Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21K—HANDLING OF PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
  • G21K1/00—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
  • G21K1/06—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating using diffraction, refraction or reflection, e.g. monochromators
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21K—HANDLING OF PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
  • G21K1/00—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
  • G21K1/06—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating using diffraction, refraction or reflection, e.g. monochromators
  • G21K1/062—Devices having a multilayer structure
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21K—HANDLING OF PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
  • G21K2201/00—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles
  • G21K2201/06—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles using diffractive, refractive or reflecting elements
  • G21K2201/061—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles using diffractive, refractive or reflecting elements characterised by a multilayer structure

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an X-ray waveguide used in an X-ray optical system of an X-ray analysis
• a refractive index difference for the electromagnetic wave between different materials is very small, so the total reflection angle is very small. Therefore, to control electromagnetic waves including X-rays, a large-scale spatial optical system has been used, and is still mainly used.
• One of the main components included in the spatial optical system is a multilayer film reflecting mirror in which materials having different refractive indices are alternately laminated.
• the multilayer film reflecting mirror has various functions such as beam shaping, spot size conversion, and wavelength selection .
• a conventional X-ray waveguide tube such as a poly-capillary confines X-rays in the tube and propagates the X-rays.
• an X-ray waveguide is studied, which confines electromagnetic waves in a thin film or a multilayer film and propagates the electromagnetic waves, in order to downsize and enhance the optical system.
• a thin film waveguide is reported in which a guiding layer is sandwiched by a two-layer one-dimensional periodic structure (see NPL 2) . Further, an X-ray waveguide is reported in which a plurality of thin film X-ray
• NPL 1 As a cladding material of each waveguide, Ni, which has small imaginary part of the
• NPL 2 an X-ray waveguide is proposed in which X-rays are confined in a core by Bragg reflection of a multilayer film provided as cladding.
• the multilayer film is formed of Ni and C, and a metal material absorbing a large amount of X-rays is used in many layers, so that a large absorption loss of X-rays occurs in the multilayer film. Further, there is a problem that a multilayer film having a very large number of layers needs to be used as cladding in order to confine X-rays in a core by Bragg reflection of the multilayer film as described in the above example.
• the present invention is made in view of the above background art, and provides an X-ray waveguide in which a propagation loss of X-rays is small and a specific single waveguide mode can be selectively excited.
• the present invention provides an X-ray waveguide including a core for guiding X-rays having a wavelength band in which the real part of refractive index of material is smaller than 1 and a cladding for confining the X-rays in the core.
• the core has a one-dimensional periodic structure in which a plurality of layers respectively formed of inorganic materials having different real parts of
• refractive index are periodically laminated.
• the core and the cladding are configured so that a critical angle for total reflection for the X-rays at an interface between the core and the cladding is larger than a Bragg angle due to a periodicity of the one-dimensional periodic structure.
• a critical angle for total reflection for the X-rays at an interface between layers in the periodic structure is smaller than the Bragg angle due to the periodicity of the periodic structure.
• propagation constant can be selectively excited.
• Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an aspect of an X-ray waveguide of the present invention.
• Fig. 2 is a diagram for explaining a definition of effective propagation angle.
• Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram showing another aspect of an X-ray waveguide of the present invention.
• Fig. 4 is a diagram showing a dependency on the
• Fig. 5 is a diagram showing an electric field intensity distribution of periodic resonant waveguide mode.
• Fig. 6 is a diagram showing an X-ray waveguide of a first embodiment of the present invention.
• Fig. 7 is a diagram showing a dependency on the
• Fig. 8 is a diagram showing an electric field intensity distribution of periodic resonant mode in the X-ray
• Fig. 9 is a diagram showing an X-ray waveguide of a second embodiment of the present invention.
• Fig. 10 is a diagram showing an electric field
• Fig. 11 is a diagram showing an X-ray waveguide of a third embodiment of the present invention.
• Figs. 12A and 12B respectively show an experimental result and a calculation result of the third embodiment of the present invention. Description of Embodiments
• an X-ray means an electromagnetic wave in a wavelength band in which the real part of the refractive index of material is smaller than 1.
• the X-ray indicates an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength of 100 nanometer or less including extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light.
• EUV extreme ultraviolet
• the present invention is to control an electromagnetic wave corresponding to the above-described X-ray.
• electromagnetic wave is used synonymously with the X-ray.
• electromagnetic wave having such a short wavelength is very high, and outermost electron of matter cannot respond.
• the real part of the refractive index of materials for X- rays is smaller than 1.
• Such a refractive index n of materials for X-rays is generally represented by using a decrement ⁇ from 1 of the real part and the imaginary part ⁇ ' related to absorption as shown in the following formula
• ⁇ is proportional to the electron density p e of a material
• the real part of the refractive index n' is l- ⁇ .
• imaginary part of refractive index referred to as imaginary part of refractive index
• refractive index for the electromagnetic wave is the largest.
• material is also applied to vacuum. Only when the material is a complete vacuum, the real part of refractive index of the material is 1.
• two or more inorganic materials having different real parts of refractive index are two or more inorganic materials having different
• the above-described core is formed with a one-dimensional periodic structure in which a plurality of layers formed of inorganic materials having different real parts of refractive index are periodically laminated in a one-dimensional direction in a direction perpendicular to the guiding direction.
• the guiding direction is parallel to the direction of the propagation constant of each waveguide mode.
• the core material is formed of inorganic
• the core can be manufactured by an established process such as conventional sputtering, vapor deposition, or crystal growth, and the core can have a structure
• the inorganic materials having different real parts of refractive index, which form the core can be at least two materials selected from the group consisting of Be, B, C, B 4 C, BN, SiC, Si 3 N 4 , SiN, A1 2 0 3 , MgO, Ti0 2 , Si0 2 , and P.
• the material forming the cladding can be at least one material selected from the group consisting of Au, W, Ta, Pt, Ir, and Os .
• the X-ray waveguide of the present invention confines X-rays in a core which is a multilayer film having a one-dimensional periodic structure by total reflection on the interface between the core and cladding to form waveguide mode, and propagates the X-rays.
• Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an aspect of the X-ray waveguide of the present invention.
• the X-ray waveguide of the present invention includes a core for wave- guiding an electromagnetic wave in a wavelength band in which the real part of the refractive index of material is smaller than 1 and a cladding for confining the
• a core 101 is sandwiched between a cladding 102 and a cladding 103.
• the core 101 is formed with a one-dimensional periodic structure in which a plurality of layers formed of inorganic materials having different real parts of refractive index are periodically laminated in a one-dimensional direction in a direction perpendicular to the propagation direction.
• unit structures 104 including a material layer 106 having a small real part of refractive index and a material layer 105 having a large real part of refractive index are laminated in a one-dimensional direction.
• unit structures 104 including at least two layers respectively formed of inorganic materials having different real parts of refractive index are laminated by using the unit structure 104 as a unit.
• a critical angle for total reflection 6 c -totai 107 at the interface between the cladding and the core is shown.
• a Bragg angle ⁇ ⁇ 108 corresponding to periodicity of the multilayer film is shown. In this description, these angles are measured with respect to a direction in parallel with a surface of the film (a direction in parallel with z-x plane) .
• the arrows in Fig. 1 indicate an example of traveling directions of X- rays .
• n claC i the real part of refractive index of a material of the core is n core
• n c i ad ⁇ n cor e / a critical angle for total reflection 6 c - to tai (°) with respect to a direction in parallel with a surface of the film is represented by the following formula.
• the layers are very thin, so the real parts of refractive indices of the layers are somewhat different from the real part of refractive index of bulk materials.
• the real parts of refractive indices the layers can be described using effective refractive indices.
• m is a natural number and ⁇ is the wavelength of the X-rays.
• the critical angle for total reflection 0 c - t otai at the interface between the core and the cladding is greater than the Bragg angle ⁇ ⁇ of the multilayer film of the core with respect the X-rays.
• the Bragg angle ⁇ ⁇ of the multilayer film of the core with respect the X-rays is smaller than the critical angle for total reflection B c - t otai at the interface between the core and the cladding.
• the effective propagation angle ⁇ ' (°) is an angle measured from a direction in parallel with a surface of the film, and represented by the formula (5) using a wave vector (propagation constant) k z in the
• k z is constant on the interfaces of the layers, so as shown in Fig. 2, the
• effective propagation angle ⁇ ' (°) is an angle between the propagation constant k z of a fundamental wave of the
• ⁇ ' (°) is emphatically shown by using a large angle, however, in many cases, ⁇ 1 (°) is actually a small angle of 1° or less in the X-ray waveguide of the present invention.
• the multilayer film of the core of the present invention is formed by laminating films of a
• the critical angle for total reflection 0 c - mu iti in the multilayer film is smaller than the Bragg angle ⁇ ⁇ attributable to the periodicity of the multilayer film, an X-ray inputted to the interface in the multilayer film at an angle larger than an angle near the Bragg angle is not totally reflected but partially reflected or refracted.
• the multilayer film has a structure in which a plurality of layers having different real parts of refractive index are periodically laminated, so there are a plurality of interfaces arranged periodically in the laminating direction, and X-rays in the multilayer film are repeatedly reflected and refracted at the interfaces.
• the multilayer film of the present invention has a periodic structure, so such repetition of reflection and refraction of X-rays inside the multilayer film cause multiple
• propagation modes are confined in the core by the total reflection at the interface between the cladding and the core, and a waveguide mode is formed in the core.
• the effective propagation angle ⁇ ' of the waveguide mode appears near the Bragg angle ⁇ ⁇ of the multilayer film.
• the waveguide mode is a mode resonating with the periodicity of the periodic structure, the waveguide mode is referred to as a periodic resonant waveguide mode in this description.
• a refractive index periodic structure forms a band representing a dispersion relation between energy and wave vector of an electromagnetic wave for the electromagnetic wave. This is called photonic band.
• a photonic band structure or a photonic band diagram.
• An electromagnetic wave having a wave vector and energy corresponding to the photonic band can be present in the structure.
• an electromagnetic wave having a wave vector and energy corresponding to the photonic band can be present in the structure.
• the number of periods is finite, so the photonic band structure of the multilayer film is shifted from a photonic band structure of a
• the Bragg reflection corresponds to a photonic band gap due to periodicity. This is because, when considering the effective propagation angle of the waveguide mode assuming that energy of the X-rays is constant, a waveguide mode having the effective propagation angle ⁇ 1 (°) near an angle corresponding to an angle of an edge of photonic band gap is formed when the edge of photonic band gap is seen an angle.
• the edge of photonic band gap is called photonic band edge.
• the periodic resonant waveguide mode In a spatial distribution of electric field intensity of the periodic resonant waveguide mode, the electric field
• a state that the waveguide mode is in phase in the direction normal to the guiding direction is a concept including not only a case in which there is no phase
• the phase of the electric field in the periodic resonant waveguide mode in the present invention, the phase of the electric field
• a waveguide mode having an angle other than the effective propagation angle included in the periodic resonant waveguide mode described above there may be a waveguide mode having an angle other than the effective propagation angle included in the periodic resonant waveguide mode described above.
• This waveguide mode is present when the entire multilayer film of the core is assumed to be a uniform medium in which the real parts of refractive index are averaged.
• the waveguide mode is not a waveguide mode resonating with the periodicity of the multilayer film.
• the waveguide mode is referred to as uniform waveguide mode to differentiate from the periodic resonant waveguide mode.
• the propagation loss in the periodic resonant waveguide mode is obviously smaller than that in the uniform waveguide mode having the effective propagation angle similar to that of the periodic resonant waveguide mode.
• the periodic resonant waveguide mode is being selected as a waveguide mode in the waveguide structure, and the periodic resonant waveguide mode most strongly contributes to the waveguiding of the X-rays.
• the periodic resonant waveguide mode has an effective propagation angle near the Bragg angle. Therefore, by the configuration of the X-ray waveguide of the present invention, it is possible to realize propagation of X-rays by a single waveguide mode, which is the periodic resonant waveguide mode. Such an effect and advantage become more obvious as the number of periods of the periodic structure increases.
• the core needs to be very small so that a single mode condition of the waveguide is satisfied.
• the X- ray waveguide of the present invention it is possible to realize a substantial single waveguide mode by using a thick core having a large number of periods.
• the number of periods in the periodic structure of the core of the X-ray waveguide in the present invention is preferable to be 20 or more, and more preferable to be 40 or more.
• Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram showing another aspect of the X-ray waveguide of the present invention.
• the X-ray waveguide shown in Fig. 3 has a configuration in which a core 303 is sandwiched between a cladding 301 and a cladding 302. Therefore, X-rays are confined in the core by total reflection at the interface between the cladding and the core.
• the core 303 is a multilayer film in which carbon (C) having a thickness of about 11.2 nanometer and aluminum oxide (AI2O3) having a thickness of about 2.8 nanometer are alternately laminated 25 times in a one-dimensional periodic structure by, for example, sputtering. Further, a layer of carbon (C) is added so that materials that are in contact with two interfaces between the core and the cladding are carbon (C) having a large real part of refractive index.
• C carbon
• AI2O3 aluminum oxide
• carbon (C) is in contact with the cladding at the two interfaces between the core and the cladding.
• Period (thickness of a unit structure including C and A1 2 0 3 ) is about 14 nanometer.
• Gold (Au) is used as the claddings 301 and 302.
• a critical angle for total reflection 0 C -mul t i at interfaces between layers in the multilayer film of the core is about 0.19°.
• the Bragg angle ⁇ ⁇ due to the periodicity of the core is about 0.39°. Therefore, the condition of the above- described formula (6) is satisfied and X-rays having a propagation angle near the Bragg angle can cause multiple interference. Thus a propagation mode having a propagation angle ⁇ ' near the Bragg angle can be formed.
• the critical angle for total reflection 0 c - t o t ai at the interface between the cladding and the core is about 0.55°.
• the Bragg angle ⁇ ⁇ due to the periodicity of the core is about 0.39°. Therefore, the condition of the above-described formula (4) is satisfied.
• the propagation mode having the propagation angle ⁇ ' near the Bragg angle ⁇ ⁇ can be confined in the core by total reflection at the interface between the cladding and the core.
• This confined propagation mode is the periodic resonant waveguide mode having the effective propagation angle ⁇ ' .
• Fig. 4 shows dependency on the effective propagation angle of a loss of waveguide mode contributing to the propagation.
• an angle corresponding to the boundary between areas 403 and 404 is the critical angle for total reflection 9 c - to tai at the interface between the core and the cladding.
• the propagation mode in the angle area 403 smaller than the critical angle for total reflection 9 C - totai represents the waveguide mode confined in the core by the total reflection at the interface between the cladding and the core.
• the propagation mode in the angle area 404 larger than the critical angle for total reflection 0 c - t otai is the angle area of a radiation mode which cannot be confined in the core by the total reflection at the interface between the cladding and the core and in which the loss is large.
• the area 402 is an area corresponding to the Bragg
• Fig. 5 shows an example of a spatial electric field intensity distribution of the periodic resonant waveguide mode of a multilayer film having 50 periods.
• the entire electric field intensity distribution is biased toward the center of the core and the amount of X-rays leaking into the cladding decreases, so that it is possible to reduce the propagation loss.
• the envelope curve of electric field intensity distribution is substantially flat.
• the horizontal axis the horizontal axis
• reference numerals 501 and 502 denote portions corresponding to the claddings
• reference numeral 503 denotes a portion corresponding to the core.
• the propagation loss of other waveguide modes having an effective propagation angle near the effective propagation angle of the periodic resonant waveguide mode 401 is obviously larger than that of the periodic resonant waveguide mode. Therefore, the periodic resonant waveguide mode 401 is clearly distinctive from other uniform waveguide modes and becomes more effective fo propagating X-rays with less loss. In other waveguide modei near the effective propagation angle of the periodic resonant waveguide mode, the periodic resonant waveguide mode is dominant, and X-rays can be guided by the periodic resonant waveguide mode that is substantially a single waveguide mode.
• Fig. 6 is a diagram showing an X-ray waveguide of first embodiment of the present invention.
• the guiding direction of X-rays is the z direction.
• a lower cladding 601 made of tungsten (W) having a thickness of 20 nanometer On an Si substrate 604, a lower cladding 601 made of tungsten (W) having a thickness of 20 nanometer, a multilayer film 603 having a one-dimensional periodic structure, and an upper cladding 602 made of tungsten (W) having a thickness of 20 nanometer are formed by a sputtering method.
• the multilayer film 603 has a periodic structure in which a film made of carbon (C) having a thickness of 12 nanometer and a film made of aluminum oxide (AI2O3) having a thickness of 4 nanometer are alternately laminated.
• C carbon
• AI2O3 aluminum oxide
• the number of the periods is 50 and the period is 16 nanometer.
• the uppermost portion and the lowermost portion of the core is made of a film of aluminum oxide (AI2O3) having a low real part of refractive index.
• the critical angle for total reflection at the interface between the cladding and the core for an X-ray having a photon energy of 8 kilo-electron- volt is about 0.51°.
• the multilayer film is about 0.19°.
• the Bragg angle due to the periodicity of the multilayer film is about 0.28°.
• Fig. 7 is a graph obtained by calculating the propagation loss (the imaginary part of the propagation constant) of a waveguide mode present in the X-ray waveguide of the present embodiment and the dependency of the waveguide mode on the effective propagation angle (°) by a finite element method.
• Fig. 7 is a graph when the photon energy of the X-ray is 8 kilo-electron-volt.
• a waveguide mode 701 whose propagation loss is significantly smaller than that of other waveguide modes is the periodic resonant waveguide mode.
• Fig. 8 shows an electric field intensity distribution of the periodic resonant waveguide mode 701 in the laminating direction.
• Areas 801, 802, 803, 804, and 805 respectively correspond to the Si substrate portion, the multilayer film, an air portion, the lower cladding, and the upper cladding. Since the upper cladding and the lower cladding have a sufficient thickness of 20 nanometer, the periodic resonant waveguide mode is strongly confined in the core area. Therefore, it is found that there is no leakage into the Si substrate portion and the air portion.
• Fig. 9 shows a form of an X-ray waveguide of a second embodiment of the present invention.
• the X-ray waveguide of the second embodiment is formed by a sputtering method in the same manner as in the first embodiment.
• a lower cladding 901 made of tungsten (W) having a thickness of 20 nanometer, a multilayer film 903 having a one-dimensional periodic structure to be a core, and an upper cladding 902 made of tungsten ( ) having a thickness of 4 nanometer are formed.
• the multilayer film 903 has a periodic structure in which a film made of carbon (C) having a thickness of 14.4 nanometer and a film made of aluminum oxide (AI2O3) having a thickness of 3.6 nanometer are alternately laminated.
• the number of the periods is 25 and the period is 18 nanometer.
• the uppermost portion and the lowermost portion of the core is made of a film of aluminum oxide (A1 2 0 3 ) having a low real part of refractive index.
• the critical angle for total reflection at the interface between the cladding and the core for an X-ray having a photon energy of 8 kilo- electron-volt is about 0.51°.
• the multilayer film is about 0.19°.
• the Bragg angle due to the periodicity of the multilayer film is about 0.25°.
• Fig. 10 shows an electric field intensity
• Fig. 10 is a calculation result when the photon energy of the X-ray is 8 kilo- electron-volt. The calculation is performed assuming that the air area is a finite space for convenience of
• the upper cladding 902 has a small thickness of 4 nanometer in the present embodiment, light leaks into the air portion 1003 in Fig. 10. Therefore, by inputting X- rays into the upper cladding at the effective propagation angle of the waveguide mode or at an angle near the
• the X- rays can be introduced into the core from the surface of the upper cladding 902 with evanescent wave coupling. Thereby X-rays can be guided by exciting only a specific periodic resonant waveguide mode.
• Fig. 11 shows a form of an X-ray waveguide of a third embodiment of the present invention.
• a lower cladding 1101 made of tungsten (W) having a thickness of 20 nanometer is formed by a sputtering method. Further, a multilayer film 1103 having a one- dimensional periodic structure to be a core and an upper cladding 1102 made of tungsten (W) are formed. The upper cladding 1102 is formed to have a two-step thickness along the guiding direction of X-rays. The thickness of the upper cladding is 1.5 nanometer in the area 1105 and 20 nanometer in the area 1106.
• a part of X-rays 1107 incident onto the surface of the upper cladding 1102 in the area 1105 at a specific angle is coupled to the periodic resonant waveguide mode in the multilayer film 1103, and the periodic resonant waveguide mode is excited in the core to guide the X-rays.
• the length of the area 1105 is about 3 mm in the z direction.
• the incident X-rays are coupled to the waveguide mode in the core, and X-rays of the waveguide mode in the core gradually leak to the outside of the upper cladding 1102.
• the excited periodic resonant waveguide mode is completely confined in the core by the upper cladding having a sufficient thickness in the area 1106. Thereby it is possible to cause the periodic resonant waveguide mode to contribute to the propagation without leaking the X-ray of periodic resonant waveguide mode to the outside of the upper cladding 1102.
• the multilayer film 1103, which is the core, is a multilayer film having a one-dimensional periodic structure in which a film made of boron carbide (B 4 C) having a
• the effective propagation angle of the periodic resonant waveguide mode excited in the X-ray waveguide of the present embodiment is about 0.3°.
• the critical angle for total reflection at the interface between the cladding and the core for an X-ray having a photon energy of 10 kilo-electron-volt is about 0.39°.
• Fig. 12A shows a result of experiment in which X-rays are incident from a portion where the upper cladding is thin in the X-ray waveguide of the present embodiment while changing the incident angle and X-rays which are guided in the core of the waveguide and outputted X-rays are detected.
• the vertical axis indicates the ratio of the intensity of the guided X-rays to the intensity of the inputted X-rays.
• the incident angle is measured from the surface of the waveguide. When the incident angle substantially
• Fig. 12A corresponds to the effective propagation angle of the waveguide mode, the waveguide mode is excited in the core and X-rays can be guided.
• the waveguide mode corresponding to the sharp peak denoted by reference numeral 1201 is caused by the periodic resonant waveguide mode, and the propagation loss of this waveguide mode is significantly smaller than that of other modes.
• Fig. 12B is a graph in which the propagation loss of the
• the embodiment is plotted with the vertical axis representing one obtained by a finite element method using an attenuation constant ⁇ (1/m) and the horizontal axis representing an effective propagation angle of each waveguide mode.
• the point denoted by reference numeral 1202 corresponds to the propagation loss and the effective propagation angle of the periodic resonant waveguide mode, and the fact that this waveguide mode has a propagation loss extremely smaller than that of other waveguide modes matches the experiment.
• the effective propagation angle of the periodic resonant waveguide mode matches the incident angle when the periodic resonant waveguide mode is excited by the experiment, so that it is found that a substantially single waveguide mode with a small loss can be formed by the configuration of the X-ray waveguide of the present invention.
• the X-rays outputted from the X-ray waveguide forms a sharp pattern in a specific direction in far-field region, which means that divergence angle of the outputted X-ray in the far-field region is extremely small.
• the periodic resonant waveguide mode is in phase in near-field region.
• the X-ray waveguide of the present invention can be used in X-ray optical technique field.
• the X-ray waveguide can be used for components employed in an X- ray optical system for operating X-rays outputted from a synchrotron, an X-ray imaging technique, and an X-ray exposure technique.

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