WO2012077574A1 - 撮像装置および撮像方法 - Google Patents
撮像装置および撮像方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012077574A1 WO2012077574A1 PCT/JP2011/077841 JP2011077841W WO2012077574A1 WO 2012077574 A1 WO2012077574 A1 WO 2012077574A1 JP 2011077841 W JP2011077841 W JP 2011077841W WO 2012077574 A1 WO2012077574 A1 WO 2012077574A1
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- parallax
- incident light
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- imaging
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
- H04N13/20—Image signal generators
- H04N13/204—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras
- H04N13/207—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras using a single 2D image sensor
- H04N13/218—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras using a single 2D image sensor using spatial multiplexing
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
- H04N13/20—Image signal generators
- H04N13/204—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras
- H04N13/243—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras using three or more 2D image sensors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
- H04N13/20—Image signal generators
- H04N13/204—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras
- H04N13/25—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras using two or more image sensors with different characteristics other than in their location or field of view, e.g. having different resolutions or colour pickup characteristics; using image signals from one sensor to control the characteristics of another sensor
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an imaging apparatus and an imaging method, and more particularly to an imaging apparatus and an imaging method that can obtain parallax information without degrading the image quality of an image.
- the interval between two video cameras may become large, the left and right optical axes may shift during zooming due to individual differences in the lenses of each video camera, and the left and right screen sizes may not be the same.
- the left and right video cameras may be shifted up and down during the operation of directing the left and right video cameras toward the subject, that is, during the congestion operation.
- the optical axis shift occurs between the left and right video cameras in this way, the visual system of the user who views the stereoscopic image is forced to perform information processing different from that of daily life, which causes visual fatigue. Furthermore, when the user views the left and right images as they are without using the stereoscopic glasses, the subject looks double, resulting in an unnatural image.
- an imaging apparatus that captures an image by separating light from a subject into two light beams by a mirror in a region that becomes a pupil of one lens (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- this imaging apparatus by imaging each of the two separated light beams, it is possible to obtain parallax information of the subject and at the same time obtain a stereoscopic image presented to the left and right eyes.
- the parallax information of the subject can be obtained, but the image quality of the image for displaying the stereoscopic image may be deteriorated.
- the light flux from the subject is separated into two light fluxes for obtaining the left-eye and right-eye images by the mirror, so that the light flux from the subject is separated by the incident angle of the mirror with respect to the mirror.
- the thickness of each of the two light fluxes changes. If the thicknesses of these two light beams are different, the brightness and resolution of the left and right images will be uneven.
- the present invention has been made in view of such a situation, and makes it possible to obtain parallax information without degrading the image quality of an image.
- An imaging apparatus transmits a first light collecting unit that collects incident light from a subject, and the incident light collected by the first light collecting unit into parallel light.
- a transmission unit a spectroscopic unit configured to transmit the incident light that has been converted into parallel light by the transmission unit with a predetermined transmittance; and to split a part of the incident light that has been converted into the parallel light to the left and right;
- a second condensing unit that condenses the incident light that has passed through the first condensing unit, and the incident light collected by the second condensing unit is converted into an electrical signal, thereby capturing a basic image of the subject.
- a first imaging unit a third condensing unit that condenses each of the incident light separated by the spectroscopic unit, and each of the incident light collected by the third condensing unit By converting to signals, parallax detection images with parallax can be taken. And a second imaging means for.
- the imaging apparatus generates a parallax image for stereoscopic display of the subject by generating an image of the same viewpoint as the parallax detection image based on the basic image for each of the parallax detection images.
- a generation means can be further provided.
- the parallax image generation means sets the pixel value of the pixel on the basic image corresponding to the pixel of the parallax detection image at the same position as the target pixel, with the pixel of the parallax image to be generated as the target pixel. Based on this, the parallax image can be generated by obtaining the pixel value of the target pixel.
- the incident light from the transmission unit is arranged between the transmission unit and the spectroscopic unit so that the distance between the centroids of the incident light that is split into the left and right by the spectroscopic unit changes.
- a light amount adjusting means for shielding a part of the light can be further provided.
- the light amount adjusting means can block part of the incident light so that the distance between the centers of gravity is 7 to 65 mm.
- the first condensing unit is provided with a zoom lens for enlarging the subject image, and a relative parallax between the parallax detection images is controlled by an enlargement magnification of the subject image by the zoom lens. be able to.
- the first imaging unit and the second imaging unit can capture the basic image and the parallax detection image at a rate of 60 frames or more per second.
- the first imaging unit and the second imaging unit can capture the basic image and the parallax detection image at a rate of 230 to 250 frames per second.
- the first imaging unit and the second imaging unit can capture the basic image and the parallax detection image at a rate of 290 to 310 frames per second.
- the first imaging unit and the second imaging unit can capture the basic image and the parallax detection image at a rate of 590 to 610 frames per second.
- the imaging apparatus may further include a storage unit that stores the parallax image and a display control unit that stereoscopically displays the subject based on the parallax image stored in the storage unit.
- incident light from a subject is collected by a first light collecting unit, and the incident light collected by the first light collecting unit is transmitted by a transmission unit in parallel.
- a spectral means transmits the incident light that has been made parallel light by the transmission means with a predetermined transmittance, and partly splits the incident light that has been made parallel light left and right
- a condensing unit condenses the incident light transmitted through the spectroscopic unit
- a first imaging unit converts the incident light collected by the second condensing unit into an electrical signal
- a basic image of the subject is picked up
- a third condensing unit condenses each of the incident light separated by the spectroscopic unit
- a second imaging unit collects the third condensing unit.
- Each of the incident light that has been emitted is converted into an electric signal, so that each of them has a parallax. Comprising the step of imaging the detection image.
- incident light from a subject is collected by a first light collecting unit, and the incident light collected by the first light collecting unit is transmitted by a transmission unit to be parallel light.
- the incident light that has been converted into parallel light by the transmission means passes through the spectroscopic means with a predetermined transmittance, and a part of the incident light that has been converted into parallel light is split left and right by the spectroscopic means.
- the incident light transmitted through the spectroscopic means is condensed by the second condensing means, and the incident light condensed by the second condensing means is converted into an electric signal by the first imaging means.
- parallax information can be obtained without degrading the image quality of an image.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of an embodiment of an imaging apparatus to which the present invention is applied. More specifically, FIG. 1 shows a top sectional view of the imaging apparatus.
- the imaging device 11 receives incident light from a subject and generates right-eye and left-eye parallax images for displaying a stereoscopic image of the subject.
- the parallax image for the right eye and the parallax image for the left eye refer to images that are displayed so as to be observed with the right eye and the left eye of the user when the subject is stereoscopically displayed.
- the right-eye and left-eye parallax images are also simply referred to as left and right parallax images.
- the description is continued assuming that the upper side is the right side from the imaging device 11 toward the subject, and the lower side is the left side from the imaging device 11 toward the subject in the drawing.
- the imaging device 11 includes an interchangeable lens 21 and a main body 22, and the interchangeable lens 21 is attached to a lens mount 31 provided on the main body 22.
- the interchangeable lens 21 includes a lens group that collects incident light from a subject, and includes a stop 32 in addition to a lens group such as a focus lens for focusing and a zoom lens for enlarging a subject image. Yes. Incident light collected by the interchangeable lens 21 is imaged inside the lens mount 31 to become an inverted image in which the left and right are reversed, and is incident on a relay lens portion 33 provided in the main body 22.
- the relay lens unit 33 includes a relay lens that transmits incident light incident from the interchangeable lens 21 to a position of a diaphragm 34 provided at a subsequent stage.
- the relay lens unit 33 By the relay lens unit 33, the diffused light from the point light source of the subject (objective focal position) becomes parallel light at the position of the stop 34. A part of the incident light from the subject that has been converted into parallel light by the relay lens unit 33 is blocked by the diaphragm 34 and enters the transmission mirror 35-1 and the transmission mirror 35-2. Further, in the imaging device 11, the image of the diaphragm 34 is located inside the interchangeable lens 21 as the entrance pupil PU.
- the transmission mirror 35-1 and the transmission mirror 35-2 are arranged on the optical axis of the optical system constituting the main body 22 so that one ends thereof are adjacent to each other and inclined in different directions.
- the transmissive mirror 35-1 and the transmissive mirror 35-2 are orthogonal to each other, and the transmissive mirror 35-1 and the transmissive mirror 35-2 are respectively located with respect to the optical axis of the optical system. They are arranged at an angle of 45 degrees and -45 degrees.
- the transmissive mirror 35-1 and the transmissive mirror 35-2 reflect a part of incident light incident from the relay lens unit 33 in the upward and downward directions in the drawing, so that the mirror 36-1 and the mirror 36-2 are reflected. And the remaining incident light is transmitted and incident on the condenser lens 37. Further, the mirror 36-1 and the mirror 36-2 reflect the incident light incident from the transmissive mirror 35-1 and the transmissive mirror 35-2, and are reflected on the condenser lens 38-1 and the condenser lens 38-2. Make it incident.
- the transmission type mirror 35-1 to the mirror 36-2 are disposed at the same position as the stop 34 in the optical axis direction of the optical system of the main body 22, and a part of the collected light is spectrally divided to the left and right.
- a spectroscopic mirror is configured. That is, when the subject is viewed from the left side toward the subject, the light is reversed left and right, and a part thereof is reflected by the transmission mirror 35-1 and the mirror 36-1. Further, the light when the subject is viewed from the right side toward the subject is reversed left and right, and a part thereof is reflected by the transmission mirror 35-2 and the mirror 36-2.
- a part of the incident light incident on the imaging device 11 is spectrally divided to the left and right by the spectroscopic mirror including the transmission type mirrors 35-1 to 36-2.
- the positions where the transmission mirror 35-1 and the transmission mirror 35-2 are disposed are parallel light regions in which the diffused light from the point light source becomes parallel light at the objective focus position (subject position) inside the lens mount 31. It is included in PR11 so that appropriate spectroscopy is performed.
- the light beam dispersed by the transmission type mirror 35-1 and the mirror 36-1 that is, the light when the subject is viewed from the left side toward the subject is collected by the condenser lens 38-1. Focused. Of the incident light that has passed through the diaphragm 34, the luminous flux dispersed by the transmission type mirror 35-2 and the mirror 36-2, that is, the light when the subject is viewed from the right side toward the subject is collected by the condenser lens 38- 2 is collected. Further, of the incident light that has passed through the diaphragm 34, the light that has passed through the transmissive mirror 35-1 and the transmissive mirror 35-2 is collected by the condenser lens 37.
- the condensing lens 37, the condensing lens 38-1, and the condensing lens 38-2 convert the incident light to the light receiving surfaces of the image sensor 39, the image sensor 40-1, and the image sensor 40-2, respectively.
- the image of incident light formed on these light receiving surfaces is an erect image.
- the image pickup device 39, the image pickup device 40-1, and the image pickup device 40-2 are composed of image sensors such as CCD (Charge Coupled (Devices) and CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor), for example.
- CCD Charge Coupled (Devices)
- CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
- the imaging device 39 captures an image of a subject (hereinafter referred to as a basic image) by converting incident light incident from the condenser lens 37 into an electric signal, and the basic image obtained as a result is signal processing unit 41. To supply.
- the basic image is an image from which a parallax image is generated.
- the image sensor 40-1 and the image sensor 40-2 convert the incident light incident from the condenser lens 38-1 and the condenser lens 38-2 into an electric signal, thereby obtaining an image of the subject (hereinafter referred to as a parallax detection image). Imaged).
- the imaging element 40-1 and the imaging element 40-2 supply the parallax detection image obtained by imaging to the signal processing unit 42-1 and the signal processing unit 42-2.
- the parallax detection image captured by the image sensor 40-1 is an image of the subject viewed from the left side (for example, the left eye) toward the subject.
- This parallax detection image (hereinafter, particularly referred to as a parallax detection image for the left eye) is used as parallax information when generating a parallax image for the left eye. That is, the image of the subject viewed from the viewpoint of the parallax detection image for the left eye is generated as the parallax image for the left eye.
- the parallax detection image captured by the image sensor 40-2 is an image of the subject viewed from the right side (for example, the right eye) toward the subject, and this parallax detection image (hereinafter, particularly the right eye). (Referred to as a parallax detection image for use) is used as parallax information when generating a parallax image for the right eye.
- the left and right parallax detection images and the basic image captured by the imaging device 11 in this way are images having parallax with each other. These basic images and parallax detection images may be still images or moving images.
- the transmission type mirror 35-1 and the transmission type mirror 35-2 when it is not necessary to distinguish the transmission type mirror 35-1 and the transmission type mirror 35-2 from each other, they are simply referred to as the transmission type mirror 35, and the mirror 36-1 and the mirror 36-2 need not be particularly distinguished from each other. In this case, the mirror 36 is also simply called.
- the condenser lens 38-1 and the condenser lens 38-2 when it is not necessary to particularly distinguish the condenser lens 38-1 and the condenser lens 38-2, they are also simply referred to as the condenser lens 38, and it is necessary to particularly distinguish the imaging element 40-1 and the imaging element 40-2. When there is no image sensor, it is simply referred to as an image sensor 40.
- the signal processing unit 41 performs various types of signal processing such as A / D (Analog / Digital) conversion processing, demosaic processing, white balance adjustment processing, and the like on the basic image supplied from the image sensor 39, and the image memory 43. -1 and the image memory 43-2.
- a / D Analog / Digital
- the signal processing unit 42-1 and the signal processing unit 42-2 perform A / D conversion processing, demosaic processing, and white balance adjustment on the parallax detection images supplied from the imaging device 40-1 and the imaging device 40-2. Various signal processing such as processing is performed, and the result is supplied to the image memory 43-1 and the image memory 43-2.
- the signal processing unit 42-1 and the signal processing unit 42-2 are also simply referred to as the signal processing unit 42 when it is not necessary to distinguish between them.
- the image memory 43-1 and the image memory 43-2 temporarily store the basic image from the signal processing unit 41 and the parallax detection image from the signal processing unit 42-1 and the signal processing unit 42-2.
- the image memory 43-1 and the image memory 43-2 temporarily store the parallax images supplied from the parallax image generation unit 44-1 and the parallax image generation unit 44-2, and store the parallax images stored therein. Is supplied to the encoding unit 45-1 and the encoding unit 45-2.
- the image memory 43-1 and the image memory 43-2 are also simply referred to as the image memory 43 when it is not necessary to distinguish between them.
- the parallax image generation unit 44-1 acquires the parallax detection image and the basic image from the image memory 43-1, generates a parallax image for the left eye based on the parallax detection image and the basic image, and the image memory 43. -1.
- the parallax image generation unit 44-1 includes a corresponding point search unit 51-1, and the corresponding point search unit 51-1 has a basic function that corresponds to each pixel of the parallax detection image when generating the parallax image. Search for pixels on the image. Note that the corresponding pixels are pixels on which the same subject is displayed, and hereinafter, the pixels on the basic image corresponding to the pixels of the parallax detection image are also referred to as corresponding pixels.
- the parallax image generation unit 44-2 acquires the parallax detection image and the basic image from the image memory 43-2, generates a parallax image for the right eye based on the parallax detection image and the basic image, and the image memory 43-2.
- the parallax image generation unit 44-2 includes a corresponding point search unit 51-2, and the corresponding point search unit 51-2 performs basic processing for each pixel of the parallax detection image at the time of generating the parallax image. Search for corresponding pixels on the image.
- parallax image generation unit 44-1 and the parallax image generation unit 44-2 are also simply referred to as the parallax image generation unit 44, and the corresponding point search unit 51-1 and the corresponding point search unit 51 -2 is also simply referred to as a corresponding point search unit 51 when it is not necessary to distinguish between -2.
- the encoding unit 45-1 and the encoding unit 45-2 read out the parallax images from the image memory 43-1 and the image memory 43-2, encode them, and output them.
- the encoding unit 45-1 and the encoding unit 45-2 are also simply referred to as the encoding unit 45 when it is not necessary to distinguish between them.
- the imaging device 11 that generates a parallax image as described above includes an imaging unit 81 that captures a parallax detection image and a basic image, and a video generation unit that generates a parallax image from the captured parallax detection image and the basic image.
- 82 can be considered to be composed of two functional blocks.
- the imaging unit 81 includes the interchangeable lens 21, the lens mount 31, and the relay lens unit 33 through the imaging element 40, and the video generation unit 82 includes the signal processing unit 41 through the encoding unit 45.
- the imaging device 11 when the user operates the imaging device 11 to instruct generation of left and right parallax images for stereoscopic display of the subject, the imaging device 11 starts a parallax image generation process and generates a parallax image.
- step S11 the transmission mirror 35 separates the light beam incident from the subject.
- incident light from the subject is collected by the interchangeable lens 21 and further converted into parallel light by the relay lens unit 33.
- the incident light emitted from the relay lens unit 33 is partly shielded by the diaphragm 34 and the amount of light is adjusted, and then enters the transmission mirror 35.
- the transmissive mirror 35 transmits a part of the incident light that is incident and enters the condenser lens 37, and reflects the remaining incident light.
- the incident light reflected by the transmission mirror 35 is reflected by the mirror 36, further condensed by the condenser lens 38, and incident on the image sensor 40. Further, the incident light transmitted through the transmission type mirror 35 is collected by the condenser lens 37 and enters the image sensor 39.
- the transmittance of the transmission mirror 35 is 50%, half of the incident light from the subject is incident on the image sensor 39, and the two image sensors 40 each receive incident light. 1/4 of the light will be incident.
- the basic image captured by the image sensor 39 is an image from which a final parallax image is generated. Therefore, it is desirable that the light transmittance in the transmission mirror 35 be as high as possible.
- step S12 the image sensor 39 captures a basic image by converting incident light incident from the condenser lens 37 into an electrical signal.
- the basic image obtained in this manner is used to image a subject with a general imaging device only by reducing the amount of incident light incident on the imaging element 39 as much as the reflectance of the transmission mirror 35. This is the same as the image obtained. Therefore, if the reflectance (transmittance) in the transmissive mirror 35 is set appropriately, the image quality is not deteriorated and a high-quality basic image can be obtained.
- the image sensor 39 supplies a basic image obtained by imaging to the signal processing unit 41.
- the signal processing unit 41 performs various types of signal processing such as A / D conversion processing on the basic image from the image sensor 39, supplies the basic image to the image memory 43, and stores it.
- step S ⁇ b> 13 the imaging device 40 converts the incident light incident from the condenser lens 38 into an electrical signal, thereby capturing a parallax detection image and supplying the obtained parallax detection image to the signal processing unit 42.
- the signal processing unit 42 performs various types of signal processing such as A / D conversion processing on the parallax detection image supplied from the imaging device 40, and supplies the signal to the image memory 43 for storage.
- the right and left parallax detection images obtained in this way may not have the same thickness of the light flux incident on each of the two image pickup devices 40, the brightness, resolution, and the like are equal on the left and right. It may not be possible. However, since these parallax detection images contain information on the parallax of the subject viewed from different viewpoints, if the parallax information obtained from the parallax detection images and the high-quality basic image are used, Thus, a high-quality parallax image with uniform brightness and the like can be obtained.
- step S ⁇ b> 14 the corresponding point search unit 51 searches for a corresponding pixel on the basic image stored in the image memory 43 for each pixel of the parallax detection image stored in the image memory 43.
- the search for the corresponding pixel is performed by calculating the correlation and the sum of absolute differences between the parallax detection image and the basic image in units of a certain region composed of one or a plurality of pixels.
- the corresponding point search unit 51 sets one pixel on the parallax detection image as a target pixel and the parallax detection image.
- a predetermined region centered on the upper target pixel is set as a target region.
- the corresponding point search unit 51 uses a predetermined area on the basic image having the same size as the attention area as the corresponding attention area, and obtains a difference absolute value of the pixel values of the pixels at the same position in the attention area and the corresponding attention area, The sum of absolute differences of these pixels (sum of absolute differences) is calculated.
- the corresponding point search unit 51 searches the corresponding attention area that minimizes the difference absolute value sum by calculating the above-described sum of absolute differences while moving the position of the corresponding attention area on the basic image. Then, the corresponding point search unit 51 sets the pixel located at the center of the corresponding attention area where the sum of absolute differences is minimum, that is, the pixel at the same position as the attention pixel as the corresponding pixel for the attention pixel. In this manner, for each pixel on the parallax detection image, the corresponding point search unit 51 searches for a corresponding pixel on the basic image for those pixels.
- the corresponding attention area having the smallest sum of absolute differences is the area most similar to the attention area on the parallax detection image on the basic image, and therefore, the corresponding pixel displays the same subject as the attention pixel. It can be called an area.
- the corresponding point search unit 51 sets one pixel on the parallax detection image as a target pixel and centers the target pixel on the parallax detection image.
- the predetermined area is set as the attention area.
- the corresponding point search unit 51 calculates a correlation value between the attention area and the corresponding attention area with a predetermined area on the basic image having the same size as the attention area as the corresponding attention area.
- the attention area and the corresponding attention area are areas composed of N pixels, the pixel value of the i-th pixel (where 1 ⁇ i ⁇ N) of the attention area is x i , and the same position as the i-th pixel.
- the correlation value C is obtained by the following equation (1).
- X indicates an average value of pixel values of pixels in the attention area
- Y indicates an average value of pixel values of pixels in the corresponding attention area.
- the correlation value C obtained in this way increases as the correlation between the attention area and the corresponding attention area increases.
- Corresponding point search unit 51 searches for the corresponding attention area where the correlation value C is maximized by calculating the correlation value C while moving the position of the corresponding attention area on the basic image. Then, the corresponding point search unit 51 sets the pixel located at the center of the corresponding attention area where the correlation value C is maximum, that is, the pixel at the same position as the attention pixel as the corresponding pixel for the attention pixel. As described above, by using the correlation value, it is possible to detect the corresponding pixel with high accuracy even when there is a luminance difference between the parallax detection image and the basic image.
- step S15 the parallax image generation unit 44 generates a parallax image based on the search result of the corresponding pixel, and supplies the obtained parallax image to the image memory 43 for storage.
- the parallax image generation unit 44 generates a parallax image by moving the corresponding pixel for the pixel to the position of each pixel of the parallax detection image on the basic image or performing interpolation processing using the corresponding pixel. To do.
- the parallax image generation unit 44 uses a pixel on the parallax image to be generated as a target pixel, and sets the pixel value of the corresponding pixel with respect to the pixel of the parallax detection image at the same position as the target pixel.
- a parallax image is generated by setting the pixel value of the target pixel.
- an image obtained by replacing each pixel on the parallax detection image with a corresponding pixel on the basic image corresponding to the pixel is a parallax image.
- left and right parallax images are generated using a single high-quality basic image in this way, the image quality such as brightness and resolution is reflected in the parallax image as a result of the basic image.
- a parallax image with uniform image quality such as resolution can be obtained.
- the parallax image obtained in this way is stored in the image memory 43, encoded by the encoding unit 45, and output to the subsequent stage.
- the parallax image output to the subsequent stage is displayed on the display unit or stored in the storage unit.
- the transmissive mirror 35 transmits the incident light with a predetermined transmittance to capture the basic image, and simultaneously splits the remaining incident light to the left and right to capture the left and right parallax detection images.
- parallax information can be obtained without degrading the image quality of the subject image.
- FIG. 3 is an image diagram of the entrance pupil PU in the imaging device 11.
- a pupil is an image of an aperture stop when the lens is viewed from the subject side or the imaging side.
- the entrance pupil PU is an image of the diaphragm 34.
- the radius of the circle corresponding to the entrance pupil PU is r, the following equation (2) is established.
- f is the focal length of the relay lens unit 33
- F is the F value of the relay lens unit 33. Therefore, when the focal length is fixed, it can be seen that the diameter 2r of the entrance pupil PU and the F value are in an inversely proportional relationship.
- the circle of the entrance pupil PU is considered as a left semicircle and a right semicircle divided into left and right in FIG.
- the stereoscopic effect is obtained based on the parallax (relative parallax) between the eyes of the user.
- the optical axis that determines the parallax passes through the center of gravity of each of the left and right semicircles. Conceivable.
- the center of gravity of the semicircle with radius r can be obtained geometrically and is located at a distance of 4r / 3 ⁇ from the center of the circle. Therefore, the distance between the center of gravity GL of the left semicircle and the center of gravity GR of the right semicircle (distance D between the centers of gravity) is obtained by the following equation (3).
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a relationship between the distance D between the centroids and the baseline length (baseline).
- the theoretical value of the distance between the centers of gravity and the experimental value of the baseline length are shown for the two types of lenses #A and #B as the interchangeable lens 21.
- Lens #A is a zoom lens having an open F value of 1.8 and a focal length of 10 to 100 mm.
- the zoom ratio of this lens #A is 10 times, and the focal length at the wide end (end on the wide angle side) is 10 mm.
- Lens #B is a zoom lens having an open F value of 2.8 and a focal length of 13.5 to 570 mm.
- the zoom ratio of this lens #B is 42 times, and the focal length at the wide end (wide-angle end) is 13.5 mm. In both cases, the shooting distance (distance from the subject to the image sensor) is assumed to be 6.5 m.
- the distances D between the centers of gravity of the lenses #A and #B are calculated to be 23.1 mm and 14.9 mm, respectively.
- the baseline lengths obtained by experiments in the actual apparatus were 20.0 mm and 12.0 mm for lenses #A and #B, respectively.
- the distance D between the centers of gravity of the semicircles of the entrance pupil PU which is an image of the stop 34, is substantially equal to the baseline length. I understand. Further, it can be seen from the equation (3) that the distance D between the centers of gravity can be changed by the aperture of the diaphragm 34, and therefore the base line length can also be controlled by the aperture of the diaphragm 34.
- the imaging device 11 about 7 mm can be assumed as the minimum value of the distance D between the centers of gravity. It is considered that a stereoscopic effect can be felt if the base line length is a value of this level. In particular, when the shooting distance is long, it is considered that the stereoscopic effect cannot be obtained unless the baseline length is long to some extent. When the base line length is increased, the stereoscopic effect becomes clearer at about 32 mm, while the background blur becomes larger. And if the base line length exceeds 65 mm, the miniature garden effect will occur and the image will be unnatural. Therefore, it is considered that the base line length is about 7 to 65 mm as a range that can be seen naturally as a stereoscopic image.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the relationship between the enlargement of the subject image by the zoom and the parallax.
- the left eye position is L
- the right eye position is R
- the points on the subject are A and B. If the angle LAR looking at point A is the convergence angle ⁇ A of point A and the angle LBR looking at point B is the convergence angle ⁇ B of point B, the parallax (relative parallax) d between point A and point B is Is given by equation (4).
- FIG. 5B is a diagram showing the positional relationship when n-fold enlargement is performed as compared with A in FIG.
- a dash is added at the end of each symbol for the angle, position, and distance changed after zooming.
- n-fold parallax occurs due to n-fold enlargement. This means that the stereoscopic effect of the displayed subject increases when zooming to the telephoto end (telephoto end). In other words, in zoom shooting, an appropriate parallax can be obtained even with a short baseline length.
- the light collected by the single interchangeable lens 21 is split left and right by the transmission type mirror 35 and the mirror 36, so that the parallax of the image presented to both eyes can be appropriately adjusted. Can be small.
- the parallax obtained in the imaging device 11 can be controlled by the aperture of the diaphragm 34 and the zoom ratio (magnification ratio) in zoom photography. That is, by controlling the aperture of the diaphragm 34 and the zoom magnification by the interchangeable lens 21, a parallax image having an appropriate parallax can be obtained.
- parallax In general, the sensitivity of the eye to parallax is high, and normal visual acuity is on the order of minutes in terms of viewing angle, whereas parallax has a resolution one order higher (HowardHowI. P., Rogers B. J .: Stereo (See Acuity (Chap. 5), Binocular Vision and Stereopsis, P.162, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1995).). Therefore, appropriately reducing the parallax is important in order to naturally perceive a three-dimensional effect and reduce visual fatigue even under a parallax condition smaller than the above example.
- the imaging device 11 is configured as shown in FIG. 6, for example.
- parts corresponding to those in FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof is omitted as appropriate.
- the imaging device 11 of FIG. 6 differs from the imaging apparatus 11 of FIG. 1 in that the signal processing unit 41 to the encoding unit 45 are not provided, and the other configurations are the same. That is, the imaging device 11 of FIG. 6 includes only the imaging unit 81, and receives the parallax detection image and the basic image by receiving incident light from the subject, and the obtained parallax detection image and the basic image are obtained. Is output.
- the parallax detection image and the basic image output from the imaging device 11 are input to the video generation unit 82 at the subsequent stage, and the video generation unit 82 generates and outputs a parallax image based on these images.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a configuration example of a video storage / playback system to which the present invention is applied.
- the video storage / playback system includes an imaging unit 81, a video generation unit 82, a video storage unit 83, a video playback unit 84, and a display unit 85.
- parts corresponding to those in FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof is omitted as appropriate.
- the imaging unit 81 captures the basic image and the left and right parallax detection images and supplies them to the video generation unit 82.
- the video generation unit 82 generates a parallax image using the basic image and the parallax detection image supplied from the imaging unit 81 and stores the parallax image in the video storage unit 83.
- the video storage unit 83 temporarily stores the parallax image supplied from the video generation unit 82.
- the video reproduction unit 84 reads out the parallax image from the video storage unit 83 and supplies the parallax image to the display unit 85, and causes the display unit 85 to display a stereoscopic image.
- the video playback unit 84 includes a decoding unit 151-1, a decoding unit 151-2, a display control unit 152-1, and a display control unit 152-2.
- the decoding unit 151-1 and the decoding unit 151-2 read out and decodes the left-eye parallax image and the right-eye parallax image from the video storage unit 83, respectively, and the display control unit 152-1 and the display control unit 152. -2.
- the display control unit 152-1 and the display control unit 152-2 supply the parallax images supplied from the decoding unit 151-1 and the decoding unit 151-2 to the display unit 85 for display.
- the decoding unit 151 when it is not necessary to particularly distinguish the decoding unit 151-1 and the decoding unit 151-2, they are also simply referred to as the decoding unit 151, and it is necessary to particularly distinguish the display control unit 152-1 and the display control unit 152-2. If not, it is also simply referred to as a display control unit 152.
- the display unit 85 stereoscopically displays the parallax image supplied from the display control unit 152 by a predetermined display method.
- a circularly polarized light or linearly polarized light filter is attached to two projectors to display left and right parallax images, respectively, and a user wears circularly polarized light or linearly polarized glasses corresponding to the display.
- a mode of viewing a parallax image is conceivable.
- the display unit 85 is configured by a flat panel display with a filter, and the left and right parallax images are simultaneously presented on the flat panel display by a display method that does not require glasses for viewing, such as a lenticular lens method or a parallax barrier method. Also good.
- the display method in the display unit 85 is a display method in which left and right parallax images are not displayed alternately but these parallax images are displayed simultaneously, it is possible to reduce visual fatigue of the user.
- the video storage / playback system when the user instructs the video storage / playback system to generate left and right parallax images for stereoscopic display of the subject, the video storage / playback system starts a parallax image generation process to generate a parallax image.
- the parallax image generation processing performed by the video storage / playback system will be described with reference to the flowchart of FIG.
- or step S45 is the same as the process of step S11 thru
- the generated parallax image is supplied to and stored in the image memory 43.
- step S46 the encoding unit 45 of the video generation unit 82 reads out and encodes the parallax image from the image memory 43, and supplies the encoded parallax image to the video storage unit 83.
- step S47 the video storage unit 83 stores the parallax image supplied from the encoding unit 45, and the parallax image generation process ends.
- the transmissive mirror 35 transmits the incident light with a predetermined transmittance to capture the basic image, and simultaneously splits the remaining incident light to the left and right to capture the left and right parallax detection images.
- parallax information can be obtained without degrading the image quality of the subject image.
- step S71 the decoding unit 151 reads the parallax image instructed to be reproduced from the video storage unit 83.
- step S ⁇ b> 72 the decoding unit 151 decodes the read parallax image and supplies the decoded parallax image to the display control unit 152.
- step S73 the display control unit 152 supplies the parallax image supplied from the decoding unit 151 to the display unit 85 for stereoscopic display, and the parallax image reproduction process ends. As a result, the subject on the parallax image is stereoscopically displayed on the display unit 85.
- the hold-type display refers to a display method in which video is continuously displayed on a film, a liquid crystal projector, or the like during a frame period.
- jerkiness refers to the loss of smoothness of the image and the jerky movement. This jerkiness often occurs when an image captured using a high-speed shutter is viewed with a fixed line of sight (fixed vision). Such deterioration in moving image quality involves the frame rate of image pickup and display, the aperture ratio (opening time / frame time) of camera image pickup, visual characteristics, and the like.
- the standard frame rate is 24 frames per second (24 Hz) for movies and 60 fields per second (60 Hz) for television broadcasting.
- the parallax detection image and the basic image are transmitted at a rate of 60 frames per second (60 Hz) or more, preferably at a rate of 230 to 250 frames per second (240 Hz ⁇ 10 Hz). Imaging is performed. As a result, the lack of resolution in the time direction can be resolved, and accurate contour information can be obtained for a moving subject.
- the rate of 590 to 610 frames (600 Hz ⁇ 10 Hz) per second which is a common multiple of the rate of 290 to 310 frames per second (300 Hz ⁇ 10 Hz) plus 24 frames per second (24 Hz) of movies, facilitates image processing. It is important in terms of making it. Accordingly, the parallax detection image and the basic image may be captured at a rate of 290 to 310 frames per second or a rate of 590 to 610 frames per second.
- the parallax of the image presented to both eyes is set to an appropriate size, and further, the image is captured at a high frame rate, which is close to when a person is looking at the natural world. Therefore, it is possible to capture a high-quality stereoscopic image that is easy to see and has small aberrations. Further, since the optical axis does not change practically depending on the zoom ratio of the interchangeable lens 21 and image processing such as moving the position of the image according to the zoom ratio is not required, a highly accurate zoom effect can be easily realized. .
- FIG. 7 As an example of the video storage / playback system, a case where a parallax image is generated from a parallax detection image and a basic image subjected to various signal processing has been described. In a state where is a RAW image, a parallax image may be generated from these images.
- the video storage / playback system is configured as shown in FIG. 10, for example. 10, parts corresponding to those in FIG. 1 or FIG. 7 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof will be omitted as appropriate.
- the video storage / playback system of FIG. 10 differs from the video storage / playback system of FIG. 7 in that a video generation unit 181 is provided instead of the video generation unit 82 of the video storage / playback system of FIG. Are the same.
- the parallax detection image and the basic image are supplied from the imaging unit 81 to the video generation unit 181. That is, the basic image output from the image sensor 39 of the imaging unit 81 is supplied to the signal processing unit 42-1 and the signal processing unit 42-2 of the video generation unit 181.
- the parallax detection images output from the imaging device 40-1 and the imaging device 40-2 of the imaging unit 81 are supplied to the signal processing unit 42-1 and the signal processing unit 42-2 of the video generation unit 181.
- the signal processing unit 42-1 performs A / D conversion processing on the parallax detection image and the basic image supplied from the imaging unit 81, and supplies them to the parallax image generation unit 44-1.
- the parallax image generation unit 44-1 generates a parallax image based on the parallax detection image and the basic image supplied from the signal processing unit 42-1, and supplies them to the signal processing unit 42-1.
- the corresponding point search unit 51-1 provided in the parallax image generation unit 44-1 searches for a corresponding pixel from the basic image for each pixel of the parallax detection image.
- the signal processing unit 42-1 performs various signal processing such as demosaic processing and white balance adjustment processing on the parallax image supplied from the parallax image generation unit 44-1, and stores it in the image memory 43-1. Supply and memorize.
- the parallax image supplied to the image memory 43-1 is read and encoded by the encoding 45-1, and is supplied to the video storage unit 83.
- the signal processing unit 42-2 performs A / D conversion processing on the parallax detection image and the basic image supplied from the imaging unit 81, and supplies them to the parallax image generation unit 44-2.
- the parallax image generation unit 44-2 generates a parallax image based on the parallax detection image and the basic image supplied from the signal processing unit 42-2, and supplies the parallax image to the signal processing unit 42-2.
- the corresponding point search unit 51-2 provided in the parallax image generation unit 44-2 searches for a corresponding pixel from the basic image for each pixel of the parallax detection image.
- the signal processing unit 42-2 performs various signal processing such as demosaic processing and white balance adjustment processing on the parallax image supplied from the parallax image generation unit 44-2, and stores it in the image memory 43-2. Supply and memorize.
- the parallax image supplied to the image memory 43-2 is read and encoded by the encoding 45-2, and is supplied to the video storage unit 83.
- imaging device 21 interchangeable lens, 33 relay lens section, 34 aperture, 35-1, 35-2, 35 transmission type mirror, 36-1, 36-2, 36 mirror, 37 condenser lens, 38-1, 38 -2, 38 condenser lens, 39 image sensor, 40-1, 40-2, 40 image sensor, 44-1, 44-2, 44 parallax image generator, 51-1, 51-2, 51 corresponding point search Part
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Abstract
Description
[撮像装置の構成例]
図1は、本発明を適用した撮像装置の一実施の形態の構成例を示す図である。より詳細には、図1は撮像装置の上断面図を示している。
次に、撮像装置11の動作について説明する。
次に、左右の視差画像の視差について説明する。図3は、撮像装置11における入射瞳PUのイメージ図である。
図4は、重心間距離Dと基線長(ベースライン)との関係を示す図である。ここでは、交換レンズ21として#Aおよび#Bの2種類のレンズについて、重心間距離の理論値と基線長の実験値とを示している。
図5は、ズームによる被写体像の拡大と視差との関係を示す図である。図5のAでは、左眼位置をL、右眼位置をRとし、被写体上の点をAおよびBとしている。点Aを見込んだ角LARを点Aの輻輳角θAとし、点Bを見込んだ角LBRを点Bの輻輳角θBとすると、点Aと点Bの視差(相対視差)dは、次式(4)により与えられる。
=g’-h’
=n(g-h)
=nd ・・・(6)
なお、以上においては、撮像装置11内部で、視差検出用画像および基本画像から視差画像を生成すると説明したが、撮像装置11の外部で視差画像が生成されるようにしてもよい。
[映像記憶再生システムの構成例]
次に、本発明を適用した他の実施の形態について説明する。図7は、本発明を適用した映像記憶再生システムの構成例を示す図である。この映像記憶再生システムは、撮像部81、映像生成部82、映像記憶部83、映像再生部84、および表示部85から構成される。なお、図7において、図1における場合と対応する部分には同一の符号を付してあり、その説明は適宜省略する。
次に、映像記憶再生システムの動作について説明する。
次に、図9のフローチャートを参照して、視差画像生成処理により映像記憶部83に記憶された視差画像に基づいて、視差画像を再生する視差画像再生処理について説明する。この視差画像再生処理は、ユーザにより視差画像の再生が指示されると、開始される。
さらに、図7では、映像記憶再生システムの例として、各種の信号処理が施された視差検出用画像と基本画像から、視差画像が生成される場合について説明したが、視差検出用画像と基本画像がRAW画像である状態で、これらの画像から視差画像が生成されるようにしてもよい。
Claims (12)
- 被写体からの入射光を集光する第1の集光手段と、
前記第1の集光手段により集光された前記入射光を伝送して平行光とする伝送手段と、 前記伝送手段により平行光とされた前記入射光を所定の透過率で透過させるとともに、前記平行光とされた前記入射光の一部を左右に分光する分光手段と、
前記分光手段を透過した前記入射光を集光する第2の集光手段と、
前記第2の集光手段により集光された前記入射光を電気信号に変換することで、前記被写体の基本画像を撮像する第1の撮像手段と、
前記分光手段により分光された前記入射光のそれぞれを集光する第3の集光手段と、
前記第3の集光手段により集光された前記入射光のそれぞれを電気信号に変換することで、互いに視差を有する視差検出画像を撮像する第2の撮像手段と
を備える撮像装置。 - 前記視差検出画像のそれぞれについて、前記基本画像に基づいて、前記視差検出画像と同じ視点の画像を生成することで、前記被写体を立体表示させるための視差画像を生成する視差画像生成手段をさらに備える
請求項1に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記視差画像生成手段は、これから生成しようとする前記視差画像の画素を注目画素として、前記注目画素と同じ位置にある前記視差検出画像の画素に対応する前記基本画像上の画素の画素値に基づいて、前記注目画素の画素値を求めることにより、前記視差画像を生成する
請求項2に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記伝送手段と前記分光手段との間に配置され、前記分光手段により左右に分光される前記入射光の重心間の距離が変化するように、前記伝送手段からの前記入射光の一部を遮光する光量調整手段をさらに備える
請求項2に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記光量調整手段は、前記重心間の距離が7乃至65mmとなるように、前記入射光の一部を遮光する
請求項4に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記第1の集光手段は、前記被写体の像を拡大させるズームレンズを備え、前記視差検出画像間の相対視差は、前記ズームレンズによる前記被写体の像の拡大倍率により制御される
請求項2に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記第1の撮像手段、および前記第2の撮像手段は、毎秒60フレーム以上のレートで、前記基本画像および前記視差検出画像を撮像する
請求項2に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記第1の撮像手段、および前記第2の撮像手段は、毎秒230乃至250フレームのレートで、前記基本画像および前記視差検出画像を撮像する
請求項7に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記第1の撮像手段、および前記第2の撮像手段は、毎秒290乃至310フレームのレートで、前記基本画像および前記視差検出画像を撮像する
請求項7に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記第1の撮像手段、および前記第2の撮像手段は、毎秒590乃至610フレームのレートで、前記基本画像および前記視差検出画像を撮像する
請求項7に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記視差画像を記憶する記憶手段と、
前記記憶手段に記憶された前記視差画像に基づいて、前記被写体を立体表示させる表示制御手段と
をさらに備える請求項2に記載の撮像装置。 - 被写体からの入射光を集光する第1の集光手段と、
前記第1の集光手段により集光された前記入射光を伝送して平行光とする伝送手段と、 前記伝送手段により平行光とされた前記入射光を所定の透過率で透過させるとともに、前記平行光とされた前記入射光の一部を左右に分光する分光手段と、
前記分光手段を透過した前記入射光を集光する第2の集光手段と、
前記第2の集光手段により集光された前記入射光を電気信号に変換することで、前記被写体の基本画像を撮像する第1の撮像手段と、
前記分光手段により分光された前記入射光のそれぞれを集光する第3の集光手段と、
前記第3の集光手段により集光された前記入射光のそれぞれを電気信号に変換することで、互いに視差を有する視差検出画像を撮像する第2の撮像手段と
を備える撮像装置の撮像方法であって、
前記第1の集光手段が前記入射光を集光し、
前記伝送手段が前記第1の集光手段からの前記入射光を伝送し、
前記分光手段が前記伝送手段からの前記入射光を透過させるとともに、前記入射光の一部を分光し、
前記第2の集光手段が前記分光手段を透過した前記入射光を集光し、
前記第1の撮像手段が前記基本画像を撮像し、
前記第3の集光手段が分光された前記入射光を集光し、
前記第2の撮像手段が前記視差検出画像を撮像する
ステップを含む撮像方法。
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