with fatty alcohols or with fatty acids or with fatty amines, substituted phenols (preferably alkylphenols or arylphenols), salts of sulphosuccinic esters, taurine derivatives (preferably alkyl tartrates), phosphoric esters of polyethox- ylated alcohols or phenols, fatty esters of polyols, and derivatives of the compounds containing sulphates, sul- phonates and phosphates.
• substituted phenols preferably alkylphenols or arylphenols
• salts of sulphosuccinic esters salts of sulphosuccinic esters
• taurine derivatives preferably alkyl tartrates
• the presence of a surf actant is required if one of the active compounds and/or one of the inert carriers is insoluble in water and when the application takes place in water.
• the proportion of surfactants is between 5 and 40 per cent by weight of the composition according to the invention.
• colorants such as inorganic pigments, for example iron oxide, titanium oxide, Prussian blue, and organic dyes, such as alizarin dyes, azo dyes and metal phthalocyanine dyes, and trace nutrients, such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
• inorganic pigments for example iron oxide, titanium oxide, Prussian blue
• organic dyes such as alizarin dyes, azo dyes and metal phthalocyanine dyes
• trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
• additional components may also be present, for example protective colloids, binders, adhe- sives, thickeners, thixotropic substances, penetrants, stabilizers, sequestering agents, complex formers.
• the active compounds can be combined with any solid or liquid additive customarily used for formulation purposes.
• compositions according to the invention comprise between 0.05 and 99 per cent by weight, 0.01 and 98 per cent by weight, preferable between 0.1 and 95 per cent by weight, particularly preferred between 0.5 and 90 per cent by weight of the active compound combination according to the invention, very particularly preferable between 10 and 70 per cent by weight.
• the active compound combinations or compositions according to the invention can be used as such or, depending on their respective physical and/or chemical properties, in the form of their formulations or the use forms prepared therefrom, such as aerosols, capsule suspensions, cold-fogging concentrates, warm-fogging concentrates, encapsulated granules, fine granules, flowable concentrates for the treatment of seed, ready-to-use solutions, dustable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, water-in-oil emulsions, macrogranules, microgranules, oil- dispersible powders, oil-miscible flowable concentrates, oil-miscible liquids, foams, pastes, pesticide-coated seed, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsion concentrates, soluble concentrates, suspensions, wettable powders, soluble powders, dusts and granules, water-soluble granules or tablets, water-soluble powders for
• the formulations mentioned can be prepared in a manner known per se, for example by mixing the active compounds or the active compound combinations with at least one additive.
• Suitable additives are all customary formulation auxiliaries, such as, for example, organic solvents, extenders, solvents or diluents, solid carriers and fillers, surfactants (such as adjuvants, emulsifiers, dispersants, protective colloids, wetting agents and tackifiers), dispersants and/or binders or fixatives, preservatives, dyes and pigments, defoamers, inorganic and organic thickeners, water repellents, if appropriate siccatives and UV stabilizers, gibberellins and also water and further processing auxiliaries.
• further processing steps such as, for example, wet grinding, dry grinding or granulation may be required.
• compositions according to the invention do not only comprise ready-to-use compositions which can be ap- plied with suitable apparatus to the plant or the seed, but also commercial concentrates which have to be diluted with water prior to use.
• the active compound combinations or compositions according to the invention can be present in (commercial) formulations and in the use forms prepared from these formulations as a mixture with other (known) active compounds, such as insecticides, attractants, sterilants, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, growth regulators, herbicides, fertilizers, safeners and Semiochemicals.
• active compounds such as insecticides, attractants, sterilants, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, growth regulators, herbicides, fertilizers, safeners and Semiochemicals.
• compositions according to the invention for combating undesirable microorganisms in crop protection comprise an active, but non-phytotoxic amount of the compounds according to the invention.
• Active, but non- phytotoxic amount shall mean an amount of the composition according to the invention which is sufficient to control or to completely kill the plant disease caused by undesirable microorganisms, which amount at the same time does not exhibit noteworthy symptoms of phytotoxicity.
• These application rates generally may be varied in a broader range, which rate depends on several factors, e.g. undesirable microorganisms, the plant or crop, the climatic conditions and the ingredients of the composition according to the invention.
• the fact that the active compounds, at the concentrations required for the combating of undesirable microorganisms, are well tolerated by plants permits the treatment of aerial plant parts, of vegetative propagation material and seed, and of the soil.
• the treatment according to the invention of the plants and plant parts with the active compounds or compositions is carried out directly or by action on their surroundings, habitat or storage space using customary treat- ment methods, for example by dipping, spraying, atomizing, irrigating, evaporating, dusting, fogging, broadcasting, foaming, painting, spreading-on, watering (drenching), drip irrigating and, in the case of propagation material, in particular in the case of seeds, furthermore as a powder for dry seed treatment, a solution for seed treatment, a water-soluble powder for slurry treatment, by incrusting, by coating with one or more layers, etc. It is furthermore possible to apply the active compounds by the ultra-low volume method, or to inject the active compound preparation or the active compound itself into the soil.
• Seed treatment furthermore comprises a method for treating seed.
• the invention furthermore relates to seed treated according to one of the methods described in the preceding paragraph.
• the active compounds or compositions according to the invention are especially suitable for treating seed.
• a large part of the damage to crop plants caused by harmful organisms is triggered by an infection of the seed during storage or after sowing as well as during and after germination of the plant. This phase is particularly critical since the roots and shoots of the growing plant are particularly sensitive, and even small damage may result in the death of the plant. Accordingly, there is great interest in protecting the seed and the germinating plant by using appropriate compositions.
• the present invention also relates in particular to a method for protecting seed and germinating plants against attack by undesirable microorganisms by treating the seed with a composition according to the invention.
• the invention also relates to the use of the compositions according to the invention for treating seed for protecting the seed and the germinating plant against undesirable microorganisms.
• the invention relates to seed treated with a composition according to the invention for protection against undesirable microorganisms.
• the combinations (A) Fluopicolide and (B-l-1) Cyazofamid, (A) Fluopicolide and (B-l-2) Amisulbrom, (A) Fluopicolide and (B-4) Fluazinam can be used for protecting seeds, characterized in that the seeds are treated with active compound combinations or compositions according to the invention.
• One of the advantages of the present invention is that, because of the particular systemic properties of the compositions according to the invention, treatment of the seed with these compositions not only protects the seed itself, but also the resulting plants after emergence, from undesirable microorganisms. In this manner, the immediate treatment of the crop at the time of sowing or shortly thereafter can be dispensed with.
• the mixtures according to the invention can be used in particular also for transgenic seed where the plant growing from this seed is capable of expressing a protein which acts against pests.
• the active compound combinations or compositions according to the invention even by the expression of the, for example, insecticidal protein, certain pests may be controlled.
• a further synergistic effect may be observed here, which additionally increases the effectiveness of the protection against attack by pests.
• compositions according to the invention are suitable for protecting seed of any plant variety employed in agriculture, in the greenhouse, in forests or in horticulture or viticulture.
• this takes the form of seed of cereals (such as wheat, barley, rye, triticale, millet, oats), maize (corn), cotton, soya bean, rice, potatoes, sunflowers, beans, coffee, beets (e.g. sugar beets and fodder beets), peanuts, oilseed rape, poppies, olives, coconuts, cacao, sugar cane, tobacco, vegetables (such as tomatoes, cucumbers, onions and lettuce), lawn and ornamental plants (also see below).
• the treatment of seeds of cereals (such as wheat, barley, rye, triticale, and oats), maize (corn) and rice is of particular importance.
• transgenic seed As also described further below, the treatment of transgenic seed with the active compound combinations or compositions according to the invention is of particular importance.
• the heterologous gene in transgenic seed can originate, for example, from microorganisms of the species Bacillus, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Trichoderma, Clavibacter, Glomus or Gliocladium.
• this heterologous gene is from Bacillus sp., the gene product having activity against the European corn borer and/or the Western corn rootworm.
• the heterologous gene originates from Bacillus thu- ringiensis.
• the active compound combinations or compositions according to the in- vention are applied on their own or in a suitable formulation to the seed.
• the seed is treated in a state in which it is sufficiently stable so that the treatment does not cause any damage.
• treatment of the seed may take place at any point in time between harvesting and sowing.
• the seed used is separated from the plant and freed from cobs, shells, stalks, coats, hairs or the flesh of the fruits.
• seed which has been harvested, cleaned and dried to a moisture content of less than 15 % by weight.
• the amount of the composition according to the invention applied to the seed and/or the amount of further additives is chosen in such a way that the germination of the seed is not adversely affected, or that the resulting plant is not damaged. This must be borne in mind in particular in the case of active compounds which may have phytotoxic effects at certain application rates.
• compositions according to the invention can be applied directly, that is to say without comprising further components and without having been diluted.
• suitable formulations and methods for the treatment of seed are known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the following documents: US 4,272,417 A, US 4,245,432 A, US 4,808,430 A, US 5,876,739 A, US 2003/0176428 Al, WO 2002/080675 Al, WO 2002/028186 A2.
• the active compound combinations which can be used according to the invention can be converted into customary seed dressing formulations, such as solutions, emulsions, suspensions, powders, foams, slurries or other coating materials for seed, and also ULV formulations.
• formulations are prepared in a known manner by mixing the active compounds or active compound combinations with customary additives, such as, for example, customary extenders and also solvents or diluents, colorants, wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, defoamers, preservatives, secondary thickeners, adhesives, gibberellins and water as well.
• customary additives such as, for example, customary extenders and also solvents or diluents, colorants, wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, defoamers, preservatives, secondary thickeners, adhesives, gibberellins and water as well.
• Suitable colorants that may be present in the seed dressing formulations which can be used according to the invention include all colorants customary for such purposes. Use may be made both of pigments, of sparing solubility in water, and of dyes, which are soluble in water. Examples that may be mentioned include the colorants known under the designations Rhodamine B, C.
• Suitable wetting agents that may be present in the seed dressing formulations which can be used according to the invention include all substances which promote wetting and are customary in the formulation of active ag- rochemical substances. With preference it is possible to use alkylnaphthalene-sulphonates, such as diisopropyl- or diisobutylnaphthalene-sulphonates.
• Suitable dispersants and/or emulsifiers that may be present in the seed dressing formulations which can be used according to the invention include all nonionic, anionic, and cationic dispersants which are customary in the formulation of active agrochemical substances. With preference, it is possible to use nonionic or anionic dispersants or mixtures of nonionic or anionic dispersants.
• Particularly suitable nonionic dispersants are ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block polymers, alkylphenol polyglycol ethers, and tristyrylphenol polyglycol ethers, and their phosphated or sulphated derivatives.
• Particularly suitable anionic dispersants are lignosulphonates, polyacrylic salts, and arylsulphonate-formaldehyde condensates.
• Defoamers that may be present in the seed dressing formulations to be used according to the invention include all foam-inhibiting compounds which are customary in the formulation of agrochemically active compounds. Preference is given to using silicone defoamers, magnesium stearate, silicone emulsions, long-chain alcohols, fatty acids and their salts and also organofluorine compounds and mixtures thereof. Preservatives that may be present in the seed dressing formulations to be used according to the invention include all compounds which can be used for such purposes in agrochemical compositions. By way of example, mention may be made of dichlorophen and benzyl alcohol hemiformal.
• Secondary thickeners that may be present in the seed dressing formulations to be used according to the invention in- elude all compounds which can be used for such purposes in agrochemical compositions. Preference is given to cellulose derivatives, acrylic acid derivatives, polysaccharides, such as xanthan gum or Veegum, modified clays, phyllosil- icates, such as attapulgite and bentonite, and also finely divided silicic acids.
• Suitable adhesives that may be present in the seed dressing formulations to be used according to the invention include all customary binders which can be used in seed dressings.
• Polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol and tylose may be mentioned as being preferred.
• the gibberellins are known (cf. R. Wegler "Chemie der convinced für Schweizer- and Schad- lingsbekampfungsstoff" [Chemistry of Crop Protection Agents and Pesticides], Vol. 2, Springer Verlag, 1970, pp. 401-412).
• the seed dressing formulations which can be used according to the invention may be used directly or after dilution with water beforehand to treat seed of any of a very wide variety of types.
• the seed dressing formulations which can be used according to the invention or their dilute preparations may also be used to dress seed of transgenic plants.
• synergistic effects may also arise in interaction with the substances formed by expression.
• Suitable mixing equipment for treating seed with the seed dressing formulations which can be used according to the invention or the preparations prepared from them by adding water includes all mixing equipment which can commonly be used for dressing.
• the specific procedure adopted when dressing comprises introducing the seed into a mixer, adding the particular desired amount of seed dressing formulation, either as it is or following dilu- tion with water beforehand, and carrying out mixing until the formulation is uniformly distributed on the seed.
• a drying operation follows.
• the active compounds or compositions according to the invention have strong microbicidal activity and can be used for combating undesirable microorganisms, such as fungi and bacteria, in crop protection and material protection.
• the combinations or compositions according to the invention can be used for combating Plasmodiophoromycetes, Oomycetes, Chytridiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deu- teromycetes.
• the combinations or compositions according to the invention can be used for combating Pseudomonadaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Corynebacteriaceae and Streptomycetaceae.
• compositions according to the invention can be used for the curative or protective control of undesirable microorganisms. Accordingly, the invention also relates to curative and protective methods for combating undesirable mi- croorganisms using the active compound combinations or compositions according to the invention, which are applied to the seed, the plant or plant parts, the fruit or the soil in which the plants grow. Preference is given to application onto the plant or the plant parts, the fruits or the soil in which the plants grow.
• the undesirable microorganisms can be defined to be fungi or bacteria, in particular Plasmodiophoromycetes, Oomycetes, Chytridiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes, Pseudomona- daceae, Rhizobiaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Corynebacteriaceae and Streptomycetaceae.
• the combinations (A) Fluopicolide and (B-l-1) Cyazofamid, (A) Fluopicolide and (B-l-2) Amisulbrom, (A) Fluopicolide and (B-4) Fluazinam, (A) Fluopicolide and (B-3-1) Metalaxyl can be used for combating oomycetes, characterized in that the active compound combinations or compositions according to the invention are apphed to the phytopathogenic fungi and/or their habitat.
• Some pathogens of unwanted microorganisms which can be treated according to the invention may be mentioned by way of example, but not by way of limitation:
• Powdery Mildew Diseases such as Blumeria diseases caused for example by Blumeria graminis; Podosphaera diseases caused for example by Podosphaera leucotricha; Sphaerotheca diseases caused for example by Sphaerotheca fuliginea; Uncinula diseases caused for example by Uncinula necator;
• Rust Diseases such as Gymnosporangium diseases caused for example by Gymnosporangium sabinae; Hemi- leia diseases caused for example by Hemileia vastatrix; Phakopsora diseases caused for example by Phakopso- ra pachyrhizi and Phakopsora meibomiae; Puccinia diseases caused for example by Puccinia recondita, Puccin- ia graminis or Puccinia striiformis; Uromyces diseases caused for example by Uromyces appendiculatus; Oomycete Diseases such as Albugo diseases caused for example by Albugo Candida; Bremia diseases caused for example by Bremia lactucae; Peronospora diseases caused for example by Peronospora pisi and Peronospo- ra brassicae; Phytophfhora diseases caused for example by Phytophthora infestans;
• Plasmopara diseases caused for example by Plasmopara viticola; Pseudoperonospora diseases caused for example by Pseudoperonospora humuli and Pseudoperonospora cubensis; Pythium diseases caused for example by Pythium ultimum;
• Leaf spot, Leaf blotch and Leaf Blight Diseases such as Alternaria diseases caused for example by Alternaria solani; Cercospora diseases caused for example by Cercospora beticola; Cladiosporium diseases caused for example by Cladiosporium cucumerinum; Cochliobolus diseases caused for example by Cochliobolus sativus (Conidiaform: Drechslera, Syn: Helminthosporium) or Cochliobolus miyabeanus; Colletotrichum diseases caused for example by Colletotrichum lindemufhianum; Cycloconium diseases caused for example by Cycloco- nium oleaginum; Diaporthe diseases caused for example by Diaporthe citri; Elsinoe diseases caused for example by Elsinoe fawcettii; Gloeosporium diseases caused for example by Gloeosporium laeticolor; Glomerella diseases caused for example by Glomerella cingulata; Guignardi
• Root-, Sheath and Stem Diseases such as Corticium diseases caused for example by Corticium graminearum; Fusarium diseases caused for example by Fusarium oxysporam; Gaeumannomyces diseases caused for example by Gaeumannomyces graminis; Rhizoctonia diseases caused for example by Rhizoctonia solani; Sarocladium diseases caused for example by Sarocladium oryzae; Sclerotium diseases caused for example by Sclerotium oryzae; Tapesia diseases caused for example by Tapesia acuformis; Thielaviopsis diseases caused for example by Thielaviopsis basicola;
• Ear and Panicle Diseases including Maize cob such as Alternaria diseases caused for example by Alternaria spp.; Aspergillus diseases caused for example by Aspergillus flaws; Cladosporium diseases caused for exam- pie by Cladiosporium cladosporioides; Claviceps diseases caused for example by Claviceps purpurea; Fusarium diseases caused for example by Fusarium culmorum; Gibberella diseases caused for example by Gibberel- la zeae; Monographella diseases caused for example by Monographella nivalis;
• Smut- and Bunt Diseases such as Sphacelotheca diseases caused for example by Sphacelotheca reiliana; Til- letia diseases caused for example by Tilletia caries; Urocystis diseases caused for example by Urocystis occul- ta; Ustilago diseases caused for example by Ustilago nuda;
• Fruit Rot and Mould Diseases such as Aspergillus diseases caused for example by Aspergillus flavus; Botrytis diseases caused for example by Botrytis cinerea; Penicillium diseases caused for example by Penicillium expansion and Penicillium purpurogenum; Rhizopus diseases caused by example by Rhizopus stolonifer Sclero- tinia diseases caused for example by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Verticillium diseases caused for example by Verticillium alboatrum;
• Canker, Broom and Dieback Diseases such as Nectria diseases caused for example by Nectria galligena; Blight Diseases such as Monilinia diseases caused for example by Monilinia laxa;
• Leaf Blister or Leaf Curl Diseases including deformation of blooms and fruits such as Exobasidium diseases caused for example by Exobasidium vexans.
• Taphrina diseases caused for example by Taphrina deformans
• Decline Diseases of Wooden Plants such as Esca disease caused for example by Phaeomoniella clamydospora, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and Fomitiporia mediterranea; Ganoderma diseases caused for example by Ganoderma boninense; Rigidoporus diseases caused for example by Rigidoporus lignosus
• Botrytis diseases of Flowers and Seeds such as Botrytis diseases caused for example by Botrytis cinerea;
• Rhizoctonia diseases caused for example by Rhizoctonia solani
• Helminthosporium diseases caused for example by Helminthosporium solani
• Bacterial Organisms such as Xanthomonas species for example Xanthomonas cam- pestris pv. oryzae; Pseudomonas species for example Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans; Erwinia species for example Erwinia amylovora.
• Fungal diseases on roots and the stem base caused, for example, by black root rot (Calonectria crotalariae), charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina), fusarium blight or wilt, root rot, and pod and collar rot (Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium orthoceras, Fusarium semitectum, Fusarium equiseti), mycoleptodiscus root rot (Myco- leptodiscus terrestris), neocosmospora (Neocosmopspora vasinfecta), pod and stem blight (Diaporthe phaseolo- rum), stem canker (Diaporthe phaseolorum var.
• phytophthora rot (Phytophthora megasperma), brown stem rot (Phialophora gregata), pythium rot (Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium irregulare, Pythium de- baryanum, Pythium myriotylum, Pythium ultimum), rhizoctonia root rot, stem decay, and damping-off (Rhi- zoctonia solani), sclerotinia stem decay (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), sclerotinia Southern blight (Sclerotinia rolfsii), thielaviopsis root rot (Thielaviopsis basicola). It is also possible to control resistant strains of the organisms mentioned above.
• active compound combinations or compositions according to the invention are suitable for controlling the following plant diseases:
• Albugo spp. (white rust) on ornamental plants, vegetable crops (e.g. A. Candida) and sunflowers (e.g. A. tragopogonis); Alternaria spp. (black spot disease, black blotch) on vegetables, oilseed rape (e.g. A. brassico- la or A. brassicae), sugar beet (e.g. A. tenuis), fruit, rice, soybeans and also on potatoes (e.g. A. solani or A. alternata) and tomatoes (e.g. A. solani or A. alternata) and Alternaria spp. (black head) on wheat; Aphano- myces spp. on sugar beet and vegetables; Ascochyta spp.
• Alternaria spp. black spot disease, black blotch
• oilseed rape e.g. A. brassico- la or A. brassicae
• sugar beet e.g. A. tenuis
• fruit e.g
• Botrytis cinerea teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana: gray mold, gray rot
• soft fruit and pomaceous fruit inter alia strawberries
• vegetables inter alia lettuce, carrots, celeriac and cabbage
• oilseed rape flowers, grapevines, forest crops and wheat (ear mold)
• Bremia lactucae downy mildew
• Ceratocystis syn. Ophiosto- ma
• spp. blue stain fungus
• Cercospora spp. (Cereospora leat spot) on corn (e.g. C. zeae-maydis), rice, sugar beet (e.g. C. beticola), sugar cane, vegetables, coffee, soybeans (e.g. C. sojina or C. kikuchil) and rice; Cladosporium spp. on tomato (e.g. C. fulvum: tomato leaf mold) and cereals, e.g. C.
• herbarum ear rot
• Claviceps purpurea ergot
• Cochliobolus anamorph: Helminthosporium or Bipolaris
• spp. leaf spot
• corn e.g. C. carbo- man
• cereals e.g. C. sativus, anamorph: B. sorokiniana: glume blotch
• rice tor example C. miyabeanus, anamorph: H. oryzae
• graminicola stem rot and anthracnosis
• soft fruit e.g. C. coccodes: wilt disease
• beans e.g. C. lindemuthianum
• soybeans e.g. C. truncatum
• Corticium spp. e.g. C. sasakii (sheath blight) on rice
• Corynespora cassiicola leaf spot
• Cycloconium spp. e.g. C. oleaginum on olives
• Cylindrocarpon spp. e.g.
• fruit tree cancer or black foot disease of grapevine teleomorph: Nectria or Neonectria spp.) on fruit trees, grapevines (e.g. C. liriodendn; teleomorph: Neonectria liri- odendri, black foot disease) and many ornamental trees; Dematophora (teleomorph: Rosellinia) necatrix (root/stem rot) on soybeans; Diaporthe spp. e.g. D. phaseolorum (stem disease) on soybeans; Drechslera (syn. Helminthosporium, teleomorph: Pyrenophora) spp. on corn, cereals, such as barley (e.g.
• D. teres, net blotch and on wheat e.g. D. tritici-repentis: DTR leaf spot
• Esca disease dieback of grapevine, apo- plexia
• grapevines caused by Formitiporia (syn. Phellinus) punctata, F mediterranea.
• Phaeomoniella chlamydospora old name Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum
• Elsinoe spp. on pome fruit E. pyri
• soft fruit E.
• Drechslera, teleomorph Cochli- obolus) on corn, cereals and rice; Hemileia spp., e.g. H. vastatrix (coffee leaf rust) on coffee; Isariopsis clav- ispora (syn. Cladosporium vitis) on grapevines; Macrophomina phaseolina (syn. phaseoli) (root/stem rot) on soybeans and cotton; Microdochium (syn. Fusarium) nivale (pink snow mold) on cereals (e.g. wheat or barley); Microsphaera diffusa (powdery mildew) on soybeans; Monilinia spp., e.g.
• M. laxa. M. fructicola andM. fructigena blossom and twig blight on stone fruit and other Rosaceae
• Peronospora spp. downy mildew) on cabbage (e.g. P. brassicae), oilseed rape (e.g. P. parasitica), bulbous plants (e.g. P. destructor), tobacco (P.
• soybeans e.g. P. manshurica
• Phi- alophora spp. e.g. on grapevines (e.g. P. tracheiphila and P. tetraspora) and soybeans (e.g. P. gregata: stem disease); Phoma lingam (root and stem rot) on oilseed rape and cabbage and P. betae (leaf spot) on sugar beet;
• stem canker/stem blight P. phaseoli, teleomorph: Diaporthe phaseolorum); Physoderma maydis (brown spot) on corn; Phytophthora spp. (wilt disease, root, leaf, stem and fruit rot) on various plants, such as on bell peppers and cucumber species (e.g. P. capsici), soybeans (e.g. P. megasperma, syn. P. sojae), potatoes and tomatoes (e.g. P. infestans. late blight and brown rot) and deciduous trees (e.g. P.
• Plasmodi- ophora brassicae club-root on cabbage, oilseed rape, radish and other plants
• Plasmopara spp. e.g. P. viticola (peronospora of grapevines, downy mildew) on grapevines and P. halstedii on sunflowers
• Podosphaera spp. powdery mildew on Rosaceae, hops, pomaceaus fruit and soft fruit, e.g. P. leucotricha on apple
• Poly- myxa spp. e.g. on cereals, such as barley and wheat (P. graminis) and sugar beet (P.
• Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides eyespot/stem break, teleomorph: Tapesia yallundae
• Pseudoperonospora downy mildew
• Pseudopezicula tracheiphila angular leaf scorch, anamorph Phialophora
• Puccinia spp. rust disease
• striiformis yellow rust
• P. hordei dwarf leaf rust
• P. graminis black rust
• P. recondita brown rust of rye
• cereals such as e.g. wheat, barley or rye.
• P. kuehnii on sugar cane and, e.g., on asparagus (e.g. P. asparagi);
• Pyrenophora anamorph: Drechslera) tritici-repentis (speckled leaf blotch) on wheat or P. teres (net blotch) on barley; Pyricularia spp., e.g. P.
• oryzae (teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea. rice blast) on rice and P. grisea on lawn and cereals; Pythium spp. (damping-off disease) on lawn, rice, corn, wheat, cotton, oilseed rape, sunflowers, sugar beet, vegetables and other plants (e.g. P. ultimum or P. apha- nidermatum); Ramularia spp., e.g. R. collo-cygniiRamularia leaf and lawn spot/physiological leaf spot) on barley and R. beticola on sugar beet; Rhizoctonia spp.
• R. solani root and stern rot
• R. solani silk and stern rot
• R. solani silk blight
• R. cerealis silk eyespot
• Rhizopus stolonifer soft rot
• Rhynchosporium secalis leaf spot
• Sarocladium oryzae and S. attenuatum sheath rot
• Sclerotinia spp Sclerotinia spp.
• seed or white rot on vegetable and field crops, such as oilseed rape, sunflowers (e.g. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and soybeans (e.g. S. rolfsii), ⁇ Septoria spp. on various plants, e.g. S. glycines (leaf spot) on soybeans, S. tritici (Septoria leaf blotch) on wheat and S. (syn. Stagonospora) nodorum (leaf blotch and glume blotch) on cereals; Uncinula (syn.
• Erysiphe) necator prowdery mildew, anamorph: Oidium tuckeri
• Setospaeria spp. (leaf spot) on corn (e.g. S. turcicum, syn. Helminthosporium turcicum) and lawn; Sphacelotheca spp. (head smut) on corn, (e.g. S. reiliana: kernel smut), millet and sugar cane; Sphaerotheca fuliginea (powdery mildew) on cucumber species; Spongospora subterranea (powdery scab) on potatoes and the viral diseases transmitted thereby; Stagonospora spp.
• Tilletia spp. bunt or stinking smut
• cereals such as e.g. T. tritici (syn. T. caries, wheat bunt) and T. controversa (dwarf bunt) on wheat
• Typhula incarnata gray snow mold
• Urocystis spp. e.g. U. occulta (flag smut) on rye
• Uromyces spp. rust
• vegetable plants such as beans (e.g. U. appendiculatus, syn. U. phaseoll) and sugar beet (e.g. U. betae); Ustilago spp.
• the active compound combinations or compositions according to the invention are suitable for controlling the following plant diseases:
• Albugo spp. (white rust) on ornamental plants, vegetable crops (e.g. A. Candida) and sunflowers (e.g. A. tragopogonis); Alternaria spp. (black spot disease, black blotch) on vegetables, oilseed rape (e.g. A. brassico- la or A. brassicae), sugar beet (e.g. A. tenuis), fruit, rice, soybeans and also on potatoes (e.g. A. solani or A. alternata) and tomatoes (e.g. A. solani or A. alternata) and Alternaria spp. (black head) on wheat; Aphano- myces spp. on sugar beet and vegetables, Ascochyta spp.
• Alternaria spp. black spot disease, black blotch
• oilseed rape e.g. A. brassico- la or A. brassicae
• sugar beet e.g. A. tenuis
• fruit e.g
• Botrytis cinerea teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana: gray mold, gray rot) on soft fruit and pomaceous fruit (inter alia strawberries), vegetables (inter alia lettuce, carrots, celeriac and cabbage), oilseed rape, flowers, grapevines, forest crops and wheat (ear mold); Bremia lactucae (downy mildew) on lettuce; Ceratocystis (syn. Ophiosto- ma) spp. (blue stain fungus) on deciduous trees and coniferous trees, e.g. C.
• Cercospora spp. (Cereospora leat spot) on corn (e.g. C. zeae-maydis), rice, sugar beet (e.g. C. beticold), sugar cane, vegetables, coffee, soybeans (e.g. C. sojina or C kikuchil) and rice; Cladosporium spp. on tomato (e.g. C. fulvum: tomato leaf mold) and cereals, e.g. C.
• herbarum ear rot
• Claviceps purpurea ergot
• Cochliobolus anamorph: Helminthosporium or Bipolaris
• spp. leaf spot
• corn e.g. C. carbo- num
• cereals e.g. C. sativus, anamorph: B. sorokiniana: glume blotch
• rice tor example C. miyabeanus, anamorph: H oryzae
• C graminicola stem rot and anthracnosis
• soft fruit e.g. C. coccodes: wilt disease
• beans e.g. C. lindemuthianum
• soybeans e.g. C. truncatum
• Corticium spp. e.g. C sasakii (sheath blight) on rice
• Corynespora cassiicola leaf spot
• Cycloconium spp. e.g. C. oleaginum on olives
• Cylindrocarpon spp. e.g.
• fruit tree cancer or black foot disease of grapevine teleomorph: Nectria or Neonectria spp.) on fruit trees, grapevines (e.g. C. liriodendn; teleomorph: Neonectria liri- odendri, black foot disease) and many ornamental trees; Dematophora (teleomorph: Rosellinia) necatrix (root/stem rot) on soybeans; Diaporthe spp. e.g. D. phaseolorum (stem disease) on soybeans; Drechslera (syn. Helminthosporium, teleomorph: Pyrenophora) spp. on corn, cereals, such as barley (e.g.
• D. teres, net blotch and on wheat e.g. D. tritici-repentis: DT leaf spot
• wheat e.g. D. tritici-repentis: DT leaf spot
• Esca disease dieback of grapevine, apo- plexia
• grapevines caused by Formitiporia (syn. Phellinus) punctata, F mediterranea.
• Phaeomoniella chlamydospora old name Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum
• Elsinoe spp. on pome fruit E. pyri
• soft fruit E.
• Drechslera, teleomorph Cochli- obolus) on corn, cereals and rice; Hemileia spp., e.g. H. vastatrix (coffee leaf rust) on coffee; Isariopsis clav- ispora (syn. Cladosporium vitis) on grapevines; Macrophomina phaseolina (syn. phaseoli) (root/stem rot) on soybeans and cotton; Microdochium (syn. Fusarium) nivale (pink snow mold) on cereals (e.g. wheat or barley); Microsphaera diffusa (powdery mildew) on soybeans; Monilinia spp., e.g.
• M. laxa. M. fructicola andM fructigena blossom and twig blight on stone fruit and other Rosaceae
• Mycosphaerella spp. on cereals, bananas, soft fruit and peanuts such as e.g. M. graminicola (anamorph: Septoria tritici, Septoria leaf blotch) on wheat or M. fljiensis (Sigatoka disease) on bananas
• Peronospora spp. downy mildew
• cabbage e.g. P. brassicae
• oilseed rape e.g. P. parasitica
• bulbous plants e.g. P. destructor
• tobacco P. tabacind
• soybeans e.g. P. P.
• Phakopsora pachyrhizi and P. meibomiae on soybeans
• Phi- alophora spp. e.g. on grapevines (e.g. P. tracheiphila and P. tetraspora) and soybeans (e.g. P. gregata: stem disease); Phoma lingam (root and stem rot) on oilseed rape and cabbage and P. betae (leaf spot) on sugar beet
• phaseoli, teleomorph Diaporthe phaseolorum
• Physoderma maydis brown spot
• Phytophthora spp. wilt disease, root, leaf, stem and fruit rot
• bell peppers and cucumber species e.g. P capsici
• soybeans e.g. P. megasperma, syn. P. sojae
• potatoes and tomatoes e.g. P. infestans. late blight and brown rot
• deciduous trees e.g. P.
• Plasmodi- ophora brassicae club-root on cabbage, oilseed rape, radish and other plants
• Plasmopara spp. e.g. P. viticola (peronospora of grapevines, downy mildew) on grapevines and P. halstedii on sunflowers
• Podosphaera spp. powdery mildew on Rosaceae, hops, pomaceaus fruit and soft fruit, e.g. P. leucotricha on apple
• Poly- myxa spp. e.g. on cereals, such as barley and wheat (P. graminis) and sugar beet (P.
• P eudocercosporella herpotrichoides eyespot/stem break, teleomorph: Tapesia yallundae
• Pseudoperonospora downy mildew
• Pseudopezicula tracheiphila angular leaf scorch, anamorph Phialophora
• Puccinia spp. rust disease
• striiformis yellow rust
• P. hordei dwarf leaf rust
• P. graminis black rust
• P. recondita brown rust of rye
• cereals such as e.g. wheat, barley or rye.
• P. kuehnii on sugar cane and, e.g., on aspara- gus (e.g. P. asparagi);
• Pyrenophora anamorph: Drechslera) tritici-repentis (speckled leaf blotch) on wheat or P. teres (net blotch) on barley; Pyricularia spp., e.g. P.
• oryzae (teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea. rice blast) on rice and P. grisea on lawn and cereals; Pythium spp. (damping-off disease) on lawn, rice, corn, wheat, cotton, oilseed rape, sunflowers, sugar beet, vegetables and other plants (e.g. P. ultimum or P. apha- nidermatum); Ramularia spp., e.g. R. collo-cygni(Ramularia leaf and lawn spot/physiological leaf spot) on barley and R. beticola on sugar beet; Rhizoctonia spp.
• R. solani root and stern rot
• R. solani silk and stern rot
• R. solani silk blight
• R. cerealis silk eyespot
• Rhizopus stolonifer soft rot
• Rhynchosporium secalis leaf spot
• Sarocladium oryzae and S. attenuatum sheath rot
• seed or white rot on vegetable and field crops, such as oilseed rape, sunflowers (e.g. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and soybeans (e.g. S. rolfsii), ⁇ Septoria spp. on various plants, e.g. S. glycines (leaf spot) on soybeans, S. tritici (Septoria leaf blotch) on wheat and S. (syn. Stagonospora) nodorum (leaf blotch and glume blotch) on cereals; Uncinula (syn.
• Erysiphe) necator prowdery mildew, anamorph: Oidium tuckeri
• Setospaeria spp. (leaf spot) on corn (e.g. S. turcicum, syn. Helminthosporium turcicum) and lawn; Sphacelotheca spp. (head smut) on corn, (e.g. S. reiliana: kernel smut), millet and sugar cane; Sphaerotheca fuliginea (powdery mildew) on cucumber species; Spongospora subterranea (powdery scab) on potatoes and the viral diseases transmitted thereby; Stagonospora spp.
• Tilletia spp. bunt or stinking smut
• cereals such as e.g. T. tritici (syn. T. caries, wheat bunt) and T. controversa (dwarf bunt) on wheat
• Typhula incamata gray snow mold
• Urocystis spp. e.g. U. occulta (flag smut) on rye
• Uromyces spp. rust
• vegetable plants such as beans (e.g. U. appendiculatus, syn. U. phaseoll) and sugar beet (e.g. U. betae); Ustilago spp.
• the combinations and compositions of the invention are useful for controlling oomycete pathogens, in particular Downy mildew (e.g. Plasmopora viticola, Bremia lactucae, Peronospora parasitica, Peronospora destructor, Pseudoperonospora cubensis), Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici), Late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Blue Mold (Peronospora effusa) e.g. on the following crops:
• Downy mildew e.g. Plasmopora viticola, Bremia lactucae, Peronospora parasitica, Peronospora destructor, Pseudoperonospora cubensis
• Phytophthora blight Phytophthora capsici
• Late blight Phytophthora infestans
• Blue Mold Peronospora effusa
• Brassica vegetables e.g. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower, CoUards ( Kale); Mustard greens (e.g. head and stem subgroup- Cavalo broccolo, Chinese broccoli, Chinese cabbage, Chinese mustard cabbage and kohlrabi) (leafy greens subgroup- broccoli raab, Chinese cabbage, mizuna, mustard spinach, rape greens); Bulb vegetables (e.g. Dry bulb (garlic, bulb onion, shallot); Green onion (e.g. leek, green onions, Welch onion); Cucurbit vegetables (e.g. Cantaloupe, Chayote, Chinese waxgourd, Cucumber, Gourds, Honeydew, Momordica spp. (bitter melon and balsam apple), Muskmelon, Pumpkin, Squash, Watermelon, Zucchini);
• Mustard greens e.g. head and stem subgroup- Cavalo broccolo, Chinese broccoli, Chinese cabbage, Chinese mustard cabbage
• Leafy vegetables e.g. Amaranth, Arugula, Cardoon, Celery (Chinese), Celtuce, Chervil, Chrysanthe- mum (edible-leaved and garland), Corn saladCress (garden and upland), Dandelion, Dock, Endive, Fennel (Florence), Orach, Parsley, Purslane (garden and winter), Radicchio (red chicory), Rhubarb, Lettuce (leaf and head), Spinach (New Zealand and vine), Swiss chard); Peppers (bell pepper, non-bell pepper, sweet non-bell pepper).
• Leafy vegetables e.g. Amaranth, Arugula, Cardoon, Celery (Chinese), Celtuce, Chervil, Chrysanthe- mum (edible-leaved and garland), Corn saladCress (garden and upland), Dandelion, Dock, Endive, Fennel (Florence), Orach, Parsley, Purslane
• compositions of the invention are particularly useful for control of fungal disease on po- tatoes, e.g. late blight (Phytophthora infestans), pink rot (Phytophthora erythoseptica).
• po- tatoes e.g. late blight (Phytophthora infestans), pink rot (Phytophthora erythoseptica).
• combinations of (A) fluopicolide and compound (B) or other labeled product with activity against Phytophthora are advantageous for use on potatoes, e.g. to control development of pathogen resistance.
• the combinations and compositions of the invention are particularly useful for control of fungal disease on vegetables, e.g. Downy mildew (e.g., Peronospora parasitica, Peronospora destructor, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Bremia lactucae, etc.), Pythium spp, Phytophthora spp. (e.g., Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora infestans, etc.), Blue Mould (Peronospora effuse).
• vegetables e.g. Downy mildew (e.g., Peronospora parasitica, Peronospora destructor, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Bremia lactucae, etc.), Pythium spp, Phytophthora spp. (e.g., Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora infestans, etc.), Blue Mould (Perono
• Suitable vegetables include:
• Brassica Vegetables Broccoli; Chinese broccoli (gai Ion); Brussels sprouts;Cabbage; Chinese cabbage (napa); Chinese mustard cabbage (gai choy); Cauliflower Cavalo; broccoli; Kohlrabi. Broccoli rabb; Chinese cabbage; Collards; Kale; Mizuna; Mustard greens; Mustard spinach; Rape greens.
• Bulb Vegetables Onion, bulb, Garlic, Shallot, Green Onion: Green onions; Leek; Welch onion.
• Cucurbits Cantaloupe; Chayote; Chinese-waxgourd; Field cucumber; Gourds; Honeydew Melons; Momordica spp. (bitter melon, balsam apple); Muskmelon; Watermelon; Pumpkin; Squash; Zucchini.
• Peppers Field pepper transplants; For use on peppers to be treated in the greenhouse and immediately trans- planted to the field. Bell peppers, Non-bell peppers, Sweet non-bell peppers. Tomatoes: Field Tomato, Tomatil- lo, Greenhouse Tomatoes (e.g. for use in greenhouse only- not for transplant to the field). Leafy Vegetables:
• Field lettuce leaf and head lettuce.
• Greenhouse Lettuce e.g. foruse in greenhouse only- not for transplant to the field.
• compositions of the invention are particularly useful for control of fungal disease on grapes and fruits, e.g. Downy mildew (e.g. Plasmopora viticola).
• the combinations and compositions of the invention are particularly useful for control of fungal disease such as Pythium Blight, Pythium Damp-Off on turf, e.g. golf courses, sod farms, home and garden. Turf may be estab- lished or over-seeded.
• combinations of (A) fluopicolide and compound (B) optionally with one or more of chlorothalonil, mancozeb, and mefenoxam, or other labelled product with activity against Phytophthora are advantageous for use on turf, e.g. to control development of pathogen resistance.
• combinations of (A) fluopicolide and compound (B) are advantageous for use on turf.
• the combinations and compositions of the invention are particularly useful for seed treatment ("seed care").
• (A) fluopicolide and compound (B) according to the invention are advantageous for use with seed care, e.g. to control development of pathogen resistance.
• Suitable crop seeds include any crop listed herein, including wheat, barley, rye, triticale, oats, etc., maize, soybeans, sor- ghum, peas, lentils, chickpeas, dry edible beans, cotton.
• Such seed treatment may be for control of Clubroot of Canola, and other Brassica crops, "Piasmodiophora brassicae Woronin", Pythium, Damping off.
• mixtures of metalaxyi-M and fluopicolide according to the invention are advantageous for use with seed care.
• compositions of the invention are also effective on Canola; Oilseed Rape, Cereals (e.g. wheat, barley, oats, rye) Corn, Soybeans, Pulse Crops (e.g., Lentils, Chickpeas, Field Peas, Dry Edible Beans), Sunflower, Turf, ornamental plants such as roses, Greenhouse Ornamentals, Greenhouse peppers; Greenhouse lettuce; Greenhouse cucumbers.
• Oilseed Rape Cereals (e.g. wheat, barley, oats, rye) Corn
• Soybeans Pulse Crops (e.g., Lentils, Chickpeas, Field Peas, Dry Edible Beans), Sunflower, Turf, ornamental plants such as roses, Greenhouse Ornamentals, Greenhouse peppers; Greenhouse lettuce; Greenhouse cucumbers.
• post-harvest and storage diseases may be caused for example by the following fungi: Colletotrichum spp., e.g. Colletotrichum musae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum coccodes; Fusarium spp., e.g. Fusarium semitectum, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum; Verticillium spp., e.g. Verticillium theobromae; Nigrospora spp.; Botrytis spp., e.g. Botrytis cinerea; Geotrichum spp., e.g.
• Geotrichum can- didum; Phomopsis spp., Phomopsis natalensis; Diplodia spp., e.g. Diplodia citri; Alternaria spp., e.g. Alternaria cirri, Alternaria alternata; Phytophthora spp., e.g. Phytophthora citrophthora, Phytophthora fragariae, Phytophthora cacto- rum, Phytophthora parasitica; Septoria spp., e.g. Septoria depressa; Mucor spp., e.g. Mucor piriformis; Monilinia spp., e.g.
• Penicillium funiculosum Penicillium expansum, Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum
• Gloeosporium spp. e.g. Gloeosporium album, Gloeosporium perennans, Gloeosporium fructigenum, Gloeosporium singulata
• Phlyctaena spp. e.g. Phlyctaena vagabunda
• Cylin- drocarpon spp. e.g. Cylindrocarpon mali
• Stemphylhum spp. e.g. Stemphyllium vesicarium
• Phacydiopycnis spp. e.g.
• post-harvest storage disorders are for example scald, scorch, softening, senescent breakdown, lenticel spots, bitter pit, browning, water core, vascular breakdown, CO2 injury, CO2 deficiency and O2 deficiency.
• Plants are to be understood here as meaning all plants and plant populations, such as wanted and undesirable wild plants or crop plants (including naturally occurring crop plants).
• Crop plants can be plants which can be obtained by conventional breeding and optimization methods or by biotechnological and genetic engineering methods or combinations of these methods, including the transgenic plants and including plant cultivars which can or cannot be protected by plant variety protection rights.
• Parts of plants are to be understood as meaning all above-ground and below-ground parts and organs of the plants, such as shoot, leaf, flower and root, examples which may be mentioned being leaves, needles, stems, trunks, flowers, fruit bodies, fruits and seeds and also roots, tubers and rhizomes.
• Plant parts also include harvested material and vege- tative and generative propagation material, for example seedlings, tubers, rhizomes, cuttings and seeds. Preference is given to the treatment of the plants and the above-ground and below-ground parts and organs of the plants, such as shoot, leaf, flower and root, examples which may be mentioned being leaves, needles, stems, trunks, flowers, and fruits.
• the active compounds of the invention in combination with good plant tolerance and favourable toxicity to warm-blooded animals and being tolerated well by the environment, are suitable for protecting plants and plant organs, for increasing the harvest yields, for improving the quality of the harvested material. They may be preferably employed as crop protection agents. They are active against normally sensitive and resistant species and against all or some stages of development.
• plants which can be treated according to the invention cotton, flax, grapevines, fruit, vegetable, such as Rosaceae sp. (for example pomaceous fruit, such as apples and pears, but also stone fruit, such as apricots, cherries, almonds and peaches and soft fruit such as strawberries), Ribesioi- dae sp. , Juglandaceae sp. , Betulaceae sp., Anacardiaceae sp., Fagaceae sp., Moraceae sp. , Oleaceae sp. , Actinidaceae sp. , Lauraceae sp. , Musaceae sp.
• Rosaceae sp. for example pomaceous fruit, such as apples and pears, but also stone fruit, such as apricots, cherries, almonds and peaches and soft fruit such as strawberries
• Rosaceae sp. for example pomaceous fruit, such as apples and pears
• Rubiaceae sp. for example coffee
• Theaceae sp. Sterculiceae sp.
• Rutaceae sp. for example lemons, oranges and grapefruit
• Solanaceae sp. for example tomatoes
• Liliaceae sp. Asteraceae sp.
• Umbelliferae sp. for example lettuce
• Alliaceae sp. for example leek, onions
• peas for example peas
• major crop plants such as Gramineae sp. (for example maize, lawn, cereals such as wheat, rye, rice, barley, oats, millet and triticale), Poaceae sp. (for example sugarcane), Asteraceae sp. (for example sunflowers), Brassicaceae sp. (for example white cabbage, red cabbage, broccoli, cauliflowers, Brussels sprouts, pak choi, kohlrabi, garden radish, and also oilseed rape, mustard, horseradish and cress), Fabacae sp. (for example beans, peas, peanuts), Papilionaceae sp.
• Gramineae sp. for example maize, lawn, cereals such as wheat, rye, rice, barley, oats, millet and triticale
• Poaceae sp. for example sugarcane
• Asteraceae sp. for example sunflowers
• Soya beans for example soya beans
• Solanaceae sp. for example potatoes
• Chenopodiaceae sp. for example sugar beet, fodder beet, Swiss chard, beetroot
• crop plants and ornamental plants in garden and forest and also in each case genetically modified varieties of these plants.
• the combinations (A) Fluopicolide and (B-l-1) Cyazofamid, (A) Fluopicolide and (B-l-2) Amisulbrom, (A) Fluopicolide and (B-4) Fluazinam, (A) Fluopicolide and (B-3-1) Metalaxyl can be used for combating undesirable microorganisms in potato, fruits (apricots, strawberry, cherry, apples, pears, prunes, citrus fruits, pine apples and bananas), grapes and vegetables (tomato and cucurbits, potato, pepper, carrots, onions). As already mentioned above, it is possible to treat all plants and their parts according to the invention.
• wild plant species and plant cultivars or those obtained by conventional biological breeding methods, such as crossing or protoplast fusion, and parts thereof, are treated.
• transgenic plants and plant cultivars obtained by genetic engineering methods if appropriate in combination with conventional methods (genetically modified organisms), and parts thereof are treated.
• the terms "parts”, “parts of plants” and “plant parts” have been explained above.
• plants of the plant cultivars which are in each case commercially available or in use are treated according to the invention.
• Plant cultivars are to be understood as meaning plants having novel properties ("traits") which have been obtained by conventional breeding, by mutagenesis or by recombinant DNA techniques. These can be cultivars, bio- or genotypes.
• the method of treatment according to the invention is used in the treatment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), e.g. plants or seeds.
• GMOs genetically modified organisms
• Genetically modified plants are plants of which a heterologous gene has been stably integrated into the genome.
• heterologous gene essentially means a gene which is provided or assembled outside the plant and when introduced in the nuclear, chloroplastic or mi- tochondrial genome gives the transformed plant new or improved agronomic or other properties by expressing a protein or polypeptide of interest or by down regulating or silencing other gene(s) which are present in the plant (using for example, antisense technology, co-suppression technology or R A interference - RNAi - technology).
• a heterologous gene that is located in the genome is also called a transgene.
• a transgene that is defined by its particular location in the plant genome is called a transformation or transgenic event.
• the treatment according to the invention may also result in super-additive (“synergistic”) effects.
• the active compound combinations according to the invention may also have a strengthening effect in plants.
• Plant-strengthening (resistance-inducing) substances are to be understood as meaning, in the present context, those substances or combinations of substances which are capable of stimulating the defense system of plants in such a way that, when subsequently inoculated with undesirable phytopathogenic fungi and/or microorganisms and/or viruses, the treated plants display a substantial degree of resistance to these phytopathogenic fungi and/or microorganisms and/or viruses,
• the substances according to the invention can be employed for protecting plants against attack by the abovementioned pathogens within a certain period of time after the treatment.
• the period of time within which protection is effected generally extends from 1 to 10 days, preferably 1 to 7 days, after the treatment of the plants with the active compounds.
• Plants and plant cultivars which are preferably to be treated according to the invention include all plants which have genetic material which impart particularly advantageous, useful traits to these plants (whether obtained by breeding and/or biotechno logical means).
• Plants and plant cultivars which are also preferably to be treated according to the invention are resistant against one or more biotic stresses, i.e. said plants show a better defense against animal and microbial pests, such as against nematodes, insects, mites, phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses and/or viroids.
• Plants and plant cultivars which may also be treated according to the invention are those plants which are re- sistant to one or more abiotic stresses.
• Abiotic stress conditions may include, for example, drought, cold temperature exposure, heat exposure, osmotic stress, flooding, increased soil salinity, increased mineral exposure, ozon exposure, high light exposure, limited availability of nitrogen nutrients, limited availability of phosphorus nutrients, shade avoidance.
• Plants and plant cultivars which may also be treated according to the invention are those plants characterized by enhanced yield characteristics.
• Increased yield in said plants can be the result of, for example, improved plant physiology, growth and development, such as water use efficiency, water retention efficiency, improved nitrogen use, enhanced carbon assimilation, improved photosynthesis, increased germination efficiency and accelerated maturation.
• Yield can furthermore be affected by improved plant architecture (under stress and non- stress conditions), including but not limited to, early flowering, flowering control for hybrid seed production, seedling vigor, plant size, internode number and distance, root growth, seed size, fruit size, pod size, pod or ear number, seed number per pod or ear, seed mass, enhanced seed filling, reduced seed dispersal, reduced pod dehiscence and lodging resistance.
• Plants that may be treated according to the invention are hybrid plants that already express the characteristic of heterosis or hybrid vigor which results in generally higher yield, vigor, health and resistance towards biotic and abiotic stress factors. Such plants are typically made by crossing an inbred male-sterile parent line (the female parent) with another inbred male-fertile parent line (the male parent). Hybrid seed is typically harvested from the male sterile plants and sold to growers. Male sterile plants can sometimes (e.g. in corn) be produced by de- tasseling, i.e.
• male sterility is the result of genetic determinants in the plant genome. In that case, and especially when seed is the desired product to be harvested from the hybrid plants it is typically useful to ensure that male fertility in the hybrid plants is fully restored. This can be accomplished by ensuring that the male parents have appropriate fertility restorer genes which are capable of restoring the male fertility in hybrid plants that contain the genetic determinants responsible for male-sterility. Genetic determinants for male sterility may be located in the cytoplasm. Examples of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) were for instance described in Brassica species. However, genetic determinants for male sterility can also be located in the nuclear genome.
• CMS cytoplasmic male sterility
• Male sterile plants can also be obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering.
• a particularly useful means of ob- taining male-sterile plants is described in WO 89/10396 in which, for example, a ribonuclease such as barnase is selectively expressed in the tapetum cells in the stamens. Fertility can then be restored by expression in the tapetum cells of a ribonuclease inhibitor such as barstar.
• Plants or plant cultivars obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering which may be treated according to the invention are herbicide-tolerant plants, i.e. plants made tolerant to one or more given herbicides. Such plants can be obtained either by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants containing a mutation imparting such herbicide tolerance.
• Herbicide-tolerant plants are for example glyphosate-tolerant plants, i.e. plants made tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate or salts thereof. Plants can be made tolerant to glyphosate through different means. For example, glyphosate-tolerant plants can be obtained by transforming the plant with a gene encoding the enzyme 5- enolpymvylshikimate-3 -phosphate synthase (EPSPS).
• EPSPS 5- enolpymvylshikimate-3 -phosphate synthase
• EPSPS genes are the AroA gene (mutant CT7) of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium, the CP4 gene of the bacterium Agrobacterium sp, the genes encoding a Petunia EPSPS, a Tomato EPSPS, or an Eleusine EPSPS. It can also be a mutated EPSPS.
• Glyphosate-tolerant plants can also be obtained by expressing a gene that encodes a glyphosate oxido- reductase enzyme.
• Glyphosate-tolerant plants can also be obtained by expressing a gene that encodes a glypho- sate acetyl transferase enzyme.
• Glyphosate-tolerant plants can also be obtained by selecting plants containing naturally-occurring mutations of the above-mentioned genes.
• herbicide resistant plants are for example plants that are made tolerant to herbicides inhibiting the enzyme glutamine synthase, such as bialaphos, phosphinothricin or glufosinate.
• Such plants can be obtained by expressing an enzyme detoxifying the herbicide or a mutant glutamine synthase enzyme that is resistant to inhi- bition.
• One such efficient detoxifying enzyme is an enzyme encoding a phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (such as the bar or pat protein from Streptomyces species). Plants expressing an exogenous phosphinothricin acetyl- transferase are also described.
• hydroxyphenylpyruvatedioxygenase HPPD
• Hydroxyphenylpyruvatedioxygenases are enzymes that catalyze the reaction in which para-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPP) is transformed into homogentisate.
• Plants tolerant to HPPD-inhibitors can be transformed with a gene encoding a naturally-occurring resistant HPPD enzyme, or a gene encoding a mutated HPPD enzyme.
• Tolerance to HPPD-inhibitors can also be obtained by transforming plants with genes encoding certain enzymes enabling the formation of homogentisate despite the inhibition of the native HPPD enzyme by the HPPD-mhibitor. Tolerance of plants to HPPD inhibitors can also be improved by transforming plants with a gene encoding an enzyme prephenate dehydrogenase in addition to a gene encoding an HPPD-tolerant enzyme.
• Still further herbicide resistant plants are plants that are made tolerant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors.
• ALS-inhibitors include, for example, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, triazolopyrimidines, pyrimidiny- oxy(thio)benzoates, and/or sulfonylaminocarbonylrriazolinone herbicides.
• Different mutations in the ALS enzyme (al- so known as acetohydroxyacid synthase, AHAS) are known to confer tolerance to different herbicides and groups of herbicides.
• AHAS acetohydroxyacid synthase
• the production of sulfonylurea-tolerant plants and imidazolinone-tolerant plants is described in WO 1996/033270. Other imidazolinone-tolerant plants are also described. Further sulfonylurea- and imidazolinone- tolerant plants are also described in for example WO
• plants tolerant to imidazolinone and/or sulfonylurea can be obtained by induced mutagenesis, selection in cell cultures in the presence of the herbicide or mutation breeding as described for example for soybeans, for rice, for sugar beet, for lettuce, or for sunflower.
• Plants or plant cultivars obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering which may also be treated according to the invention are insect-resistant transgenic plants, i.e. plants made resistant to attack by certain target insects. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants con- taining a mutation imparting such insect resistance.
• An "insect-resistant transgenic plant”, as used herein, includes any plant containing at least one transgene comprising a coding sequence encoding:
• insecticidal crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or an insecticidal portion thereof, such as the insecticidal crystal proteins listed online at:
• insecticidal portions thereof e.g., proteins of the Cry protein classes CrylAb, CrylAc, CrylF, Cry2Ab, Cry3Aa, or Cry3Bb or insecticidal portions thereof; or 2) a crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or a portion thereof which is insecticidal in the presence of a second other crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or a portion thereof, such as the binary toxin made up of the Cry34 and Cry35 crystal proteins; or
• a hybrid insecticidal protein comprising parts of different insecticidal crystal proteins from Bacillus thu- ringiensis, such as a hybrid of the proteins of 1) above or a hybrid of the proteins of 2) above, e.g., the
• CrylA.105 protein produced by corn event MON98034 (WO 2007/027777); or
• VIP vegetative insecticidal
• secreted protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus cereus which is insecticidal in the presence of a second secreted protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or B. cereus, such as the binary toxin made up of the VIP1A and VIP2A proteins; or
• hybrid insecticidal protein comprising parts from different secreted proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus cereus, such as a hybrid of the proteins in 1) above or a hybrid of the proteins in 2) above; or
• an insect-resistant transgenic plant also includes any plant comprising a combination of genes encoding the proteins of any one of the above classes 1 to 8.
• an insect- resistant plant contains more than one transgene encoding a protein of any one of the above classes 1 to 8, to expand the range of target insect species affected when using different proteins directed at different target insect species, or to delay insect resistance development to the plants by using different proteins insecticidal to the same target insect species but having a different mode of action, such as binding to different receptor binding sites in the insect.
• Plants or plant cultivars obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering which may also be treated according to the invention are tolerant to abiotic stresses. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants containing a mutation imparting such stress resistance. Particularly useful stress tolerance plants include:
• plants which contain a stress tolerance enhancing transgene coding for a plant-functional enzyme of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide salvage synthesis pathway including nicotinamidase, nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase, nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenyl transferase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthetase or nicotine amide phosphorybosyltransf erase.
• nicotinamidase nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase
• nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenyl transferase nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthetase or nicotine amide phosphorybosyltransf erase.
• Plants or plant cultivars obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering which may also be treated according to the invention show altered quantity, quality and/or storage-stability of the harvested product and/or altered properties of specific ingredients of the harvested product such as :
• transgenic plants which synthesize a modified starch, which in its physical-chemical characteristics, in particular the amylose content or the amylose/amylopectin ratio, the degree of branching, the average chain length, the side chain distribution, the viscosity behaviour, the gelling strength, the starch grain size and/or the starch grain morphology, is changed in comparison with the synthesised starch in wild type plant cells or plants, so that this is better suited for special applications.
• a modified starch which in its physical-chemical characteristics, in particular the amylose content or the amylose/amylopectin ratio, the degree of branching, the average chain length, the side chain distribution, the viscosity behaviour, the gelling strength, the starch grain size and/or the starch grain morphology, is changed in comparison with the synthesised starch in wild type plant cells or plants, so that this is better suited for special applications.
• transgenic plants which synthesize non starch carbohydrate polymers or which synthesize non starch carbohydrate polymers with altered properties in comparison to wild type plants without genetic modification.
• Examples are plants producing polyfructose, especially of the inulin and levan-type, plants producing alpha 1,4 glucans, plants producing alpha- 1,6 branched alpha- 1,4-glucans, plants producing al- ternan,
• Plants or plant cultivars which may also be treated according to the invention are plants, such as cotton plants, with altered fiber characteristics.
• plants can be obtained by genetic transformation or by selection of plants contain a mutation imparting such altered fiber characteristics and include:
• Plants such as cotton plants, containing an altered form of rsw2 or rsw3 homologous nucleic acids
• Plants such as cotton plants, with increased expression of sucrose phosphate synthase
• Plants such as cotton plants, having fibers with altered reactivity, e.g. through the expression of N- acteylglucosaminetransferase gene including nodC and chitinsynthase genes.
• Plants or plant cultivars which may also be treated according to the invention are plants, such as oilseed rape or related Brassica plants, with altered oil profile characteristics.
• Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation or by selection of plants contain a mutation imparting such altered oil characteristics and include:
• transgenic plants which may be treated according to the invention are plants which comprise one or more genes which encode one or more toxins, such as the following which are sold under the trade names YIELD GARD® (for example maize, cotton, soya beans), KnockOut® (for example maize), BiteGard® (for example maize), Bt-Xtra® (for example maize), StarLink® (for example maize), BoUgard® (cotton), Nucotn® (cotton), Nu- cotn 33B®(cotton), NatureGard® (for example maize), Protecta® and NewLeaf® (potato).
• YIELD GARD® for example maize, cotton, soya beans
• KnockOut® for example maize
• BiteGard® for example maize
• Bt-Xtra® for example maize
• StarLink® for example maize
• BoUgard® cotton
• Nucotn® cotton
• Nu- cotn 33B® cotton
• NatureGard® for example maize
• herbicide- tolerant plants examples include maize varieties, cotton varieties and soya bean varieties which are sold under the trade names Roundup Ready® (tolerance to glyphosate, for example maize, cotton, soya bean), Liberty Link® (tolerance to phosphinotricin, for example oilseed rape), IMI® (tolerance to imidazolinones) and STS® (tolerance to sulphonylureas, for example maize).
• Herbicide-resistant plants plants bred in a conventional manner for herbicide tolerance
• Clearfield® for example maize.
• transgenic plants which may be treated according to the invention are plants containing transformation events, or combination of transformation events, that are listed for example in the databases from various national or regional regulatory agencies (see for example
• Particularly useful transgenic plants which may be treated according to the invention are plants containing transformation events, or a combination of transformation events, and that are listed for example in the databases for various national or regional regulatory agencies including Event 1143-14A (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2006/128569); Event 1143-5 IB (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2006/128570); Event 1445 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in US-A 2002-120964 or WO 02/034946); Event 17053 (rice, herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-9843, described in WO 2010/117737); Event 17314 (rice, herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-9844, described in WO 2010/117735); Event 281-24-236 (cotton, insect control - herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-6233, de- scribed in WO 2005/103266 or US-A 2005-216969); Event 3006-210-23 (cotton, insect control - herbicide tolerance, deposited
• Event CE43-67B (cotton, insect control, deposited as DSM ACC2724, de- scribed in US-A 2009-217423 or WO2006/128573); Event CE44-69D (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A 2010-0024077); Event CE44-69D (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2006/128571); Event CE46-02A (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2006/128572); Event COT102 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A 2006-130175 or WO 2004/039986); Event COT202 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A 2007-067868 or WO 2005/054479); Event COT203 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO 2005/054480); Event DAS40278 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-10244, described in
• Material protection In material protection the substances of the invention may be used for the protection of technical materials against infestation and destruction by undesirable fungi and/or microorganisms.
• Technical materials are understood to be in the present context non-living materials that have been prepared for use in engineering.
• technical materials that are to be protected against micro-biological change or destruction by the active materials of the invention can be adhesives, glues, paper and cardboard, textiles, carpets, leather, wood, paint and plastic articles, cooling lubricants and other materials that can be infested or destroyed by micro-organisms.
• materials to be protected are also parts of production plants and buildings, for example cooling circuits, cooling and heating systems, air conditioning and ventilation systems, which can be adversely affected by the propagation of fungi and/or microorganisms.
• adhesives preferably mentioned as technical materials are adhesives, glues, paper and cardboard, leather, wood, paints, cooling lubricants and heat exchanger liquids, particularly preferred is wood.
• the combinations according to the mvention can prevent disadvantageous effects like decaying, dis- and decoloring, or molding.
• the active compound combinations and compositions according to the invention can likewise be employed for protecting against colonization of objects, in particular ship hulls, sieves, nets, buildings, quays and signalling installations, which are in contact with sea water or brackish water.
• the method of treatment according to the invention can also be used in the field of protecting storage goods against attack of fungi and microorganisms.
• the term "storage goods” is understood to denote natural substances of vegetable or animal origin and their processed forms, which have been taken from the natural life cycle and for which long-term protection is desired.
• Storage goods of vegetable origin such as plants or parts thereof, for example stalks, leafs, tubers, seeds, fruits or grains, can be protected in the freshly harvested state or in processed form, such as pre-dried, moistened, comminuted, ground, pressed or roasted.
• storage goods are timber, whether in the form of crude timber, such as construction timber, electricity pylons and barriers, or in the form of finished articles, such as furniture or objects made from wood.
• Storage goods of animal origin are hides, leather, furs, hairs and the like.
• the combi- nations according the present invention can prevent disadvantageous effects such as decay, discoloration or mold.
• storage goods is understood to denote natural substances of vegetable origin and their processed forms, more preferably fruits and their processed forms, such as pomes, stone fruits, soft fruits and citrus fruits and their processed forms.
• Microorganisms capable of degrading or changing the industrial materials which may be mentioned are, for ex- ample, bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae and slime organisms.
• the active compounds according to the invention preferably act against fungi, in particular moulds, wood-discolouring and wood-destroying fungi (Basidiomy- cetes) and against slime organisms and algae.
• Microorganisms of the following genera may be mentioned as examples: Alternaria, such as Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus, such as Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium, such as Chaetomium globosum, Coniophora, such as Coniophora puetana, Lentinus, such as Lentinus tigrinus, Penicil- Hum, such as Penicillium glaucum, Polyporus, such as Polyporus versicolor, Aureobasidium, such as Aureo- basidium pullulans, Sclerophoma, such as Sclerophoma pityophila, Trichoderma, such as Trichoderma viride, Escherichia, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus, such as Staphylococcus aureus.
• Alternaria such as Alternaria
• the compounds of the formula (I) according to the invention also have very good antimycotic activity. They have a very broad antimycotic activity spectrum in particular against dermatophytes and yeasts, moulds and diphasic fungi (for example against Candida species such as Candida albicans, Candida glabrata) and Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus species such as Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichophyton species such as Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporon species such as Microsporon canis and audouinii.
• Candida species such as Candida albicans, Candida glabrata
• Epidermophyton floccosum for example against Candida species such as Candida albicans, Candida glabrata
• Epidermophyton floccosum for example against Candida species such as Candida albicans, Candida glabrata
• Epidermophyton floccosum for example against Candida species such as Candida albicans, Candida glabrata
• the application rates can be varied within a broad range.
• the dose of active compound/application rate usually applied in the method of treatment according to the invention is generally and advantageously ⁇ for treatment of part of plants, e.g. leaves (foliar treatment): from 0.1 to 10,000 g/ha, preferably from 50 to 1,000 g/ha, more preferably from 100 to 750g/ha; in case of drench or drip application, the dose can even be reduced, especially while using inert substrates like rockwool or perlite;
• the doses herein indicated are given as illustrative examples of the method according to the invention.
• a person skilled in the art will know how to adapt the application doses, notably according to the nature of the plant or crop to be treated.
• the combination according to the invention can be used in order to protect plants within a certain time range after the treatment against pests and/or phytopathogenie fungi and/or microorganisms.
• the time range, in which protection is effected spans in general 1 to 28 days, preferably 1 to 14 days, more preferably 1 to 10 days, even more preferably 1 to 7 days after the treatment of the plants with the combinations or up to 200 days after the treatment of plant propagation material.
• the application of the compositions according to the invention on growing plants or plant parts can also be used to protect plants or plant parts after harvesting.
• compositions according to the invention may also be used to reduce the contents of mycotoxins in plants and the harvested plant material and therefore in foods and animal feed stuff made therefrom.
• mycotoxins can be specified: Deoxynivalenole (DON), Nival enole, 15-Ac-DON, 3-Ac-DON, T2- und HT2- Toxins, Fumonisines, Zearalenone Moniliformine, Fusarine, Diaceotoxyscirpenole (DAS), Beauvericine, Enniatine, Fusaroproliferine, Fusarenole, Ochratoxines, Patuline, Ergotalkaloides und Aflatoxines, which are caused for example by the following fungal diseases: Fusarium spec, like Fusarium acuminatum, F.
• a synergistic effect of fungicides is always present when the fungicidal activity of the active compound combinations exceeds the total of the activities of the active compounds when applied individually.
• the expected activity for a given combination of two active compounds can be calculated as follows (cf. Colby, S.R., "Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic Responses of Herbicide Combinations", Weeds 1967, 15, 20- 22):
• X is the efficacy when active compound A is applied at an application rate of m ppm (or g/ha),
• Y is the efficacy when active compound B is applied at an application rate of n ppm (or g/ha),
• E is the efficacy when the active compounds A and B are applied at application rates of m and n ppm (or g ha), respectively, and
• the degree of efficacy, expressed in % is denoted. 0 % means an efficacy which corresponds to that of the control while an efficacy of 100 % means that no disease is observed.
• the activity of the combination is superadditive, i.e. a synergistic effect exists.
• the efficacy which was actually observed must be greater than the value for the expected efficacy (E) calculated from the abovementioned formula.
• composition according to the invention which comprises fluopicolide and cyazofamid as active substances in the control of Phytophthora infestans, the infectious agent of Late blight disease on Potato.
• Late blight disease severity was assessed in comparison with the untreated reference in the plot, 29 days after the last application.
• the untreated reference showed late blight severity of 100 %, 0 % severity would correspond to a plant without symptoms.
• Results of disease severity (mean values) and efficacy data are summarized in table 2, below.
• Table 2 summary of Potato late blight severity assessments on leaves and efficacy values.

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