WO2012112239A1 - Nanowire preparation methods, compositions, and articles - Google Patents

Nanowire preparation methods, compositions, and articles Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012112239A1
WO2012112239A1 PCT/US2012/021028 US2012021028W WO2012112239A1 WO 2012112239 A1 WO2012112239 A1 WO 2012112239A1 US 2012021028 W US2012021028 W US 2012021028W WO 2012112239 A1 WO2012112239 A1 WO 2012112239A1
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Prior art keywords
ion
reactor
composition
metal
continuous
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PCT/US2012/021028
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Willaim D. RAMSDEN
Richard R. Ollmann
Doreen C. Lynch
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Carestream Health Inc
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Carestream Health Inc
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Priority to EP12703916.2A priority Critical patent/EP2675945A1/en
Priority to KR1020137021495A priority patent/KR20140005969A/ko
Priority to JP2013553443A priority patent/JP2014511435A/ja
Priority to CN2012800091103A priority patent/CN103370455A/zh
Publication of WO2012112239A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012112239A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B7/00—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions
    • C30B7/14—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions the crystallising materials being formed by chemical reactions in the solution
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
    • B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
    • B22F9/24—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from liquid metal compounds, e.g. solutions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
    • C30B29/60—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape characterised by shape
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy

Definitions

  • At least a first embodiment provides methods comprising feeding at least one first composition comprising at least one first reducible metal ion to the contents of at least one continuous-flow reactor comprising at least one tubular reactor; reducing the at least one reducible metal ion to at least one metal nanowire; and withdrawing at least one second composition comprising the at least one metal nanowire from the contents of the at least one continuous-flow reactor.
  • at least some of the withdrawing of the at least one second composition occurs before at least some of the feeding of the at least one first composition, or it occurs simultaneously with at least some of the feeding of the at least one first composition, or both.
  • the contents of the tubular reactor are not mixed with a rotating agitator.
  • the at least one continuous-flow reactor may optionally consist essentially of the at least one tubular reactor.
  • the at least one first composition further comprises at least one polyol and at least one of a protecting agent, a polar polymer, or a polar copolymer.
  • all of the components to be fed to the at least one continuous reactor may, for example, be combined to form a single feed composition.
  • the at least one first reducible metal ion may comprise at least one coinage metal ion, at least one ion from IUPAC Group 11, or at least one ion of silver.
  • the reduction may be performed in the presence of at least one second ion or atom comprising at least one ion or atom from IUPAC Group 8, at least one ion or atom from IUPAC Group 14, at least one iron ion or atom, or at least one tin ion or atom.
  • the reduction may be performed in the presence of a halide ion, such as, for example, a bromide ion, a chloride ion, or an iodide ion, or the reduction may, in some cases, be performed in the presence of a chloride ion.
  • a halide ion such as, for example, a bromide ion, a chloride ion, or an iodide ion
  • the reduction may, in some cases, be performed in the presence of a chloride ion.
  • a halide ion such as, for example, a bromide ion, a chloride ion, or an iodide ion
  • the reduction may, in some cases, be performed in the presence of a chloride ion.
  • At least some embodiments provide the metal nanowires produced according to such methods.
  • the metal nanowires produced according to such methods may, for example, comprise a length of at least about 10
  • At least some other embodiments provide one or more articles comprising at least one such nanowire.
  • Such articles may, for example, comprise electronic devices, transparent conductive films, and the like.
  • At least a second embodiment provides methods comprising providing at least one first composition comprising at least one first reducible metal ion, and reducing the at least one first reducible metal ion to at least one first metal in the presence of at least one first protecting agent and at least one first solvent, where the reduction is performed in at least one first continuous-flow reactor comprising at least one tubular reactor.
  • the at least one first reducible metal ion comprises at least one coinage metal ion, or at least one ion from IUPAC Group 11, or at least one ion of silver.
  • the at least one first compound comprises silver nitrate.
  • the reduction may be carried out in the presence of at least one element from IUPAC Group 8, such as, for example, iron or an ion of iron, or in the presence of at least one element from IUPAC Group 14, such as, for example, tin or an ion of tin, or in the presence of at least one metal salt, such as, for example, at least one metal chloride.
  • the at least one first protecting agent comprises at least one of one or more surfactants, one or more acids, or one or more polar solvents, or it may, for example, comprise polyvinylpyrrolidinone.
  • the at least one first solvent comprises at least one polyol, such as, for example, one or more of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, one or more sugars, or one or more
  • the composition has a ratio of the total moles of the at least one second metal or metal ion to the moles of the at least one first reducible metal ion from about 0.0001 to about 0.1. The reduction may be carried out at one or more temperatures, such as, for example, from about 80 °C to about 190 °C.
  • the second composition comprises at least one coinage metal or coinage metal ion, or at least one element from IUPAC Group 11, such as, for example, silver or an ion of silver.
  • At least some embodiments provide such methods, where the reduction is carried out in the presence of at least one second composition comprising seed particles.
  • the at least one second composition may comprise at least one coinage metal or coinage metal ion, or at least one element from IUPAC Group 11, such as, for example, silver or an ion of silver.
  • the seed particles are formed by a method comprising providing at least one third metal ion and contacting the at least one third metal ion with at least one second protecting agent and at least one second solvent.
  • Such a method may, for example, be carried out in at least one second continuous-flow reactor, which may, for example, comprise at least one tubular reactor.
  • Such a product may, for example, comprise one or more of nanowires, nanocubes, nanorods, nanopyramids, or nanotubes.
  • Such nanowires may have an average diameter of about 30 to about 150 nm, or from about 30 to about 110 nm, or from about 80 to about 100 nm.
  • Some embodiments provide one or more articles comprising at least one such nanowire. Such articles may, for example, comprise electronic devices, transparent conductive films, and the like.
  • Figure 1 shows an embodiment of a reaction system with a continuous flow tubular reactor.
  • Figure 2 shows an embodiment of a reaction system with two continuous flow tubular reactor stages and an inter- stage feed point.
  • Figure 3 shows a micrograph of the product suspension of
  • Figure 4 shows a micrograph of the product suspension of
  • Example 2 Figure 5 shows a micograph of the product suspension of
  • Figure 6 shows a micograph of the product suspension of
  • Figure 7 shows a micograph of the product suspension of
  • Silver nanowires are a unique and useful wire-like form of the metal in which the two short dimensions (the thickness dimensions) are less than 300 nm, while the third dimension (the length dimension) is greater than 1 micron, preferably greater than 10 microns, and the aspect ratio (ratio of the length dimension to the larger of the two thickness dimensions) is greater than five. They are being examined as conductors in electronic devices or as elements in optical devices, among other possible uses.
  • continuous-flow tubular reactors may be used to produce high aspect ratio AgNW with narrow nanowire length distributions.
  • Such tubular reactors can enable precise control of temperature and reaction time without use of excessive agitation, thereby improving product uniformity.
  • Figure 1 shows an embodiment of a reaction system with a continuous-flow tubular reactor.
  • a feed pump [101] supplies raw materials, catalysts, and solvents to the continuous-flow tubular reactor [102], a portion of which is contained in a thermostatted oven [103].
  • the downstream portion of the tubular reactor is immersed in a quench bath [104], with the product exiting the outlet of the reactor [105].
  • Figure 2 shows an embodiment of a reaction system with two continuous-flow tubular reactor stages and an inter-stage feed point, where the feed pumps have been omitted from the figure for clarity.
  • the first tubular reactor stage [201] may, for example, be used to prepare a seed dispersion, which is fed to the second reactor stage [202].
  • the other raw materials, catalysts, and solvents may also be supplied to the second reactor stage at the inter-stage feed
  • Some embodiments provide methods comprising reducing at least one reducible metal ion to at least one metal nanowire.
  • a reducible metal ion is a cation that is capable of being reduced to a metal under some set of reaction conditions.
  • the at least one first reducible metal ion may, for example, comprise at least one coinage metal ion.
  • a coinage metal ion is an ion of one of the coinage metals, which include copper, silver, and gold.
  • a reducible metal ion may, for example, comprise at least one ion of an IUPAC Group 11 element.
  • An exemplary reducible metal ion is a silver cation.
  • Such reducible metal ions may, in some cases, be provided as salts.
  • silver cations might, for example, be provided as silver nitrate.
  • a common method of preparing nanostructures, such as, for example, nanowires, is the "polyol" process. Such a process is described in, for example, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 60, Y. Xia, Y. Xiong, B. Lim,
  • Such processes typically reduce a metal cation, such as, for example, a silver cation, to the desired metal nanostructure product, such as, for example, a silver nanowire.
  • Such a reduction may be carried out in a reaction mixture that may, for example, comprise one or more polyols, such as, for example, ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol, butanediol, glycerol, sugars, carbohydrates, and the like; one or more protecting agents, such as, for example, polyvinylpyrrolidinone (also known as polyvinylpyrrolidone or PVP), other polar polymers or copolymers, surfactants, acids, and the like; and one or more metal ions.
  • polyols such as, for example, ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol, butanediol, glycerol, sugars, carbohydrates, and the like
  • protecting agents such as, for example, polyvinylpyrrolidinone (also known as polyvinylpyrrolidone or PVP), other polar polymers or copolymers, surfactants, acids, and the like
  • PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • the reduction may be carried out in the presence of one or more metals or metal ions (different from the at least one reducible metal ion), or in the presence of one or more halide ions, or both.
  • the metal ions used to catalyze wire formation are generally primarily reported to be provided as a metal halide salt, usually as a metal chloride, for example, FeCl 2 or CuCl 2 . See, for example, J. Jiu, K. Murai, D. Kim, K. Kim, K. Suganuma, Mat. Chem.
  • 2008/0210052 and 2011/0048170 disclose use of quaternary ammonium chlorides. See also Z. C. Li et al., Micro & Nano Letters, 2011, 6(2), 90-93; and B. J. Wiley et al., Langmuir, 2005, 21, 8077. These and other compounds will be understood by those skilled in the art.
  • At least one metal ion is reduced to at least one metal in a continuous-flow reactor.
  • at least one feed composition or compositions comprising the at least one metal ion is supplied to the reactor and at least one product composition or compositions ("product") comprising the at least one metal is withdrawn from the reactor.
  • the feed may, for example, by supplied at a fixed flow rate, at a time varying flow rate, intermittently, and so on.
  • the product may, for example, be withdrawn at a fixed flow rate, at a time varying flow rate, intermittently, and so on.
  • At least some of the feed is supplied to the reactor after at least some of the product is withdrawn from the reactor.
  • a batch reactor where substantially all of the feed compositions comprising the at least one metal ion are supplied to the reactor prior to or at the start of the reduction, and where substantially all of the product compositions are withdrawn after the feed compositions are fed.
  • a semi-batch reactor where some of the feed compositions are supplied prior to or at the start of the reduction and some of the feed compositions are supplied thereafter, and where substantially all of the product compositions are withdrawn after the feed compositions are fed.
  • the temperature of the contents of a continuous-flow reactor may be uniform or may vary according to location or time.
  • the pressure of the contents of a continuous-flow reactor may be uniform or may vary according to location or time.
  • the number of phases present in the continuous-flow reactor may be uniform or may vary according to location or time.
  • the reduction may be carried out in at least one continuous-flow reactor comprising at least one tubular reactor.
  • at least one feed composition or compositions comprising the at least one metal ion is supplied to one or more inlets to the reactor and at least one product composition or compositions ("product") comprising the at least one metal is withdrawn from one or more outlets of the reactor.
  • the feed may, for example, by supplied at a fixed flow rate, at a time varying flow rate, intermittently, and so on.
  • the product may, for example, be withdrawn at a fixed flow rate, at a time varying flow rate, intermittently, and so on.
  • Such a tubular reactor may be contrasted with a stirred reactor, which comprises one or more rotating agitators to mix the reactor's contents.
  • a tubular reactor will have at least one path between at least one inlet and at least one outlet that does not contact such a rotating agitator. In some cases, all paths between inlets and outlets of the reactor will not contact such a rotating agitator.
  • such a tubular reactor may optionally comprise one or more static mixing elements between at least some of its inlets and outlets.
  • static mixing elements may, in some cases, improve product homogeneity and increase heat transfer between the reactor contents and the walls of the reactor.
  • such continuous-flow reactors may be arranged as parallel or series stages of reactors.
  • the stages may, for example, be stirred reactors, tubular reactors, or both.
  • feeds may be provided between at least some of the stages, or products may be withdrawn between at least some of the stages, or both.
  • Other devices may optionally be provided between stages, such as, for example, devices for inter-stage heating or cooling of the material flowing through them.
  • the feed composition comprises the at least one reducible metal ion, at least one polyol, and at least one of a protecting agent, a polar polymer, or a polar copolymer. In some cases, all of the
  • components to be fed to the at least one continuous reactor may, for example, be combined to form a single feed mixture.
  • Such an arrangement may, for example, provide improved product uniformity relative to that of a semi-batch reactor by reducing or eliminating variability due to changes in timing, quantities, and feed rates of the feeds to the semi-batch reactor.
  • At least a portion of at least one of the product streams of a continuous-flow reactor may be provided to at least one of the inlets of the same or a different continuous-flow reactor using one or more recycle streams.
  • a recycle stream may optionally comprise one or more surge tanks or compartments to help manage inventories that are not in the reactor or reactors.
  • the metal product formed by such methods is a nanostructure, such as, for example, a one-dimensional nano structure.
  • Nanostructures are structures having at least one "nanoscale" dimension less than 300 nm, and at least one other dimension being much larger than the nanoscale dimension, such as, for example, at least about 10 or at least about 100 or at least about 200 or at least about 1000 times larger.
  • nanoscale dimension such as, for example, at least about 10 or at least about 100 or at least about 200 or at least about 1000 times larger.
  • nanostructures are nanorods, nanowires, nanotubes, nanopyramids, nanoprisms, nanoplates, and the like.
  • “One-dimensional" nanostructures have one dimension that is much larger than the other two dimensions, such as, for example, at least about 10 or at least about 100 or at least about 200 or at least about 1000 times larger.
  • Nanowires are one-dimensional nanostructures in which the two short dimensions (the thickness dimensions) are less than 300 nm, preferably less than 100 nm, while the third dimension (the length dimension) is greater than 1 micron, preferably greater than 10 microns, and the aspect ratio (ratio of the length dimension to the larger of the two thickness dimensions) is greater than five. Nanowires are being employed as conductors in electronic devices or as elements in optical devices, among other possible uses. Silver nanowires are preferred in some such applications.
  • Nanowires and other nanostructure products may be incorporated into articles, such as, for example, electronic displays, touch screens, portable telephones, cellular telephones, computer displays, laptop computers, tablet computers, point-of-purchase kiosks, music players, televisions, electronic games, electronic book readers, transparent electrodes, solar cells, light emitting diodes, other electronic devices, medical imaging devices, medical imaging media, and the like.
  • a method comprising:
  • the at least one first protecting agent comprises at least one of: one or more surfactants, one or more acids, or one or more polar solvents.
  • the at least one first solvent comprises at least one of: ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, one or more sugars, or one or more carbohydrates.
  • composition has a ratio of the total moles of the at least one second metal or metal ion to the moles of the at least one first reducible metal ion from about 0.0001 to about 0.1.
  • the product according to embodiment Y comprising one or more of nanowires, nanocubes, nanorods, nanopyramids, or nanotubes.
  • the outlet of the pump fed the inlet of a ca. 200 ft long run of 0.25 in OD stainless-steel tubing (0.049 in wall thickness). Approximately 95% of the tubing was located in a BLUE M ® oven, with the final 5% of the tubing being immersed in an ice water bath outside of the oven. The outlet of the tubing fed a product receiver.
  • the oven was heated to 144.5 °C, after which the pump speed control was set to deliver 11.9 mL/min and the addition funnel drip rate was adjusted to maintain a constant head upstream of the pump. After 64 min, the pump speed control was increased to deliver 185 mL/min, with a compensating adjustment in the addition funnel drip rate. When a brownish grey suspension appeared on the outlet of the stainless steel tubing, the pump rate was decreased to deliver 11.9 mL/min, with a compensating adjustment in the addition funnel drip rate.
  • Figure 3 is a micrograph of the product suspension, showing silver nanowires and many particles.
  • Figure 4 is a micrograph of the product suspension, showing many ca. 20 nm long silver nanowires, some shorter silver nanowires, and a few particles.
  • Example 2 It is surprising that a batch reactor supplied with the identical feed composition of Example 2 did not produce the same silver nanowire product as that of the continuous-flow reactor of Example 2.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
PCT/US2012/021028 2011-02-15 2012-01-12 Nanowire preparation methods, compositions, and articles Ceased WO2012112239A1 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP12703916.2A EP2675945A1 (en) 2011-02-15 2012-01-12 Nanowire preparation methods, compositions, and articles
KR1020137021495A KR20140005969A (ko) 2011-02-15 2012-01-12 나노와이어 제조 방법, 조성물 및 물품
JP2013553443A JP2014511435A (ja) 2011-02-15 2012-01-12 ナノワイヤ調製方法、組成物、および物品
CN2012800091103A CN103370455A (zh) 2011-02-15 2012-01-12 纳米线制备方法、组合物及制品

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

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US201161442874P 2011-02-15 2011-02-15
US61/442,874 2011-02-15
US13/347,986 2012-01-11
US13/347,986 US8551211B2 (en) 2011-02-15 2012-01-11 Nanowire preparation methods, compositions, and articles

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CN (1) CN103370455A (https=)
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