WO2012111585A1 - アルミニウム多孔体及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
アルミニウム多孔体及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2012111585A1 WO2012111585A1 PCT/JP2012/053218 JP2012053218W WO2012111585A1 WO 2012111585 A1 WO2012111585 A1 WO 2012111585A1 JP 2012053218 W JP2012053218 W JP 2012053218W WO 2012111585 A1 WO2012111585 A1 WO 2012111585A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- aluminum
- porous body
- porous
- resin
- urethane resin
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/54—Electroplating of non-metallic surfaces
- C25D5/56—Electroplating of non-metallic surfaces of plastics
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D1/00—Electroforming
- C25D1/08—Perforated or foraminous objects, e.g. sieves
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/11—Making porous workpieces or articles
- B22F3/1121—Making porous workpieces or articles by using decomposable, meltable or sublimatable fillers
- B22F3/1137—Making porous workpieces or articles by using decomposable, meltable or sublimatable fillers by coating porous removable preforms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/08—Alloys with open or closed pores
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/02—Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/047—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with magnesium as the next major constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
- C25D11/02—Anodisation
- C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/66—Electroplating: Baths therefor from melts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/66—Electroplating: Baths therefor from melts
- C25D3/665—Electroplating: Baths therefor from melts from ionic liquids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/48—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces
- C25D5/50—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces by heat-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/661—Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings
- H01M4/662—Alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
- H01M4/80—Porous plates, e.g. sintered carriers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an aluminum porous body manufacturing method and an aluminum porous body, in which an urethane porous body is obtained by removing urethane resin from an aluminum structure in which an aluminum film is formed on the surface of a urethane resin porous body having a three-dimensional network structure. .
- Metal porous bodies having a three-dimensional network structure are used in various fields such as various filters, catalyst carriers, and battery electrodes.
- cermet made of nickel (manufactured by Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd .: registered trademark) is used as an electrode material for batteries such as nickel metal hydride batteries and nickel cadmium batteries.
- Celmet is a metal porous body having continuous air holes, and has a feature of high porosity (90% or more) compared to other porous bodies such as a metal nonwoven fabric. This can be obtained by forming a nickel layer on the surface of the porous resin skeleton having continuous air holes such as urethane foam, then heat-treating it to decompose the foamed resin molding, and further reducing the nickel. Formation of the nickel layer is performed by depositing nickel by electroplating after applying a carbon powder or the like to the surface of the skeleton of the foamed resin molded body and conducting a conductive treatment.
- aluminum like nickel, has excellent characteristics such as conductivity, corrosion resistance, and light weight.
- a positive electrode of a lithium battery is coated with an active material such as lithium cobaltate on the surface of an aluminum foil. Things are used.
- aluminum is made porous to increase the surface area, and the active material is also filled inside the aluminum. This is because the active material can be used even if the electrode is thickened, and the active material utilization rate per unit area is improved.
- Patent Document 1 discloses that a metal aluminum layer having a thickness of 2 to 20 ⁇ m is formed by subjecting a three-dimensional net-like plastic substrate having an internal communication space to aluminum vapor deposition by an arc ion plating method. A method is described. According to this method, it is said that an aluminum porous body having a thickness of 2 to 20 ⁇ m can be obtained, but it is difficult to manufacture in a large area because of the vapor phase method, and depending on the thickness and porosity of the substrate, It is difficult to form a uniform layer. In addition, there are problems such as a slow formation rate of the aluminum layer and an increase in manufacturing cost due to expensive equipment. Further, when a thick film is formed, there is a risk that the film may crack or aluminum may fall off.
- Patent Document 2 a film made of a metal (such as copper) that forms a eutectic alloy below the melting point of aluminum is formed on the skeleton of a foamed resin molding having a three-dimensional network structure, and then an aluminum paste is applied.
- a method is described in which a metal porous body is obtained by performing heat treatment at a temperature of 550 ° C. or higher and 750 ° C. or lower in a non-oxidizing atmosphere to eliminate organic components (foamed resin) and sinter aluminum powder.
- a layer that forms a eutectic alloy with aluminum is formed, and a high-purity aluminum layer cannot be formed.
- Patent Document 3 uses a low melting point composition in which onium halide and aluminum halide are mixed and melted as a plating bath, and the amount of moisture in the bath
- An aluminum electroplating method is disclosed, in which aluminum is deposited on the cathode while maintaining 2% by mass or less.
- the present inventors diligently studied about a method of performing electroplating of aluminum on the surface of a urethane resin porous body having a three-dimensional network structure. At least, in a molten salt bath, aluminum was added to the urethane resin porous body whose surface was made conductive. It was found that plating was possible by plating with, and a method for producing a porous aluminum body was completed. According to this manufacturing method, an aluminum structure having a urethane resin porous body as a skeleton core is obtained. Depending on applications such as various filters and catalyst carriers, it may be used as a composite of resin and metal as it is. However, due to restrictions in the usage environment, when using as a metal structure without resin, the resin is removed and aluminum is used. It is necessary to make it porous.
- Removal of the resin can be performed by any method such as decomposition (dissolution) with an organic solvent, molten salt, or supercritical water, and thermal decomposition.
- methods such as thermal decomposition at high temperatures are simple, but involve oxidation of aluminum. Unlike nickel and the like, aluminum is difficult to reduce once oxidized. For example, when used as an electrode material for a battery or the like, it cannot be used because conductivity is lost due to oxidation.
- the present inventors immersed an aluminum structure formed by forming an aluminum film on the surface of the porous resin molded body in a molten salt, A method for producing an aluminum porous body was completed by heating the aluminum film to a temperature below the melting point of aluminum while applying a negative potential to thermally decompose and remove the porous resin molded body. Although this method is an excellent method for removing a resin that does not cause oxidation of aluminum, there is room for improvement in terms of process and cost since a molten salt is used.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for easily removing a urethane resin from an aluminum structure in which an aluminum film is formed on the surface of a urethane resin porous body having a three-dimensional network structure so that the aluminum is not oxidized.
- the present inventors have intensively studied. As a result, the purity of the aluminum film in the aluminum structure in which the aluminum film is formed on the surface of the urethane resin porous body having a three-dimensional network structure is 99.9.
- the present invention was completed by finding that the aluminum film was not oxidized even if the resin was thermally decomposed and removed by high-temperature heating in the atmosphere by setting the content to at least mass%. That is, the present invention relates to a method for producing a porous aluminum body as described below.
- An aluminum film having a purity of 99.9% by mass or more is formed on the surface of a urethane resin porous body having a three-dimensional network structure to obtain an aluminum structure composed of the urethane resin porous body and the aluminum film.
- a method for producing a porous aluminum body characterized in that a urethane resin is obtained by heat-treating the body at 370 ° C. or more and less than 660 ° C. in an atmosphere to remove the urethane resin.
- an aluminum porous body can be obtained by simply removing the urethane resin from an aluminum structure in which an aluminum film is formed on the surface of the urethane resin porous body having a three-dimensional network structure.
- the thickness of the oxide film on the surface of the formed Al plating when an aluminum plating with a purity of 99.93% by mass on the surface of aluminum (A1050) was heat-treated in the atmosphere was measured with a scanning X-ray photoelectron spectrometer.
- the urethane resin is thermally decomposed and removed from the aluminum structure having an aluminum film formed on the surface of the urethane resin porous body having a three-dimensional network structure in the atmosphere.
- the surface of aluminum is easily oxidized and is usually covered with a natural oxide film (Al 2 O 3 film).
- Al 2 O 3 film a natural oxide film
- the thickness of the oxide film increases. If the thickness of the oxide film on the surface of the aluminum porous body is large, when the aluminum porous body is used as a battery current collector, the current collecting function is impaired, so that it cannot be used as a battery current collector.
- the aluminum porous body when used as a current collector such as a battery, a step of welding a tab lead to the aluminum porous body is necessary.
- the thickness of the oxide film on the surface of the aluminum porous body is large, the weldability is improved. There is also the problem of getting worse.
- the oxide film on the surface of the aluminum porous body becomes thick, so that the urethane resin is conventionally used. It was not carried out by pyrolysis removal in the atmosphere.
- the inventors have found that the oxide film becomes thicker when the purity of aluminum is low. That is, if aluminum contains impurities, the heating proceeds in the atmosphere, and oxidation proceeds from the impurities to form a thick oxide film. However, if the aluminum purity is 99.9% by mass or more, it is 370 ° C. in the atmosphere. It was found that the surface oxide layer did not become thick even when heated above. Therefore, in the present invention, the purity of the aluminum film formed on the surface of the urethane resin porous body is set to 99.9% by mass or more.
- an aluminum film having a purity of 99.9% by mass or more on the surface of the urethane resin porous body.
- vapor deposition, plating, or the like can be used as a method for forming a high purity aluminum film on the surface of the porous urethane resin.
- FIG. 1 shows aluminum (A1050) with a purity of 99% by mass
- FIG. 2 shows the aluminum (A1050) surface with an aluminum plating with a purity of 99.93% by mass, each heat treated at 520 ° C. for 5 minutes.
- It is a graph which shows the result of having investigated the thickness of the oxide film formed in the surface at the time of doing using the scanning X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyzer.
- the analysis conditions are as follows.
- X-ray source monochrome-Al (K ⁇ ) Beam condition: 100 ⁇ m ⁇ / 25W-15kV Transmission energy: 280 eV
- Thickness SiO 2 equivalent
- an oxide film having a thickness of 200 nm is formed by heat treatment of 99 mass% aluminum (A1050).
- an oxide film having a thickness of 90 nm is formed by heat treatment of aluminum having a purity of 99.93% by mass, and metal aluminum is present on the outermost surface.
- metallic aluminum refers to aluminum in which the electronic state of aluminum atoms is in a metallic state in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. From this result, it can be seen that when the purity of aluminum is 99.9% by mass or more, the oxide film does not become thick even by heat treatment in the atmosphere.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing the manufacturing process of the aluminum structure.
- FIG. 5 schematically shows a state in which an aluminum plating film is formed using a resin porous body as a core material corresponding to the flow diagram. The flow of the entire manufacturing process will be described with reference to both drawings.
- preparation 101 of the base resin porous body is performed.
- FIG. 5A is an enlarged schematic view in which the surface of a porous resin body having continuous air holes is enlarged as an example of the base resin porous body. Pores are formed with the resin porous body 1 as a skeleton.
- the surface 102 of the resin porous body is made conductive. By this step, as shown in FIG.
- a thin conductive layer 2 made of a conductor is formed on the surface of the porous resin body 1.
- aluminum plating 103 in a molten salt is performed to form an aluminum plating layer 3 on the surface of the porous resin body on which the conductive layer is formed (FIG. 5C).
- an aluminum structure in which the aluminum plating layer 3 is formed on the surface using the base resin porous body as a base material is obtained.
- the base resin porous body is removed 104 from the base resin porous body.
- the aluminum porous body (porous body) in which only the metal layer remains can be obtained by decomposing and disappearing the porous resin body 1 (FIG. 5D).
- each step will be described in order.
- a porous resin body having a three-dimensional network structure and continuous air holes is prepared.
- a polyurethane foamed resin molded body is used as the material of the porous resin body.
- a resin porous body having an arbitrary shape can be selected as long as it has continuous pores (continuous vent holes).
- the foamed resin molded article preferably has a porosity of 80% to 98% and a pore diameter of 50 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m.
- Urethane foam has a high porosity, and has excellent porosity uniformity and a small pore diameter. It also has pore connectivity and thermal decomposition, and is easily available.
- FIG. 6 shows a urethane resin porous body that has been subjected to a cleaning treatment as a pretreatment.
- the porous resin body constitutes a three-dimensional network as a skeleton, thereby constituting continuous pores as a whole.
- the skeleton of the porous urethane resin has a substantially triangular shape in a cross section perpendicular to the extending direction.
- the porosity is defined by the following equation.
- Porosity (1 ⁇ (mass of porous material [g] / (volume of porous material [cm 3 ] ⁇ material density))) ⁇ 100 [%]
- the pore diameter is enlarged as the surface of the porous resin body with a micrograph, and the number of pores per inch (25.4 mm) is counted as the number of cells. Find the value.
- the surface of the foamed resin is subjected to a conductive treatment in advance.
- a conductive treatment can provide a conductive layer on the surface of the porous resin body, electroless plating of a conductive metal such as nickel, vapor deposition and sputtering of aluminum, or conductive particles such as carbon.
- coating of the conductive paint containing this, can be selected.
- Formation of aluminum film molten salt plating
- electroplating is performed in a molten salt to form an aluminum plating film on the surface of the porous resin body.
- a thick aluminum film can be uniformly formed on the surface of a complicated skeleton structure such as a resin porous body having a three-dimensional network structure.
- a direct current is applied in molten salt with the porous resin body having a conductive surface as the cathode and aluminum as the anode.
- an organic molten salt that is a eutectic salt of an organic halide and an aluminum halide, or an inorganic molten salt that is a eutectic salt of an alkali metal halide and an aluminum halide can be used.
- Use of an organic molten salt bath that melts at a relatively low temperature is preferable because plating can be performed without decomposing the porous resin body as a base material.
- the organic halide imidazolium salt, pyridinium salt and the like can be used, and specifically, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIC) and butylpyridinium chloride (BPC) are preferable. Since the molten salt deteriorates when moisture or oxygen is mixed in the molten salt, the plating is preferably performed in an atmosphere of an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon and in a sealed environment.
- an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon
- a molten salt bath containing nitrogen is preferable, and among them, an imidazolium salt bath is preferably used.
- an imidazolium salt bath is preferably used.
- a salt that melts at a high temperature is used as the molten salt, the resin is dissolved or decomposed in the molten salt faster than the growth of the plating layer, and the plating layer cannot be formed on the surface of the porous resin body.
- the imidazolium salt bath can be used without affecting the resin even at a relatively low temperature.
- a salt containing an imidazolium cation having an alkyl group at the 1,3-position is preferably used.
- an aluminum chloride and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride mixed (AlCl 3 -EMIC) type molten salt is used. It is most preferably used because it is highly stable and difficult to decompose. Plating onto foamed urethane resin or foamed melamine resin is possible, and the temperature of the molten salt bath is 10 ° C to 65 ° C, preferably 25 ° C to 60 ° C. The lower the temperature, the narrower the current density range that can be plated, and the more difficult it is to plate on the entire porous body surface. At a high temperature exceeding 65 ° C., a problem that the shape of the base resin is impaired tends to occur.
- the purity of aluminum as the anode material needs to be 99.9% by mass or more, preferably 99.99% by mass or more.
- impurities such as Fe and Cu contained in the molten salt bath as much as possible.
- an anode and a cathode (dummy) are formed before the step of forming an aluminum plating film on the surface of the resin porous body.
- Electrolysis air electrolysis using aluminum as the cathode
- depositing ions such as Fe and Cu in the molten salt bath on the dummy cathode and then conducting the electrolysis by replacing the cathode with a conductive resin porous body.
- an organic solvent to the molten salt bath, and 1,10-phenanthroline is particularly preferably used.
- the amount added to the plating bath is preferably 0.2 to 7 g / L. If it is 0.2 g / L or less, it is brittle with plating having poor smoothness, and it is difficult to obtain the effect of reducing the difference in thickness between the surface layer and the inside. If it is 7 g / L or more, the plating efficiency is lowered and it is difficult to obtain a predetermined plating thickness.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram schematically showing a configuration of an apparatus for continuously performing the aluminum plating process on the above-described belt-shaped resin.
- a configuration in which the belt-like resin 22 whose surface is made conductive is sent from the left to the right in the figure.
- the first plating tank 21a includes a cylindrical electrode 24, an anode 25 made of aluminum provided on the inner wall of the container, and a plating bath 23. By passing the strip-shaped resin 22 along the cylindrical electrode 24 through the plating bath 23, a uniform current can easily flow through the entire porous resin body, and uniform plating can be obtained.
- the plating tank 21b is a tank for applying a thick and uniform plating, and is configured to be repeatedly plated in a plurality of tanks.
- Plating is performed by passing the belt-like resin 22 having a conductive surface through a plating bath 28 while sequentially feeding the belt-like resin 22 by an electrode roller 26 that also serves as a feeding roller and an out-of-vessel feeding cathode.
- anodes 27 made of aluminum provided on both surfaces of the resin porous body via a plating bath 28, and uniform plating can be applied to both surfaces of the resin porous body. After sufficiently removing the plating solution from the plated aluminum porous body by nitrogen blowing, the aluminum porous body is obtained by washing with water.
- an inorganic salt bath can be used as the molten salt as long as the resin is not dissolved.
- the inorganic salt bath is typically a binary or multicomponent salt of AlCl 3 —XCl (X: alkali metal).
- Such an inorganic salt bath generally has a higher melting temperature than an organic salt bath such as an imidazolium salt bath, but is less restricted by environmental conditions such as moisture and oxygen, and can be put to practical use at a low cost overall.
- the resin is a foamed melamine resin, it can be used at a higher temperature than the foamed urethane resin, and an inorganic salt bath at 60 ° C. to 150 ° C. is used.
- an aluminum structure having a porous resin body as a skeleton core is obtained.
- they may be used as a composite of resin and metal as they are, but the resin is removed when used as a metal structure without resin due to restrictions on the use environment.
- the resin is removed by thermal decomposition in the atmosphere described below.
- the temperature needs to be 370 ° C. or higher.
- the temperature in order not to melt the aluminum, it is necessary to perform the treatment at a temperature lower than the melting point of aluminum (660 ° C.). If the treatment is performed at a high temperature lower than the melting point (660 ° C.) of aluminum, for example, 600 ° C., the urethane resin can be thermally decomposed in a shorter treatment time, and the progress of oxidation is small.
- the processing temperature is lowered, the temperature control accuracy is improved, and the oxidation of aluminum can be more stably carried out.
- a preferable temperature range is 370 ° C. or higher and 550 ° C. or lower. When the temperature is 500 ° C. or higher, carbon (soot) generated by thermal decomposition of the urethane resin reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere to form CO 2 and carbon is removed.
- the aluminum porous body of the present invention obtained as described above (hereinafter referred to as “the present aluminum porous body”) can be used for various applications, and the preferred applications will be described below.
- Battery current collector lithium battery (LIB), capacitor, molten salt battery
- LIB lithium battery
- capacitor molten salt battery
- this aluminum porous body has a three-dimensional porous structure (high specific surface area), it has a structure that can hold a large amount of battery material, can form a thick and large electrode, and can reduce the electrode area. Cost can be reduced. Moreover, the usage-amount of an extra binder and a conductive support agent can be reduced, and a battery can be increased in capacity.
- This aluminum porous body has good contact with the battery material, can increase the output of the battery, prevents the battery material from falling off, and prolongs the life of the battery and capacitor, so that the LIB, capacitor, molten salt battery, etc. It can be used for an electrode current collector application.
- Catalyst carrier (industrial deodorization catalyst, sensor catalyst) Since this aluminum porous body has a three-dimensional porous structure (high specific surface area), the supported area of the catalyst and the contact area with the gas increase, and the catalyst carrier effect is increased. It can be used for catalyst carrier applications such as catalysts.
- This aluminum porous body has a three-dimensional porous structure (high specific surface area), and when this is used as a heater, kerosene can be efficiently heated and vaporized. It can be used for heating equipment such as a heater.
- Radioactive contaminated water filtration filter Aluminum is used as a material to prevent radioactivity leakage because it has the property of blocking radioactivity. At present, the removal of radioactivity from contaminated water generated from nuclear power plants is an issue, but the aluminum foil used as a radioactive leak prevention material does not allow water to pass through, so the radioactivity of contaminated water cannot be removed. . On the other hand, since this aluminum porous body has a three-dimensional porous structure (high specific surface area), it can permeate water and can be used as a purification filter for radioactively contaminated water. Furthermore, the filtration of impurities can be strengthened by forming a double-structured film of poreflon (registered trademark: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) porous body) and the present aluminum porous body.
- poreflon registered trademark: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) porous body
- Silencer sience of engine and air equipment, reduction of wind noise such as pantograph sound absorption Since this aluminum porous body has a three-dimensional porous structure (high specific surface area), it has a large sound absorbing effect, and since the material is aluminum and lightweight, it can be used as a silencer for engines and pneumatic equipment, as well as for sound absorbing materials for pantographs, etc. It can be used for wind noise reduction applications.
- Electromagnetic shielding shield room, various shields Since this porous aluminum body has a continuous air hole structure (high air permeability), it has superior air permeability compared to a sheet-like electromagnetic shielding material, and the hole diameter can be freely selected so that it can be used in various frequency bands. Therefore, it can be used for electromagnetic wave shielding applications such as a shield room and various electromagnetic wave shields.
- Heat dissipation and heat exchange (heat exchanger, heat sink)
- This aluminum porous body has a three-dimensional porous structure (large specific surface area), and since the material is aluminum and has high thermal conductivity, it has a large heat dissipation effect, so that heat dissipation and heat from heat exchangers, heat sinks, etc. Can be used for exchange applications.
- the present porous aluminum body has the characteristics of a three-dimensional porous structure, low resistance, and a passive film on the surface. In the atmosphere, it can be used as a gas diffusion layer / current collector and separator, and as a result, the cost can be reduced, so that it can be used for fuel cells such as a gas diffusion layer / current collector and separator of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Can be used for
- aluminum porous bodies with closed pores are sometimes used to reduce weight. Since the present aluminum porous body has a three-dimensional porous structure (high porosity), it can be further reduced in weight compared to a closed porous aluminum porous body. In addition, since it is a continuous ventilation hole, other materials such as resin can be filled in the space, and when combined with a material with functions such as heat insulation, sound insulation, humidity control, etc., it is not possible with conventional porous aluminum porous body A composite material having a certain function can be obtained.
- Electromagnetic induction heating It is said that earthenware pots are preferred when pursuing deliciousness in cooking utensils.
- IH heating allows fine heat control. Taking advantage of both characteristics, there is a demand for a clay pot that can be heated by IH. Conventionally, methods such as arranging a magnetic material on the bottom of a clay pot or using special soil have been proposed, but none of them has a sufficient heat conduction and does not make full use of the features of IH heating.
- using this porous aluminum body as a core material kneading soil into it and sintering it in an inert gas atmosphere to form a clay pot, the aluminum porous body that becomes the core material generates heat, so it is uniform. Heating is possible. Both the nickel porous body and the aluminum porous body are effective, but the present aluminum porous body is preferred in view of weight reduction.
- lithium battery a battery electrode material and a battery using an aluminum porous body will be described.
- a battery electrode material and a battery using an aluminum porous body will be described.
- lithium cobaltate (LiCoO 2 ), lithium manganate (LiMn 2 O 4 ), lithium nickelate (LiNiO 2 ), or the like is used as an active material.
- the active material is used in combination with a conductive additive and a binder.
- Conventional positive electrode materials for lithium batteries have an active material applied to the surface of an aluminum foil.
- the coating thickness of the active material is increased.
- the aluminum foil and the active material need to be in electrical contact with each other, so that the active material is used in combination with a conductive additive.
- the porous aluminum body of the present invention has a high porosity and a large surface area per unit area. Therefore, even if the active material is thinly supported on the surface of the porous body, the active material can be used effectively, the capacity of the battery can be improved, and the mixing amount of the conductive auxiliary agent can be reduced.
- a lithium battery uses the above positive electrode material as a positive electrode, and graphite, lithium titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ), an alloy system such as Si, or lithium metal is used for the negative electrode.
- An organic electrolyte or a solid electrolyte is used as the electrolyte. Since such a lithium battery can improve capacity even with a small electrode area, the energy density of the battery can be made higher than that of a conventional lithium battery.
- the electrolyte used for the lithium battery includes a non-aqueous electrolyte and a solid electrolyte.
- FIG. 8 is a longitudinal sectional view of an all-solid lithium battery using a solid electrolyte.
- the all solid lithium battery 60 includes a positive electrode 61, a negative electrode 62, and a solid electrolyte layer (SE layer) 63 disposed between both electrodes.
- the positive electrode 61 includes a positive electrode layer (positive electrode body) 64 and a positive electrode current collector 65
- the negative electrode 62 includes a negative electrode layer 66 and a negative electrode current collector 67.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte described later is used as the electrolyte.
- a separator such as a porous polymer film
- the non-aqueous electrolyte is impregnated in both electrodes and the separator.
- an aluminum porous body When an aluminum porous body is used for a positive electrode of a lithium battery, a material capable of removing and inserting lithium can be used as an active material, and it is suitable for a lithium secondary battery by filling such an aluminum porous body. An electrode can be obtained.
- the material for the positive electrode active material include lithium cobaltate (LiCoO 2 ), lithium nickelate (LiNiO 2 ), lithium nickel cobaltate (LiCo 0.3 Ni 0.7 O 2 ), and lithium manganate (LiMn 2 O 4).
- the active material is used in combination with a conductive additive and a binder.
- a conductive additive examples thereof include transition metal oxides such as olivine compounds which are conventional lithium iron phosphate and its compounds (LiFePO 4 , LiFe 0.5 Mn 0.5 PO 4 ). Further, the transition metal element contained in these materials may be partially substituted with another transition metal element.
- Still other positive electrode active materials include, for example, TiS 2 , V 2 S 3 , FeS, FeS 2 , LiMSx (M is a transition metal element such as Mo, Ti, Cu, Ni, Fe, or Sb, Sn, Pb) ) And the like, and lithium metal having a skeleton of a metal oxide such as TiO 2 , Cr 3 O 8 , V 2 O 5 , and MnO 2 .
- the above-described lithium titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ) can also be used as a negative electrode active material.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte a polar aprotic organic solvent is used, and specifically, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, sulfolane and the like are used.
- the supporting salt lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, and an imide salt are used.
- Solid electrolyte filled in aluminum porous body In addition to the active material, a solid electrolyte may be added and filled. By filling an aluminum porous body with an active material and a solid electrolyte, it can be made suitable for an electrode of an all-solid-state lithium battery.
- the proportion of the active material in the material filled in the aluminum porous body is preferably 50% by mass or more, more preferably 70% by mass or more, from the viewpoint of securing the discharge capacity.
- a sulfide-based solid electrolyte having high lithium ion conductivity is preferably used.
- a sulfide-based solid electrolyte having high lithium ion conductivity examples include a sulfide-based solid electrolyte containing lithium, phosphorus, and sulfur. It is done.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte may further contain an element such as O, Al, B, Si, and Ge.
- Such a sulfide-based solid electrolyte can be obtained by a known method.
- lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and diphosphorus pentasulfide (P 2 S 5 ) are prepared as starting materials, and the ratio of Li 2 S and P 2 S 5 is about 50:50 to 80:20 in molar ratio.
- a method of melting and quenching the mixture melting quenching method
- a method of mechanically milling the mixture mechanical milling method.
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte obtained by the above method is amorphous. Although it can be used in this amorphous state, it may be heat-treated to obtain a crystalline sulfide solid electrolyte. Crystallization can be expected to improve lithium ion conductivity.
- the active material for filling the active material (the active material and the solid electrolyte)
- a known method such as an immersion filling method or a coating method
- the coating method include roll coating method, applicator coating method, electrostatic coating method, powder coating method, spray coating method, spray coater coating method, bar coater coating method, roll coater coating method, dip coater coating method, doctor Examples thereof include a blade coating method, a wire bar coating method, a knife coater coating method, a blade coating method, and a screen printing method.
- a conductive additive or binder is added, and an organic solvent is mixed therewith to produce a positive electrode mixture slurry.
- the filling of the active material (the active material and the solid electrolyte) is preferably performed in an inert gas atmosphere in order to prevent oxidation of the aluminum porous body.
- the conductive auxiliary agent for example, carbon black such as acetylene black (AB) or ketjen black (KB) can be used.
- the binder for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or the like can be used.
- the organic solvent used for preparing the positive electrode mixture slurry has an adverse effect on the material (ie, the active material, the conductive additive, the binder, and, if necessary, the solid electrolyte) filled in the aluminum porous body. If not, it can be selected as appropriate.
- organic solvents include n-hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, toluene, xylene, trimethylbenzene, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate. , Tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, ethylene glycol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and the like.
- the conventional positive electrode material for ion batteries has applied the active material to the surface of aluminum foil.
- the coating thickness of the active material is increased.
- the aluminum foil and the active material need to be in electrical contact with each other, so that the active material is used in combination with a conductive additive.
- the porous aluminum body has a high porosity and a large surface area per unit area. Therefore, even if the active material is thinly supported on the surface of the porous body, the active material can be used effectively, the capacity of the battery can be improved, and the mixing amount of the conductive auxiliary agent can be reduced.
- a lithium battery uses the above positive electrode material as the positive electrode, graphite as the negative electrode, and organic electrolyte as the electrolyte. Since such a lithium battery can improve capacity even with a small electrode area, the energy density of the battery can be made higher than that of a conventional lithium battery.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a capacitor using a capacitor electrode material.
- an electrode material in which an electrode active material is supported on a porous aluminum body is disposed as a polarizable electrode 141.
- the polarizable electrode 141 is connected to the lead wire 144 and is entirely housed in the case 145.
- activated carbon is used as an active material for the current collector.
- Activated carbon is used in combination with a conductive aid and a binder.
- a conductive aid graphite, carbon nanotube, etc. can be used.
- the binder polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), styrene butadiene rubber or the like can be used. Fill with activated carbon paste.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- the activated carbon is preferably 90% by mass or more in terms of the composition ratio after drying (after solvent removal).
- the conductive assistant is preferably 10% by mass or less, and the binder is preferably 10% by mass or less.
- Activated carbon has a specific surface area of 2000 m 2 / g or more because the larger the surface area, the larger the capacity of the capacitor.
- ketjen black, acetylene black, carbon fiber, or a composite material thereof can be used as the conductive auxiliary.
- the binder polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose, xanthan gum and the like can be used.
- water or an organic solvent may be appropriately selected depending on the kind of the binder. In organic solvents, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is often used. Moreover, when using water for a solvent, you may use surfactant in order to improve a filling property.
- An activated carbon paste can be obtained by mixing and stirring the electrode material mainly composed of activated carbon.
- the activated carbon paste is filled in the current collector and dried, and the electrode for a capacitor is obtained by adjusting the thickness with a roller press or the like as necessary.
- Capacitor production Two of the electrodes obtained as described above are punched out to a suitable size, and are opposed to each other with a separator interposed therebetween. And it accommodates in a cell case using a required spacer, and impregnates electrolyte solution. Finally, the case using a non-aqueous electrolyte can be manufactured by sealing the case with an insulating gasket. When a non-aqueous material is used, in order to reduce the moisture in the capacitor as much as possible, the capacitor is manufactured in an environment with little moisture, and the sealing is performed in a reduced pressure environment.
- the capacitor is not particularly limited as long as the current collector and electrode of the present invention are used, and the capacitor may be manufactured by other methods.
- the negative electrode is not particularly limited, and a conventional negative electrode can be used. However, since the capacity of the conventional electrode using an aluminum foil as a current collector is small, the negative electrode can be used for a porous material such as the aforementioned foamed nickel. An electrode filled with a substance is preferred.
- Electrolyte can be used for both aqueous and non-aqueous, but non-aqueous is preferable because the voltage can be set higher.
- potassium hydroxide or the like can be used as an electrolyte.
- non-aqueous systems there are many ionic liquids in combination of cations and anions.
- cation lower aliphatic quaternary ammonium, lower aliphatic quaternary phosphonium, imidazolinium and the like are used, and as the anion, imide compounds such as metal chloride ion, metal fluoride ion, and bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide Etc. are known.
- electrolyte solution there are polar aprotic organic solvents as the electrolyte solution, and specifically, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, sulfolane, and the like are used.
- polar aprotic organic solvents ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, sulfolane, and the like are used.
- the supporting salt in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, and an imide salt are used.
- the aluminum porous body can also be used as an electrode material for a molten salt battery.
- a metal compound capable of intercalating cations of a molten salt serving as an electrolyte such as sodium chromite (NaCrO 2 ) and titanium disulfide (TiS 2 ) as an active material Is used.
- the active material is used in combination with a conductive additive and a binder.
- a conductive assistant acetylene black or the like can be used.
- the binder polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or the like can be used. When sodium chromate is used as the active material and acetylene black is used as the conductive aid, PTFE is preferable because both can be firmly fixed.
- the aluminum porous body can also be used as a negative electrode material for a molten salt battery.
- an aluminum porous body is used as a negative electrode material
- sodium alone, an alloy of sodium and another metal, carbon, or the like can be used as an active material.
- the melting point of sodium is about 98 ° C., and the metal softens as the temperature rises. Therefore, it is preferable to alloy sodium with other metals (Si, Sn, In, etc.). Of these, an alloy of sodium and Sn is particularly preferable because it is easy to handle.
- Sodium or a sodium alloy can be supported on the surface of the aluminum porous body by a method such as electroplating or hot dipping.
- a metal (such as Si) that is alloyed with sodium is attached to the aluminum porous body by a method such as plating, a sodium alloy can be obtained by charging in a molten salt battery.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a molten salt battery using the battery electrode material.
- the molten salt battery includes a positive electrode 121 carrying a positive electrode active material on the surface of an aluminum skeleton part of an aluminum porous body, a negative electrode 122 carrying a negative electrode active material on the surface of the aluminum skeleton part of an aluminum porous body, and an electrolyte.
- a separator 123 impregnated with molten salt is housed in a case 127. Between the upper surface of the case 127 and the negative electrode, a pressing member 126 including a pressing plate 124 and a spring 125 that presses the pressing plate is disposed.
- the current collector (aluminum porous body) of the positive electrode 121 and the current collector (aluminum porous body) of the negative electrode 122 are connected to the positive electrode terminal 128 and the negative electrode terminal 129 by lead wires 130, respectively.
- molten salt As the electrolyte, various inorganic salts or organic salts that melt at the operating temperature can be used.
- alkali metals such as lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb) and cesium (Cs), beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca)
- strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) can be used.
- the operating temperature can be 90 ° C. or lower.
- a separator is for preventing a positive electrode and a negative electrode from contacting, and a glass nonwoven fabric, a porous resin porous body, etc. can be used for it.
- the above positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator impregnated with molten salt are stacked and housed in a case to be used as a battery.
- Example 10 Formation of conductive layer
- a polyurethane foam having a porosity of 95%, the number of pores per 1 inch (number of cells), a pore diameter of about 550 ⁇ m, and a thickness of 1 mm was prepared and cut into 100 mm ⁇ 30 mm square.
- Aluminum was formed on the surface of the polyurethane foam by sputtering at a basis weight of 10 g / m 2 to form a conductive layer.
- the polyurethane foam having a conductive layer formed on the surface obtained above was set as a workpiece on a jig having a power feeding function, and then placed in a glove box having an argon atmosphere and low moisture (dew point -30 ° C or lower).
- a molten salt aluminum plating bath having a temperature of 60 ° C.
- the jig on which the workpiece was set was connected to the cathode side of the rectifier, and a counter electrode aluminum plate (purity 99.9 mass%) was connected to the anode side.
- Plating was performed by applying a direct current having a current density of 3.6 A / dm 2 for 90 minutes. Stirring was performed at 300 rpm using a Teflon (registered trademark) rotor as a stirrer.
- the current density is a value calculated by the apparent area of the polyurethane foam.
- the jig to which the workpiece was attached was taken out and left on the plating tank for 2 minutes to drain the liquid.
- Thermal decomposition of resin The aluminum structure obtained above was placed in a heating furnace at room temperature, the temperature was increased at a temperature rising rate of 10 ° C./min, and the temperature was maintained at 520 ° C. for 5 minutes. Thereafter, heating of the furnace was stopped and air cooling was performed (cooling rate: 3 ° C./min) to obtain a porous aluminum body.
- a heat treatment profile for pyrolysis is shown in FIG. When the obtained aluminum porous body was dissolved in aqua regia and measured with an ICP (inductively coupled plasma) emission spectrometer, the aluminum purity was 99.9% by mass or more.
- the thickness of the oxide film was 90 nm as measured by a scanning X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (ULVAC-PHI Quantera SXM). Further, the carbon content was measured by a high frequency induction furnace combustion-infrared absorption method of JIS-G1211 and found to be 0.82 g / m 2 .
- the component analysis value of the aluminum porous body obtained in Table 1 is shown together with the analysis value of commercially available aluminum (A1050). When the aluminum foil tab lead was spot welded to the obtained porous aluminum body, the welded state was good.
- Example 1 a porous aluminum body was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that air electrolysis was not performed and aluminum having a purity of 99% by mass (A1050) was used as the anode.
- A1050 aluminum having a purity of 99% by mass
- the aluminum purity was 99.0% by mass and the thickness of the oxide film was 200 nm.
- Example 1 The aluminum structure obtained in Example 1 was immersed in a LiCl—KCl eutectic molten salt at a temperature of 500 ° C., and a negative potential of ⁇ 1 V was applied for 30 minutes. Bubbles were generated in the molten salt due to the decomposition reaction of the polyurethane. Then, after cooling to room temperature in the atmosphere, the molten salt was removed by washing with water to obtain a porous aluminum body from which the resin was removed. When the surface of the obtained aluminum porous body was measured with a scanning X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (ULVAC-PHI Quantera SXM), the thickness of the oxide film was 80 nm. From the above, it can be seen that an aluminum porous body having an oxide film thickness comparable to the method of thermally decomposing urethane resin in molten salt can be obtained by a simple method of thermally decomposing urethane resin in the atmosphere.
- UUV-PHI Quantera SXM scanning X-ray photoelectron
- the resin can be stably and thermally decomposed and removed from the sheet-like aluminum structure formed by forming an aluminum film on the surface of the urethane resin porous body, various filters, catalyst carriers, In a battery electrode or the like, it is possible to provide a method for producing an aluminum porous body and an aluminum porous body that can be widely applied when the characteristics of aluminum are utilized.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Cell Electrode Carriers And Collectors (AREA)
- Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
- Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
Description
この方法によれば、2~20μmの厚さのアルミニウム多孔体が得られるとされているが、気相法によるため大面積での製造は困難であり、基体の厚さや気孔率によっては内部まで均一な層の形成が難しい。またアルミニウム層の形成速度が遅い、設備が高価などにより製造コストが増大するなどの問題点がある。さらに、厚膜を形成する場合には、膜に亀裂が生じたりアルミニウムの脱落が生じたりするおそれがある。
しかしながら、この方法によればアルミニウムと共晶合金を形成する層が出来てしまい、純度の高いアルミニウム層が形成できない。
この方法は、アルミニウムの酸化が起こらない樹脂除去方法として優れた方法ではあるが、溶融塩を使用するために工程的、コスト的には改善の余地がある。
本発明は、三次元網目構造を有するウレタン樹脂多孔体の表面にアルミニウム膜を形成したアルミニウム構造体からアルミニウムが酸化しないようにしてウレタン樹脂を簡便に除去する方法を提供することを目的とする。
すなわち、本発明は以下に記載する通りのアルミニウム多孔体の製造方法に係るものである。
(2)前記熱処理の温度を370℃以上550℃以下とすることを特徴とする(1)に記載のアルミニウム多孔体の製造方法。
(3)前記ウレタン樹脂多孔体がポリウレタンフォームであることを特徴とする(1)~(2)のいずれかに記載のアルミニウム多孔体の製造方法。
(4)前記アルミニウム膜を溶融塩浴中での電気めっきにより形成することを特徴とする(1)~(3)のいずれかに記載のアルミニウム多孔体の製造方法。
(5)ウレタン樹脂多孔体の表面にアルミニウム膜を形成する工程の前に溶融塩中の金属イオンを電解処理によって除去する工程を行うことを特徴とする(4)に記載のアルミニウム多孔体の製造方法。
(6)アルミニウムの純度が99.9質量%以上であることを特徴とする三次元網目構造を有するアルミニウム多孔体。
(7)三次元網目構造を形成する骨格のアルミニウムの外側表面には厚さ200nm未満のアルミニウムの酸化膜が存在していることを特徴とする(6)に記載のアルミニウム多孔体。
(8)三次元網目構造を形成する骨格のアルミニウムの外側最表面に金属アルミニウムが存在していることを特徴とする(6)又は(7)に記載のアルミニウム多孔体。
(9)カーボン量が1g/m2未満であることを特徴とする(6)~(8)のいずれかに記載のアルミニウム多孔体。
ところで、アルミニウムの表面は酸化しやすく通常は自然酸化膜(Al2O3膜)で覆われている。そして、この自然酸化膜が形成されたアルミニウムを大気下で加熱すると、この酸化膜の厚みが厚くなる。アルミニウム多孔体表面の酸化膜の厚みが厚いと、アルミニウム多孔体を電池の集電体として使用したとき、集電機能が損なわれるため電池の集電体として使用できなくなる。更に、アルミニウム多孔体を電池等の集電体とて使用する場合には、アルミニウム多孔体にタブリードを溶接する工程が必要であるが、アルミニウム多孔体表面の酸化膜の厚みが厚いと溶接性が悪くなるという問題もある。
ウレタン樹脂を熱分解するには370℃以上の温度で加熱する必要があるが、ウレタン樹脂をこのような高温で大気下に熱分解するとアルミニウム多孔体の表面の酸化膜が厚くなるため従来はウレタンを大気下で熱分解除去することは行われていなかった。
そこで、本発明においてはウレタンの樹脂多孔体の表面に形成されるアルミニウム膜の純度を99.9質量%以上とする。
本発明においてはウレタン樹脂多孔体の表面に純度99.9質量%以上のアルミニウム膜を形成する必要がある。ウレタン樹脂多孔体の表面に高純度のアルミニウム膜を形成する方法としては蒸着法、めっき法等を用いることができる。
図1は純度99質量%のアルミニウム(A1050)を、また、図2はアルミニウム(A1050)表面に純度99.93質量%のAlめっきを形成したものを、それぞれ大気下で520℃で5分熱処理した場合の表面に形成される酸化膜の厚さを走査型X線光電子分光分析装置を用いて調べた結果を示すグラフである。
分析条件は以下の通りである。
装置 :ULVAC-PHI (QuanteraSXM)
X線源 :monochrome-Al(Kα)
ビーム条件 :100μmφ/25W-15kV
透過エネルギー :280eV
厚み :SiO2換算
例えば図3(a)に示すようにアルミニウム箔及び正極材料からなる正極と、銅箔及び負極材料からなる負極と、セパレータとを積層した電池を考えると、純度の低いアルミ箔を用いると図3(a)に示すようにアルミニウム中の不純物である金属が溶出して負極に移動して図3(b)に示すように負極に析出する。そうすると、図3(c)に示すように析出した不純物金属析出部に電流が流れやすくなり、この部分に電流が集中して電解液の分解反応が起こるため電解液が劣化する可能性がある。本発明の純度99.9質量%以上のアルミニウム多孔体を用いるとこのような不具合がなくなる。本発明はこの知見に基づいてなされたものである。
図4は、アルミニウム構造体の製造工程を示すフロー図である。また図5は、フロー図に対応して樹脂多孔体を芯材としてアルミニウムめっき膜を形成する様子を模式的に示したものである。両図を参照して製造工程全体の流れを説明する。まず基体樹脂多孔体の準備101を行う。図5(a)は、基体樹脂多孔体の例として、連通気孔を有する樹脂多孔体の表面を拡大視した拡大模式図である。樹脂多孔体1を骨格として気孔が形成されている。次に樹脂多孔体表面の導電化102を行う。この工程により、図5(b)に示すように樹脂多孔体1の表面には薄く導電体による導電層2が形成される。
続いて溶融塩中でのアルミニウムめっき103を行い、導電層が形成された樹脂多孔体の表面にアルミニウムめっき層3を形成する(図5(c))。これで、基体樹脂多孔体を基材として表面にアルミニウムめっき層3が形成されたアルミニウム構造体が得られる。基体樹脂多孔体について基体樹脂多孔体の除去104を行う。
樹脂多孔体1を分解等して消失させることにより金属層のみが残ったアルミニウム構造体(多孔体)を得ることができる(図5(d))。以下各工程について順を追って説明する。
三次元網目構造を有し連通気孔を有する樹脂多孔体を準備する。樹脂多孔体の素材としてはポリウレタンの発泡樹脂成形体を用いる。発泡樹脂成形体と表記したが、連続した気孔(連通気孔)を有するものであれば任意の形状の樹脂多孔体を選択できる。例えば繊維状の樹脂を絡めて不織布のような形状を有するものも発泡樹脂成形体に代えて使用可能である。発泡樹脂成形体の気孔率は80%~98%、気孔径は50μm~500μmとするのが好ましい。発泡ウレタンは気孔率が高く、気孔の均一性に優れたものや、気孔径の小さなものが得られ、また気孔の連通性があるとともに熱分解性にも優れ、更に入手が容易である。
気孔率=(1-(多孔質材の質量[g]/(多孔質材の体積[cm3]×素材密度)))×100[%]
また、気孔径は、樹脂多孔体表面を顕微鏡写真等で拡大し、1インチ(25.4mm)あたりの気孔数をセル数として計数して、平均孔径=25.4mm/セル数として平均的な値を求める。
電気めっきを行うために、発泡樹脂の表面をあらかじめ導電化処理する。樹脂多孔体の表面に導電性を有する層を設けることができる処理である限り特に制限はなく、ニッケル等の導電性金属の無電解めっき、アルミニウム等の蒸着及びスパッタ、又はカーボン等の導電性粒子を含有した導電性塗料の塗布等任意の方法を選択できる。
次に溶融塩中で電気めっきを行い、樹脂多孔体表面にアルミニウムめっき膜を形成する。
溶融塩浴中でアルミニウムのめっきを行うことにより特に三次元網目構造を有する樹脂多孔体のように複雑な骨格構造の表面に均一に厚いアルミニウム膜を形成することができる。
表面が導電化された樹脂多孔体を陰極とし、アルミニウムを陽極として溶融塩中で直流電流を印加する。
また、溶融塩としては、有機系ハロゲン化物とアルミニウムハロゲン化物の共晶塩である有機溶融塩、アルカリ金属のハロゲン化物とアルミニウムハロゲン化物の共晶塩である無機溶融塩を使用することができる。比較的低温で溶融する有機溶融塩浴を使用すると、基材である樹脂多孔体を分解することなくめっきができ好ましい。有機系ハロゲン化物としてはイミダゾリウム塩、ピリジニウム塩等が使用でき、具体的には1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウムクロライド(EMIC)、ブチルピリジニウムクロライド(BPC)が好ましい。
溶融塩中に水分や酸素が混入すると溶融塩が劣化するため、めっきは窒素、アルゴン等の不活性ガス雰囲気下で、かつ密閉した環境下で行うことが好ましい。
溶融塩浴中の不可避的に混入しているFe、Cu等の不純物を低減するための好ましい方法としては、樹脂多孔体の表面にアルミニウムのめっき膜を形成する工程の前に陽極及び陰極(ダミー陰極)をアルミニウムとして電解(空電解)を行い、溶融塩浴中のFe、Cu等のイオンをダミー陰極に析出させたのち、陰極を導電化処理した樹脂多孔体に代えて電解を行う方法がある。
また、ウレタン樹脂を熱分解するには温度を370℃以上にする必要があるが、アルミニウムを溶融させないためにはアルミニウムの融点(660℃)未満の温度で処理する必要がある。アルミニウムの融点(660℃)未満の高い温度、例えば600℃で処理すれば、より短い処理時間でウレタン樹脂を熱分解することができ、酸化の進行も少ない。一方、処理温度を下げると、温度のコントロール精度が上がり、アルミニウムの酸化抑制をより安定的に実施することができる。好ましい温度範囲は370℃以上550℃以下である。500℃以上であるとウレタン樹脂の熱分解で生じるカーボン(すす)が大気中の酸素と反応してCO2を形成し、カーボンが除去される。
本アルミニウム多孔体は、3次元多孔構造(高比表面積)を有するため、電池材料を多く保持できる構造となっており、厚くて容量の大きい電極を形成することができ、電極面積を低減して低コスト化できる。また、余分なバインダーや導電助剤の使用量を低減することができ、電池を高容量化することができる。
本アルミニウム多孔体は電池材料との接触がよく、電池を高出力化することができ、また、電池材料の脱落を防ぎ、電池やキャパシタが長寿命化できることから、LIB、キャパシタ、溶融塩電池などの電極集電体用途に使用することができる。
本アルミニウム多孔体は、3次元多孔構造(高比表面積)を有するために触媒の坦持面積や気体との接触面積が増加し、触媒担体効果が大きくなることから、工業用脱臭触媒、センサ用触媒などの触媒用担体用途に使用することができる。
本アルミニウム多孔体は、3次元多孔構造(高比表面積)を有しており、これをヒータとして利用した場合、効率よく灯油を昇温し気化することができるため、灯油の気化器や霧化器などの暖房機器用途として使用することができる。
本アルミニウム多孔体は、3次元多孔構造(高比表面積)を有するためにオイルミストやグリスとの接触面積が大きく効率よくオイルやグリスを捕集することができることから、オイルミストコレクタやグリスフィルタなどの各種フィルタ用途に使用することができる。
アルミニウムは放射能を遮断する性質があるため、放射能漏れを防止する材質として使用されている。現在、原子力発電所から発生する汚染水からの放射能除去が課題となっているが、放射能漏れ防止材として使用されているアルミ箔では水を透過しないため、汚染水の放射能除去はできない。これに対して本アルミニウム多孔体は3次元多孔構造(高比表面積)を有するために水を透過させることができ、放射能汚染水の浄化フィルタとして使用することができる。さらに、ポアフロン(登録商標:ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)多孔体)と本アルミニウム多孔体との2重構造の膜にすることで不純物の濾過を強化することが出来る。
本アルミニウム多孔体は、3次元多孔構造(高比表面積)を有するために吸音効果が大きく、また、材質がアルミニウムであり軽量のため、エンジンや空気機器の消音器用途やパンタグラフの吸音材などの風切り音低減用途に使用することができる。
本アルミニウム多孔体は、連通気孔構造(高通気性)を有しているために、シート状の電磁遮蔽材に比べて通気性に優れ、また、孔径を自由に選定できるために多様な周波数帯域に対応できることから、シールドルームや各種電磁波シールドなどの電磁波遮蔽用途に使用することができる。
本アルミニウム多孔体は、3次元多孔構造(比表面積が大きい)を有し、また、材質がアルミニウムであり高熱伝導率であるために放熱効果が大きいことから熱交換器、ヒートシンクなどの放熱・熱交換用途に使用することができる。
現在、固体高分子形燃料電池のガス拡散兼集電体やセパレータにはカーボンペーパーが主に使用されているが、これは材料コストが高く、また、複雑な流路形成が必要なことから製作コストも高くなるという問題がある。これに対して、本アルミニウム多孔体は、3次元多孔構造、低抵抗、表面の不働態膜の特徴を有するために、複雑な流路を形成しなくても、燃料電池内の高電位、酸性雰囲気において、ガス拡散層兼集電体及びセパレータとして使用することができ、その結果、低コスト化が図れるため、固体高分子形燃料電池のガス拡散層兼集電体及びセパレータなどの燃料電池用途に使用することができる。
水耕栽培において発育促進に遠赤外線で支持体を暖める方式が採られている。現在、水耕栽培用支持体としてはロックウールなどが主として使用されているが、ロックウールの熱伝導率が悪く熱交換の効率が悪い。これに対して、本アルミニウム多孔体は3次元多孔構造(高比表面積)を有するために水耕用栽培支持体として使用でき、さらに、材質がアルミニウムであり熱伝導率が良いことから、効率よく支持体を暖めることができるので水耕栽培用支持体として使用することができる。さらに、本アルミニウム多孔体を使用した場合、支持体を暖める方式に誘導加熱方式が使用でき、遠赤外線方式に比べて支持体を効率良く暖めることができる水耕栽培用支持体として使用することができる。
建築資材には、軽量化を狙って従来閉気孔のアルミニウム多孔体が用いられることがある。本アルミニウム多孔体は3次元多孔構造(高気孔率)を有するため閉気孔のアルミ多孔体よりもさらに軽量化することができる。また、連通気孔であるため空間に樹脂などその他材料を充填することができ、断熱性や遮音性、調湿性といった機能を持つ材料と組み合わせることにより、従来の閉気孔のアルミニウム多孔体では不可能であった機能を有する複合材料とすることができる。
調理器具用途においておいしさを追求すると土鍋が好ましいと言われている。一方、IH加熱は細やかな熱制御が可能である。両者の特徴を活かして、IH加熱可能な土鍋が求められている。従来は、土鍋の底に磁性材料を配置する、特殊な土を使用するなどの方法が提案されているが、いずれも熱伝導が不十分で、IH加熱の特徴を生かし切れていない。これに対し、本アルミニウム多孔体を芯材に用い、これに土を練り込んで、不活性ガス雰囲気で焼結することにより土鍋を形成すると、芯材となるアルミニウム多孔体が発熱するため、均一な加熱が可能である。ニッケル多孔体、アルミニウム多孔体のどちらも有効であるが、軽量化を考慮すると本アルミニウム多孔体の方が好ましい。
(リチウム電池)
次にアルミニウム多孔体を用いた電池用電極材料及び電池について説明する。例えばリチウム電池の正極に使用する場合は、活物質としてコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)、マンガン酸リチウム(LiMn2O4)、ニッケル酸リチウム(LiNiO2)等を使用する。活物質は導電助剤及びバインダーと組み合わせて使用する。従来のリチウム電池用正極材料は、アルミニウム箔の表面に活物質を塗布している。単位面積当たりの電池容量を向上するために、活物質の塗布厚みを厚くしている。また活物質を有効に利用するためにはアルミニウム箔と活物質とが電気的に接触している必要があるので活物質は導電助剤と混合して用いられている。これに対し、本発明のアルミニウム多孔体は気孔率が高く単位面積当たりの表面積が大きい。よって多孔体の表面に薄く活物質を担持させても活物質を有効に利用でき、電池の容量を向上できるとともに、導電助剤の混合量を少なくすることができる。リチウム電池は、上記の正極材料を正極とし、負極には黒鉛、チタン酸リチウム(Li4Ti5O12)、Si等の合金系、あるいはリチウム金属等が使用される。電解質には有機電解液あるいは固体電解質を使用する。このようなリチウム電池は、小さい電極面積でも容量を向上できるため、従来のリチウム電池よりも電池のエネルギー密度を高くすることができる。
リチウム電池に使用される電解質には、非水電解液と固体電解質がある。
図8は、固体電解質を使用した全固体リチウム電池の縦断面図である。この全固体リチウム電池60は、正極61、負極62、および、両電極間に配置される固体電解質層(SE層)63を備える。正極61は、正極層(正極体)64と正極集電体65とからなり、負極62は、負極層66と負極集電体67とからなる。
電解質として、固体電解質以外に、後述する非水電解液が用いられる。この場合、両極間には、セパレータ(多孔質ポリマーフィルム等)が配置され、非水電解液は両極およびセパレータ中に含浸される。
アルミニウム多孔体をリチウム電池の正極に使用する場合は、活物質としてリチウムを脱挿入できる材料を使用することができ、このような材料をアルミニウム多孔体に充填することでリチウム二次電池に適した電極を得ることができる。正極活物質の材料としては、例えばコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)、ニッケル酸リチウム(LiNiO2)、ニッケルコバルト酸リチウム(LiCo0.3Ni0.7O2)、マンガン酸リチウム(LiMn2O4)、チタン酸リチウム(Li4Ti5O12)、リチウムマンガン酸化合物(LiMyMn2-yO4);M=Cr、Co、Ni)、リチウム複合酸化物等を使用する。活物質は導電助剤及びバインダーと組み合わせて使用する。従来のリチウムリン酸鉄及びその化合物(LiFePO4、LiFe0.5Mn0.5PO4)であるオリビン化合物などの遷移金属酸化物が挙げられる。また、これらの材料の中に含まれる遷移金属元素を、別の遷移金属元素に一部置換してもよい。
非水電解液としては、極性非プロトン性有機溶媒で使用され、具体的にはエチレンカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、γ-ブチロラクトン及びスルホラン等が使用される。支持塩としては4フッ化ホウ酸リチウム、6フッ化リン酸リチウム、およびイミド塩等が使用されている。
(アルミニウム多孔体に充填する固体電解質)
活物質の他に、さらに、固体電解質を加えて充填してもよい。アルミニウム多孔体に活物質と固体電解質とを充填することで、全固体リチウム電池の電極に適したものとすることができる。ただし、アルミニウム多孔体に充填する材料のうち活物質の割合は、放電容量を確保する観点から、50質量%以上、より好ましくは70質量%以上とすることが好ましい。
活物質(活物質と固体電解質)の充填は、例えば、浸漬充填法や塗工法などの公知の方法を用いることができる。塗工法としては、例えば、ロール塗工法、アプリケーター塗工法、静電塗工法、粉体塗工法、スプレー塗工法、スプレーコーター塗工法、バーコーター塗工法、ロールコーター塗工法、ディップコーター塗工法、ドクターブレード塗工法、ワイヤーバー塗工法、ナイフコーター塗工法、ブレード塗工法、及びスクリーン印刷法などが挙げられる。
図9はキャパシタ用電極材料を用いたキャパシタの一例を示す断面模式図である。セパレータ142で仕切られた有機電解液143中に、アルミニウム多孔体に電極活物質を担持した電極材料を分極性電極141として配置している。分極性電極141はリード線144に接続しており、これら全体がケース145中に収納されている。アルミニウム多孔体を集電体として使用することで、集電体の表面積が大きくなり、活物質としての活性炭を薄く塗布しても高出力、高容量化可能なキャパシタを得ることができる。
活性炭ペーストを充填する。キャパシタの容量を大きくするためには主成分である活性炭の量が多い方が良く、乾燥後(溶媒除去後)の組成比で活性炭が90質量%以上あることが好ましい。また導電助剤やバインダーは必要ではあるが容量低下の要因であり、バインダーは更に内部抵抗を増大させる要因となるためできる限り少ない方がよい。導電助剤は10質量%以下、バインダーは10質量%以下が好ましい。
上記のようにして得られた電極を適当な大きさに打ち抜いて2枚用意し、セパレータを挟んで対向させる。そして、必要なスペーサを用いてセルケースに収納し、電解液を含浸させる。最後に絶縁ガスケットを介してケースに蓋をして封口することにより非水電解液を用いるキャパシタを作製することができる。非水系の材料を使用する場合は、キャパシタ内の水分を限りなく少なくするため、キャパシタの作製は水分の少ない環境下で行い、封止は減圧環境下で行う。なお、本発明の集電体、電極を用いていればキャパシタとしては特に限定されず、これ以外の方法により作製されるものでも構わない。
また、負極は特に限定されず従来の負極用電極を使用可能であるが、アルミ箔を集電体に用いた従来の電極では容量が小さいため、前述の発泡状ニッケルのような多孔体に活物質を充填した電極が好ましい。
アルミニウム多孔体は、溶融塩電池用の電極材料として使用することもできる。アルミニウム多孔体を正極材料として使用する場合は、活物質として亜クロム酸ナトリウム(NaCrO2)、二硫化チタン(TiS2)等、電解質となる溶融塩のカチオンをインターカレーションすることができる金属化合物を使用する。活物質は導電助剤及びバインダーと組み合わせて使用する。導電助剤としてはアセチレンブラック等が使用できる。またバインダーとしてはポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)等を使用できる。活物質としてクロム酸ナトリウムを使用し、導電助剤としてアセチレンブラックを使用する場合には、PTFEはこの両者をより強固に固着することができ好ましい。
例えばカリウムビス(フルオロスルフォニル)アミド<K-N(SO2F)2;KFSA>とナトリウムビス(フルオロスルフォニル)アミド<Na-N(SO2F)2;NaFSA>とを組み合わせて使用すると、電池の動作温度を90℃以下とすることができる。
[実施例]
(導電層の形成)
ウレタン樹脂多孔体として、気孔率95%、1インチ当たりの気孔数(セル数)約50個、気孔径約550μm、厚さ1mmのポリウレタンフォームを準備し、これを100mm×30mm角に切断した。このポリウレタンフォームの表面にスパッタリングによってアルミニウムを目付量10g/m2で製膜して導電層を形成した。
溶融塩めっきのめっき浴として温度60℃の溶融塩アルミめっき浴(EMIC:AlCl3=1:2)を準備した。
このめっき浴に陰極及び陽極としてアルミニウム板(材質:A1050)を浸漬し、電流密度2A/dm2で3時間空電解を行った。
次いで、上記で得た、表面に導電層を形成したポリウレタンフォームをワークとして、給電機能を有する治具にセットした後、アルゴン雰囲気かつ低水分(露点-30℃以下)としたグローブボックス内に入れ、前記の温度60℃の溶融塩アルミめっき浴に浸漬した。
ワークをセットした治具を整流器の陰極側に接続し、対極のアルミニウム板(純度99.9質量%)を陽極側に接続した。電流密度3.6A/dm2の直流電流を90分間印加してめっきした。攪拌はテフロン(登録商標)製の回転子をスターラーとして用いて300rpmで行った。ここで、電流密度はポリウレタンフォームの見かけの面積で計算した値である。
ワークを取り付けた治具を取り出し、液切りのためにめっき槽上で2分放置した。この後、底にコックのついた容器に1Lのキシレンを投入し、この中に1分間浸漬することによりワークに付着しためっき液を洗い流した。さらに治具からワークを取り外した後、キシレンの入った洗浄瓶にて追加洗浄を行った。なおこの際に用いたキシレンも回収し、浸漬処理に用いたキシレンに加えた。全量は1.5Lとなった。キシレンにより洗浄したワークをグローブボックスから取り出し、温風にて乾燥を行った。この結果、150g/m2の目付量のアルミニウム膜を有するアルミニウム構造体を得た。
上記で得られたアルミニウム構造体を室温下で加熱炉に入れて昇温速度10℃/minで温度を上昇させ、520℃で5分間保持した。その後、炉の加熱を停止し、空冷し(冷却速度3℃/min)、アルミニウム多孔体を得た。熱分解のための熱処理プロファイルを図11に示す。
得られたアルミニウム多孔体を王水に溶解し、ICP(誘導結合プラズマ)発光分析装置で測定したところ、アルミニウム純度は99.9質量%以上であった。また、走査型X線光電子分光分析装置(ULVAC-PHI QuanteraSXM)で測定したところ、酸化膜の厚みは90nmであった。更にカーボン含有量をJIS-G1211の高周波誘導加熱炉燃焼-赤外線吸収法で測定したところ、0.82g/m2であった。
表1に得られたアルミニウム多孔体の成分分析値を市販のアルミニウム(A1050)の分析値と共に示す。
得られたアルミニウム多孔体にアルミ箔のタブリードをスポット溶接したところ溶接状態は良好であった。
実施例1において、空電解を行わず、陽極として純度99質量%のアルミニウム(A1050)を用いたことを除いては実施例1と同様にしてアルミニウム多孔体を得て、このアルミニウム多孔体について実施例1と同様にしてアルミニウム多孔体の純度及び酸化膜の厚みを評価したところ、アルミニウム純度は99.0質量%であり、酸化膜の厚みは200nmであった。
前記実施例1で得られたアルミニウム構造体を温度500℃のLiCl-KCl共晶溶融塩に浸漬し、-1Vの負電位を30分間印加した。溶融塩中にポリウレタンの分解反応による気泡が発生した。その後大気中で室温まで冷却した後、水洗して溶融塩を除去し、樹脂が除去されたアルミニウム多孔体を得た。得られたアルミニウム多孔体の表面を走査型X線光電子分光分析装置(ULVAC-PHI QuanteraSXM)で測定したところ、酸化膜の厚みは80nmであった。
上記のことから、大気下でウレタン樹脂を熱分解するという簡便な方法によってもウレタン樹脂を溶融塩中で熱分解する方法と同程度の酸化膜厚を有するアルミニウム多孔体が得られることが分かる。
2 導電層
3 アルミニウムめっき層
21a,21b めっき槽
22 帯状樹脂
23,28 めっき浴
24 円筒状電極
25,27 正電極
26 電極ローラ
60 リチウム電池
61 正極
62 負極
63 固体電解質層(SE層)
64 正極層(正極体)
65 正極集電体
66 負極層
67 負極集電体
121 正極
122 負極
123 セパレータ
124 押さえ板
125 バネ
126 押圧部材
127 ケース
128 正極端子
129 負極端子
130 リード線
141 分極性電極
142 セパレータ
143 有機電解液
144 リード線
145 ケース
Claims (9)
- 三次元網目構造を有するウレタン樹脂多孔体の表面に純度99.9質量%以上のアルミニウム膜を形成してウレタン樹脂多孔体とアルミニウム膜とからなるアルミニウム構造体を得て、このアルミニウム構造体を大気下で370℃以上660℃未満で熱処理することによりウレタン樹脂を除去してアルミニウム多孔体を得ることを特徴とするアルミニウム多孔体の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理の温度を370℃以上550℃以下とすることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のアルミニウム多孔体の製造方法。
- 前記ウレタン樹脂多孔体がポリウレタンフォームであることを特徴とする請求項1~2のいずれかに記載のアルミニウム多孔体の製造方法。
- 前記アルミニウム膜を溶融塩浴中での電気めっきにより形成することを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれかに記載のアルミニウム多孔体の製造方法。
- ウレタン樹脂多孔体の表面にアルミニウム膜を形成する工程の前に溶融塩中の金属イオンを電解処理によって除去する工程を行うことを特徴とする請求項4に記載のアルミニウム多孔体の製造方法。
- アルミニウムの純度が99.9質量%以上であることを特徴とする三次元網目構造を有するアルミニウム多孔体。
- 前記三次元網目構造を形成する骨格のアルミニウムの外側表面には厚さ200nm未満のアルミニウムの酸化膜が存在していることを特徴とする請求項6に記載のアルミニウム多孔体。
- 前記三次元網目構造を形成する骨格のアルミニウムの外側最表面には金属アルミニウムが存在していることを特徴とする請求項6叉は7に記載のアルミニウム多孔体。
- カーボン量が1g/m2未満であることを特徴とする請求項6~8のいずれかに記載のアルミニウム多孔体。
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE112012000897T DE112012000897T5 (de) | 2011-02-18 | 2012-02-13 | Poröser Aluminiumkörper und Verfahren zur Herstellung desselben |
| KR1020137016717A KR20130139318A (ko) | 2011-02-18 | 2012-02-13 | 알루미늄 다공체 및 그 제조 방법 |
| CN2012800057282A CN103328694A (zh) | 2011-02-18 | 2012-02-13 | 铝多孔体及其制造方法 |
| JP2012557938A JPWO2012111585A1 (ja) | 2011-02-18 | 2012-02-13 | アルミニウム多孔体及びその製造方法 |
| US13/528,061 US20120312692A1 (en) | 2011-02-18 | 2012-06-20 | Aluminum porous body and method for producing the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2011032785 | 2011-02-18 | ||
| JP2011-032785 | 2011-02-18 | ||
| JP2011-111025 | 2011-05-18 | ||
| JP2011111025 | 2011-05-18 |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US13/528,061 Continuation US20120312692A1 (en) | 2011-02-18 | 2012-06-20 | Aluminum porous body and method for producing the same |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2012111585A1 true WO2012111585A1 (ja) | 2012-08-23 |
Family
ID=46672504
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2012/053218 Ceased WO2012111585A1 (ja) | 2011-02-18 | 2012-02-13 | アルミニウム多孔体及びその製造方法 |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20120312692A1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JPWO2012111585A1 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR20130139318A (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN103328694A (ja) |
| DE (1) | DE112012000897T5 (ja) |
| TW (1) | TW201235478A (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2012111585A1 (ja) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2014077188A (ja) * | 2012-10-12 | 2014-05-01 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | アルミニウム粉末の製造方法及び製造装置並びにアルミニウム粉末 |
| WO2014192645A1 (ja) * | 2013-05-31 | 2014-12-04 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | アルミニウム多孔体の製造方法、アルミニウム多孔体、集電体、電極、及び電気化学デバイス |
| JP2014235851A (ja) * | 2013-05-31 | 2014-12-15 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | アルミニウム多孔体、集電体、電極及び電気化学デバイス |
Families Citing this family (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9771661B2 (en) | 2012-02-06 | 2017-09-26 | Honeywell International Inc. | Methods for producing a high temperature oxidation resistant MCrAlX coating on superalloy substrates |
| US8794216B2 (en) * | 2012-09-14 | 2014-08-05 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Charge-air cooler |
| JP5582371B1 (ja) * | 2013-02-26 | 2014-09-03 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | アルミニウム多孔体、伝熱材料及び熱交換装置 |
| US10308856B1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2019-06-04 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | Pastes for thermal, electrical and mechanical bonding |
| KR101551003B1 (ko) | 2013-12-13 | 2015-09-07 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 다공성 알루미늄 제조방법 |
| US20160343519A1 (en) * | 2014-01-31 | 2016-11-24 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Conductive resin molded body, structure, aluminum porous body, method for producing aluminum porous body, current collector, electrode, non-aqueous electric double layer capacitor, and lithium ion capacitor |
| TWI503053B (zh) * | 2014-06-11 | 2015-10-01 | 財團法人金屬工業研究發展中心 | 輻射產生設備 |
| TWI503054B (zh) * | 2014-06-11 | 2015-10-01 | 財團法人金屬工業研究發展中心 | 輻射產生設備 |
| JP2016027190A (ja) * | 2014-06-24 | 2016-02-18 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | アルミニウムめっき液、アルミニウム膜の製造方法、及びアルミニウム多孔体 |
| US10087540B2 (en) | 2015-02-17 | 2018-10-02 | Honeywell International Inc. | Surface modifiers for ionic liquid aluminum electroplating solutions, processes for electroplating aluminum therefrom, and methods for producing an aluminum coating using the same |
| CN106757198B (zh) * | 2016-12-16 | 2019-09-27 | 中色科技股份有限公司 | 一种制备多孔铝过程中具有均匀镀层且无裂纹产生的方法 |
| CN109136696B (zh) * | 2018-08-08 | 2023-11-03 | 倧奇健康科技有限公司 | 一种红外辐射材料及其制备方法以及红外发射基材 |
| KR102408088B1 (ko) * | 2019-12-18 | 2022-06-13 | 한국세라믹기술원 | 고방열 산화알루미늄-엘라스토머 복합소재 및 이의 제조 방법 |
| CN111118451B (zh) * | 2020-01-20 | 2024-08-06 | 昆山浦元真空技术工程有限公司 | 海绵铝生产工艺及其所用的海绵铝生产设备 |
| CN111669958B (zh) * | 2020-06-16 | 2023-05-09 | 中天超容科技有限公司 | 一种铝基电磁屏蔽材料及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN114106559B (zh) * | 2021-11-11 | 2023-05-23 | 华东理工大学 | 一种高导热高绝缘硅橡胶复合材料的制备方法 |
| CN119527703B (zh) * | 2025-01-23 | 2025-08-12 | 安徽润辉高分子材料科技有限公司 | 一种防静电屏蔽防潮包装膜袋及其生产方法 |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH05222599A (ja) * | 1992-02-17 | 1993-08-31 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | アルミニウムの溶融塩めっき方法と装置 |
| JP2008195990A (ja) * | 2007-02-09 | 2008-08-28 | Dipsol Chem Co Ltd | 電気アルミニウムめっき浴及びそれを用いためっき方法 |
| JP2010232171A (ja) * | 2009-03-05 | 2010-10-14 | Hitachi Metals Ltd | アルミニウム多孔質材およびその製造方法、アルミニウム多孔質材を電極集電体として用いた蓄電デバイス |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5087245A (en) | 1989-03-13 | 1992-02-11 | Ivac Corporation | System and method for detecting abnormalities in intravascular infusion |
| US5804053A (en) * | 1995-12-07 | 1998-09-08 | Eltech Systems Corporation | Continuously electroplated foam of improved weight distribution |
| US7250102B2 (en) * | 2002-04-30 | 2007-07-31 | Alumiplate Incorporated | Aluminium electroplating formulations |
| CN1487122A (zh) * | 2003-07-03 | 2004-04-07 | 孙伟成 | 一种泡沫铝的制备方法 |
| JP5403053B2 (ja) * | 2009-06-29 | 2014-01-29 | 日立金属株式会社 | アルミニウム箔の製造方法 |
-
2012
- 2012-02-13 DE DE112012000897T patent/DE112012000897T5/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-02-13 CN CN2012800057282A patent/CN103328694A/zh active Pending
- 2012-02-13 KR KR1020137016717A patent/KR20130139318A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-02-13 WO PCT/JP2012/053218 patent/WO2012111585A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2012-02-13 JP JP2012557938A patent/JPWO2012111585A1/ja active Pending
- 2012-02-14 TW TW101104653A patent/TW201235478A/zh unknown
- 2012-06-20 US US13/528,061 patent/US20120312692A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH05222599A (ja) * | 1992-02-17 | 1993-08-31 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | アルミニウムの溶融塩めっき方法と装置 |
| JP2008195990A (ja) * | 2007-02-09 | 2008-08-28 | Dipsol Chem Co Ltd | 電気アルミニウムめっき浴及びそれを用いためっき方法 |
| JP2010232171A (ja) * | 2009-03-05 | 2010-10-14 | Hitachi Metals Ltd | アルミニウム多孔質材およびその製造方法、アルミニウム多孔質材を電極集電体として用いた蓄電デバイス |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2014077188A (ja) * | 2012-10-12 | 2014-05-01 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | アルミニウム粉末の製造方法及び製造装置並びにアルミニウム粉末 |
| WO2014192645A1 (ja) * | 2013-05-31 | 2014-12-04 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | アルミニウム多孔体の製造方法、アルミニウム多孔体、集電体、電極、及び電気化学デバイス |
| JP2014235851A (ja) * | 2013-05-31 | 2014-12-15 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | アルミニウム多孔体、集電体、電極及び電気化学デバイス |
| JP2014234531A (ja) * | 2013-05-31 | 2014-12-15 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | アルミニウム多孔体の製造方法、アルミニウム多孔体、集電体、電極、及び電気化学デバイス |
| CN105247084A (zh) * | 2013-05-31 | 2016-01-13 | 住友电气工业株式会社 | 铝多孔体的制造方法、铝多孔体、集电体、电极和电化学装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20130139318A (ko) | 2013-12-20 |
| US20120312692A1 (en) | 2012-12-13 |
| JPWO2012111585A1 (ja) | 2014-07-07 |
| DE112012000897T5 (de) | 2013-11-21 |
| CN103328694A (zh) | 2013-09-25 |
| TW201235478A (en) | 2012-09-01 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| WO2012111585A1 (ja) | アルミニウム多孔体及びその製造方法 | |
| US9270073B2 (en) | Three-dimensional network aluminum porous body for current collector, electrode using the aluminum porous body, and battery, capacitor and lithium-ion capacitor each using the electrode | |
| US9337492B2 (en) | Electrochemical element | |
| US20120308886A1 (en) | Three-dimensional network aluminum porous body for current collector and method for producing the same | |
| US8497037B2 (en) | Current collector using three-dimensional network aluminum porous body, electrode using the current collector, and nonaqueous electrolyte battery, capacitor and lithium-ion capacitor with nonaqueous electrolytic solution, each using the electrode, and method for producing the electrode | |
| US20130004856A1 (en) | Three-dimensional network aluminum porous body for current collector, current collector using the aluminum porous body, electrode using the current collector, and nonaqueous electrolyte battery, capacitor and lithium-ion capacitor, each using the electrode | |
| US20120263993A1 (en) | Electrochemical device | |
| US9484570B2 (en) | Method for producing electrode for electrochemical element | |
| KR20140005957A (ko) | 전기 화학 디바이스용 전극 및 그의 제조 방법 | |
| US20120288757A1 (en) | Three-dimensional network aluminum porous body for current collector, electrode using the aluminum porous body, nonaqueous electrolyte battery, capacitor and lithium-ion capacitor | |
| US20120315540A1 (en) | Three-dimensional network aluminum porous body for current collector, electrode using the aluminum porous body, and nonaqueous electrolyte battery, nonaqueous electrolytic solution capacitor and lithium-ion capacitor each using the electrode | |
| US20160284482A1 (en) | Three-dimensional network aluminum porous body for current collector, and current collector, electrode, nonaqueous electrolyte battery, capacitor and lithium-ion capacitor, each using aluminum porous body | |
| US20130040046A1 (en) | Method for producing electrode for electrochemical element | |
| US20130045425A1 (en) | Three-dimensional network aluminum porous body, current collector and electrode each using the aluminum porous body, and nonaqueous electrolyte battery, capacitor and lithium-ion capacitor with nonaqueous electrolytic solution, each using the electrode | |
| JP2012251231A (ja) | アルミニウム多孔体の製造方法 | |
| JP2014234530A (ja) | アルミニウム多孔体、集電体、電極、電気化学デバイス及びアルミニウム多孔体の製造方法 | |
| US20130004854A1 (en) | Electrode for electrochemical element | |
| US20160104583A1 (en) | Production method for aluminum porous body, aluminum porous body, current collector, electrode, and electrochemical device | |
| JP2014235851A (ja) | アルミニウム多孔体、集電体、電極及び電気化学デバイス | |
| JP2012219372A (ja) | アルミニウム多孔体の製造方法 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 12747669 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
| ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2012557938 Country of ref document: JP Kind code of ref document: A |
|
| ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 20137016717 Country of ref document: KR Kind code of ref document: A |
|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 112012000897 Country of ref document: DE Ref document number: 1120120008979 Country of ref document: DE |
|
| 122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 12747669 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
