WO2012116738A1 - Limitation du courant de défaut dans des systèmes de transmission de courant électrique continu - Google Patents

Limitation du courant de défaut dans des systèmes de transmission de courant électrique continu Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012116738A1
WO2012116738A1 PCT/EP2011/053042 EP2011053042W WO2012116738A1 WO 2012116738 A1 WO2012116738 A1 WO 2012116738A1 EP 2011053042 W EP2011053042 W EP 2011053042W WO 2012116738 A1 WO2012116738 A1 WO 2012116738A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
switching element
fault
converter
current
voltage source
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2011/053042
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Bertil Berggren
Stefan Norrga
Tomas U Jonsson
Original Assignee
Abb Research Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Abb Research Ltd filed Critical Abb Research Ltd
Priority to PCT/EP2011/053042 priority Critical patent/WO2012116738A1/fr
Publication of WO2012116738A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012116738A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/36—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between ac networks via a high-tension dc link
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H02M7/4835—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels comprising two or more cells, each including a switchable capacitor, the capacitors having a nominal charge voltage which corresponds to a given fraction of the input voltage, and the capacitors being selectively connected in series to determine the instantaneous output voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H02M7/49—Combination of the output voltage waveforms of a plurality of converters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/60—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between AC networks or generators via a high voltage DC link [HVCD]

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to voltage source converters. More particularly the present invention relates to a method, voltage source converter and computer program product for limiting the current in a DC power transmission system.
  • Direct Current (DC) power transmission systems are of interest to use in various situations, for instance when transferring electrical power over long distances.
  • Alternating Current (AC) systems or AC grids via one or more voltage source converters are examples of Alternating Current (AC) systems or AC grids via one or more voltage source converters.
  • a DC system can here be connected to an AC system in several different ways. It is for instance possible that the DC system is connected via one voltage source converter and a transformer such that there is no grounding on the DC side. It is also possible to connect a DC system to an AC system using separate voltage source converters connected on the DC side between a positive DC potential and ground and a negative DC potential and ground, respectively. In the first case a fault current from the AC side occurs when there are pole-to-pole faults, while in the second case a fault current from the AC side also occurs when there are pole-to-ground faults. The first case may also result in fault current at a pole-to-ground fault if the transformer is grounded on both sides or if no transformer is used.
  • One problem with large DC grids is related to selective disconnection of faulty
  • Voltage source converters exhibit a weakness with regard to their behaviour in case the DC side is shorted, for instance due to a pole-to-pole short circuit in a HVDC transmission system where the
  • converters are part of a DC grid.
  • both documents in essence use the capacitor charge of a full bridge cell to counter a fault current caused by a voltage difference between the AC side and the DC side of the converter.
  • the present invention is directed towards reducing fault currents by means of control of switching
  • One object of the present invention is to provide a method for limiting the fault current in a direct current power transmission system, which uses the elements of a voltage source converter for limiting the current .
  • This object is according to a first aspect of the present invention achieved through a method for using a voltage source converter including a phase leg with a phase arm stretching between an alternating current terminal and a direct current terminal of the
  • the phase arm including at least one first switching element together with an anti-parallel first rectifying element, the method comprising the steps of: detecting a fault in the direct current power
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a voltage source converter for limiting the fault current in a direct current power transmission system, which converter includes elements that can be used for the fault current limitation.
  • This object is according to a second aspect of the present invention achieved through a voltage source converter for limiting the current in a direct current power transmission system, the voltage source converter being provided with an alternating current terminal and at least one direct current terminal and having a phase leg with a phase arm stretching between the alternating current terminal and the direct current terminal, the phase arm of the voltage source converter comprising: a first switching element together with an anti- parallel first rectifying element,
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a computer program product for limiting the fault current in a direct current power transmission system, which uses the elements of a voltage source converter for the fault current limitation.
  • This object is according to a third aspect of the present invention achieved through computer program product for limiting the current in a direct current power transmission system using a voltage source converter including a phase leg having a phase arm stretching between an alternating current terminal and a direct current terminal of the converter, the phase arm including a first switching element together with an anti-parallel first rectifying element,
  • the computer program being loadable into a control unit of the voltage source converter and comprising computer program code provided on a data carrier, which computer program code causes the control unit to, when the program is loaded in the control unit,
  • the present invention has a number of advantages. It limits the fault current in a direct current power transmission system, which simplifies the removal of the fault. This allows a simpler and more economical realization of circuit breakers to be made. As the current limitation is made in the voltage source converter, there is no additional current limitation element provided in the direct current power
  • the control for limiting the fault current may be based on detecting the current at a direct current side of the converter and control switching elements in the fault current path section based on this detected current .
  • the control may comprise controlling of the current at a direct current side of the converter to a set current limitation value.
  • the detection may comprise comparing the voltage at the direct current side with a voltage reference and determining that the fault has been removed in case this voltage rises above the voltage reference.
  • the control for limiting the fault current may involve a phase angle control.
  • a further switching element-first rectifying element combination can be controlled to provide a zero crossing of the current at the direct current side of the converter.
  • phase angle control this may be obtained at a phase angle that is approximately ninety degrees. This simplifies the direct current circuit breaker design even more.
  • the switching elements rectifying elements and
  • overvoltage protecting elements may be parts of one or more two-level voltage source converter cells.
  • fig. 1 schematically shows a DC power transmission system being connected to AC power lines via four voltage source converters
  • fig. 2 schematically shows a voltage source converter having a number of parallel branches in the form of phase legs each provided with a number of voltage source converter cells
  • fig. 3 schematically shows the structure of a first type of ordinary voltage source converter
  • FIG. 4 schematically shows the structure of a second type of voltage source converter cell according to a first embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 5 schematically shows the structure of a third type of voltage source converter cell according to a second embodiment of the invention
  • fig. 6 shows a block schematic outlining a phase angle control unit for a converter
  • fig. 7 schematically shows a flow chart including a number of method steps in a method for limiting the current in the DC power transmission system and being performed in a voltage source converter
  • fig. 8 schematically shows the current and voltage of the first voltage source converter at the DC side in relation to a fault
  • fig. 9 shows a fourth type of voltage source converter cell according to a third embodiment of the invention
  • fig. 10A shows a fifth type of voltage source converter cell according to a fourth embodiment of the invention
  • fig. 10B shows a sixth type of voltage source converter cell according to a fifth embodiment of the invention
  • fig. 11 schematically shows a data carrier carrying program code for implementing the control unit of the present invention.
  • Fig. 1 shows a single line diagram of a simplified Direct Current (DC) power transmission system 20 being connected to four different Alternating Current (AC) power lines via voltage source converters 12, 14, 16 and 18.
  • the power transmission system may with
  • first voltage source converter 12 having an AC side connected to a first AC power line 13 and a DC side connected to a first junction 23 between a first DC power line 22 and a second DC power line 24.
  • second voltage source 12 having an AC side connected to a first AC power line 13 and a DC side connected to a first junction 23 between a first DC power line 22 and a second DC power line 24.
  • converter 14 having an AC side connected to a second AC power line 15 and a DC side connected to second
  • junction 25 between the second DC power line 24 and a third DC power line 26 there is a also a third voltage source converter 16 having an AC side connected to a third AC power line 17 and a DC side connected to a third junction 27 between the first DC power line 22 and a fourth DC power line 28.
  • a fourth voltage source converter 18 having an AC side connected to a fourth AC power line 19 and a DC side connected to a fourth junction 29 between the third DC power line 26 and the fourth DC power line 28.
  • the AC power lines 13, 15, 17 and 19 may here be provided in different AC power transmission and/or distribution systems.
  • the DC power transmission system 20 may also be termed a DC grid.
  • first circuit breaker 30 in the first power line 22 at the first junction 23 and a second circuit breaker 32 also in the first power line 22 at the third junction 27 of the DC power transmission system 20.
  • first voltage source converter 12 supplies a DC current i D c and a DC voltage u D c to the DC power transmission system 20.
  • transmission system can be more complex and include several more DC power lines, for instance two connected to each converter for providing a bipole system. It can also include less power lines, for instance one. It should furthermore be realized that there may be several more circuit breakers in the DC system. There are only two in fig. 1 in order to simplify the
  • Fig. 2 shows a block schematic outlining an example of a voltage source converter 12.
  • the voltage source converter 12 is here a cell based voltage source converter and includes a group of branches in the form of phase legs connected in parallel between two DC terminals DC+ and DC- for connection to the DC power transmission system.
  • the example given here there are three such branches or phase legs PL1, PL2, PL3 in order to enable connection to a three-phase AC
  • Each phase leg PL1, PL2, PL3 has a first and second end point.
  • the first end points of all the phase legs PL1, PL2 and PL3 are connected to a first DC terminal DC+ while the second end points are connected to a second DC terminal DC-.
  • Each phase leg includes a lower and upper phase arm and at the junction where the arms of a leg meet, a three-phase connection point ACl, AC2 and AC3 is provided.
  • Each three-phase connection point ACl, AC2, AC3 is here connected to the
  • the two DC terminals DC+ and DC- here make up the DC side of the voltage source converter 12, while the AC terminals ACl, AC2 and AC3 make up the AC side of the voltage source converter.
  • Each phase arm furthermore includes a number of
  • control unit 34 is controlled by a control unit 34.
  • the upper phase arm of the first phase leg PL1 includes three cells CA1, CA2 and CA3, while the lower phase arm of the first phase leg PL1 includes three cells CA4, CA5 and CA6.
  • the upper phase arm of the second phase leg PL2 includes three cells CB1, CB2 and CB3, while the lower phase arm of the second phase leg PL2 includes three cells CB4, CB5 and CB6.
  • the upper phase arm of the third phase leg PL3 includes three cells CC1, CC2 and CC3, while the lower phase arm of the third phase leg PL3 includes three cells CC4, CC5 and CC6.
  • the numbers are here only chosen for exemplifying the principles of the present invention. It is often preferred to have many more cells in each phase leg, especially in HVDC applications .
  • the control unit 34 controls the switching elements of the switching arrangements for converting AC power to DC power or vice versa.
  • the exemplifying converter 12 may here be operated in two power directions.
  • the control typically involves generating control signals by the control unit 34 in known fashion based on PWM modulation, for instance using a triangular saw-tooth wave as a reference signal, and supplying these control signals to the cells.
  • the control unit 34 has further DC fault current limiting functionality, which will be described later on .
  • Some of the cells of the converter may be a first type of cells that are ordinary cells. The structure of this first type of cell is shown in fig. 3.
  • Fig. 3 schematically shows the first type of converter cell CCA.
  • the cell CCA is a half-bridge or two-level converter cell and includes an energy storage element, here in the form of a capacitor C, which is connected in parallel with a first group of switching units.
  • the switching units in the first group are connected in series with each other in a switching unit branch.
  • the first group here includes a first switching unit SU1 and a second switching unit SU2 (shown as dashed boxes) , where each switching unit SU1 and SU2 may comprise a switching element that may be an IGBT
  • a switching unit could include several such series connected IGBTs with anti- parallel diodes.
  • the first and second switching units SU1 and SU2 have the same orientation in the branch.
  • the second switching element T2 has its collector connected to a first end of the cell capacitor C and its emitter to the collector of the first switching element Tl, which in turn has its emitter connected to the second end of the cell capacitor C.
  • the cathodes of the rectifying elements Dl and D2 are connected to the collectors of the corresponding switching elements while the anodes are connected to the emitters.
  • the cell has a first connection terminal TEIA and a second connection terminal TE2A, each providing a connection for the cell to a phase leg of the voltage source converter.
  • the first connection terminal TEIA more particularly provides a connection from the phase leg to the junction between the first and the second switching unit SU1 and SU2, while the second connection terminal TE2A provides a connection from the phase leg to the junction between the first switching unit SU1 and the capacitor C.
  • These connection terminals TEIA and TE2A thus provide points where the cell can be connected to the phase leg.
  • connection of the first connection terminal TEIA thus joins the phase leg with the connection point or junction between two of the series connected switching units of the first group, here the first and second switching units SU1 and SU2, while the connection of the second connection terminal TE2A joins the phase leg with a connection point between the first group of series connected switching units and the energy storage element, which is here the connection point between the first switching unit SU1 and the capacitor C.
  • the first and second switching units SU1 and SU2 are here
  • first connection terminal TEIA In positive valve arms the first connection terminal TEIA is connected towards the positive dc-bus and the second connection terminal TE2A towards the ac bus. In negative valve arms the first connection terminal TEIA is connected towards the ac-bus and the second
  • connection terminal TE2A towards the negative dc bus connection terminal TE2A towards the negative dc bus.
  • Fig. 4 schematically shows a second type of converter cell CCB that may be used for limiting the fault current according to the principles of the invention.
  • the cell CCB is also a half-bridge or two-level converter cell and includes an energy storage element, here in the form of a capacitor C, which is connected in parallel with a first group of switching units.
  • the switching units in the first group are connected in series with each other in a switching unit branch.
  • the first group here includes a first switching unit SU1 a second switching unit SU2 and a further switching unit FSU (shown as dashed boxes) , where each switching unit SU1, SU2 and FSU may comprise a switching element that may be an IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) transistor and an anti-parallel rectifying element, typically a diode. It should here be realized that a switching unit could include several such series connected IGBTs with anti-parallel diodes and being operated as one unit.
  • IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
  • the first switching unit SU1 is a first type of
  • This first type of switching unit is the same type of switching unit that was used in the first type of cell shown in fig. 3.
  • the further switching unit FSU is here a second type of switching unit that is connected below the first switching unit and includes a further switching element FT of the same type as the first switching element with an antiparallel further
  • rectifying element FD of the same type as the first rectifying element in the first switching unit.
  • the further switching unit FSU also incudes an overvoltage protecting element in parallel with the further switching element FT and further rectifying element FD.
  • This element is in this example a surge arrester ZA, like a varistor.
  • the second switching unit SU2 is in this first embodiment of the same type as the first switching unit and connected above the first switching unit SU1.
  • the second switching unit SU2 includes a second switching element T2 of the same type as the first switching element with an antiparallel second rectifying element D2 of the same type as in the first switching unit.
  • first and second switching units SU1 and SU2 have the same orientation in the branch, while the further switching unit FSU has an opposite orientation. This means that the first and second switching elements Tl and T2 have one
  • the first and second rectifying elements have the same orientation while the further rectifying element has the opposite orientation in the branch.
  • the emitter and collector of the first and second switching elements Tl and T2 have the same orientation in the branch, while the emitter and collector of the further switching element FT has the opposite orientation.
  • the first and second rectifying elements Dl and D2 conduct current in one direction, while the further rectifying element FD conducts current in the opposite direction.
  • the second switching element T2 has its collector connected to a first end of the cell capacitor C and its emitter to a following switching element in the branch, that the first
  • switching element Tl has its collector connected closer to the second switching element T2 than the emitter and the emitter closer to the second end of the capacitor than the collector.
  • the further switching element FT does in turn have its emitter connected to the emitter of another switching element in the branch and the collector closer to the second end of the cell
  • the collector of the first switching element Tl is connected to the emitter of the second switching element T2 and the emitter of the first switching element Tl is connected to the emitter of the further switching element FT, the collector of which is connected to the second end of the cell capacitor C.
  • the rectifying elements Dl and D2 of the first and second switching units SUl and SU2 are therefore also oriented upwards in the figure, which is towards the capacitor C, and connected in parallel between emitter and collector, of the first transistor Tl and second transistor T2, respectively.
  • rectifying elements is thus each connected with its anode to the collector and with its cathode to the emitter and conduct current from the anode to the cathode, which is in a direction that is parallel with the direction from the second to the first end of the cell capacitor C.
  • the further rectifying element FD is oriented downwards for conducting current from the emitter to the collector of the further switching element, i.e. in a direction that is parallel with the direction from the first to the second end of the cell capacitor .
  • the cell has a first connection terminal TEIB and a second connection terminal TE2B, each providing a connection for the cell to a phase leg of the voltage source converter.
  • the first connection terminal TEIB more particularly provides a connection from the phase leg to the junction between the second and the first switching unit SU2 and SU1
  • the second connection terminal TE2B provides a connection from the phase leg to the junction between the further switching unit FSU and the capacitor C.
  • These connection terminals TEIB and TE2B thus provide points where the cell can be connected to the phase leg.
  • the connection of the first connection terminal TEIB thus joins the phase leg with the connection point or junction between two of the series connected
  • the first and second switching units SU1 and SU2 are here provided for normal cell switching in the voltage source converter, i.e. for contributing to the
  • first connection terminal TEIB is connected towards the positive DC bus and the second connection terminal TE2B is connected towards the AC bus.
  • first connection terminal TEIB is connected towards the AC-bus and second connection terminal TE2B towards the negative DC bus.
  • a phase leg as shown in fig. 2 may for instance be obtained through connecting a first connection terminal of a first cell to the first DC terminal (positive) via an inductor, connecting a first connection terminal of a second cell to the second connection terminal of the first cell, connecting a first connection terminal of a third cell to the second connection terminal of the second cell, connecting a first connection terminal of a fourth cell to the second connection terminal of the third cell, connecting a first connection terminal of a fifth cell to the second connection terminal of the fourth cell, connecting a first connection terminal of a sixth cell to the second connection terminal of the fifth cell and connecting the second terminal of the sixth cell to the second DC terminal via an inductor.
  • Fig. 5 schematically shows a third type of half-bridge converter cell CCC having the same type of components as the second type and the same orientation.
  • This cell is a cell according to a second embodiment of the invention.
  • the further switching unit FSU is provided in the middle of the branch, below the first switching unit SU1 and above the second switching unit SU2.
  • connection terminal TE2C a connection terminal which provides a connection between the branch and the connection point between two switching units, here between the further and the second switching units FSU and SU2 as well as a connection terminal
  • a first connection terminal TE1C which provides a connection between the branch and the junction between a switching unit and the capacitor C, here at the junction between the first switching unit SU1 and the capacitor C.
  • switching elements Tl and FT with the first and further anti-parallel rectifying elements Dl and FD are in both the second and third types of cells provided between the two connection terminals TE1B and TE2B and TE1C and TE2C, respectively, while second switching element T2 with a second antiparallel rectifying element D2 is provided on one side of both the connection terminals, which in fig. 4 is above both the connection terminals TE1B and TE2B and in fig. 5 below both connection terminals TE1C and TE2C.
  • the voltage source converter is provided with cells of the second or the third type, at least in one of the upper or lower of phase arms and here in the upper phase arms, while any possible remaining cells are ordinary cells, for instance of the first type. It can here be mentioned that further examples on other types of cells that can be used will be given later.
  • the voltage source converter according to the invention may be provided in relation to high voltage DC
  • the present invention is directed towards addressing such issues.
  • the normal way of providing a voltage source converter is to provide all switching elements as switching elements of the first type CCA lacking an overvoltage protecting element, for instance solely comprising transistor and diode combinations. When this is the case, the current through the voltage source converter will increase when a DC fault occurs and the
  • phase legs are solely made up of transistor-diode pairs, the converter will behave as a diode bridge i.e. the fault current is uncontrolled (in an active sense) .
  • the idea behind the present invention is to connect the overvoltage protecting element of a cell into a section of the fault current path, where the fault current path is the path that the fault current will take through the voltage source converter.
  • This section may be a current delivery section of this path through which current is delivered to the DC power transmission system or a return section through which current is returned. It should here be realized that this
  • connection may be performed both in the delivery section and in the return section.
  • Fig. 6 shows a block schematic of one way of realizing a phase angle control functionality 35 of the control unit for controlling the further switching element of the cells to function as a thyristor together with the first rectifying element of the same cell.
  • a first subtracting unit 36 which receives two signals i dc and in m and supplies the result of a subtracting operation to an amplifying unit 38, which amplifies the difference with a gain k and provides a phase angle ⁇ as output to a switch 40.
  • the switch 40 also receives a zero phase angle ⁇ and is switchable between two positions based on two control signals F_DTC representing fault detection and F_RMV
  • the switch provides as its output a phase angle 5 C that is either of the two phase angles ⁇ or ⁇ 0 .
  • fig. 1, 3, and 6 schematically shows a flow chart including a number of method steps in a method for limiting the current in the DC power transmission system and being performed in the first voltage source converter 12, and to fig. 8, which schematically shows the current and voltage of the first voltage source converter at the DC side in relation to a fault in the first power line.
  • the voltage source converter is a cell-based voltage source converter including cells of the second type CCB.
  • the further switching elements are in normal mode, i.e. when there is no fault in the DC system 20, always conducting. This means that the further switching unit has no influence on the functioning of the cell in which it is provided, it is short-circuited. This means that depending on the direction of current either the further switching element FT or the anti-parallel further diode FD of the second type of cell CCB will in normal operation always conduct current. Since this is the case, the surge arrester ZA has consequently no influence on the functioning of the cell in this normal mode.
  • first and second switching elements Tl and T2 will operate as traditional switching elements for either providing a zero voltage contribution or the voltage contribution of the cell capacitor C.
  • the further switching element FT may be controlled together with the first rectifying element Dl of the first switching unit SUl to act as a diode or thyristor with a firing angle equal to zero. This means that the further switching element and first rectifying element combination are controlled by the control unit 34 according to a first control mode so that they will always conduct current as a positive voltage is applied over them.
  • the further switching element may here also be switched off or become non-conducting as the first switching element is switched on and becomes conducting and vice versa. It can also be continuously switched on or start to conduct continuously.
  • the switch 40 of the phase angle control functionality 35 of the control unit 34 in this mode may be set to provide a phase angle 5 C that is a zero phase angle ⁇ or to function as a diode together with the first rectifying element.
  • the further switching element will because of this have no impact on the functioning of the cell.
  • Normal operation is then provided up till a time ti at which time a DC fault occurs in the DC grid or DC power transmission system 20.
  • a pole-to-pole fault occurs in relation to the first power line 22.
  • the currents running through the switching elements of the cells may then be higher than a reference level. Therefore there may be a detection that the currents through the transistors are higher than the reference level.
  • This overcurrent detection may constitute a detection of the fault current.
  • the detection of the overcurrent in turn, causes the transistors to be blocked, step 44.
  • the overcurrent detection and transitor blocking takes place at time t 2 ⁇ In this embodiment they thus take place
  • This blocking may be done in order to protect the transistors from thermal damage.
  • the control unit 34 may thus determine that the current through the transistors are jeopardizing them and therefore block them. It is thus possible that the fault current is detected through the detection of the overcurrent causing the switching elements to be blocked.
  • the power component passes this threshold.
  • the power component is a voltage and one characteristic of this voltage is the voltage level that is compared with a fault indicating voltage level threshold. This means that as the voltage level at the DC side of the voltage source converter 12 is
  • the detecting of a fault can in this case involve comparing the voltage at the DC side of the converter with a fault indicating voltage reference and determining that there is a fault in dependence of if this voltage falls below the fault indicating voltage reference.
  • Faults may alternatively be detected through sensing another characteristic, the rate of change of the voltage at the DC side of the voltage source converter, comparing this rate of change with a corresponding rate of change threshold and determining the existence of a fault in case this rate of change is below the rate of change threshold, which rate of change threshold is normally negative. This means that a fault would be detected if the rate of change, which is negative, falls below this negative threshold. This means that the absolute value of this rate of change is higher than the absolute value of the threshold. In this way it is possible to detect a fast drop of the voltage.
  • the characteristic may be the current level.
  • the current level at the DC side of the voltage source converter is detected, compared with a corresponding current level threshold and the existence of a fault is determined if this current level
  • the control unit 34 changes control mode for the further switching element FT of the further switching units in a fault current path from the first normal control mode to a second control mode, a fault current limitation mode.
  • the fault current limitation mode the surge arrester ZA is connected into the fault current path, step 46.
  • This mode may also involve the control of the further switching element FT to function as a thyristor together with the first rectifying element Dl or in other words phase angle control of the further
  • the further switching element may turn-off while conducting fault current and thereby insert the surge arrester in the fault circuit.
  • the control unit 34 thus changes control mode, which involves controlling the further switching element FT to connect the surge arrester ZA into the fault current path optionally combined with switching the control of the further switching element - first rectifying element
  • phase angle control is based on the current i D c at the DC side of the first converter 12 and more particularly on the average current on the DC side. Therefore the current i D c at the DC side of the
  • control unit 34 controls the further switching element based on the detected current. This involves controlling the further switching element/first
  • rectifying element combination for obtaining a set current limitation value ILIM step 50. This may be done through comparing the average measured current ⁇ 1DC> with the current limitation value 1LIM the
  • amplifying unit 58 for obtaining a phase angle ⁇ that is supplied as output phase angle 5 C for controlling the cells where thyristors are emulated.
  • the emulated thyristors each receive a switching pulse when they are to be turned on or conducting according to the phase angle.
  • This control is continued until the fault has been removed.
  • the current level is thus reduced through the combination of surge arrester, which causes the connection of a voltage between pole and AC terminal counteracting the AC voltage, and phase angle control of the further switching element/first rectifying element combination. This would normally lead to the transistors being de-blocked and starting to operate again. However, as there is still a fault, they have to remain blocked.
  • the control unit 34 therefore continues to block all transistors until the fault has been safely removed. This also means that the current is not used for indicating the fault in this second control mode.
  • the current limit value I L IM can here be set to zero. However it may be desirable to continue to feed some current into the DC power transmission system. It may for instance be necessary to have some current in the DC power transmission system in order to perform selective detection of where in the system the fault is located in order to find out which parts of the DC power transmission system that are faulty and need to be disconnected.
  • the fault current contribution can be substantially lower than the normal load current, since the indication of fault is obtained via the DC voltage. If the total fault current allowed in the DC power transmission system is ILIM, which may for instance be 4 kA, then the fault current
  • contribution from the first voltage source converter may be I L m/m r where m is the number of voltage source converters that are interfacing the DC power
  • the removal of the fault may then be detected. This detection may also here be performed in the system outside of the converter or in the converter itself. As the fault is removed the voltage of the DC power transmission system 20 starts to increase. The detection of the removal of the fault may involve detection of voltage recovery.
  • control unit 34 may compare the voltage u D c at the DC side of the first converter 12 with a voltage reference U REF , step 52, and if this reference is exceeded, then the control unit 34 determines that the fault has been removed and returns to the first control mode, i.e. to control the further switching element FT to permanently bypass the surge arrester, step 54. This means that currents passing through the cells will no longer pass the surge
  • the control unit 34 thus resumes control of the controllable rectifying elements in the fault current path according to the first control mode. Then the transistors can also be
  • a switch back to the first control mode may be done through generating or receiving a control signal F_RMV
  • Removal of the fault may for instance be detected through sensing the rate of change of the voltage at the DC side of the voltage source converter, comparing this rate of change with a second rate of change threshold and detecting a removal of the fault in case this rate of change is above this second rate of change threshold, which threshold is normally positive. This means that a fast increase of the voltage would be detected. It should finally be provided.
  • the fault current in the DC power transmission system is thus limited through the above-described measures, which simplifies the removal of the fault. This allows a simpler and more economical realization of circuit breakers to be made.
  • As the current limitation is made in the rectifying elements of the voltage source converter, there is no additional current limitation element provided in the DC power transmission system. This allows current limitation to be provided without significantly limiting the efficiency of the DC power transmission system in normal operation. This also provides current limiting functionality without
  • time interval t3 - t 2 should be large enough for allowing safe
  • the current limitation is set so low that the phase angle will be regulated to approximately ninety degrees and preferably slightly less than ninety degrees. This has the advantage of obtaining a current at the DC side of the converter that has a zero
  • the use of the further switching element may cause additional losses in normal operation. This can be avoided through the use of the structure shown in fig. 9.
  • a cell of a fourth type and according to a third embodiment of the invention This cell is provided according to the principles shown in fig. 4.
  • This branch includes a mechanical switch MSW, which may be a fast mechanical switch, in series with an electronic switch ESW.
  • the electronic switch ESW can here typically be a MOSFET switch. Both these switches are then conducting in normal operation, taking a majority of the current due to lower on-state resistance as compared to the parallel further switching element FT.
  • the electronic switch ESW As a fault current is detected, and before the further switching element FT is opened for going into a non-conducting state, the electronic switch ESW is first opened and thus becoming non-conducting. This will commutate current to the further switching element FT. As this happens the mechanical switch MSW is opened for
  • MSW has been opened the previously described operation is resumed, i.e. the further switching element FT is opened and becomes non-conducting thereby commutating current to the surge arrester ZA.
  • the further switching elements in all the cells were switched simultaneously. However, it is possible that they are switched sequentially instead and thereby inserting the surge arresters stepwise. This may be done for making the inserted surge arrester voltage counteract the grid voltage, which has a sinusoidal variation. This means that fault current limitation may be performed without the above-mentioned phase angle control.
  • the objective is that the inserted arrester voltage shall be of the same magnitude as the AC voltage in order to limit the current.
  • PWM control of the further switching elements This may be done in order to limit ripple in the DC current.
  • the control unit changed from the first normal control mode to the second control mode simultaneously with the blocking of the switching elements, i.e. connected the surge arrester into the fault current path simultaneously with the transistor blocking.
  • the connection of the surge arrester into the fault current path may as alternative be made later than the blocking of switching elements. This may be done through designing the further
  • switching element to be able to withstand a higher current than the other switching elements. This means that the switching elements in the first type of switching units are designed to withstand a lower voltage than the switching elements in the second type of switching units.
  • protecting elements are connected in one half of the sinusoidal variation, while cell capacitors are used in the other half, where the first half may be a half when an AC terminal of the converter experiences an AC voltage having one polarity and the other half is when the AC terminal experiences an AC voltage having an opposite polarity.
  • the further switching elements in this phase arm are switched off for connecting one or more surge arresters into the fault current path while the first and third switching elements are being blocked.
  • the phase arm then experiences a negative AC voltages the first switching element is turned off, the further switching element turned on and also the third switching element turned on leading to the cell voltage counteracting the negative AC voltage. This measure assists in the control of the fault current.
  • switching element is placed in series with the further rectifying element, which can be seen from for instance fig. 4, it is readily understood that the diodes used as rectifying elements assist the first and further switching elements to block negative voltages. This means that the transistors used as switching elements will in effect have the ability to withstand a negative voltage applied between collector and emitter because of these diodes. There are however alternative ways in which this negative voltage blocking ability may be provided. A first way in which this may be done is shown in fig. 10A. This figure shows a fifth type of cell according to a fourth embodiment of the invention, where the first and further transistors Tl' and FT' are provided as Reverse Conducting Integrated Gate Bipolar
  • Transistors RC-IGBTs also called BIGT, Bi-Mode IGBT
  • each transistor here in essence includes an IGBT with anti-parallel diode.
  • the first and further switching units do not include any extra diodes but only these RC IGBTs in series, with their emitters connected to each other.
  • the surge arrester is
  • RC-IGBTs antiparallel Reverse Blocking Integrated Gate Bipolar Transistors
  • Tl'' and FT'' This is shown in fig. 10B, which shows a sixth type of cell according to a fifth embodiment of the invention.
  • the surge arrester is connected in parallel with the further RB IGBT FT' ' .
  • the first rectifying element of the previously described embodiment can be seen as making up a part of the further transistor FT' '
  • the further rectifying element can be seen as making up a part of the first transistor Tl''.
  • phase angle control it is possible to use direct control of the further switching element to obtain a certain current level on the DC side of the converter instead of the above described control loop based on the detected current at the DC side. It is for instance possible to use a predetermined phase angle in a range of for instance 70 - 90 degrees. It is also possible to vary the phase angle according to a pre ⁇ determined varying scheme, like for instance gradually increasing the phase angle from zero until it reaches a pre-determined end phase-angle for instance in the range of 70 - 90 degrees. It is also possible to provide a controllable rectifying element also in the return path, i.e. in the lower half of a phase leg. In the case of voltage converter cells, it is possible that all switching units of the cell are switching units of the first type. In the method described above the step of blocking switching elements was performed simultaneously with the detection of the fault .
  • the fault may as an alternative be detected before or after the switching elements are blocked.
  • snubbers in order to limit the rate of change of the voltage at turn off.
  • a snubber may for instance be placed in parallel with the further switching element.
  • the switching units used in the cells have been
  • the overvoltage protecting element was above described as being a surge arrester in the form of a varistor. However also other types of overvoltage protecting elements may be considered, such as breakover diodes.
  • the control unit need not be provided as a part of a voltage source converter. It can be provided as a separate device that provides control signals to the voltage source converter. This control unit may be realized in the form of discrete components as
  • This computer program product can be provided as a data carrier such as one or more CD ROM discs or one or more memory sticks carrying computer program code, which performs the above-described current limitation control
  • One such data carrier 56 in the form of a CD rom disc carrying such computer program code 58 is schematically shown in fig. 11.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé, un convertisseur de source de tension et un produit-programme informatique destinés à limiter un courant dans un système de transmission de courant électrique continu. Le convertisseur de source de tension comprend une borne de courant alternatif, une borne de courant continu et possède une branche de phase dotée d'un segment de phase qui s'étend entre la borne de courant alternatif et la borne de courant continu. Le segment de phase du convertisseur de source de tension comprend un premier élément de commutation (T1) avec un premier élément redresseur antiparallèle (D1) et un autre élément de commutation (FT) avec un autre élément redresseur antiparallèle (FD), ainsi qu'un élément de protection contre les surtensions (ZA) monté en parallèle avec l'autre élément de commutation. L'élément de protection contre les surtensions (ZA) peut être connecté sur une section de trajet de courant de défaut qui s'étend sur le segment de phase entre la borne de courant alternatif et la borne de courant continu afin de limiter le courant au niveau de la borne de courant continu.
PCT/EP2011/053042 2011-03-01 2011-03-01 Limitation du courant de défaut dans des systèmes de transmission de courant électrique continu WO2012116738A1 (fr)

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WO2020020457A1 (fr) * 2018-07-25 2020-01-30 Volvo Truck Corporation Unité de convertisseur d'énergie électrique, dispositif de conversion d'énergie électrique et véhicule industriel comprenant cette unité de convertisseur d'énergie électrique
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CN113839408A (zh) * 2021-10-15 2021-12-24 国网四川省电力公司电力科学研究院 高压直流输电系统整流侧等效模型建立方法、系统及设备
EP3391524B1 (fr) * 2016-02-08 2023-01-04 Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG Module de conversion destiné à un convertisseur multiniveaux et son procédé d'operation.

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