WO2012022273A1 - 太阳能氨水热电转换系统 - Google Patents

太阳能氨水热电转换系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012022273A1
WO2012022273A1 PCT/CN2011/078874 CN2011078874W WO2012022273A1 WO 2012022273 A1 WO2012022273 A1 WO 2012022273A1 CN 2011078874 W CN2011078874 W CN 2011078874W WO 2012022273 A1 WO2012022273 A1 WO 2012022273A1
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Prior art keywords
ammonia
vacuum tube
solar
outlet
ammonia water
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PCT/CN2011/078874
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
施德容
张高佐
戴军
郭佳
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上海盛合新能源科技有限公司
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Publication of WO2012022273A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012022273A1/zh

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/06—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids
    • F01K25/065—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids with an absorption fluid remaining at least partly in the liquid state, e.g. water for ammonia
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G6/00—Devices for producing mechanical power from solar energy
    • F03G6/003—Devices for producing mechanical power from solar energy having a Rankine cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/006—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method using solar heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S10/00—Solar heat collectors using working fluids
    • F24S10/90—Solar heat collectors using working fluids using internal thermosiphonic circulation
    • F24S10/95—Solar heat collectors using working fluids using internal thermosiphonic circulation having evaporator sections and condenser sections, e.g. heat pipes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/44—Heat exchange systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/46—Conversion of thermal power into mechanical power, e.g. Rankine, Stirling or solar thermal engines

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a solar ammonia hydrothermal conversion system, belonging to the technical field of solar thermal power generation devices. Background technique
  • Solar energy refers to the radiant energy of sunlight.
  • the nuclear reaction from the "hydrogen” to the “ ⁇ ” carried out inside the sun constantly releases huge energy and continuously radiates energy to the space.
  • This energy is solar energy.
  • Solar energy is a green, clean, inexhaustible source of energy.
  • solar energy utilization by humans solar energy, photoelectricity, and photochemical energy conversion, and the conversion method used to generate electricity is only solar thermal and photoelectric conversion.
  • the form of photoelectric conversion is relatively simple, and the main form of utilization is solar cells.
  • There are many ways to convert solar thermal power and its equipment One of the most common principles of solar thermal power conversion is to try to obtain water vapor through the collection of solar energy, and work through the steam turbine to drive the generator to generate electricity.
  • High-temperature solar power generation system The main reason for using high-temperature heat source is that its turbine power generation unit is a conventional Rankine cycle power system. In order to ensure its thermal economy, it is necessary to increase the initial temperature and pressure of the thermodynamic cycle.
  • Solar energy resources are resources with low energy density, which leads to the conventional solar thermal power generation to collect low-energy density energy through special devices, so as to provide enough heat to heat the water to obtain high-temperature and high-pressure water vapor.
  • solar tower power generation, trough power generation, etc. all need to invest heavily in building solar energy gathering devices.
  • the system is to build a tall tower on the open flat.
  • the top of the tower is fixed with a receiver equivalent to the boiler.
  • a large number of heliostats are placed around the tower to collect and reflect the sunlight to the receiver at the top of the tower to generate high temperature.
  • the high temperature steam generated inside the unit drives the turbine to generate electricity.
  • Tower solar thermal power generation can be divided into two types according to the heating medium. One is to heat pure water, and the other is to heat the brine solution.
  • the tower-type thermal power generation system started earlier, people have always hoped that the solar energy will be concentrated to several tens of megawatts by as many heliostats as possible.
  • the cost of the tower system has been high and the industrialization has been difficult.
  • the root cause is the design of the heliostat system.
  • the heliostats of typical tower-type thermal power generation systems have two characteristics. One is that the reflecting surface of the heliostats almost adopts a common spherical surface or a plane, and the other is that the tracking of the heliostats uses the conventional azimuth elevation formula.
  • the spot that the sun focuses on the tower changes dramatically within a day, causing the spotlight to fluctuate strongly.
  • Ordinary spherical or plane mirrors cannot overcome the aberrations caused by the sun's motion.
  • the size of the spot formed by each mirror on the central tower increases linearly as its distance from the central tower increases.
  • the resulting sun focused spot on the tower can follow the size of the heliostat field within one day. From a few meters to a few tens of meters, the tower solar thermal power station has a large fluctuation in light intensity. Coupled with the different cosine effects of the heliostats, the tower-system's photothermal conversion efficiency is only about 60%.
  • a large number of heliostats are built around the central tower.
  • the establishment of a large central tower must ensure that the heliostats do not block each other.
  • the distance between the heliostats increases substantially as their distance from the center tower increases, and the floor space of the tower thermal power system increases exponentially with increasing power levels.
  • the tower-type thermal power generation system has been faced with the problem of excessive investment in unit installed capacity despite the fact that it can achieve the high temperature of 100 CTC.
  • the initial investment cost of the tower system is 340,000 to 48,000 yuan, and the cost reduction is very difficult. Therefore, the tower system has remained at the demonstration stage for more than 50 years and has not been promoted.
  • the system is a clean energy utilization device that uses a trough-shaped parabolic mirror to focus and reflect sunlight onto a heat collecting tube, and heats the water into steam through a heat carrier in the tube to drive the steam turbine to generate electricity.
  • Trough parabolic sun The power of the power station can be 10 ⁇ 1000MW.
  • Trough solar thermal power generation is currently the most powerful of all solar thermal power plants.
  • the heat collected by the system collector is transferred to the heat carrier flowing inside the tube.
  • the heat carrier can be water vapor, hot oil or salt water.
  • the mirror used is made of lean iron glass, which must have sufficient manufacturing precision to It can effectively reflect the sun's rays under any circumstances.
  • the mirror used in the trough parabolic solar collector is a parabolic column.
  • the reflected sunlight is focused on a straight line.
  • the vacuum tube glass collector placed on the focal line absorbs the concentrated solar radiation, and the temperature can reach 400 ° C.
  • the high temperature heat carrier heats the water in the intermediate heat exchanger to generate water vapor.
  • the temperature of the self is lowered, and the heat is transferred back to the solar collector through the heat transfer circulating pump to form a heat source.
  • the generated water vapor works in the turbine in the turbine to drive the generator to generate electricity.
  • the exhaust gas is condensed into water in the condenser. After the condensate pump and the feed pump are boosted, the intermediate heat exchanger is returned to the intermediate heat exchanger to continue the cycle. This constitutes the second. Loop.
  • the trough system replaces the point focus with line focus and the focused pipeline tracks the solar motion along with the cylindrical parabolic mirror. This solves the problem that the tower system is not efficient due to uneven focusing of the spot light. The light-to-heat conversion efficiency is increased to about 70%. However, the trough system also brings a new problem that tracking under a fixed target cannot be achieved, resulting in a cumbersome system. Since the focusing pipeline in the middle of the solar receiver is fixed on the trough mirror, as each trough mirror is a large overall mirror with a long length and a wide width, the wind resistance is large, and the support structure of the mirror must be changed or strengthened. In order to increase the wind resistance of the trough system, this will inevitably lead to an increase in initial investment costs and thermal power generation costs.
  • the trough system has a long receiver and a large heat sink area.
  • the solar receiver of the trough system is a very long heat pipe, although many new light absorption technologies have been developed.
  • its heat dissipation includes a heat-dissipating area caused by heat radiation that is larger than its effective light-receiving area. Therefore, compared with point-type concentrating systems such as a dish and a tower, the heat loss of the tank system is large.
  • the dish solar power system consists of a parabolic mirror consisting of more than 2,000 mirrors.
  • the receiver draws the collected 600 ⁇ 2000 ° ⁇ heat source into the Stirling engine at the focus of the paraboloid, heats the heat transfer medium to around 750 °C, and finally drives the generator to generate electricity.
  • the dish mirror tracks the movement of the sun and overcomes the loss of the large cosine effect of the tower system.
  • the light-to-heat conversion efficiency is greatly improved, generally up to about 85%.
  • the dish receiver focuses the sun on the focus of the paraboloid of revolution, and because the solar concentrator and the Stirling engine can be combined very well to generate electricity, the net efficiency of converting solar energy into electricity is up to 29. 4%, so the Stirling cycle is the most efficient of all solar power generation in the same operating temperature range.
  • the dish-type solar power system is flexible and can be used as a distributed system to supply power separately or on the grid.
  • the operating temperature and concentration ratio of the dish solar power generation is the largest, and the light-to-heat conversion efficiency is as high as 85%, ranking first in similar systems.
  • the disadvantage of the dish system is that it is expensive and is also the first in this system.
  • the initial investment cost of the disc-type thermal power generation system is as high as 47,000 to 6.4 million.
  • the dishing system has a very high concentration ratio and can reach a high temperature of 200 CTC, such high temperatures are not required to be even destructive for current thermal power generation technology. Therefore, the receiver of the dish system is generally not placed in focus, but is placed in a lower temperature zone according to performance requirements, so that the advantages of high concentration are not fully utilized and stored thermally. Difficulties, hot-melt salt heat storage technology is dangerous and costly.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a solar ammonia hydroelectric conversion system which is inexpensive and has high cycle efficiency.
  • the technical solution of the present invention provides a solar ammonia thermoelectric conversion system.
  • the utility model is characterized in that it comprises at least one vacuum tube ammonia water collector, the water outlet of the vacuum tube ammonia water collector is connected to the water inlet of the ammonia water gas-liquid two-phase separator, and the gas outlet of the ammonia water gas-liquid two-phase separator is connected to the turbine.
  • the turbine is coupled to the generator through a gearbox, and the liquid low-concentration ammonia water outlet of the ammonia water-liquid two-phase separator is connected to the hot side inlet of the heat exchanger and the heat exchanger inlet of the heat exchanger.
  • the side outlet enters the ammonia storage tank, and the cold side of the heat exchanger is connected to the condensing unit.
  • the ammonia water mixture from the ammonia storage tank enters the vacuum tube collector, is heated into a two-phase mixture of ammonia water, and is separated by gas-liquid two-phase separation through a separator.
  • the ammonia vapor in the gas phase directly pushes the turbine, and the turbine passes through the gearbox and the generator.
  • the phase connection further generates electric energy, and the liquid phase low concentration ammonia water mixture separated by the separator is combined with the exhaust gas of the turbine through the nozzle, so that the ammonia water mixture returns to the original concentration, and returns to the ammonia storage after cooling by the condensing device.
  • the tank is re-started to realize the continuous operation of the solar ammonia thermoelectric conversion system based on the vacuum tube solar ammonia collector.
  • the solar ammonia hydrothermal conversion system provided by the invention belongs to low-temperature solar thermal power generation. Compared with the high-temperature solar power generation technology, the kal ina circulation technology utilizes a medium-low temperature heat source, and the cycle efficiency is higher than the conventional Rankine cycle in the low-temperature range. 50%, which is very considerable in energy utilization.
  • the use of vacuum tube collectors to collect solar energy to heat ammonia is technically mature, economically viable, and its photothermal conversion efficiency is as high as 95% or more, which cannot be surpassed by other solar collectors.
  • the invention has the advantages of simple equipment, compact arrangement, complete set production, low cost, initial investment of about 16,000 yuan per kilowatt; vacuum tube solar collector has high heat collecting efficiency, ⁇ 95%, mature technology, and relatively low cost Low; Kal ina cycle at low temperature (150 °C), high cycle efficiency, 20 ⁇ 50% higher than conventional Rankine cycle; Solar ammonia thermoelectric conversion system is stable, safe and reliable, can achieve unmanned operation, long maintenance period, maintenance cost Low, low power generation costs; wide range of applications, especially in areas with abundant solar and geothermal resources.
  • FIG. 1 is a connection block diagram of a solar ammonia hydroelectric conversion system provided by the present invention
  • FIG. 2A is a schematic structural view of a vacuum tube solar ammonia water collector
  • Figure 2B is a partial view of Figure 2A;
  • Figure 2C is a cross-sectional view of Figure 2B;
  • Figure 3 is a schematic view of a condensing unit;
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the thermal curve. detailed description
  • a schematic diagram of a solar ammonia hydroelectric conversion system includes a set of vacuum tube ammonia water collector systems matched with the output power of the generator set, and the vacuum tube ammonia water collector system comprises a plurality of series/parallel connections.
  • the vacuum tube ammonia water collector 1 is composed, the outlet of the vacuum tube ammonia water collector 1 is connected to the two-phase inlet of the ammonia water gas-liquid two-phase separator 20, and the ammonia gas outlet of the ammonia water gas-liquid two-phase separator 20 is connected to the turbine 5,
  • the flat machine 5 is coupled to the generator 7 through the gearbox 6, and the exhaust gas outlet of the turbine 5 and the low-concentration ammonia water outlet of the ammonia water-liquid two-phase separator 20 are respectively connected to the hot side inlet of the condenser 22, and the condenser 22
  • the side outlet is connected to the inlet of the ammonia storage tank 2, the cold side of the condenser 22 is connected to the condensing unit 3, the outlet of the ammonia storage tank 2 is connected to the water pump 23, and the water pump 23 reintroduces the fixed concentration of ammonia water in the ammonia storage tank 2 Vacuum tube ammonia collector system.
  • the Kal ina cycle working fluid uses ammonia-water mixed working fluid, and the ammonia water mixed working fluid has the following physicochemical properties:
  • thermophysical properties change with changes in ammonia concentration
  • Ammonia thermodynamic parameters for different pressures, temperatures and concentrations The calculation of enthalpy, specific volume and entropy can be based on the equation of state of the ammonia mixture developed by NIST (National Institute of Technical Standards). Calculated using the NIST8.0 calculation program.
  • the invention utilizes the characteristic that the ammonia water mixture has an unstable boiling point temperature, and can reduce the heat exchange temperature difference with the heat source.
  • the ammonia mixture On the thermodynamic curve shown in Figure 4, in the endothermic evaporation section, the ammonia mixture has no constant pressure endothermic process, which can absorb a portion of the heat more than conventional pure water.
  • the condensation section the same ammonia has no fixed condensation point, and in the exothermic condensation section, it can discharge a small amount of heat. More heat absorption, less heat release, and thermal cycle efficiency can be improved.
  • FIG. 2A to 2C is a schematic diagram of the structure of a vacuum tube solar ammonia water collector, a vacuum tube set
  • the heat exchanger 1 comprises a plurality of vacuum tubes 8 fixed by an external support structure 11 and coated on the wall of the vacuum tube 8 with a selective absorption coating having an absorption rate of ts 95% and a conversion efficiency of ⁇ 90% in the vacuum tube 8
  • a plurality of fins 9 disposed horizontally/vertically are disposed therein, and a U-shaped tube 10 having no intermediate heat transfer medium in the tube is disposed in the vacuum tube 8 through the fins 9, and both ends of the U-shaped tube 10 are disposed outside the vacuum tube 8
  • the ends of the adjacent two U-shaped tubes 10 are connected to each other, so that the twelve vacuum tubes 8 are arranged in series as shown in FIG.
  • FIG 3 is a schematic view of a condensing unit including a condenser 29 having a shower device 25 at the top of the condenser 29, a condensing side outlet of the condenser 29 connected to the cooling tower 26, and an outlet of the cooling tower 26 sequentially circulating the water pump 27
  • the third throttle valve 28 is connected to the condensation side inlet of the condenser 22.

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  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
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Description

太阳能氨水热电转换系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种太阳能氨水热电转换系统，属于太阳能光热发电装置技术领 域。 背景技术
太阳能是指太阳光的辐射能量。 在太阳内部进行的由 "氢"聚变成 "氦"的 原子核反应， 不停地释放出巨大的能量， 并不断向宇宙空间辐射能量， 这种能量 就是太阳能。 太阳能是一种绿色、 洁净、 取之不尽的能源。 人类对太阳能利用大 体上就有三种： 太阳能光热、光电和光化学的能量转换， 而用于产生电力的转换 方式只有太阳能光热和光电的转变。光电转换的形式比较单一， 主要的利用形式 是太阳能电池。太阳能光热电的转换方式和其设备装置就比较多。太阳能光热电 转换的一个最常见原则就是设法通过太阳能的收集获得水蒸汽，通过蒸汽透平做 功， 带动发电机产生电力。
常规太阳能光热发电系统使用的都是高温太阳能资源。高温太阳能发电系统 最主要使用高温热源的原因是其透平发电单元是常规 Rankine循环动力系统，为 了保证其热经济性， 就必须提高热力循环的初始温度和压力。太阳能资源是能量 密度较低的资源，这就导致常规太阳能光热发电必须通过特殊的装置来聚集低能 量密度的能量， 从而能提供足够的热量来加热水， 得到高温高压的水蒸汽。 比如 太阳能塔式发电， 槽式发电等， 都需要投入巨资建设太阳能聚集装置。 以下便介 绍几种常见的太阳能光热发电系统。
一、 塔式太阳能发电系统
该系统是在空旷平地上建立高大的塔， 塔顶安装固定一个接收器相当于锅 炉， 塔的周围安置大量的定日镜， 将太阳光聚集并反射到塔顶的接收器上产生 高温， 接收器内生成的高温蒸汽推动汽轮机来发电。
塔式太阳能热发电按加热工质的不同又可以分为两种， 一种是加热纯水， 另 一种为加热盐水溶液。
在盐塔式太阳能热利用发电站里，数千块日镜将太阳光聚焦到塔楼顶部吸热 体上， 热量转入吸热体内的盐水溶液， 其温度从 265°C升高到 565°C， 然后高温 溶液送到热盐储存器中， 通过蒸汽发生器产生蒸汽， 蒸汽透平做功后， 冷凝放热 冷却后又重新回到冷盐储存器里， 通过盐溶液泵升压后再次打入吸热体内。
尽管塔式热发电系统起步较早， 人们也一直希望通过尽可能多的定日镜将 太阳能量聚集到几十兆瓦的水平， 但是塔式系统的造价一直居高不下， 产业化 困难重重， 其根本原因在于定日镜系统的设计。 目前典型的塔式热发电系统的定 日镜都有两个特点一是定日镜的反射面几乎都采用普通的球面或平面， 二是定 日镜的跟踪都使用传统的方位角仰角公式。这两个设计特点导致塔式太阳能聚光 接收器存在着以下难以克服的问题：
第一、太阳在塔上聚焦的光斑在一天之内呈现大幅度变化， 导致聚光光强大 幅度波动，普通球面或平面反射镜无法克服由于太阳运动而产生的像差。 由于太 阳的盘面效应，各个反射镜在中央塔上形成的光斑大小随着它与中心塔的距离增 加而线性增长，塔上最后形成的太阳聚焦光斑在一天之内可以随定日镜场的大小 从几米变化到几十米之大， 因此塔式太阳能热发电站光光强出现大幅度波动。再 加上各个定日镜的不同余弦效应， 塔式系统的光热转换效率仅为 60%左右。 尽管 目前在一些比较讲究的塔式系统的设计中，对不同的定日镜开始采用不同曲率半 径的球面以减小太阳在塔上聚焦光斑的尺寸，但光学设计复杂性大大增加导致制 造成本也跟着大幅增长。
第二、众多的定日镜围绕中心塔而建立， 占地面积巨大的中央塔的建立必须 要保证各个定日镜之间互相不能阻挡光线。各个定日镜之间的距离随着它们与中 心塔距离的增加而大幅度增长，因而塔式热发电系统的占地面积随着功率等级的 增加而呈指数性激增。
由于上述这些问题， 塔式热发电系统尽管可以实现 100CTC的聚焦高温， 但 一直面临着单位装机容量投资过大的问题。 目前塔式系统的初投资成本为 3. 4 万〜 4. 8万元， 而且造价降低非常困难， 所以塔式系统 50多年来始终停留在示 范阶段而没有推广开来。
二、 槽式太阳能发电系统
该系统是一种借助槽形抛物面反射镜将太阳光聚焦反射到聚热管上，通过管 内热载体将水加热成蒸汽推动汽轮机发电的清洁能源利用装置。槽形抛物面太阳 能发电站的功率为 10〜1000MW。 槽式太阳能热发电是目前所有太阳能热发电站 中功率最大的。系统集热器采集到的热量传递到管内流动的热载体上， 热载体可 以是水蒸气、 热油或盐水等， 所用的反射镜由贫铁玻璃制成， 它必须有足够的制 造精度以便在任何情况下都能有效地反射太阳光线。
槽形抛物面太阳能收集器所采用的反射镜是抛物面柱。反射的阳光聚焦在一 条直线上， 安置在焦点线上的真空管玻璃集热器吸收被聚焦的太阳能辐射， 温度 可以达到 400°C，高温载热质在中间换热器中加热水产生水蒸汽， 自身温度下降， 通过载热质循环泵流回太阳能集热器吸热， 构成热源一回路。产生的水蒸汽在汽 轮机内透平做功， 带动发电机发电， 排气在冷凝器中冷凝成水， 经冷凝水泵和给 水泵升压后， 再回中间换热器， 继续循环， 此构成第二回路。
槽式系统以线聚焦代替了点聚焦并且聚焦的管线随着圆柱抛物面反射镜一 起跟踪太阳运动，这样就解决了塔式系统由于聚焦光斑不均匀而导致的光热转换 效率不高的问题， 将光热转换效率提高到 70%左右。 但是槽式系统也带来个新的 问题是无法实现固定目标下的跟踪， 导致系统机械笨重。 由于太阳能接收器中间 的聚焦管线固定在槽式反射镜上， 随着反射每个槽式反射镜都是长、宽的一个大 整体镜面，风阻很大， 必须要改变或加强反射镜的支撑结构以增加槽式系统的抗 风性能， 这样必然导致初投资成本和热发电成本增加。
槽式系统的接收器长，散热面积大，槽式系统的太阳能接收器是根很长的吸 热管，尽管发展了许多新的吸光技术。但其散热包括由热辐射造成的散热面积要 比其有效的受光面积大， 因此与点型聚光系统如碟式和塔式相比，槽式系统的热 损耗较大。
三、 碟式太阳能发电系统
碟式太阳能发电系统是由 2000多镜子组成的抛物面反射镜组成。 接收器在 抛物面的焦点上把收集到的 600〜2000 °〇的热源引到斯特林发动机内， 将传热 工质加热到 750 °C左右， 最后驱动发电机进行发电。 碟形反射镜跟踪太阳的运 动而运动， 克服了塔式系统较大余弦效应的损失问题， 光热转换效率大大提高， 一般高达 85%左右。
碟式接收器将太阳聚焦于旋转抛物面的焦点上，又因为太阳能聚光器和斯特 林发动机能非常好的结合产生电能， 其将太阳能转换为电能的净效率可达 29. 4% ，所以斯特林循环在相同的运行温度范围内是所有太阳能发电中效率最高 的。碟式太阳能发电系统使用灵活， 既可以作分布式系统单独供电， 也可以并网 发电。
碟式太阳能发电系统与槽式太阳能发电系统及塔式太阳能发电系统的比较 如下表所示：
Figure imgf000006_0001
通过该表可知，碟式太阳能发电工作温度和聚光比是最大的， 其光热转换效 率高达 85%左右， 在类似系统中位居首位。 碟式系统的缺点是造价昂贵， 在这种 系统中也是位居首位。目前碟式热发电系统的初投资成本高达 4. 7万〜 6. 4万元。 尽管碟式系统的聚光比非常高， 可以达到 200CTC 的高温， 但是对于目前的热发 电技术而言如此高的温度并不需要甚至是具有破坏性的。所以，碟式系统的接收 器一般并不放在焦点上， 而是根据性能指标要求适当地放在较低的温度区内，这 样高聚光度的优点实际上并不能得到充分的发挥并且热储存困难，热熔盐储热技 术危险性大而且造价高。
综上所述，现有的三种太阳能光热发电技术都属于高温太阳能发电技术，这 就大大增加了对太阳能集热器性能的要求，也就势必增加了在太阳能集热器装置 的资金投入， 增加了初期投资。 发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种造价低廉且循环效率高的太阳能氨水热电转换系 统。
为了达到上述目的，本发明的技术方案是提供了一种太阳能氨水热电转换系 统， 其特征在于， 包括至少一个真空管氨水集热器， 真空管氨水集热器的出水口 连接氨水气液两相分离器的进水口，氨水气液两相分离器的气态出口连接透平机 的入口，透平机通过变速箱与发电机相联结，氨水气液两相分离器的液态低浓度 氨水出口同透平机的乏气出口共同连接热交换器的热侧进口，热交换器的该侧出 口进入储氨罐， 热交换器的冷侧同冷凝单元连接。
来自储氨罐的氨水混合物进入真空管集热器， 被加热成氨水两相混合物后， 通过分离器气液两相分离，气相的氨蒸汽直接推动透平机，透平机通过变速箱与 发电机相联结进而产生电能，被分离器分离出来的液相低浓度氨水混和物通过喷 嘴同透平机的乏气结合，这样氨水混合物便重新回到原始浓度，通过冷凝设备降 温后再次回到储氨罐，周而复始， 实现基于真空管太阳能氨水集热器的太阳能氨 水热电转换系统的连续运转。
本发明提供的太阳能氨水热电转换系统属于低温太阳能光热发电，相对于高 温太阳能发电技术， 它采用 kal ina循环技术利用中低温热源， 其循环效率在中 低温范围内比常规 Rankine循环高出 20〜50%， 这在能量利用上是十分可观的。 采用真空管集热器来收集太阳能加热氨水， 其技术成熟， 经济可行， 且其光热转 换效率高达 95%以上， 这是其他太阳能集热器所无法超越的。
本发明的优点是： 设备简单， 布置紧凑， 可成套生产， 成本较低， 每千瓦初 投资约为 1. 6万元； 真空管太阳能集热器集热效率高， η 95%， 技术成熟， 成 本较低； Kal ina循环在低温 （ 150°C )段， 循环效率高， 比常规 Rankine循环 高 20〜50%； 太阳能氨水热电转换系统稳定， 安全可靠， 可实现无人操作， 维护 周期长， 维护成本低， 发电成本低； 适用范围广， 特别是在太阳能资源和地热资 源都丰富的地区将更为实用。 附图说明
图 1为本发明提供的一种太阳能氨水热电转换系统的连接框图；
图 2A为真空管太阳能氨水集热器的结构示意图；
图 2B为图 2A的局部视图；
图 2C为图 2B的断面图；
图 3为冷凝单元示意图； 图 4为热力曲线示意图。 具体实施方式
以下结合实施例来具体说明本发明。
实施例
如图 1所示， 为本发明提供的一种太阳能氨水热电转换系统的示意图， 包括 与发电机组输出电功率相配的一组真空管氨水集热器系统，真空管氨水集热器系 统由多个串联 /并联的真空管氨水集热器 1组成， 真空管氨水集热器 1的出口连 接氨水气液两相分离器 20的两相入口，氨水气液两相分离器 20的氨气出口连接 透平机 5， 透平机 5通过变速箱 6与发电机 7相联结， 透平机 5的乏气出口与氨 水气液两相分离器 20的低浓度氨水出口分别连接冷凝器 22的热侧进口，冷凝器 22的该侧出口连接储氨罐 2的的进口， 冷凝器 22的冷侧连接冷凝单元 3， 储氨 罐 2的出口同水泵 23相连，水泵 23将储氨罐 2中的固定浓度的氨水再次打入真 空管氨水集热器系统。
Kal ina循环工质采用氨-水混合工质， 氨水混合工质具有如下物化特性：
( 1 ) 不固定的沸点和凝结点温度；
( 2 ) 热物理特性能随氨浓度的改变而改变；
( 3 ) 在热容量的不变的情况下， 混合物的温度会变化；
( 4) 非常低的冰点温度；
( 5 ) 弱碱性。
不同的压力、 温度及浓度情况下氨水热力参数： 焓、 比容及熵的计算可基于 NIST (美国国家技术标准研究所）所制定的氨水混合物的状态方程。运用 NIST8. 0 计算程序计算。
本发明利用的就是氨水混合物具有不稳定的沸点温度的特点，可以缩小与热 源的换热温差。在如图 4所示的热力曲线上， 在吸热蒸发段， 氨水混合物没有定 压吸热过程， 它可以比常规的纯水多吸一部分热量。在冷凝段， 同理氨水没有固 定的凝结点， 在放热冷凝段， 它就可以少放一部分热量。 多吸热， 少放热， 热力 循环效率可获提高。
如图 2A至图 2C所示，为真空管太阳能氨水集热器的结构示意图， 真空管集 热器 1包括多个真空管 8， 通过外部的支撑结构 11固定， 在真空管 8内的管壁 上涂有选择性吸收涂层， 其吸收率 t s 95 %， 其转换效率 ε 90%， 在真空管 8 内设有水平 /竖直放置的多片翅片 9， 管中没有中间传热介质的 U形管 10穿过翅 片 9设于真空管 8内， U形管 10的两端设于真空管 8外， 相邻的两个 U形管 10 的端部相互连接， 这样如图 2Α所示 12个真空管 8便呈串联排列。
图 3为冷凝单元的示意图， 包括冷凝器 29， 在冷凝器 29内的顶部设有喷淋 装置 25， 冷凝器 29的冷凝侧出口连接冷却塔 26， 冷却塔 26的出口依次第三循 环水泵 27及第三节流阀 28后连接冷凝器 22的冷凝侧进口。

Claims

权利要求：
1. 一种太阳能氨水热电转换系统， 其特征在于， 包括至少一个真空管氨水集热 器 （1 )， 真空管氨水集热器 （1 ) 的出水口连接氨水气液两相分离器 （20) 的进 水口， 氨水气液两相分离器 （20) 的气态出口连接透平机 （5) 的入口， 透平机
( 5) 通过变速箱 （6) 与发电机 （7) 相联结， 氨水气液两相分离器 （20) 的液 态低浓度氨水出口同透平机 （5) 的乏气出口共同连接热交换器 （22 ) 的热侧进 口， 热交换器（22) 的该侧出口进入储氨罐 （2)， 热交换器（22) 的冷侧同冷凝 单元 （3) 连接。
2. 如权利要求 1所述的一种太阳能氨水热电转换系统， 其特征在于， 所述真空 管氨水集热器（1 )包括至少一个真空管（8)， 真空管（8)通过外部的支撑结构
( 11 ) 固定， 在真空管 （8) 内的管壁上涂有选择性吸收涂层， 在真空管 （8) 内 设有水平 /竖直放置的至少一片翅片（9)， 管中没有中间传热介质的 U形管（10) 穿过翅片 （9) 设于真空管 （8) 内， U 形管 （10) 的两端设于真空管 （8) 夕卜， 当有至少两个真空管 （8) 时， 相邻的两个 U形管 （10) 的端部相互连接。
3. 如权利要求 1所述的一种太阳能氨水热电转换系统， 其特征在于， 所述分馏 冷凝单元包括冷凝器（29)， 在冷凝器（29) 内的顶部设有喷雾装置（25)， 冷凝 器 （29) 的冷凝侧出口连接冷却塔 （26 )， 冷却塔 （26 ) 的出口依次第三循环水 泵 （27) 及第三节流阀 （28) 后连接冷凝器 （22) 的冷凝侧进口。
4. 如权利要求 1所述的一种太阳能氨水热电转换系统， 其特征在于， 所述真空 管氨水集热器（1 ) 的个数为 2个以上时， 真空管氨水集热器（1 )之间根据不同 太阳能氨水热电转换系统的需要进行串联或并联组成太阳能真空管氨水集热器 系统。
5. 如权利要求 1所述的一种太阳能氨水热电转换系统， 其特征在于， 所述储氨 罐 （2) 的出口同水泵 （23)相连， 水泵 （23)将储氨罐 （2) 内的氨水再次打入 所述真空管氨水集热器 （1 ) 内。
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